Kugadziridza nekugadziriswa kweBergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale neGree National Sample (2018)

. 2018; 9: 144.

Yakabudiswa paIndaneti 2018 Mar 8. doi:  10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00144

PMCID: PMC5852108

PMID: 29568277

Cecilie S. Andreassen,1,* Ståle Pallesen,1 Mark D. Griffiths,2 Torbjørn Torsheim,1 uye Rajita Sinha3

ngovepo

Maonero ekuti zvinetso zvakanyanyisa muhupombwe ("kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa") maitiro ekupindwa muropa nehunhu akawedzera kutendwa mumakore achangopfuura, asi kuchine kukakavara kukuru pamusoro pekushandisa pfungwa. Uyezve, mazhinji apfuura zvidzidzo zvakavimba nemakiriniki madiki emakiriniki. Chidzidzo chanhasi chinopa nzira nyowani yekuyedza kupindwa muropa kwepabonde-iyo Bergen-Yale Bonde Kuwedzerwa Chirevo (BYSAS) -kubva pazvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvekupindwa muropa (kureva, kusagadzikana / kushuva, shanduko yemood, kushivirira, kubvisa, kurwisana / matambudziko, uye kudzoka / kurasikirwa. of control). Uchishandisa muyedzo-wedunhu ongororo, iyo BYSAS yakaendeswa kune yakavhurika yenyika sampu yevakuru ve23,533 vekuNorway [vane makore 16-88 makore; zvinoreva (± SD) zera = 35.8 ± 13.3 makore], pamwe chete nematanho akasimbiswa ehunhu Huru Hunhu hwechishanu, narcissism, kuzviremekedza, uye chiyero chehunhu hwepabonde. Zvese zviri zviviri zvekutsvagisa uye yekusimbisa chinhu ongororo (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996) yakatsigira mhinduro yechimwe-chinhu, kunyangwe kutsamira kwenzvimbo pakati pezvinhu zviviri (Zvinhu 1 na2) kwakawanikwa. Uyezve, chiyero chacho chaive nemukati wakanaka kusagadzikana (Cronbach's α = 0.83). Iyo BYSAS yakabatana zvakanyanya nereferensi chikero (r = 0.52), uye yakaratidza maitiro akafanana ekushandura uye kusarura kwechokwadi. Iyo BYSAS yaive zvine chekuita ne ext extionion, neuroticism, njere / kufungidzira, uye narcissism, uye zvisina kunaka ine hukama nehana, kubvumirana, uye kuzvishingisa. Nhamba dzakakura paUSSAS dzakanyanya kuwanda pakati peavo vaive varume, vasina murume, wechidiki, uye nedzidzo yepamusoro. Iyo BYSAS ipfupi, uye chepfungwa yakavimbika uye yakavimbika chiyero chekuongorora kupindwa muropa kwepabonde. Nekudaro, kumwe kusimbisa kweASSAS kunodiwa mune dzimwe nyika uye mamiriro.

Keywords: hypersexuality, kupindwa muropa kwepabonde, chiyero kuvandudza, psychometric chiyero, zvishanu-chinhu muenzaniso wehunhu, narcissism, kuzvishingisa, demographics

ziviso

Mumakore achangopfuura kutsvagiridza mune kakawanda uye kuenderera mberi zvinetso zvepabonde zvakawedzera (Kraus et al., . Uku kubuda-kwe-kutonga, kwakanyanyisa, uye kune dambudziko maitiro ekuita zvepabonde kwave kuchirondedzerwa uchishandisa akawanda mavara akasiyana kusanganisira (pakati pevamwe) hypersexourse, kumanikidzwa pabonde, kuzvimanikidza pabonde, erotomania, nymphomania (mune vakadzi), satyriasis (mune varume), kupindwa muropa, uye kuvimbika pabonde (Kafka, ; Karila et al., ; Kingston, ; Wéry naBillieux, . Pakave nekukakavara kwakawanda pamusoro pemakore akawanda nezvekuti maitiro aya anonyatsodudzirwa seyakajeka-ekumanikidza kusagadzikana, kupindwa muropa, kana kusagadzikana kwekumanikidza-kudzora (Karila et al., ; Piquet-Pessôa et al., ), uye zvichidaro yakatsanangurwa maererano nemhando dzakasiyana dzenhoroondo (Campbell naStein, ; Kingston, ).

Nekutsva kwekutsvagisa kutsva kwekuti bonde rine chirevo chekupinda muropa-rinogona kunge rakatenderedzwa nemasekete europi uye neurotransmitters anozivikanwa kuti ane chekuita neruzivo rwemubairo uye euphoria-kufarira kwepfungwa muhu hypersexourse sekupindwa muropa kwakawedzera. al., ; Hamann et al., ; Murume akanaka, ; Griffiths, ; Kor et al., ; Karila et al., ; Voon et al., ; Kingston, . Mundima iyi, "kupindwa muropa nezvepabonde ” inogona kutsanangurwa sekubatanidzwa zvakanyanya nezviitiko zvebonde (semuenzaniso, fungidziro, bonhora, kuita zvepabonde, kuona zvinonyadzisira) kwakasiyana siyana midhiya (cybersex, kurara runhare, nezvimwewo). Uye zvakare, avo vane mamiriro ezvinhu vanotsanangura kukurudzira kwavo zvepabonde hakugone kudzora, uye kuti vanopedza nguva yakawanda vari vaviri vachifunga nezvayo uye vachiita zviitiko zvepabonde zvinokanganisa dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda muhupenyu hwavo.

"Kupindwa muropa kwepabonde" parizvino hakuna kunyorwa mune yehutano hwepfungwa. Zvisinei, iyo Kuparadzaniswa Kwepasi Pese kwechirwere (ICD-10; World Health Organization, ), inosanganisira kunyanyisa kuita bonde uye kubata bonhora zvakawandisa sekuongororwa, yakakamurwa kuva satyriasis (yevarume) uye nymphomania (yevakadzi), nepo “kurwadzisa 'kuita zvepabonde” iko zvino kuri kutariswa (sechipinganidzo-chekudzivirira chirwere) chekubatanidzwa mune iri kuuya ICD-11 (Grant et al., . Iyo yazvino (yechishanu) shanduro ye Kuongororwa uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, ) yakawedzera kucherechedzwa kwayo kwekusapindwa muropa nemakemikari (Petry, ) nekuisirwa kweKubhejera Kusagadzikana senge maitiro akapindwa muropa mukati mezvakanyanya zvinyorwa uye Internet Gaming Disorder muchikamu cheZvakaburitswa (mamiriro ekuwedzera kudzidza). Kunyange kupindwa muropa nebonde (muchimiro che "hypersexual disorder") kwakatariswa (Kafka, ) uye inoongororwa ne DSM-5 basa rekubatira, pamwe chete neyakagadziriswa emhando yekuedzwa (Kafka, ; Reid et al., ), yakarambwa nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekutsvaga kutsvagisa maitiro uye maonero akapatsanuka ekuti ungabvumikisa sei kusagadzikana (Kafka, ; Campbell naStein, ).

Mukuwirirana neizvi, chinogadzirisa chekutanga kutsvaga kusavapo kwechibvumirano chakawanda nezvekuti kupindwa muropa kwepabonde kunofanira kutsanangurwa sei, kunzwisiswa uye kuongororwa (Reid, . Nekudaro, kusingavimbike kwehuwandu hwekufungidzira pakati pevasina-mumiriri (kuzvisarudzira nyore) sampuli dzinotora kubva ku3 kusvika 17% (uye yepamusoro) zvataurwa. Panyaya yezvinyorwa zvehuwandu, kutsvagisa kwakaratidza kuwirirana kwakaringana pakati pekupindwa muropa nebonde uye zera, murume kana murume, chinzvimbo chimwe, uye dzidzo yepamusoro (yongororo yazvino ona Kafka, ; Sussman et al., ; Karila et al., ; Campbell naStein, ; Wéry naBillieux, . Nekudaro, zvinopikiswa kuti vakadzi vakasarudzirwa zvakanyanya mumunda uyu wekutsvaga, uye nekudaro zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve maitiro avo ekupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa (Dhuffar naGriffiths, , ; Klein et al., ).

Kutsvaga kwakabatanidza kupindwa muropa kwepabonde nehunhu zvinhu zvinomiririra mamwe maitiro akapindwa muropa (Karila et al., ), inosanganisira yakakwirira yevanowedzera uye neuroticism uye yakaderera huwandu hwehana uye hunobvumika (Schmitt, ; Pinto et al., ; Rettenberger et al., ; Walton et al., . Hunhu uhwu hunoreva hunhu hunotsvaga zvakanyanya kutsvaga, hunhu hwomukati, hunodzikisira, uye husinga tsanangurike, vachipesana nekudzikiswa-musimboti, kugadzikana kwepamoyo, kuzvibata, uye kuve nehanya nekudyidzana kwenzanga. Iyo tsvaga shoma inoshandisa iyo shanu-chinhu muenzaniso wehunhu (Costa neMcCrae, ; Wiggins, ) mune chinyorwa ichi akawana hunhu hwakavhurika hwekuziva kuti hukama nehukadzi hwepabonde (Schmitt, ; Pinto et al., ; Rettenberger et al., ; Walton et al., . Nekudaro, zvinoita sekunge mukana wekuti "vanhu vakasununguka" vanoonga "muganho" zviitiko vari panjodzi yekupindwa muropa nekupfuura, pane tsika dzepedyo, vane moyo wepedyo uye vanehungwaru (semuenzaniso, Elmquist et al., . Hupombwe hunhu hunhu hwave huchiwanzo hune hukama uye narcissism (Black et al., ; Raymond et al., ; Kafka, ; Kasper et al., ) uye zvisizvo zvine chekuita nekuzvishingisa (Cooper et al., , ; Delmonico naGriffin, ; Kor et al., ; Doornwaard et al., ).

Iko kufarira kuri kukura kwe "kupindwa muropa kwepabonde" zvese zvine mutsindo uye nepamoyo zvakafambiswa nekukasira kugadzirwa kwezviridzwa zvakaita seyepabonde Kuwedzeredza Screening Test (SAST; Carnes, ) uye SAST-Yakagadziridzwa (SAST-R; Carnes et al., ), iyo Pfupi PROMIS Mubvunzo-wepabonde subscale (SPQ-S; Christo et al., ), PATHOS1 (Carnes et al., ), uye Ipfupi Internet Kupindwa muropa neBvunzo (Mudiki, ) yakagadziridzwa pamhepo zvepamhepo zviitiko (s-IAT-zvepabonde; Laier et al., ; Pawlikowski et al., ; Wéry et al., . Kunyange zvimwe zviyero zvakagadziridzwa zvikagadziriswa, vanoongorora uye nekufungisisa "hypersexourse" sekumanikidza, kusingashamisi, uye / kana kuita zvepabonde kukora kusagadzikana (semuenzaniso, Kalichman naRompa, ; Coleman et al., ; Reid et al., ).

Izvo zviyero zvambotaurwa zvinosiyana zvakanyanya maringe nemafambisirwo ehurongwa hwekuvandudza, chinhu chechimiro, akachekwa-mucherechedzo, uye psychometric zvivakwa (Hook et al., ; Karila et al., ; Campbell naStein, ; Wéry naBillieux, ), uye yakanyanya kuongororwa mune zvidiki zvisina anomiririra kiriniki uye yakatarwa samples (Karila et al., . Vamwe vane huwandu hwakanyanya-hwevanhu (semuenzaniso, murume, mukadzi, ngochani; Carnes, ; O'Hara naCarnes, ; Carnes uye Weiss, ), nepo vamwe vakanyanya kugutsikana- zvakananga (semuenzaniso, online zvepabonde maitiro; Carnes et al., ; Wéry et al., . Zviyero zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, SAST-R, PATHOS) zvinosanganisirawo zvinhu zvisina kukodzera maererano nekutsanangudza kupindwa muropa kwepabonde [kureva, "Wakarwadziswa pabonde semwana here kana kuyaruka?, ""Vabereki vako vainetseka nehunhu hwepabonde here?”(SAST; Carnes, , mapeji. 218-219), "Wakambotsvaga rubatsiro kune bonde tsika iwe wausingade?”(PATHOS; Carnes et al., , p. 11)]. Iyo SAST-R (Carnes et al., ) uye PATHOS (Carnes et al., ) shandisa dichotomous hongu / kwete mhinduro yemhando, nepo kutsvakisisa kweshanje kunoratidza kuti chiyero / kuenderera mberi kwekuongororwa kweine dambudziko rezvepabonde kunofanirwa kuve chikamu chekiriniki yekuongorora maitiro (Winters et al., ; Walters et al., ; Carvalho et al., . Zviyero zvazvino uno zvinoongorora zvinetso zvebonde zvinoita kunge zvakareba. Kunyanya zvakananga, Womack et al. () yakashuma zvinoreva nezve 32.5 zvinhu (SD = 34.2) painenge ichiongorora zvakanakira 24 yekuzvirevera wega hypersexourse matanho. Nekudaro, matanho anoshanda anofanira kugutsa nzira dzakakosha (dzakadai sedzepfupi; Koronczai et al., ), kunyanya pakati pevanhu vasingamanikidzi vanokwanisa kukoshesa uye kutora chikamu mune zviitiko zvinogara kwenguva pfupi.

Chikamu chikuru chekupwanya zviyero zviripo ndechekuti zvinhu zvinowongorora hunhu hwepabonde hazviratidze zvikamu zvekupindwa muropa (brown, ; Griffiths, . Maitiro akadaro ave achishandiswa sehurongwa hwekugadzira huwandu hwechiyero cheyometriometri kune akasiyana maitiro ekupindwa muropa kusanganisira kupindwa muropa nebasa (Andreassen et al., ), kupindwa muropa nemitambo (Lemmens et al., ), kupindwa muropa kwekutenga (Andreassen et al., ), kupindwa muropa nekumanikidza (Terry et al., ), uye zvemagariro zvemadhiza kupindwa muropa (Andreassen et al., . Panyaya yekupindwa muropa nebonde, izvi zviratidzo zvingave: slide / kuda-Ku-kufunga nezvepabonde kana kurara pabonde, mafungiro ekuchinja-Kuita zvepabonde zvakanyanya kunokonzera kuchinja mumanzwiro, kubvumidza-Huwandu hwekuita zvepabonde pane nguva, kubvisakusagadzikana mupfungwa / zviratidzo zvepanyama pausina kuita zvepabonde, kukakavara-Inter- / intrapersonal zvinetso semugumisiro wakananga wepabonde zvakanyanya, kudzokerazve-Kudzokera kumapurogiramu apfuura mushure memazuva nekudzivisa / kutonga, uye matambudziko-Hutano hwakanaka uye hukama hwakanaka hunokonzerwa nekuita zvepabonde zvepabonde.

Zviyero zvazvino zvinowanzo tora zvimwe zvezviratidzo zvambotaurwa, asi usazvivhara zvese (semuenzaniso, PATHOS uye SAST-R). Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi chingave chekuti zviyero zvakagadzirwa kare zvakafemerwa nemaseti matatu akatanhamara ehurongwa hwakatsanangurwa hunowanikwa mumabhuku. Aya ndiwo (i) Makarnati ' zvirevo zvinosanganisa kubvisa uye kugona, (ii) yaGoodman () zviyero zvinosanganisa kugadzirisa manzwiro, uye (iii) Kafka's (2010, 2013) maitiro ayo asingasanganisi kushivirira, kugadzirisa manzwiro, kugona, uye kubvisa (Wéry naBillieux, . Iyo s-IAT-yebonde chiyero (Laier et al., ; Pawlikowski et al., ; Wéry et al., ) inosanganisira ese epakati maitiro ekupindwa muropa, asi akagadzirirwa kuverengera kupindwa muropa zvepabonde online. Nepo zvirongwa zvemazuva ano zveInternet zvingaitisa uye kusimudzira iko kubuda kwehupombwe maitiro nekuda kwezvinhu zvakadai sekureruka, kusazivikanwa, kuwanikwa, uye disinhibition (Griffiths, ; Wéry naBillieux, ), kune nharo kukosheswa kwepfupi uye kwepfungwa yekunzwika yekuyera kuyera iyo inosarudza kupindwa muropa kwepabonde zvisinei nenzvimbo, mamiriro, uye huwandu hwevanhu.

Tichifunga zvakawanikwa pamusoro apa nenhaurwa mumunda, ongororo iripo yakaongorora zvimiro zvechipfungwa chitsva chekupindwa muropa nebonde, iyo Bergen-Yale Bonde Kuwedzerwa Chirevo Scale (BYSAS), inosanganisira zvinhu zvakavakirwa pahwaro hwesimbakuita maitiro akasimbiswa. pane mamwe maitiro akati wedzere kupindwa muropa uye ayo anoshandisa akapinza muropa maitiro kuratidza kukosha kwemukati (Brown, ; Griffiths, ; American Psychiatric Association, ; Andreassen et al., . Zvaitarisirwa kuti chimbo chitsva chiwedzerwe zvakanyanya neakafanana maconstitution (kureva., Convergent uhalisi) uye gadzirisa zvisingaite neakafanana constructs (kureva., Rusarura mvumo; Nunnally naBernstein, . Hypotheses nhanhatu dzakaongororwa. Izvi ndizvo:

  • Hypothesis 1. Iyo BYSAS ine imwechete-chinhu chimiro ine yakakwira factor kurodha (> 0.60) yezvinhu zvese zviyero, uye ese mareferenzi (midzi inoreva chikwereti chikanganiso chekufungidzira [RMSEA] <0.06, enzanisa fit index [CFI] uye Tucker-Lewis index [TLI ]> 0.95; Hu uye Bentler, ) kuratidza yakanaka data yakakwanira.
  • Hypothesis 2. Iyo BYSAS ine yakakwira yemukati kuenderana (Cronbach's alpha> 0.80).
  • Hypothesis 3. Iyo BYSAS inoenderana chaizvo neimwe nhanho yehupombwe hunhu hunhu (SPQ-S; Christo et al., ).
  • Hypothesis 4. Iyo BYSAS mamakisi ane hukama chaihwo nekuva murume, asina kuroora uye wepamusoro akadzidza, uye ane humwe hukama nezera.
  • Hypothesis 5. Iyo BYSAS mamakisi yakanyatsoenderana neuroticism, extrentsion, uye pachena, uye zvisina kunaka zvine chekuita nekubvumirana uye hana.
  • Hypothesis 6. Iyo BYSAS mamaki ndeyechokwadi ine hukama necisism uye isina kunaka ine chekuita nekuzvivimba.

Zvinhu uye nzira

nzira

Idzo yakaunganidzwa kuburikidza newebhu-yakavakirwa muchikamu-chikamu chekuongorora maitiro akawandisa. Ongororo yacho yakaparurwa murunyararo rwepamhepo emapepanhau mashanu akasiyana epasi rese reNorway panguva yematsime 2014. Kuti ugone kutora chikamu, vakapindura vakarairwa kuti vatore paInternet link. Vese vakapindura vaifanira kuve angangoita 16 makore ezera. Ruzivo nezve chidzidzo rwakapihwa pane peji rewebhu. Vakabvunzwa vakaziviswa kuti vaizogamuchira mhinduro inozobva yoga pamusoro pehuwandu hwavo uye dudziro inoenderana nehuwandu hwechiyero pakupedzwa kweongororo. Hapana zvinhu / mari yekukurudzira yakapihwa. Yese data yakachengetwa pane sevhisi inotambirwa nekambani inopa kuongororwa kwakadaro kwevaongorori (www.surveyxact.no. Vhiki imwe inotevera kutanga kwekudzidza, data rese rakaunganidzwa rakaendeswa kuboka rekutsvagisa.

Pakazara, 23,533 vanhu vakapedza zvese zvinhu zveongororo (uye vakachengetwa kuti vaongorore). Kutora chikamu kwaive kwekuzvidira, kusingazivikanwe, kuvanzika, uye kusapindirana, uye kwakatevedza hutongi hwehungamiro yeHelsinki Chirevo uye cheNorway Health Research Act. Institutional Ongorora Board yemubatanidzwa wePsychology, University of Bergen, yakabvumidza chidzidzo ichi.

Vakwikwidzi

Izvo zvinoreva zera revatori vechikamu (N = 23,533) yaive 35.8 makore (SD = 13.3), kubva pamakore gumi nematanhatu kusvika makumi masere nemasere. Panyaya yemapoka ezera akasanganisirwa, ruzhinji rwevatori vechikamu vaive nemakore 16-88 makore (16%) achiteverwa nevaya vane makore 30-40.7 makore (31%), 45-35 makore (46%), uye anopfuura makore makumi matanhatu (60 %). Muenzaniso waisanganisira vakadzi 19.8 (60%) uye varume 4.5 15,299 (65%). Panyaya yehukama mamiriro, 8,234 (35%) vanga vari muhukama (kureva, vakaroora, vakajairika mutemo mudiwa, mudiwa, mukomana, kana musikana) uye 15,373 (65.3%) vaive vasiri (kureva, vasina, vakarambana, vakaparadzaniswa, chirikadzi , kana kufirwa). Nezve dzidzo, 8,160 vakapedza zvekumanikidzirwa chikoro (34.7%), 2,350 vakapedza chikoro chepamusoro (10%), 5,949 vakapedza chikoro chehunyanzvi (25.3%), 3,989 vaive neBachelor's degree (17%), 7,630 vaive vaMasters degree (32.4%), uye 3,343 vaive nechidimbu chePhD (14.2%).

Nzira

Demographics

Vatori vechikamu vakapedza matanho emhando imwe chete ehuwandu (kureva, zera, murume kana mukadzi, chimiro chehukama, dzidzo yepamusoro yakapera) nekushandisa yakavharwa-yakapera mhinduro.

Bergen-iyo yebonde kupindwa muropa chiyero (BYSAS)

Iyo BYSAS yakagadzirwa ichishandisa nzira nhanhatu dzekupindwa muropa dzakasimbiswa naBrown (), Griffiths), uye American Psychiatric Association () inosanganisira saizi, kushandurwa kwemood, kushivirira, zviratidzo zvekubvisa, kunetseka uye kudzoka / kurasikirwa kwekutonga. Chinhu chimwe chete chakagadzirirwa imwechete imwecheteyo Zvikurukuru, marongero acho aisanganisira zvinhu zvine chekuita nesisitiri / kuchiva (kureva, kubatikana nebonde / kuita bonhora), kushandurwa kwemweya (kureva, pabonde / kuita bonhora kunovandudza mamiriro), kushivirira (kureva kuti, kurara pabonde / bonhora kunodiwa kuti ugutsikane) , zviratidzo zvekubvisa (kureva, kuderedza kana kufungidzira kubva pabonde / kuita bonhora zvinogadzira kudzikama uye kusanzwisisa), kunetsana / matambudziko (kureva, kurara / kuita bonhora kunogadzira nyongano uye kukonzera imwe mhando yedambudziko), uyezve zvekare / kurasikirwa kwekutonga (kureva, dzokera ku bonde rekare / kuita bonhora mushure menguva yekudzora kana kusavapo). Iwo chaiwo mazwi ezvinhu uye mhinduro dzekudzivirira dzaive dzakanangana neshoko remazwi uye mhinduro dzimwe nzira dzaishandiswa pachiyero kuyedza humwe hunhu kupindwa muropa (Andreassen et al., . Iyo nguva yakatarisana neyakaitika gore rapfuura ichishandisa 5-point Likert mhinduro yemhando (0 = very rarely, 1 = kazhinji, 2 = dzimwe nguva, 3 = kazhinji, uye 4 = nguva zhinji; ona Mashoko Okuwedzera A yezere runyorwa rwezvinhu uye mafomu ekupindura eECSAS), kupa mucherechedzo BYSAS mamaki anotangira ku0 kusvika 24 (ona tafura Table1) .1. Kuti ugoitwa oparementwa se "kupindwa muropa nebonde" mune chidzidzo chiripo, zviratidzo zvaifanira kuve zviripo pane imwe nhanho / ukuru [zvinotsanangurwa sekukanganisa zero 3 (kazhinji) kana 4 (nguva zhinji)]. Izvi zvinoenderana nenzira yekucheka-mabira kwave kusevenzeswa kune zvimwe zviyero zvinowongorora maitiro ehurongwa (semuenzaniso, Lemmens et al., ; Andreassen et al., . Uye zvakare, nhamba yakatarwa yenhamba (kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura hafu) yaifanira kutenderedzwa (pano ”kazhinji” kana “kazhinji”) kuverengerwa kupindwa muropa (American Psychiatric Association, . Muchiitiko ichi kanenge zvinhu zvina zvezvitanhatu zveUSSAS zvinhu zvaive zvakatemerwa kuitira kuti vatore chikamu semupombwe. Kutsiva 0 pabatanidzwa BYSAS-chikwangwani kwakatsanangurwa se "hapana kupindwa muropa neupombwe" zvinoita senge zvine musoro sezvo ava vatori vechikamu vachipindura "never" kune zvese zvinhu zvitanhatu. Mucherechedzo wepakati pakati pe1 ne6 wakadudzirwa se "mukana wepadiki wekupindwa muropa nekupinda muropa" sezvo vatori vechikamu zvakanyanya vanogona kukwira pamusoro pezvakagurwa pazvinhu zviviri zvitanhatu. Vaya vane huwandu hweyakawandisa ye7 kana pamusoro asi vasina kuzadzisa maitiro ekupindwa muropa nebonde zvinotsanangurwa sekuti vane "mwero wepfungwa yekupindwa muropa nemukana". Ichi chinyorwa chinoratidzika sechakakodzera sezvo ichi chakaenzana nehuremu hwepamusoro pane 1 pazvinhu zvese zvitanhatu.

Tafura 1

Kugoverwa kwezvikamu, zvinoreva chiratidzo uye kutsauka kwakadzika (SD) pane zvinhu zvitanhatu zveBergen-Yale Bonde Kuwedzerwa Chirevo (BYSAS) yevanhurume (♂, n = 8,234), vakadzi (♀, n = 15,299), uye iyo yose (=) sampu (N = 23,533).

Items Frequency (%)ZvinorevaSD
Kangani pagore rapfuura uine iwe… 01234  
1.Wakatambisa nguva yakawanda uchifunga nezvebonde / bonhora kana kurara pabonde?
[BYSAS1 pane kusava-kuchiva]		♂
♀
=		20.5
52.6
41.4		19.0
20.1
19.7		31.7
19.4
23.7		20.0
6.1
11.0		8.7
1.7
4.2		1.78
0.84
1.17		1.23
1.05
1.20
2.Wakanzwa shungu yekuita bonhora / kuita zvepabonde zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya?
[BYSAS2 pane kushivirira]		♂
♀
=		26.4
58.7
47.4		24.3
19.9
21.4		28.4
15.4
20.0		14.8
4.7
8.3		6.1
1.3
3.0		1.50
0.70
0.98		1.20
0.98
1.13
3.Wakamboshandisa bonde / bonhora kuitira kuti ukanganwe nezve / kutiza kubva kumatambudziko ako wega?
[BYSAS3 pane shanduko yemood]		♂
♀
=		59.3
76.6
70.6		17.5
11.8
13.8		14.4
8.4
10.5		5.7
2.4
3.5		3.1
0.8
1.6		0.76
0.39
0.52		1.09
0.80
0.93
4.Wakaedza kucheka zvepabonde / bonhora pasina kubudirira?
[BYSAS4 yekudzokorora-kurasikirwa kwekutonga]		♂
♀
=		67.0
92.2
83.4		16.3
5.3
9.2		10.6
1.6
4.7		4.2
0.6
1.8		1.9
0.3
0.9		0.58
0.11
0.28		0.97
0.45
0.71
5.Kuve unozorora kana kunetseka kana iwe wakarambidzwa kuita zvepabonde / bonhora?
[BYSAS5 pane zviratidzo zvekubvisa]		♂
♀
=		53.0
81.5
71.5		21.0
10.1
13.9		16.4
6.0
9.6		6.8
1.8
3.5		2.8
0.6
1.4		0.85
0.29
0.49		1.10
0.71
0.91
6.Wakave nebonde rakawanda kwazvo zvekuti rakakanganisa hukama hwako hwepamoyo, hupfumi, hutano kana basa, zvidzidzo?
[BYSAS6 pamhirizhonga-matambudziko]		♂
♀
=		87.1
96.3
93.0		7.8
2.5
4.4		3.3
0.8
1.7		1.0
0.3
0.5		0.9
0.1
0.4		0.21
0.05
0.11		0.63
0.31
0.46
 

Chikero chakatangira pa0 - “zvisingawanzo” kusvika ku4- “kazhinji.” Chikamu chakareva chikamu chemuenzaniso uyu 3.54 (SD = 4.14). Nhamba yemavheji akawanda 0-24.

Pfupi PROMIS bvunzurudzo-yebonde subscale

Iyo Pfupiso PROMIS Mubvunzo [SPQ; Christo et al., (PROMIS Questionnaire; Lefever, )] chiyero chepfungwa chinowoneka che 16 (yemakemikari uye isiri-yemakemikari maitiro akapindwa muropa, kusanganisira bonde (semuenzaniso, Haylett et al., ; Pallanti et al., ; MacLaren uye Yakanyanya, , . Vatori vechikamu vakapedza iyo zveplass subscale yePSQ vachishandisa 6-point seka [0 = kwete seni zvachose uye 5 = zvakanyanya seni; 10 zvinhu: M = 13.44, SD = 7.14, α = 0.90; chinhu chemuenzaniso: “Ini ndaizotora mukana wekuita bonde kunyangwe ndaingova nawo nemumwe munhu”(Ona Mashoko Okuwedzera B yeiyo rondedzero izere yezvinhu)]. Iyo bonde subscale yeSPQ (yakazotevera inonzi SPQ-S) inoongorora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvekutsvaga mubairo nekumanikidzwa, kusanganisira humwe hunhu hunopindwa muropa nezviratidzo zvekusangana pabonde. Nekudaro, inongowongorora maitiro akapindwa muropa ekuita zvepabonde / zviitiko (nevamwe), uye zvakare isingabatanidze maitiro ekupindwa muropa. Izvo zvinhu zve10 zvePSQ-S zvakashandurwa kubva kuChirungu kuenda kuNorway zvakasiyana nevanyori veNorway vechidzidzo chiripo.

Big five

The Mini-International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP; Donnellan et al., ) yakashandiswa kuyedza hunhu, uye yakajairika mune zvepfungwa uye inoshanda nhambo pfupi yezvinhu zvihombe Zvishanu (Costa neMcCrae, ; Wiggins, . Vatori vechikamu vakapedza 20-chinhu Mini-IPIP vachishandisa 5-point seka (1 = zvisina kukodzera uye 5 = rakanyatsojeka) -Zvinhu zvina zveumwe weizvi zvinotevera zvidzoreso: extindowsion (semuenzaniso, "Taura nevanhu vazhinji vakasiyana kumapati"; M = 14.47, SD = 3.65, α = 0.81), inobvumika (semuenzaniso, "Inzwa manzwiro evamwe"; M = 16.32, SD = 2.95, α = 0.76), hana (semuenzaniso, "Sekurongeka"; M = 14.90, SD = 3.22, α = 0.70), neuroticism (semuenzaniso, "Gumbuka nyore nyore"; M = 11.81, SD = 3.54, α = 0.73), uye njere / kufungidzira (semuenzaniso, "Iva nemafungiro akajeka"; M = 14.26, SD = 3.14, α = 0.69), iyo yekupedzisira yakafanana nekuvhurika kwekuvaka.

Narcissism

Iyo Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 [NPI-16; Ames et al., (NPI; Raskin naTerry, )] chiyero chepfungwa chinoshanda che subclinical narcissism (semuenzaniso, Konrath et al., . Vatori vechikamu vakapedza iyo NPI-16 vachishandisa 5-point Likert wadogo (1 = asingabvumirani zvakasimba uye 5 = zvakasimba kubvumirana; 16 zvinhu [semuenzaniso, "Ini ndinokodzera kuratidzira kana ndikawana mukana"]: M = 44.12, SD = 10.11, α = 0.89). Iyo yakakwira mamakisi, ndiko kwanyanya narcissistic munhu wacho. Uwandu hwese hwakawiriraniswa zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi ratings yehunhu hwekuremara hunhu (Miller naCampbell, ).

Kuzvitemba

Iyo Rosenberg Kuzviremekedza Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, ) chishandiso chepfungwa chaihwo hwekuongororwa kwekuzvishingisa (semuenzaniso, Huang na Dong, . Vatori vechikamu vakapedza iyo RSES vachishandisa 4-point Likert wadogo (0 = zvakasimba kubvumirana uye 3 = asingabvumirani zvakasimba; 10 zvinhu [semuenzaniso, "Zvese mune zvese, ini ndinonzwa kuda kufunga kuti ndiri mukundikana","Ini ndinokwanisa kuita zvinhu pamwe nevamwe vanhu vazhinji"]: M = 29.23, SD = 5.34, α = 0.89). Iyo RSES inoongorora kuzviremekedza seyakavaka imwe, uye yakagadzirirwa kumiririra chiyero chepasirese chekufungidzira kuzviremekedza kwekuzviremekedza kwemubatanidzwa. Inoyera zvese zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka manzwiro nezve iwe pachako. Izvo zvirevo zvishanu zvakanaka zvakadzokororwa, zvichireva kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwakawanda hwakaratidza kuzvidzora kwakakwirira.

Data analysis

Hupamhi hweESSAS hwakaedzwa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kweanoputika (EFA) uye yekusimbisa chinhu chinhu kuongororwa (CFA), yakaitwa zvakasiyana parutivi rwekusarudzika rweyakazara sampuri. Chinangwa chekuongororwa kwekutsvagisa kwaive kuyedza mamiriro ezvese zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa, nechinangwa chakanyanya pakuona kutsauka kubva pakatarisirwa unidimensional chimiro. Chinangwa cheCFA chaive chekuongorora kunaka kwekukodzera kweiyo isina muyero weyero yekuyera yeASSAS. MuEFA, maitiro ekuzora maitiro aive akapusa chimiro (VSS) (Revelle neRocklin, ), uye Velicer's) yepakati avhareji chikamu (MAP) chiwerengero. A bifactor kutenderera (Jennrich uye Bentler, ) yakashandiswa. Iyo bifactor kutenderera inogonesa kupatsanurwa kwechinhu chakajairika uye chimwe kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakatenderwa. Sezvakataurwa naReise et al. (), iyo bifactor modhi inonyanya kukosha senzira yekuona kutyorwa kwekusakendenga. Mune mamiriro ekuyedza unidimensional zviyero zvemuenzaniso, kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakatarisana mune bifactor modhi chiratidzo chekutsamira kwenzvimbo mukati mechinhu. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kuve zvekufarira, asi zvinomiririra kukanganisa.

Mhedzisiro kubva kuEFA-sampuro yakapihwa muyedzo yeCFA yemuenzaniso unidimensional pachikamu chechipiri chemuenzaniso. Chinangwa chikuru cheCFA chaive chekutarisa kukodzera kweiyo unidimensional kuyera modhi yeiyo BYSAS, pamwe nekuyedza rusarura neruzivo kubva paseti yezvinhu zvinosanganisirwa. Yepasirese modhi kukodzera yakaongororwa kuburikidza neiyo Mplus yakasimba ine huremu hushoma sikero fungidziro. Midzi inoreva kukanganisa kwepasirose kwekufungidzira (RMSEA), iyo yekufananidza fit index (CFI) uye iyo Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) yakashandiswa sezviratidzo zveiyo yepasi rose modhi yakakodzera. Kuti uwane kukwana kwakanaka, aya maitiro anofanirwa kuve <0.06,> 0.95, uye> 0.95, zvichiteerana (Hu naBentler, . Isu takafananidza mapoka maviri eusidimensional chinhu kupindura theory (IRT) mhando: Rasch chikamu chechikwereti modhi (Masters, ), uye iyo yekumhinduro moderedhi (Samejima, . Kuti tiongorore chinhu chakakodzera kuRasch chidimbu chechikwereti chemuenzaniso isu takaongorora infit uye outfit zvinoreva makwere (Wright neMasters, . Zvinoenderana nezvinowanzoitika zviyero zvekutsvaga kutsvagurudzo, infit, uye zvipfeko zvinoreva zvikwere (MSQ) zvinokodzera kunge zviri mumhando 0.6 kusvika 1.4 (Wright neLinacre, ), asi kunyangwe nhamba dziri muchikamu 0.5 kusvika 1.5 dzinogona kuoneka se “inobereka kuyerwa” (Linacre, . Iko kukosha pasi pe1 kunoreva kuti mhinduro dzechinhu chacho dzinofungidzirwazve (pamusoro peficha), nepo kukosha pamusoro 1 zvichireva kuti mhinduro dzedata dzakanyanya kwazvo (underfit). Iyo inokanganisa MSQ inoremerwa kuitira kuti ruzivo rwuri padyo nechinhu chakatarwa kana munhu awane humwe uremu.

Kuti uedze kupindira, chinhu chakasarudzika chinoshanda (DIF) pakati pemazera nemazera zvakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira yakamanikidza yekutsika, sekuitwa muR mirt package (Chalmers, . MuDIF ongororo zvinhu zvakatanga kumanikidzwa kuve nerusarura zvakaenzana uye zvikumbaridzo mumapoka. Zvimiro zvakakosha zvecustomist zvakazoburitswa zvakateerana, vachishandisa zvakasara zvinhu sechibatiso. Iyi yakateedzana yekutsika tsika yakatanga kushandiswa pabonde, kubata vanhurume seboka rinotarisana, uye vakadzi seboka rechiratidzo. Maitiro mamwechete aya akadzokororwa kumapoka ezera, kubata vanhu vakuru vepakutanga (16-39 makore) seboka rereferenzi uye yepakati / kunonoka kuve mukuru (40-88 makore) seboka rinotungamira. Iyo chikamu cheboka chikamu chakaitwa sekuwirirana pakati pezera rezera (24 vs. 49 makore) uye huwandu hwevatori vechikamu mumapoka (61.8% vs. 38.2%). Pakupedzisira, kukanganisika kweDIF yezviyero zvekuedzwa kwakaongororwa kuburikidza nekusiyanisa bvunzo kushanda (DTF) sekutsanangurwa kweMeade (), uye inoitwa naChalmers et al. ().

Iko kumwe kuongorora kwakaitwa neSPSS, vhezheni 22. Iyo BYSAS yakaongororwa maererano nekuenderana kwemukati (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) uye yakagadzirisa chinhu-zvachose kuwirirana, mushure mekushandura misiyano muzvikamu kuitira kudzivirira mhedzisiro inokanganiswa ne skewness (Greer et al., . Correlation coefficients yakaverengerwa kuti itarise kuwirirana pakati pezvose zvinodzidziswa zvinyorwa; r pamusoro 0.1, 0.3, uye 0.5 zvakadudzirwa sediki, svikiro uye rakakura size size, zvichiteerana (Cohen, ). Misiyano yezvinorehwa zvakawanda zvezvinhu zve BYSAS pakati pevarume nevakadzi zvakaverengerwa; Cohen's d kukosha kwe0.2, 0.5, uye 0.8 zvakatsanangurwa semidiki, yepakati uye yakakura mhedzisiro, zvichiteerana (Cohen, ).

Mukutsvaga zvinhu zvine chekuita nezve kupindwa muropa kwepabonde, kuongororwa kwemarudzi akawanda kwakaitwa zvichibva pa "hapana bonde kupindwa muropa" (mamaki zero) chikamu (33.8% yemuenzaniso) sereferenzi. "Kuderera pabonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" (mamakisi e1-6) ane chikamu chechipiri (46.3% yemuenzaniso), "zvine mwero bonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" (mamakisi e7 kana pamusoro) yaive chikamu chechitatu (19.1% yemuenzaniso), uye "kupindwa muropa nemurume nemukadzi pabonde" (mamakisi e3 kana 4 pane angangoita mana ematanho eBSSAS) ane chikamu chechina (0.7% yemuenzaniso). Zvimisikidzo zvakasununguka zvaive zvechikadzi, zera, hukama hwehukama, danho redzidzo, shanu hunhu hweMini-IPIP, uye zvibodzwa paNPI-16 neRSES. Dzidzo yaive dummy yakanyorwa kuitira kuti chikamu chikuru (kureva, Bachelor's degree) chive chikamu chereferenzi. Mukuwongorora, yega yega yakasarudzika yakasarudzika yakaverengerwa panguva imwe chete. Kana iyo 95% nguva yekuvimba (CI) isingasanganise 1.00, mhedzisiro inoonekwa seyakaenzana.

Results

Kuvaka chiyero uye kusimudzira

tafura Table11 inoratidza inotsanangudza manhamba emhinduro pane iyo nhanhatu BYSAS zvinhu. Huremu hunoreva muyenzaniso yaive 3.54 kunze kwe24 (SD = 4.14). Zvinhu 1 (BYSAS1: salience / kushuva) uye 2 (BYSAS2: kushivirira) zvaiwanzogoneswa muchikamu chepamusoro kupfuura zvimwe zvinhu. Varume vakahwina pamusoro kupfuura vakadzi pazvinhu zvese zvitanhatu zveBESSAS, uye saizi yekuita (Cohen's d) yemusiyano wechinhu chinoreva kuwanda pakati pevatengesi vaive 0.84 yekusimuka / kuda (yakakura), 0.75 yekushivirira (yakakura), 0.41 yekushandura modhiyo (yepakati-diki), 0.69 yekudzokorora / kurasikirwa kwekutonga (yepakati-yakakura), 0.65 yekubvisa (yepakati-yakakura), uye 0.36 yemakakatanwa / matambudziko (wepakati-mudiki).

Iyo EFA yakurudzira kubviswa kwechimwe chinhu zvinoenderana nemutemo weVSS, asi zvinhu zviviri zvinoenderana nemutowo weVelicer's MAP. Iko bifactor kutenderera kwemaviri-chinhu mhinduro yakaratidza yakasimba yakajairika chinhu pazvinhu zvese zvitanhatu zvine kutakura mumatanho 0.70 (BYSAS1) to 0.86 (BYSAS4 uye BYSAS6) uye chimwe chiitiko chakawedzera kubva kuASSAS1 uye BYSAS2. Chinhu chakananga chinogona kududzirwa sekuvimbika kwemunharaunda pakati peASSAS1 uye BYSAS2, uye inomiririra kutyorwa kwekusavimbika.

Zvinoenderana nezvakawanikwa kubva kuEFA, imwe-chinhu chinongedzo chine maratidziro ekanganiso akaiswa neASSAS1 uye BYSAS2 yakaedzwa muCFA neMuplus yakasimba yairema zvishoma chigwere chemuongorori yedzinzvimbo yedata. Ruzivo rwunogumira manhamba akakwana kubva kuMuplus akasimba akaremerwa mashoma emawere akaonesa RMSEA ye0.046 [90% CI = 0.041, 0.051], CFI ye0.998, uye TLI ye0.996, inoratidza kunaka kukuru kwekukwana pakati pemhando imwechete yechinhu. uye iyo data. Mufananidzo Figure11 inoratidza chinhu chinoremerwa zvichienderana neshuwaji yekusimbisa (n = 11,766).

Imwe faira yekunze inobata mufananidzo, mufananidzo, nezvimwe. Zita zita rinonzi fpsyg-09-00144-g0001.jpg

Icho chimiro chimiro cheBergen-Yale Bonde Kuwedzerwa Chirevo (BYSAS) inoratidza yakamira chinhu chinoremerwa cheCFA subsample (n = 11,766).

Kuti afunge nezve kuwanda kuri pakati peTSSAS1 uye BYSAS2 mumhando dzisingazivikanwe IRT, testlet yehuwandu hweMASAS1 uye BYSAS2 yakavakwa. Sezvo izvo zvinhu zvazvino zvakange zvakanyatso skewke, fungidziro dzemateo dzakavakirwa pamusoro peiyo empirical histogram nzira (Woods, ). Tafura Table22 inoratidza iyo infit uye yenguvo zvinoreva masikwere (MSQ) kubva kune chikamu chemakadhi emuenzaniso. Yese ye infit zvinoreva mabwereki aive mune yaidiwa 0.6 kune 1.4 mhando (Wright neLinacre, ; Bond neFox, . Iyo yakacherechedzwa yekushambadzira MSQ yezvinhu zvitatu yaive yakaderera pane yakagadzwa 0.6 kusvika ku1.4 renji mukutsvagurudza, asi yakanga ichiri mumhando inonzi "inobereka kuyerwa" (Linacre, . Iyo testlet yaipfeka MSQ yaive 0.46. Iyo mutsetse wechipfeko cheMSQ maitirwo anogona kuratidza imwe huwandu hwezvakawanda redundancy mu testlet. Ndokunge, pane yakapihwa danho repamadhiji, pane kuwirirana kwakanyanya pane zvinhu zviviri, uye mhinduro diki “dzisingatarisirwa”. Iyo yekukanganisa maMSQ maitikiro aive akaenzana padanho rekukosha re1, uye yaigona kuratidza kuti, kunyangwe mhinduro dzaive dzakanyatsoenderana, ivo vaive vasina kutsanangudza mupfungwa yeGuttman yekurairirwa kwakasimba kwekuteedzana kwemhinduro yechinhu mhiri kwemaitiro. Iyo yakaonekwa huwandu hwekukanganisa uye hupfeko hunhu hwakaratidza kuti izvo zvinhu zveASSAS zvaive nechokuita zvichiteerana neizvo zvakafungidzirwa neRasch chikamu chidimbu chechikwereti. Zvakangodaro, chimiro chakakodzera chaive nani nemafungidziro akagadziridzwa eiyo modder mhinduro yekuenzanisira, sekuenzaniswa neRasch chidimbu chechikwereti modhi (Akaikes chirevo chirevo PCM = 95155; Akaikes chirevo chirevo chinowaniswa mhinduro yekuenzanisira = 94843).

Tafura 2

Item yakakodzera manhamba kubva kuRasch chikamu chechikwereti chemhando.

chinhuTungamira MSQz.infitOutfit MSQz.outfit
BYSAS30.937-3.4300.696-6.951
BYSAS40.942-2.3260.556-7.082
BYSAS50.809-10.6840.575-10.284
BYSAS60.916-2.0630.502-6.545
Testlet BYSAS1 uye 20.647-26.0290.459-34.167
 

BYSAS, Bergen-Yale DzeBonde Kuwedzeredza Chikero; MSQ, zvinoreva mraba.

tafura Table33 inoratidza mhedzisiro yemiedzo yekusiyanisa chinhu chinoshanda (DIF), uye inofungidzirwa kukanganisa kweDIF pane zviyero zvezvinhu uye zvinotarisirwa uwandu hwehuwandu (musiyano bvunzo inoshanda; DTF). Chikamu chekutanga chinoratidza shanduko mu chi-mraba paunoburitsa kufungidzira kwenzvimbo dzinopinda nepasingaite. Iyo inoteedzana kutsika muedzo wekusiyanisa chinhu chinoshanda nehurume chakaratidza kuti BYSAS3 uye BYSAS4 yakashanda zvakasiyana nevarume nevakadzi, nekudonha kwakakosha muchi chi-mraba paunoburitsa zvipingaidzo zvinopinda [BYSAS3: Chi-mraba (5) = 314.08, p <0.001; BYSAS4: Chi-mraba (5) = 228.36, p <0.001]. Iyo DIF nezera reboka yakatarwa BYSAS3 uye BYSAS4 sezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakasiyana nemapoka ezvizvarwa [BYSAS3: Chi-mraba (5) = 67.28; BYSAS4: Chi-mraba (5) = 54.33]. Nezvimwe zvimwe zvinhu, maodero enzanisiro aisave akakosha, zvichiratidza kuti kufungidzira kwekupinda muzvinhu izvi kwaienderana nedata. Saka, iyo BYSAS yakagutsa kufungidzira kwe chikamu chakaenzana pakuenzana pane vakadzi uye mazera mapoka.

Tafura 3

Muedzo wechinhu chakasiyana chinoshanda uye muedzo wakasiyana unoshanda.

 LRT DIFdfpSIDS / STDSESSD / ETSSD
GONI (MAHARA REF.)
BYSAS3314.0835-0.281-0.360
BYSAS4228.35850.1930.335
Kubata huwandu hwakazara   -0.088-0.022
CHEMA GROUP (DZIMWE ADULTS REF.)
BYSAS367.28950.0220.04
BYSAS454.3345-0.018-0.05
Kubata huwandu hwakazara   0.0040.001
 

LRT, mukana-muyero wekuyedza; DIF, musiyano chinhu chinoshanda; SIDS, chakasaina chinhu musiyano; STDS, akasaina bvunzo mutsauko mune uyu muyenzaniso; ESSD, inotarisirwa chikamu yakamira musiyano; ETSSD, inotarisirwa bvunzo mucherechedzo mutsauko musiyano.

Chikamu chechitatu nechina cheTafura Table33 inoratidza saizi yemhedzisiro yeDIF uye DTF yeASSAS3 uye BYSAS4, inopfupikiswa kuburikidza nechakasainwa chinhu musiyano (SIDS / STDS) uye inotarisirwa alama yakagadziriswa musiyano (ESSD / ETSSD). Nzvimbo imwecheteyo yehunhu, iyo yakaenzana muyero weyunivhesiti musiyano pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi yaive −0.36 yeUSSAS3 uye 0.335 yeECSAS4. Padanho rekuyedza, izvi zvinopesana zvakabvisa mumwe neumwe kunze, nemusiyano wakasarudzika wakasarudzika uchishanda kwezvibodzwa zvinotarisirwa zvakapetwa. Saizvozvo, kune DIF nezera reboka, mugariro weASSAS3 uye BYSAS4 Vakanga vari kumberi, vakatarisana nemhedzisiro. Vechidiki vakuru vakapaza 0.04 akajairwa zvikamu pamusoro paSOSAS3, uye 0.05 yakajairwa zvikamu pasi pane BYSAS4 achienzaniswa neepakati / yekupedzisira vanhu vakuru group. Iko pakuyera-mwero, mhedzisiro yeDIF yaingova chete 0.0001 maunitsi, zvichidudzira kuti iyo yakacherechedzwa DIF ye BYSAS3 uye BYSAS4 haina kana chinokanganisa pahuwandu hwehuwandu hweyero. Kupfupisa, kunyangwe DIF yaicherechedzwa zvinhu zviviri, iwo maitiro pazinga rekuyedzwa (DTF) aive mashoma kana kusaziva. Ruzivo rwemiedzo runodzika kuvanhurume uye vakadzi zvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo Figure2.2. Chifananidzo chinoratidza kuti BYSAS yaive neruzivo rwakanyanya pamwero wakanyanya wekupindwa muropa nebonde (theta) yevanhurume nevanhukadzi, asi ruzivo rwakanyanya pamwero wakaderera wekupindwa muropa nebonde.

 

Imwe faira yekunze inobata mufananidzo, mufananidzo, nezvimwe. Zita zita rinonzi fpsyg-09-00144-g0002.jpg

Ruzivo rwemuedzo runodzika kubva pane yakatorwa mhinduro yekuenzanisa yeBergen-Yale DzeBonde Kupindwa Muropa Scale (n = 11,766).

Kuvimbika uye kuwirirana kwemukati weMSSAS

Iyo alpha yeCronbach ye BYSAS yaive 0.83, uye chakarongedzwa chinhu-chiyero chekubatanidza coefficients yezvinhu 1 kusvika 6 zvaive 0.69 (BYSAS1: kusafa / kushuva), 0.74 (BYSAS2: kushivirira), 0.62 (BYSAS3: shanduko yemood), 0.57 (BYSAS4: kudzoka / kurasikirwa kwekutonga), 0.66 (BYSAS5: zviratidzo zvekubvisa), uye 0.42 (BYSAS6: kunetsana / matambudziko), zvichiteerana.

Ku shandurudza uye kusarura kusimbisa

Iko kuwirirana kwekubatana pakati peiyo BYSAS's composite mamaki uye bonde subscale yeSSPQ yaive 0.52. Tafura Table44 inoratidza kuti zvese zviyero zvakaratidza zvakafanana zvimiro zvekupindirana nezvimwe zvakasiyana zvakaongororwa muchidzidzo. Iyo zero-order correlation coefficients pakati pekudzidza akasiyana kubva ku −0.53 (pakati pekuzvishingisa neremoticism) kusvika ku0.52 (pakati peNOSAS nePSQ-S).

Tafura 4

Zero-kuraira kuwirirana coefficients (Pearson chigadzirwa-chinguva kuwiriranisa, poira-bisheni correlation, phi-kuwirirana) pakati pezvisiyane.

 Zvinyorwa1234567891011121314151617
1BYSAS-                
2SPQ-S0.519                
3Gender (1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)-0.377-0.252               
4zera-0.190-0.0860.031              
5ukamaa0.0900.078-0.065-0.218             
6Chikoro chepuraimari0.0460.014-0.028-0.2050.149            
7Chikoro chepamusoro0.0360.0270.015-0.1970.094-0.194           
8Chikoro chebasa0.0280.028-0.1230.138-0.049-0.150-0.263          
9Bachelor's degree-0.051-0.0320.0950.118-0.081-0.231-0.403-0.313         
10Master's degree-0.040-0.0290.0150.097-0.073-0.136-0.237-0.184-0.282        
11PhD degree-0.014-0.010-0.0180.057-0.035-0.036-0.063-0.049-0.075-0.044       
12Extroversion0.0140.0910.0880.013-0.064-0.050-0.019-0.0210.0490.024-0.001      
13Agreeableness-0.151-0.1470.3430.048-0.048-0.049-0.017-0.0600.0730.0310.0010.296     
14Kuchengeta-0.208-0.1550.1430.200-0.130-0.085-0.0520.0520.0330.041-0.0100.0930.131    
15Neuroticism0.0860.0250.234-0.116-0.0050.0590.041-0.021-0.024-0.041-0.022-0.0980.093-0.157   
16Njere / kufungidzira0.0930.075-0.105-0.0360.043-0.045-0.042-0.0660.0260.1090.0620.1630.116-0.116-0.003  
17Narcissism0.2130.213-0.219-0.125-0.003-0.023-0.039-0.0490.0340.0670.0090.370-0.0750.026-0.1500.196 
18Kuzvitemba-0.092-0.016-0.1400.154-0.125-0.124-0.1040.0170.0720.1090.0370.3150.0550.296-0.5300.1130.416
 

N = 23,533. BYSAS, Bergen-Yale DzeBonde Kupindwa Muropa Scale; SPQ-S, Pfupi PROMIS Bvunzurudzo-Bonde chiyero.

a1 = muukama, 2 = kwete muukama.

−0.012 ≤ r ≤ 0.012 — ns, −0.016 ≤ r ≤ −0.013 kana 0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.016 — p <0.05, −0.017 ≥ r kana r ≥ 0.017 — p <0.01.

Ukama nehuwandu hwevanhu, hukuru shanu, narcissism, uye kuzvishingisa

Iyo yakazvimirira misiyano yakatsanangura 23.0% (Cox-Snell formula) yemusiyano panjodzi yekupindwa muropa (26.0% maererano neNagelkerke formula; ona Tafura. Table5) .5). Mikana yekuve yeiyo "yakaderera bonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi", iyo "zvine mwero zvebonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" uye "bonde kupindwa muropa" zvikamu zvaive zvakakwira zvevarume kupfuura zvevakadzi. Zera raive rakapesana zvine chekuita nezvebonde zvinodhaka. Kusave muhukama kwakawedzera mikana yekuve we "zvine mwero bonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" chikamu. Dzidzo yepuraimari yepasi yakadzikisira mikana yekuve yeiyo "yakaderera bonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" uye "zvine mwero zvebonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" zvikamu. Kuva nedhigirii raTenzi kwakadzikisira mikana yekuva murudzi rwe “zvine mwero pabonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi” nepo uine dhigirii rePhD kwakawedzera mikana yekuva veboka re "kupindwa muropa nemurume". Kuwedzererwa kwakawedzera mikana yekuva muzvikamu zvitatu zvepamusoro zvekudhakwa pabonde, nepo hana ichideredza mikana inoenderana. Kubvumirana kwakadzora mikana yekuve yeiyo "yebonde kupindwa muropa" chikamu. Neuroticism yakawedzera kusagadzikana kwekuve we "zvine mwero bonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" uye "epabonde kupindwa muropa" zvikamu. Ungwaru / fungidziro yaibatanidzwa zvine hungwaru neve "vepasi pabonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" uye ne "zvine mwero zvebonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi" zvikamu. Kuzviremekedza kwaive kwakabatana zvine chekuita nezvepabonde zvinodhaka. Chekupedzisira, narcissism yaive nehukama chaihwo nevevane matatu matatu epamusoro kupindwa muropa nezvikamu.

Tafura 5

Multinomial logistic kudzoreredzwa kwepabonde kupindwa muropa (remberi chikamu: BYSAS mucherechedzo we0; OR = 1.00; n = 7,962).

 Yakaderera bonde kupindwa muropa
(BYSAS mamaki 1-6; n = 10,907)		Mwero wepabonde kupindwa muropa nenjodzi
(≥ 7 / <4 maitiro anozadziswa; n = 4,490)		Kupindwa muropa nekunakidzwa nenjodzi
(Kuzadzisa 4-6 maitiro; n = 174)
Independent IndependentOR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)
Gender (1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)0.272 (0.250 - 0.295)0.081 (0.073 - 0.090)0.035 (0.023 - 0.051)
zera0.982 (0.980 - 0.985)0.968 (0.965 - 0.972)0.956 (0.941 - 0.972)
ukama (1 = in, 2 = kwete mukati)1.045 (0.977 - 1.118)1.105 (1.010 - 1.210)1.030 (0.738 - 1.437)
dzidzo (chirevo = Bachelor's degree)   
     Primary School0.752 (0.669 - 0.845)0.694 (0.595 - 0.809)1.238 (0.740 - 2.071)
     Chikoro chepamusoro0.984 (0.906 - 1.069)0.964 (0.860 - 1.080)1.083 (0.680 - 1.727)
     Vocational School1.034 (0.942 - 1.136)1.066 (0.940 - 1.210)1.299 (0.782 - 2.158)
     Master's degree0.953 (0.867 - 1.047)0.848 (0.740 - 0.971)1.022 (0.554 - 1.884)
     PhD degree0.777 (0.587 - 1.030)0.737 (0.493 - 1.102)3.229 (1.071 - 9.734)
Extroversion1.030 (1.020 - 1.040)1.045 (1.031 - 1.059)1.059 (1.010 - 1.111)
Agreeableness1.008 (0.995 - 1.020)0.988 (0.973 - 1.004)0.946 (0.900 - 0.995)
Kuchengeta0.958 (0.948 - 0.969)0.915 (0.903 - 0.928)0.886 (0.844 - 0.930)
Neuroticism1.010 (0.999 - 1.021)1.097 (1.081 - 1.113)1.249 (1.183 - 1.319)
Njere / kufungidzira1.015 (1.004 - 1.025)1.025 (1.010 - 1.039)1.002 (0.951 - 1.055)
Kuzvitemba0.976 (0.968 - 0.984)0.928 (0.918 - 0.939)0.858 (0.829 - 0.888)
Narcissism1.027 (1.023 - 1.030)1.059 (1.054 - 1.065)1.091 (1.072 - 1.111)
 

Zvakakosha zviwanikwa zvine ushingi. KANA, zvisingaenzaniswi chiyero; CI, chivimbo chekuyanana; BYSAS, Bergen-Yale DzeBonde Kupindwa Muropa Scale.

hurukuro

Kunyangwe zviinetso zvebonde zvinetswa zvakamiririri sekumiririra dambudziko rekumanikidza, raimbove rakagadzirwa zviyedzo zvekuongorora dambudziko racho hazvina kusanganisira maitiro ekupindwa muropa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo BYSAS yakagadziriswa kuitira kuti ikunde iyi yekumisikidza uye zvadzo zvepfungwa dzakaongororwa muyenzaniso yakakura yenyika. Kuve nechokwadi chekugutsikana kwemukati, basa rekuvaka raive rakavakirwa pazvinhu zvinoratidzira zvinoratidzira zvese zvakakosha zvikamu zvekupindwa muropa. Kuongorora kwakasimba kwakaratidza kuti BYSAS ine yakanaka psychometric, uye inokurukurwa zvimwe pazasi.

Iyo imwe-chinhu chinongedzo ine yakawedzera yakatarwa kuenderana pakati salience (BYSAS1) uye kushivirira (BYSAS2) zvikanganiso mazwi awana runako rwakakwirira rweyakakodzera kune yakacherechedzwa data. Zvinoenderana nemhando iyi kuwanda kwekupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa kunowedzera mukana wekupedza chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekupindwa muropa, uye chinhu chakakwirira chiri kuratidzira chakaratidza kuti chiratidzo chega chega chaive uchipinza ruzivo nezvekupindwa muropa. Ndichinongedzera chimwe chinhu chikuru, kutsamira kwenzvimbo iripo pakati pekusagadzikana nekushivirira kunoita kuti itarirwe. Tichifunga zviri mukati mezvinhu zviviri izvi, iyo yakasarudzika yekuwirirana haisi kunyanya kungochinjika, asi inogona kuratidza kusangana kwakawanda, mukusagadzikana kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kurara kwepabonde. Mumaonero ezvekuita chiyero chekutonga, kuderera kwenzvimbo hakuchina kukosha, sezvo huwandu hwezvinhu zvichinyatsoratidza chiyero chimwe. Iko kunaka kukuru kweakakodzera yeiyo imwe-factor modhi uye yakafanana neyakakura yepamusoro zvinhu yakasimudza kuti BYSAS inoratidza kuvaka imwe chete. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Hypothesis 1 uye 2 yakatsigirwa nezvakawanikwa pakuongororwa kwedata. Panyaya yeDIF inoongorora vanhurume vaive vakakwira zvakakwirira kupfuura zvevakadzi pane BYSAS4 uye dzikira pane BYSAS3 nepo vechidiki vakuru (16-39 makore) vakakwira zvakakwira paSSAS3 uye dzikira pane BYSAS4 zvichienzaniswa nevakuru vakuru (40 kusvika 88 makore). Padanho rekuyedza izvi mhedzisiro yakadzimwa mumwe nemumwe, nekudaro maitiro ari padanho rekuyedza aisanzwisisika.

Paive nekukosha uye kwakaringana kuenderana (0.52) pakati pezvikoro pane BYSAS uye SPQ-S (Christo et al., ). Uku kuwirirana kwakakwira kunoratidza kushanduka kwe BYSAS uye kunopa rutsigiro rweHypothesis 3. Mhedzisiro yakaratidzawo kuti iyo BYSAS uye iyo SPQ-S yakaratidza kuwirirana kwakafanana nemamwe misiyano yakaongororwa muchidzidzo chazvino. Nekudaro, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekuongorora kutendeuka kwechokwadi uye kuyedza-kudzokorodza kuvimbika kweiyo BYSAS inodiwa. Kugovaniswa kwezvizhinji zveNASSAS kwakamisikidzwa zvakanyanya kuruboshwe (kureva, zvakaderera zvibodzwa), izvo zvinotarisirwa nekuti iyo BYSAS yakaongorora zviratidzo zvekusangana pabonde mune yakakura isina kusarudzika vanhu-based sampuli. Kuzvidzora / kushuvira uye kushivirira zvaiwanzo bvumidzwa mune yepamusoro chikamu chikamu kupfuura zvimwe zvinhu, uye izvi zvinhu zvaive nezvakanyanya kukwirisa zvinhu. Izvi zvinoita sezvine musoro sezvo izvi zvichiratidza zvishoma zvakanyanya zviratidzo (semuenzaniso, mubvunzo nezve kushushikana: vanhu vanokwira kumusoro pakunzwa kuora mwoyo, saka vanoronga kuzviuraya). Izvi zvinogona zvakare kuratidza musiyano uripakati pekubatana uye kupindwa muropa (zvinowanzoonekwa mumutambo wekupindwa muropa nemutambo) -zvinhu zvinhu zvichitora ruzivo nezve kugona, kushuvira, kushivirira, uye kugadzirisa manzwiro zvinoratidzirwa kuratidza kubatirana, nepo zvinhu zvichitora kubvisa, kudzokazve uye kupokana zvakanyanya kupindwa muropa. Imwe tsananguro inogona kunge iri kuti kushinga, kuda, uye shiviriro zvinogona kunge zvichinyanya kukosha uye zvichizivikanwa mukuita zvinodhaka kupfuura kudzoreredza uye kudzokazve.

Panyaya yehuwandu, mhinduro kubva kune multivariate inoongorora concur nezvakawanikwa kubva kuzvidzidzo zvakapfuura (Kafka, ; Karila et al., ; Campbell naStein, ; Wéry et al., ; Wéry naBillieux, ), uye yakatsigirwa Hypothesis 4. Nhamba yepamusoro paUSSAS yaisanganiswa nekuva murume uye varume vakakwirisa kupfuura vakadzi pane zvese zvitanhatu zvinhu zveMBSAS, izvo zvinoratidza kuti varume vari panjodzi kupfuura vakadzi mukutanga kupindwa muropa. Izvi zvinoenderana nenyaya yekuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vari kutsvaga rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi hwekupindwa muropa nehurume varume (Kafka, ; Griffiths naDhuffar, ; Campbell naStein, . Kusvika padanho, izvi zvinogona kuratidzawo kuti vakadzi kusvika padiki diki vanouya pamberi nekuda kwekunyanya kuve nehukasha hwemagariro uye kunyara kwemukati kupfuura varume (Gilliland et al., ; Dhuffar uye Griffiths, , . Zera raive rakabatana nehukadzi hwepabonde, uye zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwehupupuri hunoratidza kuti kuve wechidiki idiki chinhu chinotadzisa kukudziridza nekuchengetedza kupindwa muropa zvakawandisa (Chambers et al., . Pamusoro pezvo, zvakapihwa kuti dzimwe mhando dzebonde dzakawandisa dzinogona kuve dzinodikanwa mumuviri uye kuti libido yebonde inowanzo kuderera sezvo vanhu vanokwegura, zvingangove zvisingashamisi kuti kupindwa muropa kwepabonde kunoenderana nezera rechidiki.

Kusave muhukama kwakabatanidzwawo nekupinda muropa, pamwe nekuti vanhu vasina kuroora vanokurudzirwa kugutsa zvido zvepabonde zvisingaite kune avo vari muhukama hwakasimba (Ballester-Arnal et al., ; Sun et al., . Imwe tsananguro ingave yekuti "vanopindwa muropa nebonde" vanonetsekana kutanga uye kuchengetedza hukama (semuenzaniso, kushungurudzika kwevacheche, kusagadzikana kunamatira, nezvimwe .; Dhuffar naGriffiths, ; Weinstein et al., ). Mhedzisiro iripowo yakaratidza kuti, zvichienzaniswa nereferensi chikamu (kuva neBachelor's degree), avo vane dzidzo yepamusoro (kureva, kuva nePhD) vaigona kunge vaine yakakwira BYSAS mamaki. Tichifunga kuti dzidzo inoenderana nehukama hwepamusoro, zvinogona kuti vanhu vakadaro vawane mikana yekuwedzera pabonde, kunyanya muvarume (Buss, . Nekudaro, isu takaongorora mabatiro ekudyidzana (Gender x PhD), hapana kana chimwe chakazooneka chakakosha (Gender x Bachelor semusiyano; mhedzisiro isina kuratidzwa). Zvakadaro, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kuongorora Gender x Dzidziso dzepedyo maererano nekupindwa muropa kwepabonde.

Zvikamu pa BYSAS zvine hukama hwakanaka nehutachiona, kupokana, uye njere / fungidziro, uye kushamwaridzana zvisina kunaka nekubvumirana uye nehana. Pakazara, mhedzisiro kubva kuongororo ye multivariate yaive sezvaitarisirwa, uye kutsigira kusarura kwechokwadi kwe BYSAS (Hypothesis 5). Hukama hwakanaka nekuwedzeredzwa hunogona kuratidza kukwezva 'tsika yekutsvaga kukurudzira mune vamwe, uye kunetsekana kwavo nezve kutaura kweumwe neumwe uye nekuwedzera kwekukwezva kwemunhu (Costa naWidiger, . Hunhu hwavo hwemagariro hunogonawo kuwedzera mikana yemikana yakawanda yekuita zvepabonde (semuenzaniso, kushamwaridzana kumapati, zviitiko zvevaraidzo, nezvimwewo). Iyo hukama hwakanaka neiyo neuroticism zvakare inogadzirisa zvakawanikwa kubva kune zvakapfuura zvidzidzo (Pinto et al., ; Rettenberger et al., ; Walton et al., ), uye inoenderana nekufungidzira kuti kuita zvepabonde kunetseka (Coleman, ), Uye kuti kuita zvepabonde kunogona kushanda sekutiza kubva kune dysphoric manzwiro (O'Brien naDeLongis, ; Dhuffar et al., ; Wéry et al., . Ungwaru / kufungidzira zvakare kwaive nehukama hwakanaka nehupombwe hunhu hwekuita zvepabonde. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza chokwadi chekuti vanhu vanopopota padanho iri vanowanzozvitsvakira vega nekutsvaga zvakanyanya, zvisina kujairika, uye / kana fungidziro zviitiko, senge hunhu hwepabonde - uye kubata kwavo kweanosununguka kutenda system (Costa neWidiger, ). Hana uye kutenderwa zvaive zvakabatana zvine chekuita nezvebonde kupindwa muropa, izvo zvinogona kutsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti hunhu uhwu hunoratidza maficha sekuzvidzora uye kugona kudzivisa miedzo, nekuisa zvimwe zvido pamberi pezako, uye kuva nehanya uye hunhu hwakanaka. Zvakatorwa pamwechete, izvozvi zvakawanikwa zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti kubvumirana uye kushingairira (kazhinji) kunodzivirira kupindwa muropa, nepo kukanganiswa uye neuroticism (Vashoma et al., ) vafambise ivo - zviwanikwa zvakataurwa kune imwe nzvimbo (semuenzaniso, Hill et al., ; Kotov et al., ; Maclaren et al., ; Andreassen et al., ; Walton et al., ).

Chidzidzo chazvino chakawanawo kupindwa muropa nezvebonde kwakabatana necismicism, uye kwakashata kwakabatana nekuzvishingisa, kutsigira zvese Hypothesis 6 uye zvidzidzo zvakapfuura (Kafka, ; Kor et al., ; Kasper et al., ; Doornwaard et al., . Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti hunhu hwepabonde hunogona kunge iri nzira yekurwisa kuzvishingisa kwakaderera uye kusimudzira kuzvishingisa (semuenzaniso, zvakabatana kubva mukuita zvepabonde zvinosanganisira kunzwa kwekufarirwa, kugamuchira kurumbidzwa, manzwiro ekusagadzikana kana uchiita bonde, kupihwa kutarira panguva yebonde, nezvimwewo.), kupukunyuka kubva pamanzwiro ekuzviremekedza, kana kuti bonde iro rinopindwa muropa rinoderedza kuzvivimba. Narcissistic maitiro uye zvepabonde kupindwa muropa zvakabatana zvakasiyana muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura (Black et al., ; Raymond et al., ; Kafka, ; MacLaren uye Yakanyanya, ; Kasper et al., ), uye inogona kuratidza kuti tsika yebonde kuratidzwa kwehunhu hwakajeka (semuenzaniso, kuda kutariswa, kuyemurwa, uye simba, kunyengerwa uye pfungwa yekukodzera, nezvimwewo). Mumwe mukana ndewekuti kuita zvepabonde kwakawandisa kunosimudzira hunhu pakati peavo vane huwandu hwevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde.

Zvinogumira uye kusimba kwechidzidzo chiripo

Chidzidzo chiripo chinogumisirwa nekutadza kwese kwekuzvitaira pachako data nekuzvisarudzira nzira yekuenzanisa (semuenzaniso, kuzvisarudzira kusarudzika, huwandu hwemhinduro isingazivikanwe, uye kushaya ruzivo nezvevasina kupindura). Sezvo mavanga paUSSAS aive neakarongeka akasarudzika, njodzi yemugariro pasi inokanganisa mhedzisiro (semuenzaniso, kudonhedza hukama pakati pevadzidzi) yaive iripo. Nekudaro, huwandu hwakazara hwehuwandu pane ese akasiyana-siyana hwakave hwaratidzwa mu data, iyo inosimbisa huchokwadi hwehukama hwehukama pakati pevakaumba vakaongororwa. Izvo zvinofanirawo kucherechedzwa kuti chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chesiyano mukuwongorora kwepasi rose kwakatsanangurwa neakazvimiririra akasiyana. Iko kugadzirwa kwamapoka mana ezvikamu zvekupindwa muropa kwepabonde kunoitwa mune izvozvi kudzidza kunofanirwa kutorwa kunge kwakanaka nekuti hapana kunyatsotsanangurwa-kuchekwa-kubviswa kana kubvumirwa pane maitiro ekuongorora aripo. Izvi zvakare zvakatidzivirira kuti tishandise anogamuchira maitiro ekushandura curve uko vanochekera vanogona kuongororwa maererano nekunzwa uye kujekeswa vachipesana ne "goridhe standard." Mutsetse wepachikamu chikamu chedzidzo unogona kunge wakapesvedzera mhedzisiro nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita senzira yakajairika. kusarura, nokudaro vachigadzira inflated hukama pakati pezvakasiyana zvakaongororwa mune zvazvino kudzidza (Podsakoff et al., . Uyezve, nekuda kwehukuru hukuru hwe sampuro inopa simba kune inoongorora, kuwanda kudiki kuwedzeredzwa kunogona kuve kwakazoitika kwakakosha. Kunyangwe zvimwe zvezvakawanikwa zvakakosha zvinogona kuratidza hushamwari hushoma nekuda kwehukuru hwesayenzi, mamwe mhedzisiro saizi muongororo yekuenzanisa aive ane mwero kusvika kune hukuru achikurudzira hukama hwakakura uye hune chinangwa pakati pezvakasiyana zvekudzidza (Cohen, ).

Kunyangwe kupera kwekubvunzurudza kwacho kwaisazivikanwa, kuudza zvinetso zvehupombwe zvingave zvinosanganiswa nenyadzi uye mweya (Dhuffar naGriffiths, ), uye zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera mhinduro dzinodiwa munharaunda. Zvakare, nekuzvidira kupindura kune online pepanhau chinyorwa nezve zvakawandisa maitiro zvinogona kunge zvakakwezva chaiwo marudzi emunhu (semuenzaniso, avo vaishandisa iyo Internet zvakanyanyisa, vadiki vanhu). Nekudaro, kukwezva vanhu vakadaro kunogona kupokana kuve kwakave kuri nani nekuti kuve nevanhu mune muyenzaniso vane matambudziko ekurwisa kunogona kunge kwakasimbisa kukosha kwechiyero chekushandisa mumakiriniki mamiriro. Kuenderera mberi nekuongorora psychometrically kuyedza iyo BYSAS zvivakwa zvinodiwa, kunyanya maererano neyekuyedza-kudzokorodza kutendeseka uye itsika kuchinjika uye generalizability.

Kusarudzwa kwematanho kunogona kunge kwakaderedzawo chidzidzo chazvino, nekuti zvimwe zviyero zvepfungwa zvepfungwa zvinoongorora zvinetso zvepabonde hazvina kushandiswa mukuenzanisa neASSAS. Semuenzaniso, iyo Hypersexual Disorder Mubvunzo mubvunzo (HDQ; Reid et al., ) chiyero chakakwana chekuongorora chinosanganisira iyo inotsanangurwa nzira yekuongorora ye hypersexual disorder (Kafka, . Nekudaro, iyo yakadudzirwa DSM-5 maitirwo haaratidze zvizere zvinhu zvekupindwa muropa zvakadai sekushivirira, kubvisa, uye kugadzirisa kwemamiriro ekunze. Nekudaro, zvakafungidzirwa kuti zvakafanira zvakanyanya kuenzanisa iyo BYSAS pachiyero chakagadziriswa uchishandisa muropa dzidziso uye nemaitiro.

Saizi yakakura kwazvo yekuenzanisira mukudzidza kwazvino ndeimwe yemasimba akakosha pakupa simba rakanyanya zvehuwandu zvine hukama neyese ongororo yakaitwa. Izvo zviwanikwa zvinopedzisa zvakawanda zvezvakamboitwa zvidiki-zvidiki-zvishoma uye huwandu hwevanhu-hwakananga zvidzidzo mumunda. Rimwe simba rechidzidzo chazvino kusanganisa chaiwo uye epakati pakapindwa muropa nezvinodiwa muchiyero kuvaka uye chirongwa chekuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakafanira uye zviridzwa zvakamisikidzwa mukusimbisa maitiro. Zvakare, iyo BYSAS inofunga nezve iyo pfungwa yekuda (kuda / kuda nyika), iyo zvino yakawedzerwa mune iyo DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, ) sechiratidzo chekupindwa muropa. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo BYSAS yakawanda yeiyo generic sex addiction screening tool, nekuti haina kutarisisa pane mamwe marudzi mapoka (semuenzaniso, murume, ngochani) kana svikiro (semuenzaniso, zvepabonde pabonde). Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo BYSAS inogona kushandiswa kuongorora zvese zvepamhepo uye zvisingaite zvebonde zvepabonde uye ine nharo yakanyanya kukodzera kuti iongorore tsika dzepabonde dzazvino. Rimwe simba rakakosha raive rekuti kudzidza kwakashambadzirwa munyika kwete munharaunda (munhau yenyika). Mutepenhau wenyika ino muNorway inozivikanwa nekuve nehuwandu hwevateereri ichienzaniswa nevatori venhau. Naizvozvo, muenzaniso uyu ungangove uri mumiriri wevanhu vekuNorway uye zvinomiririra zvinoshamisa kupfuura zvimwe zvidzidzo zvichishandisa zvoga samples. Izvi zvakare zvakare chimwe chezvidzidzo zvishoma mumunda uyu zvinotarisa pane ruzhinji rwevanhu, uye zvine chikamu chikuru chevakadzi zvakare. Uyezve, iko kutsva kwezero idzva iri kunoita kuti rive rakakodzera kuverengerwa munzvimbo diki-shoma ongororo.

mhedziso

Muchidzidzo chazvino chiyero chitsva chekuyedza akapindwa muropa nebonde, iyo BYSAS, yakagadzirwa. Kuvimbika uye kweye BYSAS kwakagadzwa ine yenyika sampuro ye23,533 vanhu vakuru veNorway. Iyo yaifungidzirwa chimwe-chinhu chimiro yakasimbiswa neEFA neCFA, uye iko kusimba kwemukati kwakakwira. Nekusanganisira zvinhu zvakavharira ese epakati zviratidzo zvekupindwa muropa, kugutsikana kwemukati kwakave kwakaitwa. Iyo BYSAS yakashandiswa kupokana neimwe nhanho yekupindwa muropa nehuremu, pamwe nematanho ehuwandu, hunhu uye kuzvishingisa; uye tentative-yakatemwa mucherechedzo inodairwa. Pakazara, iyo BYSAS chishandiso chepfungwa uye chakaringana kuyera kupindwa muropa, chinogona kushandiswa zvakasununguka nevanoongorora uye varapi muzvirwere zvechirwere uye marapirwo ekurapa.

Munyori zvipo

CA: Yakapihwa kune iyo pfungwa uye dhizaini yebasa, kuwanikwa, kuongororwa, uye kududzirwa kwedata; TT: Yakapihwa kuongororwa; SP, MG, TT, uye RS: Yakapihwa kududziro yedata rebasa; CA: Yakagadzirirwa basa; Vanyori vese vakadzokorora basa vachitsoropodza maererano nezvakakosha zvehungwaru ruzivo; Vanyori vese vakatendera vhezheni yekupedzisira uye vanozvidavirira pazvinhu zvese zvebasa maererano nekuona kuti mibvunzo ine chekuita nekujeka kana kutendeseka kwechikamu chebasa rose chakawongororwa nenzira kwayo.

Kupesana kwechido chekutaura

Vanyori vanotaura kuti kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa mukusabatwa kweukama hwekutengeserana kana hwezvemari hunogona kunzi sekugona kukakavara kwechido.

Mashoko Okuwedzera A

Bergen-iyo yebonde kupindwa muropa

Pazasi pane mimwe mibvunzo nezvehukama hwako kuita bonde / bonhora. (NB! Nechepabonde zvinoreva pano zvakasiyana zvekufungidzira zvepabonde, kukurudzira uye maitiro akadai sekuita bonhora, zvinonyadzisira, zviitwa zvepabonde nevanhu vanobvumidza, cybersex, kurara runhare, mitezo makirabhu, nezvimwewo. Sarudza mhinduro yemubvunzo wega wega inonyatsokutsanangudza.

 Kazhinji sei pagore rapfuura unazvo...Kazhinji kashomaKazhinjidzimwe nguvaKazhinjiNguva zhinji
1.Wakatambisa nguva yakawanda uchifunga nezvebonde / bonhora kana kurara pabonde?❑❑❑❑❑
2.Wakanzwa shungu yekuita bonhora / kuita zvepabonde zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya?❑❑❑❑❑
3.Wakamboshandisa bonde / bonhora kuitira kuti ukanganwe nezve / kutiza kubva kumatambudziko ako wega?❑❑❑❑❑
4.Wakaedza kucheka zvepabonde / bonhora pasina kubudirira?❑❑❑❑❑
5.Kuve unozorora kana kunetseka kana iwe wakarambidzwa kuita zvepabonde / bonhora?❑❑❑❑❑
6.Wakave nebonde rakawanda kwazvo zvekuti rakakanganisa hukama hwako hwepamoyo, hupfumi, hutano, uye / kana basa / zvidzidzo?❑❑❑❑❑
 

Zvese zvinhu zvinowiswa pamwe chete neanotevera chiyero: 0 = Kazhinji kashoma, 1 = Kashoma, 2 = Dzimwe nguva, 3 = Kazhinji, 4 = Kazhinji

Mashoko Okuwedzera B

Pfupi PROMIS bvunzo-yebonde subscale

Pazasi pane mimwe mibvunzo nezvehukama hwako pabonde. Sarudza mhinduro yemubvunzo wega wega inonyatsokutsanangudzaa

Mhinduro dzinofanira kupihwa yekushandisa-nguva-yekushandisa kwete kungoshandisa chete nguva pfupi yapfuura, wakambo…Kwete seni zvachose    Vazhinji seni
  012345
1.Ini ndinoona zvichinetsa kupfuudza mukana wekuita zvepabonde zvisingabvumirwe❑❑❑❑❑❑
2.Vamwe vakataura vachiramba vachinetseka pamusoro pehunhu hwangu hwepabonde❑❑❑❑❑❑
3.Ndinozvirumbidza pamusoro pekumhanyisa kwandingaite kuti ndive pabonde nemunhu uye ndione kuti kurara nemunhu wausingazive kuri kukurudzira❑❑❑❑❑❑
4.Ini ndaizotora mukana wekuita bonde kunyangwe ndaingova nawo nemumwe munhu❑❑❑❑❑❑
5.Ini ndinowana kuita kukunda kwepabonde kunoita kuti ndisafarire mumwe iyeye uye kunonditungamira kuti nditange kutsvaga mumwe❑❑❑❑❑❑
6.Ini ndinowanzoona kuti ndinorara nemurume werudzi rumwe kana rumwe kwete kuti ndimirire kuti murume kana murume wangu anowanikwazve mushure mekurwara kana kusavapo❑❑❑❑❑❑
7.Ndakambo dzokorora nyaya kunyangwe ndaive nehukama hwese❑❑❑❑❑❑
8.Ini ndakave nevatatu kana vanopfuura vanoita zvepabonde panguva imwe chete❑❑❑❑❑❑
9.Ndakavata nemweya wekuzvidira nemunhu wandisingafarire❑❑❑❑❑❑
10.Ini ndinowanzochinja vakomana kana bonde rikadzokorora❑❑❑❑❑❑
 

Kwayaka: Kubva kuKunyora Kwaungaita Kupinda kwehukama naR. Lefever, 1988, London, UK: PROMIS Publishing. [Iri ndiro bhuku reruzivo rePROMIS bvunzurudzo, kubva kwazvakatorerwa zvinhu zvepasiripi.]. Copyright yePROMIS Makiriniki. Rakanyorwa zvakare nemvumo yemutsa kubva kuR. Lefever (kutaura wega, Kurume 14, 2017).

aMirayiridzo yekuraira inoshandiswa mune iyo ikozvino kudzidza, uye kwete kubva kuPSQ.

Mashoko Omuzasi

1Iyo seti yekuteedzera (Akabatikana, Akanyara, Kurapa, Kurwadzisa vamwe, Kunze kwekutonga, Zvinosuruvarisa) anobva panezwi rePATHOS, iro vaGiriki vaishandisa "kutambudzika".

References

  • American Psychiatric Association APA (2013). Kuongororwa uye Statistical Manual yePfungwa Kushushikana, 5th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Ames DR, Rose P., Anderson CP (2006). Iyo NPI-16 seyero pfupi yeanodissism. J. Res. Pers. 40, 440-450. 10.1016 / j.jrp.2005.03.002 [Cross Ref]
  • Andreassen CS, Billieux J., Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Demetrovics Z., Mazzoni E., et al. (2016). Hukama pakati pekushandiswa kwekushandiswa kwemagariro enhabvu nemitambo yemavhidhiyo uye zviratidzo zvekushushikana kwepfungwa: kudzidza kwakakura-muchikamu. Psychol. Kupindwa muropa. Behav. 30, 252-262. 10.1037 / adb0000160 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Gjertsen SR, Krossbakken E., Kvam S., Pallesen S. (2013). Hukama pakati pehunhu hwekupindwa muropa nemhando shanu-yemhando yehunhu. J. Behav. Kupindwa muropa. 2, 90-99. 10.1556 / JBA.2.2013.003 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Hetland J., Pallesen S. (2012a). Kuvandudzwa kwebasa rekumanikidza kwebasa. Scand. J. Psychol. 53, 265-272. 10.1111 / j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Pallesen S., jpg RM, Torsheim T., Aboujaoude E. (2015). Iyo Bergen yekushambadzira kupindwa muropa chiyero: kuvimbika uye kuverengeka kwepfupi yekutarisa bvunzo. Mberi. Psychol. 6: 1374. 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.01374 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Andreassen CS, Torsheim T., Brunborg GS, Pallesen S. (2012b). Kuvandudzwa kweiyo Facebook kupindwa muropa chiyero. Psychol. Rep. 110, 501-517. 10.2466 / 02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Ballester-Arnal R., Castro-Calvo J., Gil-Llario MD, Giménez-García C. (2014). Hutano hwehukama semhedzisiro yecybersex chiitiko: cybersex, pwere, uye yakatsiga mudiwa. J. Bonde Marital Ther. 40, 444-456. 10.1080 / 0092623X.2013.772549 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Nhema DW, Kehrberg LL, Flumertima DL, Schlosser SS (1997). Hunhu hwe36 zvidzidzo zvinoburitsa maitiro ekumanikidza ekuita zvepabonde. Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 243-249. 10.1176 / ajp.154.2.243 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Bond T., Fox CM (2015). Kushandisa iyo Rasch Model: Yekuyera Kuyera Muvanhu Sayenzi, 3rd Edn. New York, NY: Nzira.
  • Brown RIF (1993). Mimwe mipiro yekudzidzira kubhejera kune yekudzidza kune zvimwe zvinodhaka, mune Kubhejera Kuita uye Dambudziko Kubhejera, eds Eadington WR, Cornelius J., vanyori. (Reno, NV: Yunivhesiti yeNevada Press;), 341-372.
  • Buss DM (1998). Zvepabonde mazano theory: nhoroondo dzinobva uye zvazvino mamiriro. J. DzeBonde Res. 35, 19-31. 10.1080 / 00224499809551914 [Cross Ref]
  • Campbell MM, Stein DJ (2015). Hypersexual kusagadzikana, mune Behaisheral Kupindwa muropa: DSM-5® uye Beyond, ed Petry NM, mupepeti. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press;), 101-123.
  • Carnes PJ (1989). Kupesana nerudo: Kubatsira uyo anopinda pabonde. Center Guta, MN: Hazelden.
  • Makore PJ (1991). Usaidaidze kuti Rudo: Kudzoreredza kubva kune Zvepabonde. New York, NY: Bantam Mabhuku.
  • Carnes PJ, Green BA, Carnes S. (2010). Izvo zvakafanana asi zvakasiyana: kubatanidza iyo Bonde Kuwedzeredza Screening Bvunzo (SAST) kuratidza kutaridzika uye munhukadzi. DzeBonde. Kupindwa muropa. Compulsivity 17, 7-30. 10.1080 / 10720161003604087 [Cross Ref]
  • Carnes PJ, Green BA, Merlo LJ, Polles A., Carnes S., Goridhe MS (2012). PATHOS: pfupi yekuongorora application yekuongorora kupindwa muropa kwepabonde. J. Addict. Med. 6, 29-34. 10.1097 / ADM.0b013e3182251a28 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Carvalho J., Stulhofer A., ​​Štulhofer AL, Jurin T. (2015). Hypersexuality uye yakakura zvepabonde chishuvo: kuongorora chimiro chematambudziko ehupombwe. J. Bonde. Med. 12, 1356-1367. 10.1111 / jsm.12865 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Carnes P., Weiss R. (2002). Iyo Bonde Yekuvhiya Kuongorora Screening yeVarume Varume. Wickenburg, AZ: Matanho asina kuvhurwa.
  • Chalmers RP (2012). mirt: multidimensional chinhu inopindura runyorwa runyorwa rweR nharaunda. J. Stat. Nyoro. 48, 1-29. 10.18637 / jss.v048.i06 [Cross Ref]
  • Chalmers RP, Counsell A., Flora DB (2015). Izvo zvinogona kunge zvisingaiti hukuru DIF: yakavandudzwa musiyano yekushanda inoshanda iyo nhoroondo yeiyo sampling mutsauko. Dzidzisa. Psychol. Nyama. 76, 114-140. 10.1177 / 0013164415584576 [Cross Ref]
  • Makamuri RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN (2003). Inosimudzira neurocircuitry yekukurudzira muhudiki: nguva yakakomba yekupinda muropa. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 1041-1052. 10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.6.1041 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Christo G., Jones S., Haylett S., Stephenson G., Lefever RM, Lefever R. (2003). Iyo Pfupi PROMIS bvunzurudzo: kuwedzera kusimbiswa kwechishandiso chekuongororwa panguva imwechete kwemaitiro akawandisa ekupinda muropa. Kupindwa muropa. Behav. 28, 225-248. 10.1016 / S0306-4603 (01) 00231-3 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Simba Kuongororwa kweBehafireal Sayenzi, 2nd Edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coleman E. (1992). Iwe murwere wako ari kutambudzika neanomanikidzirwa kuita zvepabonde here? Psychiatr. Ann. 22, 320-325. 10.3928 / 0048-5713-19920601-09 [Cross Ref]
  • Coleman E., Miner M., Ohlerking F., Raymond N. (2001). Anomanikidzira maitiro ehupombwe ekutanga: yekutanga kudzidza kwekuvimbika uye kuita. J. Bonde Marital Ther. 27, 325-332. 10.1080 / 009262301317081070 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Cooper AL, Delmonico DL, Griffin-Shelley E., Mathy RM (2004). Online zvepabonde zviitiko: kuongororwa kwengozi kunogona kuita maitiro. DzeBonde. Kupindwa muropa. Compulsivity 11, 129-143. 10.1080 / 10720160490882642 [Cross Ref]
  • Cooper A., ​​Scherer CR, Boies SC, Gordon BL (1999). Zvepabonde paInternet: kubva pakutsvaga zvepabonde kusvika kune pathological expression. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pr. 30, 154-164. 10.1037 / 0735-7028.30.2.154 [Cross Ref]
  • Costa PT, McCrae RR (1992). NEO-PI-R Professional Manual. Odessa, FI: Psychological Ongorora Zviwanikwa.
  • Costa PT, Widiger TA (2002). Nhanganyaya: kusagadzikana kwehunhu uye iyo shanu-chinhu chinongedzo chehunhu, mune Hunhu Kuvhiringidzika uye mashanu-Factor Model Yeunhu, 2nd Edn, eds Costa PT, Widiger TA, editors. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association;), 3-14.
  • Delmonico DL, Griffin EJ (2008). Cybersex neiye E-teen: izvo zvekuroora uye zvekurapa kwemhuri vanofanirwa kuziva. J. Marital Fam. Ther. 34, 431-444. 10.1111 / j.1752-0606.2008.00086.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Dhuffar MK, Griffiths MD (2014). Kunzwisisa chinzvimbo chekunyadzisa uye mhedzisiro yavo mune zvevakadzi hypersexual maitiro: kudzidza kwemutyairi. J. Behav. Kupindwa muropa. 3, 231-237. 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.4.4 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Dhuffar MK, Griffiths MD (2015). Kunzwisisa conceptualisations yevakadzi bonde kupindwa muropa uye kupora uchishandisa kududzira phenomenological kuongorora. Psychol. Res. 5, 585-603. 10.17265 / 2159-5542 / 2015.10.001 [Cross Ref]
  • Dhuffar MK, Pontes HM, Griffiths MD (2015). Basa rekusadzora mwoyo rinoti uye mhedzisiro yehukama hunhu maitiro ekufanotaura hypersexourse pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti. J. Behav. Kupindwa muropa. 4, 181-188. 10.1556 / 2006.4.2015.030 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Donnellan MB, Oswald FL, Baird BM, Lucas RE (2006). Iyo Mini-IPIP zviyero: zvidiki-zvakadaro-zvinobudirira matanho ezvikuru zvishanu zveunhu. Psychol. Ongorora. 18, 192-203. 10.1037 / 1040-3590.18.2.192 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Doornwaard SM, van den Eijnden RJ, Baams L., Vanwesenbeeck I., ter Bogt TF (2016). Kudzikama kwepfungwa uye kugara kwakanyanya kufarira zvepabonde kunofanotaura zviratidzo zvekumanikidza kushandisa zvepamhepo zvinonyadzisira zvepaInternet pakati pevakomana vari kuyaruka. J. Pwere Adolesc. 45, 73-84. 10.1007 / s10964-015-0326-9 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Elmquist J., Shorey RC, Anderson S., Stuart BL (2016). Zviratidzo zvemutsetse wemuganho unobatana neanomanikidza ekuita zvepabonde pakati pevakadzi mukurapa kwekushomeka kwezvinodhaka? Chidzidzo chekuongorora. J. Clin. Psychol. 72, 1077-1087. 10.1002 / jclp.22310 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Vashoma LR, Grant JD, Trull TJ, Statham DJ, Martin NG, Lynskey MT, et al. . (2014). Kusiyanisa kwema genetic muunhu hunhu kunotsanangura huwandu hwepakati pakati pehunhu hwemutsetse chimiro uye kusashanda kwezvinoshandiswa. Kupindwa muropa 109, 2118-2127. 10.1111 / Wedzera.12690 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Gilliland R., South M., Carpenter BN, Hardy SA (2011). Izvo zvikamu zvekunyadzisa uye mhosva mune hypersexual maitiro. DzeBonde. Kupindwa muropa. Compulsivity 18, 12-29. 10.1080 / 10720162.2011.551182 [Cross Ref]
  • Makanaka A. (1998). Kupindwa muropa nebonde: Nzira inobatanidza. Madison, CT: International Yunivhesiti Press.
  • Makanaka A. (2008). Neurobiology yekupindwa muropa. Ongororo inobatanidza. Biochem. Pharmacol. 75, 266-322. 10.1016 / j.bcp.2007.07.030 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Grant JE, Atmaca M., Fineberg NA, Fontenelle LF, Matsunaga H., Janardhan Reddy YC, et al. . (2014). Impulse kudzora kusagadzikana uye "maitiro anopindwa muropa" muICD-11. World Psychiatry 13, 125-127. 10.1002 / wps.20115 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Greer T., Dunlap WP, Hunter ST, Berman ME (2006). Skew uye kusimba kwemukati. J. Appl. Psychol. 91, 1351-1358. 10.1037 / 0021-9010.91.6.1351 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Griffiths MD (2005). Chinhu chemhando yekupindwa muropa mukati me biopsychological chimiro. J. Subst. Shandisa 10, 191-197. 10.1080 / 14659890500114359 [Cross Ref]
  • Griffiths MD (2012). Internet bonde kupindwa muropa: wongororo yekuongorora yakatsiga. Kupindwa muropa. Res. Dzidziso 20, 111-124. 10.3109 / 16066359.2011.588351 [Cross Ref]
  • Griffiths MD, Dhuffar MK (2014). Kurapa kwekupindwa muropa kwepabonde mukati meBritish National Health Service. Int. J. Ment. Hutano Muropa. 12, 561-571. 10.1007 / s11469-014-9485-2 [Cross Ref]
  • Hamann S., Herman RA, Nolan CL, Wallen K. (2004). Varume nevakadzi vanosiyana mune amygdala mhinduro kune inoona yepabonde inosimudzira. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 411-416. 10.1038 / nn1208 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Haylett SA, Stephenson GM, Lefever RM (2004). Kubvisirwa mune hunhu hunopinda: kudzidza kwekupindwa muropa nekushandisa yakapfupikisa PROMIS bvunzo. Kupindwa muropa. Behav. 29, 61-71. 10.1016 / S0306-4603 (03) 00083-2 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Chikomo SY, Shen S., Lowers L., Locke J. (2000). Zvinhu zvinofanotaura kutanga kwekunoyaruka kwevechidiki mumhuri dziri pangozi huru yekukudza doro. Biol. Psychionze 48, 265-275. 10.1016 / S0006-3223 (00) 00841-6 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Holstege G., Georiadis JR, Paans AM, Meiners LC, van der Graaf FHC, Reinders AA (2003). Brain activation panguva yemurume kumuka. J. Neurosci. 23, 9185-9193. [PubMed]
  • Hook JN, Hook JP, Davis DE, Worthington EL, Jr., Penberthy JK (2010). Kuyera kupindwa muropa nebonde uye kumanikidzwa: ongororo yakaoma yezviridzwa. J. Bonde Marital Ther. 36, 227-260. 10.1080 / 00926231003719673 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Hu L., Bentler P. (1999). Cutoff maitiro eiyo fit index mune covariance maitiro ekuongorora: akajairwa maitiro anopesana nezvitsva zvitsva. Dhiza. Equ. Model. 6, 1-55. 10.1080 / 10705519909540118 [Cross Ref]
  • Huang C., Dong N. (2012). Factor dhizaini yeRosenberg yekuzvitutumadza chiyero: meta-kuongororwa kwepatheni matrices. Euro. J. Psychol. Ongorora. 28, 132-138. 10.1027 / 1015-5759 / a000101 [Cross Ref]
  • Jennrich RI, Bentler PM (2011). Kuongorora bi-factor kuongorora. Psychometrika 76, 537-549. 10.1007 / s11336-011-9218-4 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kafka MP (2010). Hypersexual kusagadzikana: kuongororwa kwakaongororwa kwe DSM-V. Arch. DzeBonde. Behav. 39, 377-400. 10.1007 / s10508-009-9574-7 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kafka MP (2013). Iko kusimudzira uye shanduko yeiyo nzira yekuongororwa ichangobva kutsanangurwa ye DSM-5: hypersexual disorder. DzeBonde. Kupindwa muropa. Compulsivity 20, 19-26. 10.1080 / 10720162.2013.768127 [Cross Ref]
  • Kalichman SC, Rompa D. (1995). Kuita zvepabonde kutsvaga uye kuyerwa kwekumanikidzira kuita zvepabonde: kuvimbika, chokwadi, uye kufungidzira hutachiona hweHIV maitiro. J. Pers. Ongorora. 65, 586-601. 10.1207 / s15327752jpa6503_16 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Karila L., Wéry A., Weinstein A., Cottencin O., Petit A., Reynaud M., et al. . (2014). Kupindwa muropa kwepabonde kana hypersexual kusagadzikana: mazwi akasiyana nedambudziko rimwe chete? Ongororo yezvinyorwa. Curr. Pharm. Dhizaini 20, 4012-4020. 10.2174 / 13816128113199990619 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kasper TE, Pfupi MB, Milam AC (2015). Narcissism uye Internet inoshandisa zvinonyadzisira. J. Bonde Marital Ther. 41, 481-486. 10.1080 / 0092623X.2014.931313 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kingston DA (2015). Kubvunzana conceptualization yebonde seyakapindwa muropa. Curr. Kupindwa muropa. Rep. 2, 195-201. 10.1007 / s40429-015-0059-6 [Cross Ref]
  • Klein V., Rettenberger M., Briken P. (2014). Kuzviratidzira-kunongedza zviratidzo zvehypsexuality uye inogadzirisa maringe mune yevakadzi pamhepo sampu. J. Bonde. Med. 11, 1974-1981. 10.1111 / jsm.12602 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Konrath S., Meier BP, Bushman BJ (2014). Kuvandudzwa uye kusimbiswa kweiyo imwechete Item Narcissism Scale (SINS). PLoS Imwe 9: e103469. 10.1371 / journalic.one.0103469 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kor A., ​​Fogel Y., Reid RC, Potenza MN (2013). Hypersexual kusagadzikana inofanira kuverengerwa senge kupindwa muropa? DzeBonde. Kupindwa muropa. Compulsivity 20, 27-47. 10.1080 / 10720162.2013.768132 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kor A., ​​Zilcha-Mano S., Fogel YA, Mikulincer M., Reid RC, Potenza MN (2014). Psychometric kuvandudza kwedambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa chiyero. Kupindwa muropa. Behav. 39, 861-868. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2014.01.027 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Koronczai B., Urbán R., Kökönyei G., Paksi B., Papp K., Kun B., et al. . (2011). Kuvimbiswa kwematatu-maitiro emhando yedambudziko rekushandiswa kweinternet pane off-line yekuyaruka uye sampu yevanhu vakuru. Chips. Behav. Soc. Netw. 14, 657-664. 10.1089 / cyber.2010.0345 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kotov R., Gamez W., Schmidt F., Watson D. (2010). Kubatanidza "huku" hunhu hunhu kunetseka, kushungurudzika, uye kusagadzikana kwekushandiswa kwezvinwiwa: kuongorora meta. Psychol. Bull. 136, 768-821. 10.1037 / a0020327 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Kraus S., Voon V., Potenza MN (2016). Kumanikidza kugona bonde kunganzi ndiko kupindwa muropa here? Kupindwa muropa 111, 2097-2106. 10.1111 / Wedzera.13297 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Laier C., Pawlikowski M., Pekal J., Schulte FP, Brand M. (2013). Kupindwa muropa neCybersex: zvinoitika pabonde zvinoita munhu paanoona zvinonyadzisira uye kwete zvepamoyo pavatano zvinoita mutsauko. J. Behav. Kupindwa muropa. 2, 100-107. 10.1556 / JBA.2.2013.002 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Lefever R. (1988). Maitiro Ekuziva Maitiro Ekuwedzera Kuzvibata. London, UK: PROMIS Publishing.
  • Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. (2009). Kuvandudzwa uye kusimbiswa kweiyo chiitiko chekupindwa muropa nemitambo yevayaruka. Media Psychol. 12, 77-95. 10.1080 / 15213260802669458 [Cross Ref]
  • Linacre JM (2002). Chii chinokanganisa uye kupfeka, zvinoreva-mwere uye chakafanana zvinoreva? Rasch Meas. Trans. 16, 878 Inowanikwa online pa: https://www.rasch.org/rmt/rmt162f.htm
  • MacLaren VV, Best LA (2010). Maitiro mazhinji akapindwa muropa muvakuru vechidiki: tsika dzevadzidzi yeiyo ipfupi PROMIS mibvunzo. Kupindwa muropa. Behav. 35, 352-355. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2009.09.023 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • MacLaren VV, Best LA (2013). Isingabvumidzwe narcissism inoteedzera mhedzisiro yeBAS pane maitiro akapindwa muropa. Pers. Mumwe nemumwe. Kusiyana. 55, 101-155. 10.1016 / j.paid.2013.02.004 [Cross Ref]
  • Maclaren VV, Fugelsang JA, Harrigan KA, Dixon MJ (2011). Hunhu hwe pathological kubhejera: meta-ongororo. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31, 1057-1067. 10.1016 / j.cpr.2011.02.002 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Masters GN (1982). Muenzaniso weRasch wechikamu chechikwereti wekukwereta. Psychometrika 47, 149-174. 10.1007 / BF02296272 [Cross Ref]
  • Meade AW (2010). A taxonomy yemhedzisiro size matanho ekusiyanisa kushanda kwezvinhu uye zviyero. J. Appl. Psychol. 95, 728-743. 10.1037 / a0018966 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Miller JD, Campbell WK (2008). Kufananidza yekiriniki uye yemagariro-hunhu conceptualizations ye narcissism. J. Pers. 76, 449-476. 10.1111 / j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH (1994). Psychometric Theory, 3rd Edn. New York, NY: McGraw-Chikomo.
  • O'Brien TB, DeLongis A. (1996). Mamiriro ekudyidzana kwedambudziko-, manzwiro- uye hukama hwakanangana nehukama: iro basa rehukuru hukuru hunhu hunhu. J. Pers. 64, 775-813. 10.1111 / j.1467-6494.1996.tb00944.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • O'Hara S., Carnes P. (2000). Iyo Yevakadzi Zvepabonde Kupindwa muropa Kuongorora Bvunzo. Wickenburg, AZ: Chiyero chisina kutsikiswa.
  • Pallanti S., Bernardi S., Quercioli L. (2006). Iyo ipfupi PROMIS bvunzurudzo uye internet inodzvinyirira muyero mukutarisirwa kwakawanda kupindwa muropa mune chikoro chepamusoro-chikoro: kuwanda uye hukama hwakanangana. CNS Spectr. 11, 966-974. 10.1017 / S1092852900015157 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Pawlikowski M., Altstötter-Gleich C., Brand M. (2013). Kuvimbiswa uye psychometric zvivakwa zveiyo pfupi vhezheni yeYoung's internet kupindwa muropa bvunzo. Comp. Hum. Behav. 29, 1212-1223. 10.1016 / j.chb.2012.10.014 [Cross Ref]
  • Petry NM (2015). Nhanganyaya yehunhu hwekupindwa muropa, mune Behavioral Kupindwa muropa: DSM-5® uye Beyond, ed Petry NM, mupepeti. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press;), 1-5.
  • Pinto J., Carvalho J., Nobre PJ (2013). Iko kushamwaridzana pakati peFFM hunhu hunhu, nyika psychopathology, uye kushushwa kwepabonde muyenzaniso yevanhurume vadzidzi vekoreji. J. Bonde. Med. 10, 1773-1782. 10.1111 / jsm.12185 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Piquet-Pessôa M., Ferreira GM, Melca IA, Fontenelle LF (2014). DSM-5 uye sarudzo yekusasangana zvepabonde, kutenga kana kuba sekupindwa muropa. Curr. Kupindwa muropa. Rep. 1, 172-176. 10.1007 / s40429-014-0027-6 [Cross Ref]
  • Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP (2003). Nzira yakajairika yekusarura mukuita hunhu kutsvakurudza: kuongororwa kwakadzama kwemabhuku uye mishonga yakakurudzirwa. J. Appl. Psychol. 88, 879-903. 10.1037 / 0021-9010.88.5.879 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Raskin R., Terry H. (1988). Chinhu chikuru chekuongororwa kweNarcissistic Personality Inventory uye humwe humbowo hwekuvaka kwayo kuita. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54, 890-902. 10.1037 / 0022-3514.54.5.890 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Raymond NC, Coleman E., Miner MH (2003). Psychiatric comorbidity uye inomanikidza / maitiro ekumanikidza mukumanikidza kugona kwepabonde. Compr. Psychionze 44, 370-380. 10.1016 / S0010-440X (03) 00110-X [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Reid RC (2016). Zvimwe zvinonetsa uye nyaya mukutsanangura zvinomanikidzira kuita zvebonde sekupindwa muropa. Kupindwa muropa 111, 2111-2113. 10.1111 / Wedzera.13370 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Reid RC, Carpenter BN, Hook JN, Garos S., Manning JC, Gilliland R., et al. . (2012). Chirevo chezvakawanikwa muDSM-5 munda muyedzo we hypersexual disorder. J. Bonde. Med. 9, 2868-2877. 10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2012.02936.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Reid RC, Garos S., Carpenter BN, Coleman E. (2011). Iyo inoshamisira kuwana ine chekuita neyekutonga kwemhando mune yevarwere sampuli yean hypersexual men. J. Bonde. Med. 8, 2227-2236. 10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2011.02314.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Reise SP, Morizot J., Hays RD (2007). Basa re bifactor modhi mukugadzirisa zviyero zvehupamhi mumatanho ezvehutano. Qual. Hupenyu Res. 16, 19-31. 10.1007 / s11136-007-9183-7 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Rettenberger M., Klein V., Briken P. (2016). Hukama pakati pehunhu hwehu hypersexual, kukwezva zvepabonde, kudzivirira zvepabonde, uye hunhu. Arch. DzeBonde. Behav. 45, 219-233. 10.1007 / s10508-014-0399-7 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Revelle W., Rocklin T. (1979). Chimiro chakareruka: imwe nzira yekuyera iyo chaiyo nhamba yezvinhu zvinodudzirwa. Multivariate Behav. Res. 14, 403-414. 10.1207 / s15327906mbr1404_2 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Rosenberg M. (1965). Sosaiti uye Adolescent Kuzvimiririra. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Samejima F. (1997). Graded mhinduro modhi, mu Handbook yeZvino Item Mhinduro Dzidziso, eds van der Linden WJ, Hambleton RK, vanyori. (New York, NY: Springer;), 85-100.
  • Schmitt DP (2004). Iwo Big mashanu ane hukama ane njodzi yekuita zvepabonde mudunhu 10 matunhu epasi: mutsauko hunhu hunhu hwehukadzi hwehupombwe uye hukama kusatendeka. Euro. J. Pers. 18, 301-319. 10.1002 / per.520 [Cross Ref]
  • Zuva C., Bhiriji A., Johnson J., Ezzell M. (2014). Zvinonyadzisira uye yemurume bonde script: kuongororwa kwekushandisa uye hukama hwepabonde. Arch. DzeBonde. Behav. 45, 983-994. 10.1007 / s10508-014-0391-2 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Sussman S., Lisha N., Griffiths MD (2011). Kufanofunga kwezvekupindwa muropa: dambudziko revazhinji kana vashoma? Eval. Hutano Prof. 34, 3-56. 10.1177 / 0163278710380124 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Terry A., Szabo A., Griffiths MD (2004). Iyo Exercise Kupindwa muropa Inventory: nyowani ipfupi yekuongorora. Kupindwa muropa. Res. Dzidziso 12, 489-499. 10.1080 / 16066350310001637363 [Cross Ref]
  • Velicer WF (1976). Kuongorora huwandu hwezvinhu kubva kumatrix ezvemamwe maratidziro. Psychometrika 41 321-327. 10.1007 / BF02293557 [Cross Ref]
  • Voon V., Mole TB, Banca P., Porter L., Morris L., Mitchell S., et al. . (2014). Neural correlates ehupombwe cue reacction mune vanhu vane uye pasina anomanikidza maitiro ezvepabonde. PLoS Imwe 9: e102419. 10.1371 / journalic.one.0102419 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Walters GD, Knight RA, Långström N. (2011). Hypersexeness yakatarwa here? Uchapupu hweDSM-5 kubva kune huwandu hwevanhu kusvika kumakiriniki samples. Arch. DzeBonde. Behav. 40, 1309-1321. 10.1007 / s10508-010-9719-8 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Walton MT, Cantor JM, Lykins AD (2017). Kuongororwa kwepamhepo kwehunhu, kwepfungwa, uye zvehunhu hunhu hwakasanganiswa hwakanangana neakazviburitsa hypersexual maitiro. Arch. DzeBonde. Behav. 46, 721-733. 10.1007 / s10508-015-0606-1 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Weinstein AM, Zolek R., Babkin A., Cohen K., Lejoyeux M. (2015). Factors kufanotaura cybersex kushandiswa uye kunetseka mukugadzira hukama hwepedyo pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi vanoshandisa cybersex. Mberi. Psychiatry 6: 54. 10.3389 / fpsyt.2015.00054 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Wéry A., Billieux J. (2017). Dambudziko cybersex: conceptualization, kuongorora, uye kurapwa. Kupindwa muropa. Behav. 64, 238-246. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2015.11.007 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Wéry A., Burnay J., Karila L., Billieux J. (2016a). Iyo Pfupi yeFrench Internet Kupindwa muropa Kuongororwa kunoenderana nezviitiko zvepabonde zvepamhepo: kusimbiswa uye kubatana neinternet zvido zvepabonde uye zviratidzo zvekupindwa muropa. J. DzeBonde Res. 53, 701-710. 10.1080 / 00224499.2015.1051213 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Wéry A., Vogelaere K., Challet-Bouju G., Poudat F-X., Caillon J., Lever J., et al. (2016b). Hunhu hwekuzvishongedza wega munhu akapindwa muropa nekiriniki yeanopindwa muropa. J Behav. Kupindwa muropa. 5, 623-630. 10.1556 / 2006.5.2016.071 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Wiggins JS (1996). Iyo Mishanu-Factor Model YeHunhu: Theoretical Perspecces. New York, NY: Guilford Mabhuku.
  • Winters J., Christoff K., Gorzalka BB (2010). Yakakwenenzverwa zvepabonde uye zvepamusoro kuda zvepabonde: akasiyana anosarudza? Arch. DzeBonde. Behav. 39, 1029-1043. 10.1007 / s10508-009-9591-6 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Womack SD, Hook JN, Ramos M., Davis DE, Penberthy JK (2013). Kuyera hypersexual maitiro. DzeBonde. Kupindwa muropa. Compulsivity 20, 65-78. 10.1080 / 10720162.2013.768126 [Cross Ref]
  • Woods CM (2007). Empirical histograms mune chechimiro chekupindura theory ine yeodentinal data. Dzidzisa. Psychol. Nyama. 67, 73-87. 10.1177 / 0013164406288163 [Cross Ref]
  • World Health Organisation (1992). Iyo ICD-10 Kugadziriswa kwePfungwa uye Kuve Nekunetseka Kwematambudziko: Tsanangudzo dzeClinic uye Diagnostic Nhungamiro. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Wright BD, Linacre JM (1994). Inonzwisisika inoreva-mativi akakodzera machati. Rasch Meas Trans. 8, 370.
  • Wright BD, Masters GN (1982). Kuongorora Scale Kuongorora. Rasch Kuyera. Chicago, IL: MESA Press.
  • Mudiki KS (1998). Akabatiswa muNet: Maitiro Ekuziva Kwavo Zviratidzo Zvekupindwa muropa neInternet-Uye Isu Rekukunda Rekutora. New York, NY: Wiley.