Kudzidza kunoona kuti "kushandiswa kwepabonde pamhepo" kunoenderana nehunhu hunhu (machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, uye spitefulness). Mubvunzo: hunhu uhwu hungasiyana sei mushure menguva yakareba pasina porn nekutamba?
J Behav Addict. 2018 Nov 14: 1-11. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.109.
ngovepo
ZVINHU ZVAKAITWA NEZVO:
Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti hunhu hunhu hunotora chinzvimbo chakakosha mukunetseka kwekushandisa internet (PIU). Nekudaro, hukama pakati pehunhu hunhu (kureva, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, uye spitefulness) uye PIU haisati yaongororwa. Nekudaro, zvinangwa zvechidzidzo ichi zvaive zvekutsvaga hukama hwehunhu hwakasviba nemabasa chaiwo epamhepo (kureva., Zvemagariro venhau, mitambo, kubhejera, kutenga, uye bonde) uye PIU.
METHODZO:
Vadzidzi veYunivhesiti ye772 yakazara vakapedza ongororo yekuzvitaurira, kusanganisira iyo yeGlass Triad Dirty Dozen Scale, Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, Spiteible Scale, uye yakagadziridzwa shanduro yeBergen Facebook Addiction Scale.
RESULTS:
Hierarchical regression kuongorora uye yakawanda yekumiririra modhi yakaratidza kuti kuve murume kwakabatana kwakabatana nehupamhi hwepamhepo mutambo wemitambo, zvepabonde pamhepo, uye online kubhejera, uye zvisizvo zvinosangana nevezvenhau uye nekutenga online. Narcissism yaive yakabatana nekushandiswa kwepamusoro munhau kushandisa; Machiavellianism yaive nechekuita neyepamusoro pamitambo yekutamba, online zvepabonde, uye kubhejera online; kushungurudzika kwaive nechekuita nezvepabonde pabonde; uye skurangarira kwakabatana nevepabonde pamhepo, online kubhejera, uye kutenga online. Pakupedzisira, Machiavellianism uye kusavimbika zvakange zvakanangana uye zvisina kunangana zvakabatana nePIU kuburikidza ne online kubhejera, mitambo yekutamba online, nekutenga online, uye narcissism yakanangana zvisina kufanira nePIU kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwenhau.
ZVOKUKURUKURA:
Zvakawanikwa zvekuongororwa kwekutanga zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vakakwira muunhu hwakasviba vanogona kuve panjodzi yekukudziridzika kwekushandiswa kwepamhepo uye kuti kumwe kuongorora kunotsvakwa kuti vaongorore hushamwari hwehunhu hwakasviba nemhando dzezvinetso zvepa online.
KEYWORDS:
Machiavellianism; narcissism; zvinetso internet kushandisa; psychopathy; sadism; kusavimbika
PMID: 30427212
ziviso
Iyo yazvino beta dhaidhi vhezheni ye11th kudzokororwa kweInternational Kugadziriswa Kwezvirwere (World Health Organization, 2017) yaziva "mutambo wekutamba, kazhinji pamhepo," sekuongororwa kuri pamutemo, uye chinyorwa chazvino Kuongororwa uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) yakasanganisira Internet Gaming Disorder muChikamu 3 sechinhu chiri kubuda choutano hwepfungwa chinofanira kuongororwa zvakare. Pasinei nemifungo yakasiyana yekuti ungafunga nezvematambudziko epamhepo, kunze kweInternet Kubata Mikana, sehunhu hwekupindwa muropa (Mann, Kiefer, Schellekens, & Dom, 2017), humboo husingaoneki hunoratidza kuti vashoma vashoma vevanhu vanotaura zvakashata maitiro epaInternet, senge zvinetso zvekushandisa internet (PIU; Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, & Billieux, 2014. Pane mazwi akati wandei akashandiswa zvakanyanya kutsanangura chinetso cheinternet chinosanganisira "kupindwa muropa neindaneti", "internet kushandiswa kwekuvhiringidzika," "kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweinternet," "kushamwaridzana internet," uye "kushandisa internet kwakamanikidza," kunyangwe aya mazwi achirondedzera zvinetso online. shandisa kazhinji shandisa maitiro akafanana ekuongorora (Kuss et al., 2014). Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa masyomomatology masisitimu akavakirwa mukati meiyo biopsychosocial fomati yekupindwa muropa uye inoumbwa nenhanhatu nhanhatu dzezvinhu izvo zvinosanganisira kunetsekana kubatanidzwa mune chero hunhu (kureva, kugona, kubatikana, kugadziriswa kwemanzwiro, kushivirira, kurega, uye kupokana; Griffiths, 2005). Kumwe kunhu, PIU yakatumidzwa kunzi kubatikana uye kurasikirwa kwekudzora pamusoro pekushandisa kweinternet izvo zvinotungamira mukukanganisa muhupenyu hwemunhu hwemunhu, hutano, kuzadzikiswa kwavo chaiko-kwehupenyu mabasa (semuenzaniso, basa uye / kana dzidzo), uye kurara uye mapatani ekudya (Spada, 2014. Nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka, chidzidzo ichi chinoshandisa izwi rekuti "dambudziko rekushandiswa kweinternet" kutsanangura huwandu hwakafanana uye / kana kuwanda maitiro epamhepo epamhepo, anomanikidza, uye / kana akawandisa maitiro. PIU inokakavara ihuru yepasirese (uye "kubata-zvese" izwi) pane internet kushandiswa kwekusagadzikana, zvakapihwa kuti PIU hazvireve kuti vanhu vari kurwara nechirwere.
Prevalence mitengo yePIU inosiyana zvakanyanya (pakati pe1% ne18%) pane zvidzidzo zvakasiyana (zvekuongorora, ona Kuss et al., 2014. PIU chinhu chakakosha chehutano kunyanya pakati pevachiri kuyaruka uye vakuru vari kubuda nekuda kwehuwandu hwavo hwepamusoro hwezuva nezuva hwekuwana internet (Anderson, Steen, & Stavropoulos, 2017. Mhedzisiro yakaipa yePIU pakati pevashoma vevanhu yakasanganisira kushungurudzika, kunetseka, kushushikana, kusurukirwa (Ostovar et al., 2016), kurara kwemasikati, kushaya simba, uye kusagadzikana kwomuviri (Kuss et al., 2014. Kukanganisika uku kwakaita kuti vaongorori vaongorore PIU njodzi zvinhu kuti vagadzire nzira dzekudzivirira dzePIU.
Zvinoenderana neInternational of Person-Afitive-Cognition-Kuuraya modhi (I-PACE), inova imwe yemazano epfungwa akatsanangurwa kuti atsanangure mashandiro ePIU (Brand, Mudiki, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016), hunhu, kuchemerwa munharaunda, bumbiro remitemo yenyika, uye chinangwa chakanangana chekushandisa online zviri pakati pezvinhu zvakabatana nekuvandudzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwePIU. Izvi zvinhu zvinogona kupindirana uye zvinogona kuita mutambo wekuganhurana pamwe nehukama maererano nehukama hwavo hunosanganisira PIU (Brand et al., 2016). Naizvozvo, kana uchifunga nezvePIU, zvakakosha kuti kudyidzana kwehunhu kusiyana nezvinangwa zvekushandisa zvepamhepo (semuenzaniso, kutamba mitambo, kubhejera, bonde, vezvenhau, uye kutenga) zvinofanirwa kutariswa.
Pamusoro pehunhu hunongedzo hwePIU, ongororo yemeta-kuongorora yakaona basa rakapindirana rehunhu Hanu Hombe hunhu mukuvandudzwa kwePIU. Kunyanya, PIU yaisanganiswa neiyo yakakwira neuroticism, kuderera kwakanyanya, kuderera hana, kudzika kusununguka kunzwa, uye kuderera kubvumirana (Kayiş et al., 2016. Ongororo yemuchinjiko yakashuma hukama hwakakosha pakati pePIU uye HEXACO hunhu hunhu hwehana, kutendeseka- kuzvininipisa, uye manzwiro (Kopuničová & Baumgartner, 2016. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana yakakwira PIU kuti ibatanidzwe nehutsva-kutsvaga, kutsvaga-kusekerera, kushaya kuzvifunga, uye kusarudzika kwemanzwiro ekudzivisa (Kuss et al., 2014. Nekudaro, kunyangwe paine boka rakakura remabhuku ehumwari nezve maringe nehunhu paPIU, basa rehunhu hwakasviba rakaraswa.
Chidzidzo chazvino chakanangana naMachivavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, kushushikana, uye kushushikana nePIU nekuda kwenzvimbo dzakajairika dzehunhu hunovaka (semuenzaniso, kusagadzikana, kubvumirana kwakaderera, kushaya hana, hutsinye, kupatsanurana kwakakwirira, hunhu hwemuganho hwepamusoro, uye kunakidza kukuru zvido) zvine hukama nemazinga akakwirira ePIUDalbudak, Evren, Aldemir, & Evren, 2014; Douglas, Bore, & Munro, 2012; James, Kavanagh, Jonason, Chonody, & Scrutton, 2014; Kayiş et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2017; Richardson & Boag, 2016; Trumello, Babore, Candelori, Morelli, & Bianchi, 2018. Unhu hwehunhu hwakashata hwakabatana nehunhu hwehunhu hwepamhepo hunosanganisira kusarudzika chimiro, cyberbullying, uye kutenderera kwepamhepo, pamwe nokuzadzisa zvido zvepfungwa zvakasiyana uchishandisa mapuratifomu akasiyana (Craker & Kurume, 2016; Garcia & Sikström, 2014; Panek, Nardis, & Konrath, 2013. Uyezve, ongororo ichangobva kuitika yakawana uye vakapokana kuti Machiavellianism uye narcissism yakanyatsobatana neyekunetsa kwakaitika munhau vekushandisa, izvo zvingave nezvekuzadzisa zvinopesana nezvinodiwa zvevanhu vakakwira pane izvi maitiro (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, & Tosuntaş, 2018). Mabasa mazhinji anogona ikozvino kugoneswa neinternet (semuenzaniso, social media use, online kubheja, kubhejera online, cybersex, uye online kutenga) izvo zvinogona kukwezva kune zvakasiyana siyana zvinodiwa zvevanhu vane hunhu hwakasiyana hunhu. Nekudaro, hunhu hwakasviba hunhu hunogona kuve hwakabatana nemabasa akasiyana epamhepo uye PIU. Naizvozvo, chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora hukama pakati pehunhu hunhu, zviitiko zvepamhepo, uye PIU.
Hunhu hwakasviba hunhu uye PIU
The Dark Triad ndiko kuumbwa kwamatatu anopfuura asina kufanira uye anopesana hunhu hunhu anovaka: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, uye narcissism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002. Aya maitiro akave nekuwedzeredza kutarisisa pakati pevaongorori mumakore gumi apfuura. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvinofungidzirwa kuti iyo yeRima Triad inofanira kukwidziridzwa kuRima Tetrad pamwe nekuwedzera kwekushungurudzika (Buckels, Trapnell, & Paulhus, 2014; van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017. Uye zvakare, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaongorora basa rekusateedzana pamwe neRima Tetrad maitiro (Jonason, Zeigler-Chikomo, & Okan, 2017; Zeigler-Chikomo & Vonk, 2015. Nekudaro, vamwe vadzidzi vakapokana kuti mupiro wekushungurudzika uye kusavimbika kuRima Triad hauna kujeka uye humwe humbowo humwe uchapupu hunodiwa.Jonason et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2018. Zvisinei nezvakakurumbira zvinhu zvekusviba hunhu hwakadai sekusanganisa humwe uye kusarudzika (Jones & Figueredo, 2013; Marcus, Preszler, & Zeigler-Chikomo, 2018), aya maitiro ane akasiyana maitiro ayo anogona kuunza kusapindika kwekunetseka kushandisa online.
Narcissism, iyo inoreva kune yakakura pfungwa yekuzvikoshesa, hukuru, kutonga, uye kuwana (Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008), yakabatanidzwa nekubatanidzwa kwakanyanya mune zvinetso zvemagariro vekushandisa (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), zvinetso pamhepo shandisirwo yekushandisa (Kim, Namkoong, Ku, & Kim, 2008), uye PIU (Pantic et al., 2017. Avo vakakwira mu narcissism inoshuma kubatikana kukuru mukuzvisimudzira (dzimwe nguva kunyengera) maitiro epamhepo, sekuzvidzora-kutamisa uye kutumira kunyanya pakati pevarume (Arpaci, 2018; Fox & Rooney, 2015), nepo kuzvisimudzira uye kuratidza munhu anozivikanwa pachako munhau dzenhau zvakakosha njodzi dzekushandisa zvinetso online.Kircaburun, Alhabash, Tosuntaş, & Griffiths, 2018. Narcissistic vanhu vanogona kuona yakakwirira kuva uye kuyemura vachishandisa online zvemagariro media (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018), uye / kana kuita zvemitambo yemitambo online senzira yekunzwa wakakwirira kune avo vanokwikwidza (Kim et al., 2008. Futhermore, zvese zvemagariro kushandisa uye kushandisa pamhepo mitambo yekutamba zvinogona kutungamira kuPIU mune vashoma vevanhu (Király et al., 2014).
Machiavellianism, iyo inoreva kuve nekunyepedzera, kunyengera, kudisisa, uye kudzvinyirira (Christie & Geis, 1970), yave yakabatana nematambudziko ekushandiswa kwenhau mukushandiswa (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), kutsvedza mumitambo yemhepo online (Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017), online kuzvitarisisa, uye kuzvisimudzira (Abell & Brewer, 2014. Machiavellians angasarudza vezvenhau uye yemitambo mapuratifomu kuita munyengeri wehukama kana kunyengera kusimudzira (Abell & Brewer, 2014; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017) zvimwe nekuda kwekutya kwavo kurambwa munharaunda (Rauthmann, 2011. Tichifunga nezve hunhu hwekugona kuona hunhu hwemaitiro aya, maitiro ane dambudziko iri pamhepo anogona kunge achibatanidzwa nezviratidzo-zvakadakara nezviratidzo zvakadai sekufunganya uye kushandurwa kwemood (Griffiths, 2005), uyezve, mukudziridze kuve PIU yevashoma vashoma vevanhu (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018. Uyezve, Machiavellianism ine zvakashata zvine hukama neiyo yakanaka mhemo (Egan, Chan, & Pfupi, 2014) uye zvechokwadi kune yakakwirira mazinga ekunetseka (Richardson & Boag, 2016. Tichifunga nezvekuti dambudziko rekushandiswa kwepamhepo inzira yakashata yekurwisa manzwiro asina kunaka (Kuss et al., 2014), zvine musoro kutarisira kuti vamwe vanhu vakakwira Machiavellianism vapinde muPIU vova vashandisi vane matambudziko.
Psychopathy yave ichiratidzirwa nekushupika kwakanyanya, kusaremekedza, uye kuderera kwetsitsi (Jonason, Lyons, Bethell, & Ross, 2013. Zvakafanana neMachiavellianism, psychopathy yakave yakabatanidzwawo nemweya dysregulation uye yakaderera yakanaka mhemo (Egan et al., 2014; Zeigler-Chikomo & Vonk, 2015. Kuwedzera kune psychopaths 'inogona kuvepo PIU senzira yakaipa yekukanganisa (Kuss et al., 2014), vanogona kuita PIU kuyedza kutsvaga uye kuwana yakakwirira sensation (Lin & Tsai, 2002; Vhaga & Rogers, 2001. Saizvozvovo, vanhu vakakwira pamusoro pezvekusanzwisisana zvakaipa vanoita hupombwe uye hunopesana nehunhu hwepamhepo, sekuita cyberbullying (van Geel et al., 2017), online kutsika (Buckels et al., 2014), yepamoyo mudiwa cyberstalking (Kusvuta & Kurume, 2017), pamwe nechisimba mutambo wevhidhiyo uchitamba (Greitemeyer & Sagioglou, 2017). Uyezve, psychopaths uye sadists vanogona kuyedza kugutsa zvishuwo zvebonde pamhepo (semuenzaniso, cybersex uye kuona zvinonyadzisira) uye kurarama kwavo kwekufungidzira (Baughman, Jonason, Veselka, & Vernon, 2014) kuitira kuti uwedzere kurara nehunhu uye kukurudzira (Shim, Lee, & Paul, 2007. VaSadists vanogona kuedza kudzorera kukosha kwavo kwehutsinye (O'Meara, Davies, & Hammond, 2011) izvo zvavasingakwanise kuzadzisa munyika chairo mune zvemukati zvemukati. Kuedza kwakabudirira kunogona kutungamira mukushandiswa kwedambudziko kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kwakanaka kwekuchinja.
Kupa, izvo zvave zvichinzi sekuda kunetseka kuzvikuvadza pachako kuitira kukuvadza vamwe (Zeigler-Chikomo, Noser, Roof, Vonk, & Marcus, 2015), hunhu hwakasarudzika hunhu hwakaganhurirwa pasi asi huchipfuura nehunhu hwakasiyana hunobatanidza, hwakadai sehasha, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, kuzvitutumadza kwakaderera, kudzikisira kunonzwira tsitsi, uye kuderera kwepfungwa kwepfungwa (Marcus, Zeigler-Chikomo, Mercer, & Norris, 2014; Zeigler-Chikomo et al., 2015. Izvi zvinoumba izvi zvakakosha njodzi zvinhu kune zvisirizvo uye nematambudziko online maitiro (Kuss et al., 2014. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kusarongeka kwakanyanya kunogona kunge kuri njodzi yekushandisa zvinetso online. Tichifunga nezvekuwedzera mukana wevanhu vakakwira kunyangwe vakasangana nematambudziko chaiwo ekudyidzana munharaunda nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hunhu, sekunyengedzera kwevanhu.Marcus et al., 2014) nemaitiro anokuvadza ekuseka (Vrabel, Zeigler-Chikomo, & Shango, 2017), ivo vanogona kuve vanowanzo tenderera kuzviita yakanyanya kunetsa kushandiswa kwepamhepo kuitira kudzivirira chaihwo hupenyu hwehukama hukama uye / kana kukanganisa vamwe zvakanyanya nyore (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018; Kırcaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018. Uyezve, yakawedzera nhanho dzekumanikidza kwevanhu vanotambura (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014) inogona kuisa vanhu vari munjodzi yekutarirwa nePIU, nekuti kushushwa ndeimwe yeanofembera nezvePIU (Kuss et al., 2014).
Basa rezvakananga zviitiko zvepamhepo
Iyo internet isvikiro iyo inofambisa kushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana uye zviitiko, sekushandisa nhabvu, kutamba mitambo, kubhejera, kutenga, uye zvepabonde (Griffiths, 2000; Montag et al., 2015. Mazhinji emabasa aya atovepo mumamiriro ekunze asiri kunze kwekushandiswa kwenhau. Naizvozvo, zvinogoneka kuti maitiro 'emunhu asiri kunze kwenyika anogona kutamira mune zvepaInternet mukuedza kudzosera zvido zvekunze zvisiri pamhepo (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014), sekutamba, kubhejera, kuita zvepabonde, kutenga uye kutaurirana. Zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso weI-PACE (Brand et al., 2016), hunhu hweumwe munhu chakakosha chirevo chekusarudza kwekushandiswa kwemapuratifomu epamhepo uye / kana kushandiswa. Izvi zvambotaurwa zvinoratidza chiratidzo chekuti vanhu vane hunhu hwakasiyana vangawana sei kugutsikana kubva pamabasa akasiyana epamhepo anopa kusimbisa kwemhando yeI-PACE.
Sezvambotaurwa, kuita zviitiko zvepamhepo kunogona kupindwa muropa uye kunotungamira kuPIU kwevashoma vevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kutamba kwemhepo pamhepo kwave kuchisanganiswa nematambudziko ekutamba. Nekudaro, kunze kwekutamba pamhepo, kushandiswa kwema media pamhepo kwakawanikwawo kufungidzira yakakwirira PIU, nepo zvinetso zvemitambo zvaisanganiswa nemitambo yepamhepo (Király et al., 2014. Nekuda kweizvozvo, PIU inogona kunzi seyakanyanyowanda internet iyo mumabasa ayo akasiyana. Naizvozvo, zvinogona kuitika kuti kuita izvi zvambotaurwa online zviitiko zvine chekuita nePIU yepamusoro uye nhoroondo yehukama huripo pakati pehunhu hwakasviba hunhu uye PIU. Humwe ufakazi hwesimba hunowoneka huchitsigira fungidziro iyi kuburikidza nekuzivisa hukama hwakakosha hwemitambo yepamhepo, kubhejera, uye kuona zvinonyadzisira nePIU (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Critselis et al., 2013; Stavropoulos, Kuss, Griffiths, Wilson, & Motti-Stefanidi, 2017. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinogona kuitika kuti hunhu hwakasviba hwakashata hunoteedzera vanhu kuti vashandise zviitiko zvakasiyana zvepa online, uyezve, kuwana kugutsikana kubva pane zvavanofarira zvepa online zvinogona kukonzera kudzokorodza uye zvinetso kushandisa internet. Nekudaro, zvinotarisirwa kuti hunhu hwakasviba hunhu hune hukama nePIU uchishandisa zvisina kunangana nzira kuburikidza neizvo zviitiko zvepamhepo.
Chidzidzo chiripo
Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekutanga kuongorora hukama hwakananga uye husina kunangana hwehunhu hunhu (kureva, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, uye spitefulness) nePIU kuburikidza neakanangana nezviitiko zvepamhepo (kureva., Zvemagariro midhiya, kutamba pamhepo, kubhejera pamhepo, kutengesa pamhepo. , uye bonde repamhepo). Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakanyanyisa kutarisana nehukama hwehutatu hunhu hunhu (kureva, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, uye narcissism) kune akasiyana maitiro epamhepo. Nekudaro, hapana chidzidzo chakambofunga nezve shanu dzakasiyana hunhu (kureva, iyo Rima Triad mukuwedzera kune kusuruvara uye kushora) nekushandiswa kwezviitiko zvakasiyana zvepamhepo uye PIU panguva imwe chete. Zvaitarisirwa kuti paizove nekutaurirana kubva pamabasa epamhepo pakati pehunhu hunovaka nePIU. Kubva pamafungiro ezvinyorwa zveI-PACE modhi (iyo inosimbisa kuti zvinhu zvinowirirana zvehunhu zvakaita sehunhu uye zvakanangwa zvekushandisa pamhepo zvinogona kutamba chinhanho pahukama hwavo nePIU) uye humbowo huripo, chidzidzo ichi chakagadzira uye kuyedza pfungwa dzinoverengeka panguva kutonga nezvechikadzi uye zera.
H1: Narcissism uye Machiavellianism ichave yakabatana zvakananga nePIU uye zvisina kunangana kuburikidza nemagariro enhau uye online mutambo (Kim et al., 2008; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017).
H2: Psychopathy uye kushungurudzika zvichabatana zvakananga nePIU uye zvisina kunangana kuburikidza zvepabonde pamhepo (Buckels et al., 2014; Lin & Tsai, 2002; Vhaga & Rogers, 2001).
H3: Psychopathy uye kusagadzikana zvichabatanidzwa zvakananga nePIU uye zvisina kunangana kuburikidza ne online kubhejera (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014).
nzira
Iyo yakazara ye772 yevadzidzi veyunivhesiti yeTurkey yunivhesiti (64% mukadzi), ane makore ari pakati pe18 ne28 makore (zvinoreva = makore 20.72, SD = 2.30), akazadza mapepa ebvunzo-uye-penzura. Vese vevatori vechikamu vakaziviswa nezve ruzivo rwechidzidzo uye vakapa kubvumidzwa kwavo kwakaziviswa. Kubatanidzwa muchidzidzo chacho kwaisazivikanwa uye kuzvipira. Dhata rakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi rakaunganidzwa panguva imwe chete nechimwe chidzidzo chakaburitswa kumwe kunhu (kureva, Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018a).
Kuti uwane ruzivo pamusoro pechikamu chevatori vechikamu, zera, uye zvakananga zviitiko zvepa online zvakaitiswa, ruzivo rwemunhu ruzivo rwakashandiswa. Vatori vechikamu vakashandisa 5-point Likert chiyero kubva ku “haana"Ku"nguva dzose"Kuitira kuratidza kushandisa kwavo online kubhejera (kureva,"Ini ndinoshandisa internet kubhejera"), Kutamba (kureva.,"Ini ndinoshandisa internet kuita zvemitambo"), Kutenga (kureva.,"Ini ndinoshandisa internet kutenga"), Vezvenhau (kureva.,"Ini ndinoshandisa iyo internet yema media media"), Uye bonde (kureva.,Ini ndinoshandisa internet zvepabonde").
Chikero ichocho chine 12 zvinhu pa 9-point Likert sikero kubva ku "asingabvumirani zvakasimba"Ku"zvakasimba kubvumirana, ”Ine zvinhu zvina zvehunhu hwese hunosanganisira Machiavellianism (semuenzaniso,Ini ndashandisa kunyengera kana kunyepa kuti ndiwane nzira yangu"), Psychopathy (semuenzaniso,"Ini handinyanyo kunetseka nezvehunhu kana hunhu hwemabasa angu"), Uye narcissism (semuenzaniso,"Ini ndinowanzoda kuti vamwe vanditeerere"). Iyo yeTurkey fomu yeiyero yakamboshuma yakakwira kuvimbika uye kuvimbika (Sozsoy, Rauthmann, Jonason, & Ardıç, 2017. Chiyero icho chaive chakakwanira-kune- kwakanaka kusapindirana kwemukati mune kudzidza uku (Cronbach's α = .67- .88).
Chikero chacho chine 10 dichotomous ("kusafanana neni"Uye"kufanana neni") Zvinhu (semuenzaniso,"Ndine fungidziro dzinosanganisira kurwadzisa vanhu"). Iyo yeTurkey fomu yeiyero yakamboshuma yakakwira kuvimbika uye kuvimbika (Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018b. Chiyero icho chaive nekunaka kwemukati kwemukati mune ino kudzidza (α = .77).
Chiyero chepakutanga chine zvinhu gumi nenomwe (semuenzaniso, "Zvingave zvakakodzera kuisa mungozi kuzivikanwa kwangu kuti ndiparadzire makuhwa pamusoro pemunhu wandisina kufarira") Pane 5-point Likert chiyero kubva ku"haana"Ku"nguva dzose. ”Mune chidzidzo ichi, 11 zvinhu zvinoenderana nevadzidzi veyunivhesiti yeTurkey vakasarudzwa kuti vaongorore (EFA) uye inovimbisa chinhu chinoongorora (CFA). Nekuda kweizvozvo, EFA (KMO = 0.90; p <.001; nharaunda dziri pakati pe0.29 ne0.59; kutsanangura 48% yekusiyana) uye CFA (zviyero zvakaenzana zvekudzora zviri pakati pe0.49 ne0.72) zvakaburitsa zvidimbu zviviri, zvakagadziriswa se kukuvadza vamwe (semuenzaniso, "Dai ndanga ndiine mukana, saka ini ndainakirwa kubhadhara mari shoma kuti ndione mumwe wandinodzidza naye wandisingade atadze bvunzo yake yekupedzisira") Uye kunetsa vamwe (semuenzaniso, "Dai ndanga ndiri mumwe wevadzidzi vekupedzisira mukirasi kutora bvunzo uye ndaona kuti murayiridzi airatidzika kushivirira, ini ndichave nechokwadi chekutora nguva yangu kupedza bvunzo kungotsamwisa iye"). Wechipiri-kuraira CFA (χ2/df = 2.67, RMSEA = 0.05 [90% CI (0.04, 0.06)], CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.97) yakaratidza kuti chiyero chinogona kushandiswa nenzira isina kujairika. Chiyero chacho chaive neyakagadzikana yemukati muchidzidzo ichi (α = .84).
Iyo Turkish BIAS yakashandiswa kuyedza internet kupindwa muropa. Iyo BIAS yakagadziridzwa nekugadzirisa Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012. Iyo Turkish BIAS (Tosuntaş et al., 2018) yakangitsiva izwi rekuti “Facebook”Neshoko rekutiIndaneti. ” Iyo BIAS ine zvinhu zvitanhatu (semuenzaniso, "Kangani pagore rekupedzisira iwe uchiedza kudzika mashandisirwo ekushandisa internet isina kubudirira?") Pane 5-point Likert chiyero kubva ku"haana"Ku"nguva dzose. ”Chimiro cheTurkey cheyero yakamboshuma yakakwira uye yakavimbika. Chiyero icho chaive nekunaka kwemukati kwemukati mune ino kudzidza (α = .83).
Kubvumidzwa kwetsika kwekudzidza kwakagamuchirwa kubva kumabhodhi ekutungamira kwemaoko kusati kwaunganidzwa vatori vechikamu, uye zvinoenderana neKutaurwa kweHelsinki.
Results
Nhamba dzinotsanangudza, skewness, kurtosis, uye kusiana inflation factor (VIF) kukosha, uye kuwirirana pakati pevakadzi, zera, rima Tetrad maitiro, zvisinei, zviitiko zvepaInternet, uye PIU zvinoratidzwa muTafura. 1. Asati aita hierarchical yakawanda kudzoreredza kuongorora, skewness, kurtosis, VIF, uye tsika yekushivirira yakaongororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuparadzirwa zvisina kujairika uye multicollinearity haina kuwanikwa. Maererano neWest, Finch, uye Curran (1995), skewness uye kurtosis zvikumbaridzo zvakajairika zviri are 2 uye ± 7, zvichiteerana, nepo Kline (2011) ine nzira yakasununguka yakawanda ne ± 3 uye ± 8, zvichiteerana, kunyangwe mimwe mirayiridzo yekuchengetedza inofungidzira kutyora kwekugovera kwakajairika kana skewness uye kurtosis tsika yaive ± 2 (George & Museum, 2010. Muchidzidzo ichi, zvinoshandurwa hazvina kushandurwa kana zvisiri zveparametric bvunzo zvakashandiswa nekuti, kana skewness kukosha kuri pazasi pechikumbaridzo, zvakajairika kufungidzira kutyorwa kunokonzerwa ne kurtosis kunogona kusiiwa mumasampuli mahombe (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001. Hierarchical regression kuongorora (Tafura 2) yakaiswa kuti iongorore hunhu hwekufanotaura zveizvo zvinoitwa online pamhepo ichitonga nekuda kwechikadzi uye zera uchishandisa SPSS 23 software. Kuve munhurume kwaive kwakabatana nehunhu hwemitambo online (β = 0.35, p <.001), bonde repamhepo (β = 0.42, p <.001), uye kubhejera pamhepo (β = 0.19, p <.001), uye zvisina kunaka nekushandisa vezvenhau (β = -0.16, p <.001) nekutenga pamhepo (β = -0.13, p <.001). Zera raibatanidzwa chete nemagariro enhau kushandiswa (β = -0.16, p <.001). Narcissism yaive nechokuita nekushandiswa kwemagariro (β = 0.18, p <.001); Machiavellianism yaibatanidzwa nekutamba pamhepo (β = 0.11, p <.05) uye bonde repamhepo (β = 0.09, p <.05). Avo vakakwirira mukutsamwa vakakwira pamusoro pabonde repamhepo (β = 0.10, p <.05), kubhejera pamhepo (β = 0.16, p <.001), nekutenga pamhepo (β = 0.15, p <.01). Chekupedzisira, kusuruvara kwaingo sangana chete ne online bonde (β = 0.12, p <.01).
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Tafura 1. Zvinoreva zvikero, SDs, uye Pearson hukama hwekudzidza akasiyana
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Dambudziko rekushandisa internet | - | |||||||||||
| 2. Social media shandiswa | .33 *** | - | ||||||||||
| 3. Kushandiswa kwemitambo | .14 *** | -.01 | - | |||||||||
| 4. Kushandiswa pabonde | .10 ** | .00 | .28 *** | - | ||||||||
| 5. Kushandisa kubhejera | .14 *** | -.02 | .26 *** | .32 *** | - | |||||||
| 6. Kushandisa kwekushandisa | .17 *** | .19 *** | .10 ** | .03 | .09 ** | - | ||||||
| 7. Machiavellianism | .24 *** | .10 ** | .19 *** | .32 *** | .22 *** | .05 | - | |||||
| 8. Psychopathy | .15 *** | .04 | .14 *** | .26 *** | .18 *** | .05 | .53 *** | - | ||||
| 9. Narcissism | .20 *** | .18 *** | .11 ** | .24 *** | .07 * | .03 | .50 *** | .28 *** | - | |||
| 10. Sadism | .20 *** | .08 * | .16 *** | .34 *** | .16 *** | .05 | .47 *** | .48 *** | .29 *** | - | ||
| 11. Kunaka | .26 *** | .11 ** | .13 *** | .31 *** | .24 *** | .13 *** | .46 *** | .48 *** | .34 *** | .49 *** | - | |
| 12. Age | −.16 *** | −.17 *** | -.04 | .04 | .06 | -.03 | -.00 | .03 | .02 | -.06 | .00 | - |
| 13. Varume | -.00 | −.12 ** | .37 *** | .50 *** | .25 *** | −.09 ** | .22 *** | .20 *** | .15 *** | .26 *** | .21 *** | .05 |
| M | 16.67 | 4.23 | 2.29 | 1.52 | 1.56 | 2.74 | 9.43 | 9.83 | 16.25 | 11.29 | 16.60 | 20.72 |
| SD | 5.34 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 6.15 | 5.75 | 9.06 | 1.82 | 6.66 | 2.30 |
| Skewness | 0.17 | 1.80 | 0.69 | 0.20 | -1.45 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.31 | 2.17 | 1.82 | 1.38 |
| Kurtosis | -0.37 | 2.44 | -0.62 | -0.56 | 1.67 | 2.43 | 2.43 | 3.11 | -0.93 | 5.16 | 3.59 | 1.67 |
| VIF | - | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.55 | 1.89 | 1.62 | 1.42 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.05 |
Cherechedzo. SD: kutsauka kwakawanda; VIF: kusiana inflation chinhu.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
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Tafura 2. Pfupiso yeiyo hierarchical regression inoongorora kufanotaura nezve akasiyana mabasa epamhepo
| β (t) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| evanhu vezvenhau | Gaming | Sex | Gambling | Shopping | ||
| Block 1 | Men | −0.16 (−4.33) *** | 0.35 (9.93) *** | 0.42 (13.40) *** | 0.19 (5.43) *** | −0.13 (−3.42) *** |
| zera | −0.16 (−4.58) *** | −0.06 (−1.85) | 0.02 (0.78) | 0.05 (1.56) | −0.02 (−0.60) | |
| Block 2 | Machiavellianism | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.11 (2.41) * | 0.09 (2.33) * | 0.14 (3.00) ** | 0.01 (0.24) |
| Psychopathy | −0.02 (−0.49) | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.55) | −0.00 (−0.03) | |
| Narcissism | 0.18 (4.39) *** | −0.00 (−0.11) | 0.06 (1.83) | −0.08 (−1.99) * | −0.01 (−0.26) | |
| Sadism | 0.03 (0.71) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.12 (3.27) ** | −0.02 (−0.46) | 0.01 (0.14) | |
| Kunaka | 0.07 (1.66) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.10 (2.60) * | 0.16 (3.66) *** | 0.15 (3.37) ** | |
| R2chirevo = .08; F(7, 764) = 10.48; p <.001 | R2chirevo = .15; F(7, 764) = 19.84; p <.001 | R2chirevo = .32; F(7, 764) = 53.25; p <.001 | R2chirevo = .11; F(7, 764) = 13.97; p <.001 | R2chirevo = .02; F(7, 764) = 3.62; p <.01 | ||
Cherechedza. Hunhu huri mumabhureki hunoratidzira t tsika yezvakasiyana.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Kuti uongorore mhedzisiro inogona kuverengera yemigariro yepamhepo pakati pehunhu uye PIU, yakazadzwa yakawanda yekumiririra modhi yakaedzwa nehunhu hwakasviba mitezo yakazvimiririra, zviitiko zvepamhepo zvepamhepo sevatimiriri, PIU semhedzisiro yemhedzisiro, uye gwere uye zera sekudzora zvinoenderana. (Mufananidzo 1. AMOS 23 software yakaitirwa kuongororwa kwenzira ichishandisa nzira yebootstraps ne5,000 bootstrapped samples uye 95% bias-yakagadziriswa kuvimba nguva. Nzira dzakasarudzika dzakaongororwa uchishandisa fungidziro (Gaskin, 2016. Semhedzisiro yekuongorora (Tafura 3), Machiavellianism yaive zvakananga uye zvisina kunangana yakabatana nePIU kuburikidza ne online kubhejera uye online mutambo (β = 0.12, p <.05; 95% CI [0.02, 0.21]). Narcissism yaive isina kunangana nePIU kuburikidza nekushandisa nharaunda. p <.05; 95% CI [0.00, 0.18]). Chekupedzisira, hutsinye hwaive hwakanangana uye zvisina kunangana nePIU kuburikidza nekubhejera pamhepo nekutenga pamhepo (β = 0.18, p <.001; 95% CI [0.10, 0.26]). Iyo modhi yakatsanangura 21% yekusiyana muPIU.
Mufananidzo 1. Yokupedzisira modhi yeiyo yakakosha nzira coefficients. Gender uye zera zvakagadziriswa murevereri uye mhedzisiro misiyano iri mumuenzaniso. Nekujekeswa, kutonga kwakasiyana-siyana uye kuwirirana pakati pekuzvimirira, kutonga, uye musiyano kusiyanisa hazvina kuratidzwa muhuwandu. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001
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Tafura 3. Zviyero zvakaenzana zvehuwandu, zvakananga, uye zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro yekunetseka internet kushandiswa uye musimudziri kusiyanisa
| Mhedzisiro (SE) | Mhedzisiro yakatsanangurwa (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Machiavellianism → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (yakazara mhedzisiro) | 0.12 (0.05) * | - |
| Machiavellianism → Chinetso chekushandisa internet (chairo mhedzisiro) | 0.09 (0.05) * | 75 |
| Machiavellianism → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (yakazara zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro) | 0.03 (0.02) | 25 |
| Machiavellianism → Kubhejera → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (zvisina kunangana nemhedzisiro) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Machiavellianism → Mitambo yemitambo → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (zvisina kunangana nemhedzisiro) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Narcissism → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (yakazara mhedzisiro) | 0.09 (0.04) * | - |
| Narcissism → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (chakanangana nemhedzisiro) | 0.05 (0.04) | 56 |
| Narcissism → Zvemagariro zvevanhu shandisa → Dambudziko reinternet kushandisa (zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro) | 0.04 (0.02) * | 44 |
| Spiteible → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (yakazara mhedzisiro) | 0.18 (0.04) *** | - |
| Spiteible → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (chakanangana nemhedzisiro) | 0.14 (0.04) *** | 78 |
| Kupa mate mukanwa → Dambudziko rekushandisa internet (yakazara indirect athari) | 0.04 (0.02) ** | 22 |
| Kupa mate mukanwa → Kubhejera | 0.02 (0.01) * | 11 |
| Kupa mate mukanwa → Kuzvitenga | 0.01 (0.01) * | 6 |
Cherechedza. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
hurukuro
Kune akanakisa ruzivo rwevanyori, ichi chidzidzo chekutanga kuongorora hukama hwakanangana uye husina kunangana hwehunhu hunhu (kureva, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, uye spitefulness) nePIU kuburikidza neakanyanya epamhepo zviitiko (kureva, vezvenhau, kutamba pamhepo, kubhejera pamhepo, kutenga pamhepo, uye bonde repamhepo). Zvinoenderana nekuongororwa, uye kunoenderana neI-PACE modhi, hunhu hwakasiyana hwaive hwakabatana nezviitiko zvakasiyana zvepamhepo uye nhanho dzePIU. Nekudaro, izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mazhinji ezviitiko kukura pakati pezvakasiyana zvaive zvidiki. Ipo hukama pakati pekupokana nePIU hwaive hwakapindirana zvizere nekushandiswa kwemagariro enhau, Machiavellianism yaive yakanangana uye zvisina kunangana nePIU kuburikidza nekubhejera online uye kutamba pamhepo. Chekupedzisira, kubhejera pamhepo nekutenga pamhepo zvakanyatsopindirana kusangana pakati pekupokana nePIU. Nepo yekutanga neyechitatu fungidziro dzakatsigirwa zvishoma, zviwanikwa zvaive zvisingaenderane neyechipiri fungidziro.
Kupindirana nefungidziro, vezvenhau shandisa pakati hukama pakati pescissism uye PIU. Narcissism yaive yakabatana nekushandiswa kwepamusoro munhau kushandisa, uyezve, kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwenhau kwakabatana nePIU yepamusoro. Zvinoita sekuti vanhu vakakwira muNationalcissism vakasarudza vezvenhau pamitambo yekushambadzira pamhepo kuitira kuti vazadzise zvido zvavo zvepfungwa zvichikonzerwa nehunhu hwavo hwekuda kuita sekudiwa.Casale & Fioravanti, 2018. VaNarcissists vanoshandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvemagariro ekusimudzira pamwe nekuzvitarisisa, izvo zvinogona kushanduka kuve kwekufunganya nezvavanofunga uye zvirevo zvevamwe pane zvavanotumira.Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018. Nekudaro, kufunganya uku kunogona kushandura kuve PIU yenhamba diki yevanhu. Tichifunga izvo, zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa online, zvemagariro zvekushandisa zvinogona kungoitwa online, zvinetso zvekushandisa zvinogona nyore kushandura muPIU zvichienzaniswa nemabasa epamhepo ane online akafanana.
Sezvo hypothesized, Machiavellianism yaive zvakananga uye zvisina kunangana yakabatana nePIU kuburikidza ne online mitambo yekutamba uye kubhejera online. Nekuda kwekuti Machiavellians anogona kuve nematambudziko mukubata chaiko kwehupenyu hwemagariro nekuda kwekushomeka kwavo, kushungurudzika kwepamusoro manzwiro, kukwira alexithymia, uye kushaya kwepfungwa kwepamoyo (Austin, Farrelly, Mutema, & Moore, 2007; Jonason & Krause, 2013), vanganzwika vakasununguka pamhepo uye vosarudza kushamwaridzana pamhepo kukurukurirana-vakatarisana. Uye zvakare, vadzidzi veMachiavellian vakawanikwa vaine kushungurudzika kwakanyanya kana vachienzaniswa nevadzidzi vasiri veMachiavellian (Bakir et al., 2003. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pachave nePIU yepamusoro yevanhu vakakwira Machiavellianism, nekuti kushungurudzika kunofanotaura nezvekushandiswa kwepamhepo nedambudziko (Kircaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018).
Machiavellianism yaibatanidzwa nekutamba pamhepo uye kubhejera pamhepo, uyezve, mutambo wepamhepo uye kubhejera pamhepo zvakatungamira kune yakakwira PIU. Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakabatana Machiavellianism nekushungurudza kutamba (kureva, kutsika mumitambo yepamhepo), iyo inogona kupa tsananguro yehukama uhu (Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017. Nekuda kwekuti vanhu vakakwira Machiavellianism vakaratidzirwa kuve nemakwikwi ekukwikwidza uye havatevedzere nehunhu uye hunhu hunhu mukuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo (Clempner, 2017), vanogona kunge vakaita mutambo wekushungurudza kukunda vamwe vatambi uye izvi zviedzo zvinogona kushandurwa kuita nguva yakareba inoshandiswa pamutambo pamhepo. Zvakafanana nekutamba, kubhejera ndiyo imwe nharaunda yemakwikwi ine mamwe mibairo yakadai sekuwana mari chaiyo. Machiavellian hunhu hunhu hwakawanikwa hunobatana nekunzwa kwemubairo kuratidza kuti mibairo yakakosha kukurudzira kune vanhu vane maitiro akakwirira eMachiavellian (Birkás, Csathó, Gács, & Bereczkei, 2015. Pamhepo kubhejera uye online kubhejera ndizvo zviviri zvinozivikanwa chaizvo zviitiko zvekushandisa internet uye zvinogona kushandura nyore kuita zvinetso online kubatanidzwa kwevamwe vashandisi (Brand et al., 2016).
Zvichienderana nezvakafungidzirwa zvabuda, kusavimbika kwakabatana zvakananga nePIU uye zvisina kunangana uchishandisa online kubhejera nekutenga online. Zvakafanana neMachiavellianism, kunyangwe kusabatana kwave kuchisanganiswa nehupamusoro hwekuora mwoyo (Zeigler-Chikomo & Vonk, 2015)Zeigler-Chikomo & Noser, 2018) - Kushamwaridzana kunogona kukonzera kuzadzisa zvido zvemagariro nezvikwaniriso zvepa onlineGervasi et al., 2017; Niemz, Griffiths, & Banyard, 2005. Maitiro akapumha anokurudzirwa negodo uye anokodzera manzwiro (Marcus et al., 2014) uye vanhu vakakwirira mukusagadzikana vane yakakwirira nhanho dzekutambudzika narcissism uye kuderera kuzvishingisa (Marcus et al., 2014), izvo zvakabatana neyepamusoro pathological kushandisa online (Andreassen et al., 2017; Casale, Fioravanti, & Rugai, 2016. Saizvozvo, vanhu vanotambura vanogona kushandisa online kutenga vachikurudzirwa neshanje yavo kune vamwe kana kwavo kusingaperi kuda kwekusimbiswa nekuda kwekunetseka kwavo kwekusazvidzora manzwiro uye kuzvishingisa. Nekudaro, kutenga online kunogona kutungamira mukumanikidza kushandiswa pamhepo paunenge uchiferefeta mawebhusaiti ese akasiyana ekutenga zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana.
Ichi chidzidzo chiri pakati pevashoma akaitwa kuti afunge nezve basa rehunhu wakasviba paPIU. Pane zvimwe zvinopfuurika pakati pezvakawanikwa apa uye izvo zviri pakati pezvidzidzo izvi kunyange paine zvimwe zvinopesana zvakawanikwa. Semuenzaniso, apo chidzidzo ichi chakataura hukama hwakananga pakati peMachiavellianism nePIU, Machiavellianism yaive fungidziro yakananga yekushomeka kwenhau mukushandiswa kwenhau pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti mune chidzidzo chapfuura (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), uye zvaive zvisina basa mune kumwe kuongorora kuongorora kunetsa pamhepo (Kircaburun et al., 2018b). Saizvozvo, narcissism yaive isina kusimba zvisina kunangana nePIU kuburikidza nevezvenhau mashandisiro ekushandisa muchidzidzo ichi, kunyange hazvo chaive chirevo chakakosha chekunetseka kushandiswa kwemidhiya enhau uye kunetsa kwemitambo. Tichifunga kuti zvidzidzo zvambotaurwa zvakaitwa nevadzidzi veyunivhesiti uye vatambi vakasiyana zvachose, misiyano yekuenzanisira inogona kuve tsananguro inogoneka yehunhu hwakasiyana hunofungidzira kushandiswa kwakaomarara kwezviitiko zvakasiyana zvepamhepo (semuenzaniso, vezvenhau, zvemitambo, uye kushandisa internet). Zvisinei, misiyano iyi inotsigirawo pfungwa yekuti (kunyangwe ichipindirana kusvika pamwero wakati) mhando dzakanetsa dzekushandisa pamhepo (semuenzaniso, mitambo yemagariro nevezvenhau) nePIU zvine hunhu hwakasiyana uye hunoparadzanisa masangano ezvematongerwo enyika anogona kunge aine hunhu hwakajeka.Brand et al., 2016; Király et al., 2014; Montag et al., 2015. Nekudaro, izvi zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvinoratidza kuti zvakanyanya kutarisa zvinofanirwa kupihwa kune yakasviba hunhu kana uchifunga nezvePIU uye humwe hunhu hwedambudziko repamhepo, uye kutsvakisisa kwakawanda kunoenderana nenyaya yacho kuti unzwisise zviri nani hukama huno.
Ichi chidzidzo chine zvimwe zvausingakwanise kugadziriswa muzvidzidzo zvichauya. Kutanga, iyo data yekutsvagura yakaunganidzwa kuburikidza ne-self-Report mibvunzona mune yega yakasarudzwa sampu iyo inopesvedzera kune anozivikanwa biases uye zvisingakwanisi. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kushandisa zvimwe zvakadzama midziyo yakadai seyakanakisa kana nzira dzakasanganiswa pakati pemasampu mahombe uye mazhinji anomiririra. Chechipiri, iwo wedanda-chikamu chikamu dhizaini inodzivirira iyo dhizaini yehukama hwe causal. Kuti ukwanise kuratidza causality uye nzira dzehukama idzi, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvehurefu. Yetatu, muyenzaniso wekudzidza uyu waisanganisira vadzidzi vemuTurkey vekutanga kubva kuyunivhesiti imwechete; saka, generalizability yemhedzisiro ishoma. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kuedza kudzokorora zvakawanikwa pano uchishandisa mazera akasiyana uye vanhu vanobva munyika dzakasiyana netsika.
Kunyangwe pane zvisingakwanisi, ichi chidzidzo chekutanga kuongorora hukama pakati pehunhu hwakasviba maitiro, chaiwo mabasa epamhepo, uye PIU. Uyezve, chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti kunyangwe zvingave zvakanangana uye zvisina kunangana nePIU yakakwirira kuburikidza nekushandisa zviitiko zvakasiyana zvepamhepo. Izvo zvakawanikwa zvekuongororwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti panofanirwa kuve nekumwe kutsvakisisa kwakanangana nebasa rehunhu hwakasviba hwekushandisa mune zvinetso pamhepo kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwakananga kweMachiavellianism uye kusavimbika nePIU. Uye zvakare, zvawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti Machiavellianism, zvisinei, sadism, uye narcissism zvaive zvakanangana nemhando dzakasiyana dzezviitiko zvepaintaneti zvakaita sepamhepo pabonde, kushandiswa kwenhau mune zvemitambo, kubhejera pamhepo, nekutamba pamhepo, nekutenga online, zvese zvine zvinogona kukonzera. kukuvadza muhupenyu hwevamwe vanhu nekuda kwekunetseka uye / kana kushandiswa kwakanyanya. Vanamazvikokota vehutano uye varapi vanofanirwa kufunga nezvehunhu uhu kana vachinge vafunga nezvenzira dzekuzvidzivirira uye dzekupindira dzePIU. Kuwedzera kune zvataurwa pamusoro apa, ongororo iyi yakaedza kufungidzira kweI-PACE muenzaniso uye yakapa humbowo humbowo hwekukosha kwekusiyana kwehunhu mukusiyanisa kwezviitiko zvepamhepo nekushomeka kwemashandisirwo epamhepo, pamwe nebasa rakakosha rekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana online. zviitiko mukutarisa mazinga ePIU.
Vanyori vese vari vaviri vakabatsira zvakanyanya mukugadziriswa kwemanyoro.
Vanyori vanoti hapana kupesana kwechido.
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