Mberi. Psychionze, 14 Mbudzi 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00546
Mateusz Gola1,2 * uye Małgorzata Draps1
1Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
2Swartz Center yeComputational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Anomanikidza Bonde Behaviors (CSB) chikonzero chekutsvaga kurapwa. Tichifunga nezvechokwadi ichi, huwandu hwezvidzidzo pa CSB hwakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore gumi apfuura uye World Health Organisation (WHO) inosanganisira CSB muchirongwa chayo cheiyo ICD-11 iri kuuya. Makumi matanhatu muzana ezveuroimaging zvidzidzo pa CSB zvakaburitswa kubvira 2014 yaida kuongorora kufanana uye kusiyana pakati pehurongwa hwehuropi hwepasi peSCB, kubhejera dambudziko, uye kusagadzikana kwekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka. Imwe yematunhu akakosha ehuropi akabatanidzwa mukupindwa muropa ndiyo mubairo system inosanganisira iyo ventral striatum (inosanganisira nucleus accumbens). Pane zvirevo zviviri zvakasiyana zvinotsanangudza mashandiro ezviitiko zvekupindirana: Incentive Salience Theory (IST) uye Mubairo Defence Syndrome (RDS). IST inotsanangura kuwedzera mashandiro emagetsi pakati peiyo nguva yekufungidzira kwekupindwa muropa-mubairo, nepo RDS ichitsanangura yakadzikira yecyral striatal reactivity panguva yekufungidzira kwemubairo uye panguva yekugadzirisa mubairo. Pano, isu tinoda kuongorora kuti izvo zvinowanikwa pane ventral striatal reacction mu CSB zvinotsigira sei imwe yeaya maviri ehurongwa hwekupindwa muropa. Nechinangwa ichi, takaita ongororo yakarongeka yeiyouroimaging zvidzidzo paCBB inowanikwa muPubtr, EBSCO, uye Google Scholar pakati pe2005 ne2018. Takawana mapfumbamwe anodiwa mapepa ekutsvaga. Makumi mana chete ezvidzidzo izvi akaongorora zvakananga kugadzirira kwezvinotyisa tsika uye / kana mibairo uye zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa zvine chekuita neralral striatum activation. Zvitatu zvezvidzidzo izvi zvinoratidza kuwedzera kwembiri striatal reactivity yeiyo erotic kukurudzira, inoenderana neITT uye haitsigire kufanotaura kunoenderana neRSS. Naizvozvo, mamiriro azvino e data iyi anoratidza kuti CSB inoenderana nekuwedzera kweshoko recytriation panguva yekufungidzira kweiyo erotic kukurudzira.
ziviso
Anomanikidza Bonde Behaviors (CSB) chikonzero chekutsvaga kurapwa kwevanhurume vese (1-3) nevakadzi (4. Zviratidzo zvinonyanya kutaurwa zveCBB nguva yekushandiswa inopedza kuona zvinonyadzisira (zvakanyanya paInternet) uye kuita bonhora zvakanyanya (5-7. Mamwe mararamiro akataurwa anosanganisira kugona kurara nevanhukadzi, bonde risingazivikanwe, uye kushandiswa kwevakabhadhara mabasa epabonde.8).
Huwandu hwezvidzidzo pa CSB hwawedzera zvakanyanya mukati memakore gumi apfuura (9, 10) uye iyo World Health Organisation (WHO) inosanganisira CSB sechisimba chekuda kudzora chirwere (11) mune chirevo chayo chinotevera ICD-11 (12. Zvinoenderana nemaitiro akachekwa (akafanana chaizvo neavo akambofungidzirwa naKafka (6), isu tinogona kuziva CSB Disorder kana zviratidzo zvinotevera zvicherechedzwa pane imwe nguva yakati wandei 6 mwedzi:
1. Nguva yakawandisa yakashandiswa mukufungidzira zvebonde, kukurudzira, kana maitiro zvinodzokororazve zvinokosha (zvisiri zvebonde) zvinangwa, zviitwa, nezvisungo, kureva., Kuona zvinonyadzisira kwave kufarira pakati pehupenyu hwako, kuitira kuti mabasa emhuri kana zvisungo zvebasa vanoregeredzwa;
2. Icho chinyorwa chinodzokorora kakawanda muzviitiko zvebonde izvi mukupindura kune dysphoric yemafungiro ehurukuro, kureva., Zvepabonde rave zano rakaomarara rekudzora mhemo;
3. Uye / kana kupindura mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshungurudza; semuenzaniso, panguva dzinoshungurudza zviitiko kubasa;
4. Zvisinei nekudzokorora kuyedza, chinyorwa chinotadza kudzora kana zvakanyanya kudzikisira zviitwa zvebonde izvi, kureva, nyaya yacho inoita yakawanda isina kubudirira kuyedza kudzikamisa zviitiko zvine dambudziko, asi zvinoramba zvichitadza kutonga pamusoro payo mushure memazuva mashoma;
5. Chinyorwa chinoenderera mberi zviitwa zvepabonde izvi kunyangwe paine njodzi yekukuvara kana kurova muviri kune vamwe kana vamwe, sekuti, kuita zvevatano kakawanda zvisinei nemhedzisiro yakakura kune hukama (semuenzaniso, kuputsa-up) kana kutyisidzira kwekurasikirwa nebasa.
Kuwedzeredza uye kuwanda kwezviitwa zvepabonde izvi zvinotungamira pakurwadziwa kwakanyanya kana kusagadzikana mune zvakakosha zvehupenyu uye hazvigume kubva pakushandisa zvinhu zvisiri izvo (semuenzaniso, kushandisa zvisina kunaka zvinodhaka kana mushonga), chirwere chebipolar, kana paraphilia.
Maitiro eVentral Striatal Activation Zvinoenderana nePfungwa dzeMagariro eVakapindwa muropa
Imwe yematunhu akakosha ehuropi akabatanidzwa mukupindwa muropa ndiyo mubairo wehumwe hunobatanidza nouropi hwakafanana nenzvimbo inowanikwa munzvimbo (imwe yematunhu anogadzira dopamine muuropi) neiyo ventral striatum, mesocortical nzira, uye cerebral cortex. and Mediof Pambal cortex (13-16. Anatomically, iyo ventral striatum iri muvanhu uye isiri yevanhu primates inosanganisira iyo nucleus inounganidza, iyo nzvimbo iri pakati peiyo caudate nucleus uye ventral putamen kune rostral yomukati kaputuru, iyo yeaccountory tubercle, uye chikamu che rostrolateral nzvimbo yepamberi yakarongedzwa nzvimbo yakatarisana neiyo inotevera yeeforati yekuita. (17, 18. Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvehunhu hwevanhu zvinoratidzira kuti iyo ventral striatum inosanganisira iyo nucleus accumbens uye nzvimbo yakakura ye medial caudate nucleus uye rostroventral putamen (19).
Iyo ventral striatum inogamuchira cortical input kubva kune orbital frontal cortex uye anterior cingrate cortex mukuwedzera kune dopaminergic poda kubva kumukati wepakati. Iwo mudunhu ma projekiti anobuditsa kune ventral pallidum uye kune nzvimbo yepadreal tegmental, iyo projekiti inoburitsa yakadzokera kumashure kwepamberi cortex kuburikidza medial dorsal nucleus ye thalamus. Dunhu iri chikamu chakakosha checortico-basal ganglia system (19. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeetaneti iyi dzinotamba mhando dzakasiyana mune dzakadai zvekugadzirisa mubairo sekukurudzira uye mafaro ehedonic (20, 21. Iyo ventral striatum (kunyanya iyo nucleus inounganidza) ingangodaro yakanyanyo kudzidza nzvimbo yehuropi mune mamiriro ekugadzirisa mubairo (22, 23), kuratidza activation panguva yekufungidzira uye kugamuchira kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemubayiro (24, 25).
Pazvizhinji zvezvidimbu zvekupindwa muropa izvo zvinonakidza, pano, tinoda kutarisa nezvezviri zviviri zvinobvumira kufungidzira kwakajeka pamusoro pezvemukati mekutamisa activation uye chinongedzo chayo kune hunhu hwekupindwa muropa: Chipfungwa chekusimbisa chirevo [IST, (26-28)] uye Mubayiro Kushaikwa Syndrome [RDS; (29, 30)].
Iyo Incentive Salience Theory dhizaini, yakakurudzirwa naRobinson uye Berridge (28), inosiyanisa pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvehunhu hunosimudzirwa- “kuda” uye “kuda.” ruzivo kukosha kwemubairo, kazhinji kunotakurwa nemamiriro asingakonzerese akadai sekushandiswa kwema heroine; kune rimwe divi, "kuda" kune hukama ne inotarisirwa kukosha kwemubairo, kazhinji kunotakurwa nemamiriro ezvinhu anokurudzira (semuenzaniso, kuvepo kwevanhu avo munhu avanoshandisa zvinodhaka). Zvidzidzo pamusoro pechinwiwa uye kubhejera kupindwa muropa zvinoratidza kuti yakadzidza mamiriro ekukurudzira (inonzi saka Cues) ine chekuita nekudzvinyirira inowedzera mhinduro muiyo ventral striatum pamwe neiyo inowedzera kukurudzira maitiro (inoratidzwa nenguva pfupi yekuita) pakati pevanhu vakapindwa muropa, nepo mhinduro kumubayiro wega zvinoramba zvisina kuchinja kana kuenda nekupokana nekufamba kwenguva (26, 31. Nekudaro, sekureva kwe IST, kana CSB ichishungurudzika yakagovana neural michina, vakapinda muropa, isu tinofanirwa kuona mhinduro yakawedzera yeropa-inokonzeresa (BOLD) muProral striatum yakanangana nemitezo inoratidza kusavimbika / mubayiro, inoteverwa nekukurudzira kwakanyanya kuwana iwo (akayerwa seapfupi RTs) pakati pevanhu vane CSB kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe cheni dzinofungidzira dzimwe mhando dzekukurudzira dzinopa mubayiro.
Iyo Reward Defence Syndrome dzidziso (29, 30) posits yekuti vanhu vane hunhu hwekuzvibata vane hushomeka pakutsvaga huropi mubairo nzira, zvichikonzera kusingaperi hypoactivation yemaseketi uye zvinofungidzirwa kudzikisira ruzivo runonakidza kubva pamubairo. Maitiro ekurwisa, akadai sekushandisa zvinodhaka kana kubhejera, anotangwa kuti abhadhare kushomeka kwemubairo uyu uye kukurudzira mubairo wehuropi wedunhu (32. Maererano neRSS, kana boka revanhu vane CSB rakafanana nezvidzidzo zvine zvinodhaka uye kupindwa muropa nokubhejera, kupfuura isu tinofanira kuona kwakadzikira mashandiro ekunze mubato reCBB achipindura kungwara uye panguva yemubhadharo mashandiro kana uchienzaniswa neane hutano hunodzora.
Usati wakurukura mhinduro dzezvidzidzo zvakaburitswa, zvakakodzera kutaura kuti maererano nekunzwisisa kwedu, IST neRSS hazvipokane, asi zvinowedzeresa, nzira dzinosvika. Zvinogona kuita kunge zvisingabvumirwe sezvo IST inofungidzira kuwedzera mashandiro emagetsi ehukama kwema cti ane hukama nemubhadharo / bonde mubairo, nepo RDS ichidudzira yakadzikira mashandiro ekunze kwekuita kwema cites akadaro kune CSB vanhu kana vachienzaniswa nehutano hutongi. Asi kuitira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani, tinofanirwa kutora mavambo ezviro zvese zviri muchinyorwa. RDS inotsanangudza yakazvarwa, genetically-yakatemwa tsika yekuvandudza mitunhu yemubhadharo. Danho reRSS rinoenderana nehunhu uhu mune chairo genate change, kunze nekuti pane kupindwa muropa, pakubata kwavo kwakabatana nekuchinja kusiri kwakananga (20, 30, 33. Kune rimwe divi, IST inofungidzira kuti kukurudzira kusavimbika kwemamwe marudzi emakonzo kunogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza neyakajairika mamiriro uye kudzidza maitiro; zvisinei, pane vanhu vane imwe chaiyo phenotype [semuenzaniso, masaini-trackers: mhuka dzinowanzoita kukurumidza kudzidza kwemaitiro anofungidzira emubairo (34, 35)], iyi yekudzidza nzira inogona kukurumidza.
Naizvozvo, tinogona kufungidzira kuti vamwe vanhu vane phenotype yakatsanangurwa neRDS vakaita hunyengeri hwemhando ipi neipi yemubairo uye yavo inosanganisirwa cues, uye vanopa neakadzika mashandiro eiyo ventral striatum kana ichienzaniswa nevanhu vazhinji. Zvisinei, panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vanhu vamwe chete ava vakadzidza kuti mamwe marudzi ezvekurudziro kana zvinhu zvinovapa iwo mufaro mukuru -saka, zvese zvirevo zvine chekuita neakakura-anokurudzira kukurudzira anowana hunyanzvi hwekukurudzira, pamamiriro ezvinhu (sezvakatsanangurwa muIT) . Kune idzi dzakatarwa cues, boka iri ventral striatum inogona kuve yakamisikidzwa kupfuura kana ichienzaniswa neyakajairika huwandu uye kana ichienzaniswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinyorwa. Neichi chirevo, isu tinotarisira kuongorora iripo neuroimaging dhata pane ventral striatal activations muCSB.
Kana CSB iine hukama ne IST chete, saka isu tinofanirwa kuwana zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza yakawedzerwa mashandiro ekunze panguva yekumirira kukurudzira kunogumbura pakati pevanhu vane CSB zvichienzaniswa nehutano hwakanaka. Kana CSB iine hukama neRSS, saka tinofanira kuona zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kudzikira kwemabasa ekudzokorora kune chero rudzi rwemubayiro pakati pezvidzidzo zveCBB kana tichienzaniswa neane hutano hunodzora, uye pamwe nekudaro kudzikazve kweiyo ventral striatum panguva yekutarisira kwemubairo. naizvo.
nzira
Nechinangwa chekuongorora uku, takatsvaga dhatabhesi paGoogle Scholar, Pubmed, uye EBSCO mapepa esainzi akaburitswa mumagazini ezvekutarisirwa (zvisingabatanidzwi nemusangano) pakati paNdira 1, 2005 naFebruary 22, 2018. Isu takangobatanidza zvinyorwa zvinoshandisa functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), sezvo isu tichifarira Mhinduro YEMADZIMA yeiyo ventral striatum uye taisanganisira mazwi akadai sekumanikidza kuita zvepabonde, zvinonyadzisira, kupindwa muropa nebonde, hypersexourse, hypersexual kusagadzikana, zvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye internet zvinonyadzisira kupindwa muropa. Kutsvaga kwakaitwa musi waFebruary 22 naFebruary 25, 2018. Isu takangobatanidza zvinyorwa zvakabudiswa muChirungu. Isu tawana zvinyorwa zvipfumbamwe zvakasangana neyavo yekutsvaga nzira (Tafura 1), vatanhatu vacho vakanyatsoongorora mashandiro evaiti panguva yekuita tsvina kana yekupa mubairo zvisizvo.36-42. Kuverengerwa uye / kana kusaridzwa kweezvinyorwa zvese zvakanyorwa zvaikurukurwa nevatongi vaviri. Sezvo huwandu hwese hwekushambadzira hwaive mapfumbamwe (uye manomwe achiburitsa chero mhedzisiro ine chekuita neiyo ventral striatum), hatina kusarudza zvidzidzo zvichienderana nenzira dzekuongororwa kweCBB; saka, isu tinotsanangura nzira dzakashandiswa dzinoshandiswa kuzviisa muzvikamu muTafura 1.
Tafura 1. Tsvaga zvinyorwa pa CSB kana zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa uchishandisa functional resonance imaging.
Ongororo yeDzidziso iripo paVentral Striatal Activations mu CSB
Kutanga, isu tichakurukura zvidzidzo zvakananga kugadzirisa cue uye mubayiro kugadzirisa. Pakati pezvidzidzo zvinomwe zvichiratidzira masangano anoshanda zvisina tsarukano kana mibairo, maviri akaitiswa pane vepasi-kiriniki vanhu [vanogara vachiona zvinonyadzisira; (38, 39) kusazadzisa maitiro eSCB] uye mashanu akasara akaitiswa pakiriniki vanhu vachizadzisa maitiro eCBB [ingava zvidzidzo izvo zvaivapo neiyo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeCBB (37, 40-42) kana vanhu vanotsvaga kurapwa zvakanangana nedambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (36)]. Zvidzidzo zviviri zvakaitiswa pachivanhu chimwechete (37, 42. Zvese zvidzidzo zvakashandisa mifananidzo inonyadzisa, asi imwe yaishandisa zvinyadzo vhidhiyo (37. MuKühn naGallinat (38), Seok naSohn (40), uye Banca et al. (42), vanyori vakafananidza ventral striatal reactivity pakati pemifananidzo isina kunaka uye isina kwazvakarerekera, muVoon et al. (37), pakati pemavhidhiyo akajeka uye anonakidza, muBrand et al. (39), pakati pezvinodiwa uye zvisina-kufarira erotic mifananidzo, uye muna Gola et al. (36) pakati pemifananidzo isingaiti uye mibairo yemari uye pakati pezvinhu zvinofungidzira zvemifananidzo isina kunaka uye nekuwana mari.
hurukuro
Kufunga iro rakaperera kwazvo boka rekuyedza kushambadzira (zvinomwe) kushuma activation yecyral striatum panguva yekugadziriswa kweiyo erotic uye isina-erotic kukurudzira mune vanhu vanosangana nemaitiro eCBB kana mune sub-kiriniki vanhu, kuwana chero mhedzisiro yakasimba panguva ino ingave nguva isati yasvika. Nekudaro, isu tinoda kutanga kukurukura zvawanikwa zviripo, tobva tavimbisa kududzira kwavo muchimiro che IST neye RDS theories.
Pakati pevasiri kushandisa dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira, hukama hwakashata pakati pekurudyi striatum (zvakanyatso caudate) vhoriyamu uye frequency yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira yakaonekwa (38. Ongororo imwechete iyi yakataura zvakare kusabatana kwakaringana pakati pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye kuita zvekare kweiyo kuruboshwe kuruboshwe panguva yekuita zvepabonde kutarisa. Neimwe nzira, Voon et al. (37) yakaratidza kuti varume vanosangana CSB maitiro (6) zvichienzaniswa nevaya vasina CSB, yakaratidza kuwedzera kwenyaya zvekare kwevhidhiyo dzinoratidza zvepabonde. Zvinofadza, varwere veCBB vanoona mavhidhiyo anonakidza (kureva, mharidzo dzemitambo yakawandisa) yakaratidza kudzikiswa kwakaderera muiyo ventral striatum kana ichienzaniswa nekudzora (37. Seok naSohn (40) yakaratidza yakakwenenzverwa kumusoro kweyekuruboshwe caudate nucleus mukupindura zvisina kunaka mifananidzo iri CSB boka kana ichienzaniswa nekudzora uye kuderera activation kwematongerwo enyika mifananidzo kuruboshwe caudate nucleus. Brand et al. (39), zvakafanana neVoon et al. (37), yakaratidza mhinduro dzakawedzerwa dzeBOLD muiyo ventral striatum mukupindura mifananidzo yekuda zvepabonde kana ichienzaniswa nevasina kufarirwa, uye kuti chiitiko ichi chakanyatsoenderana nezviwanikwa paInternet Kuwedzerwa Kwakaedzwa Test Inoshandurwa paCybersex mune yepasi kiriniki vanhu (39. Chidzidzo chechishanu (36) yakashandisa imwe paradigm kusiyana neayo mana akambokurukurwa. Panzvimbo pekungoburitsa mhando dzakasiyana dzekukurudzira (semuenzaniso, zvisingaiti, zvinonakidza, kana zvematongerwo enyika mifananidzo), chidzidzo ichi chakashandisa shanduko yeinokurudzira kukurudzira basa, iro basa raimboshandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekukanganisa kubhejera (46. Iri basa rine maviri akakosha zvivakwa: (1) ino disentangles cue- uye mubayiro-inoenderana nhanho inoenderana nekufungidzira uye mhedzisiro, uye (2) inopa mukana wekufananidza "kupindirana-kupindirana-kupokana" kukurudzira (mune iyi nyaya, erotic mifananidzo ) nemumwe mubairo une simba (mari inowana). Muchidzidzo ichi, varume vane uye vasina CSB vakasiyana mukupindura kwavo kwakasimba kune tsika dzinofanotaura mifananidzo inonyepedzera, asi kwete mukupindura kwavo kune mifananidzo inodadisa. Zvinyorwa zveCBB kana zvichienzaniswa nekudzora zvinyorwa zvakaratidza kuwedzera kwemaitiro ecyral striatum zvakanyatsoita cices kufembera mifananidzo isina kunaka, asi kwete yemacustoms ekufungidzira mari inowana. Kunzwisisika kwehukama hwetsika dzekufanotaura mifananidzo inodzvinyirira zvichisanganiswa nekuwanikwa kwehukama hwekuona mifananidzo yakaipa (inoratidza "yakakwirira" kuda), kuomarara kweCBB, huwandu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira vhiki nevhiki, uye huwandu hwemitambo yevhiki. Kunze kwekunge Kühn naGallinat (38), zvimwe zvakawongororwa zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuwedzera kwekunzwa kungave kunogumburisa (37, 39) kana kunzira dzinofungidzira zvisizvo zvinokurudzira (36) pakati pevanhu vane uwandu hwepamusoro mu CSB.
Yezvimwe zvidzidzo zvisinganyatsoenderana necue kana mubayiro kugadzirisa, Banca et al. yakaratidza yakaderera ventral striatal activation pakati peCBB zvidzidzo kana ichienzaniswa nekudzora semhinduro yekushomeka kweanogutsa kana yemari mubairo mune yekugadzirisa basa (42. Klucken et al. (41) yakaratidza yakaderera kubatanidza pakati peiyo ventral striatum uye prefrontal cortex mu CSB vs. kutonga boka panguva yekutarisira mamiriro [mune rimwe basa rakafanana neBanca et al. (42)].
mhedziso
Kana isu tikanyatsotarisa pane ventral striatum chiitiko mune zvese zvataurwa pamusoro apa, ipapo schema inowirirana yemigumisiro inobuda: mifananidzo inofarira yeerotic (39), mavhidhiyo akajeka (37),36) simudzira simba rakasimba rekunze kushinha kupfuura mamwe marudzi ekukurudzira pakati pevanhu vane CSB (kana vanowanzoshandisa zvinonyadzisira) kana vachienzaniswa nezvinodzora. Data yakapihwa naKühn naGallinat (38) uye inounganidzwa kubva kune isiri-yekiriniki sampu zvakare inopa yakaderera ventral striatum volumetry pakati pevanhu vane hutano vanoshandisa zvimwe zvinonyadzisira; zvisinei, zvichangobva kuwanikwa (47) usatendise uyu musiyano wecyral striatum vhoriyamu pakati pevanhu vanosangana CSB maitiro uye zvinodzora. Kubva pari zvino, hapana kudzidza pane musangano wevanhu CSB maitiro, kuyedza BOLD mhinduro dzezvinotyisa kukurudzira, uye kuongorora volumetric shanduko panguva imwe chete, saka chero fungidziro pahukama hwepakati kushamisika uye kuita zvekare kungave kwekukasira panguva ino.
Consistency Iine Mubayiro Kushaikwa Syndrome
Kuongorora zvakaburitswa mhinduro muchiedza cheRSS, tinofanirwa kutarisa mutsauko weiyo ventral striatal activation pakati peCBB (kana sub-kiriniki yenhamba) nemapoka anotonga. RDS inofanofungidzira hypoactivation yekupa mubayiro kukurudzira uye maitiro anofanotaura kukurudzira kwakadaro pakati peboka. Hapana pakati pezvidzidzo zvina zvinowongorora basa rezvekuita zvinogumbura (36-39) inoratidza hypoactivation yakadaro mune yekuita zvinogumbura. Nekudaro, muVoon et al. (37), iyo CSB boka kana ichienzaniswa nezvinodzora zvinoratidzira hypoactivation ye ventral striatum yekusiri-erotic inonakidza kukurudzira [muSeok naSohn (40), pane inoonekwa hypoactivation muCBB vanhu kana ichienzaniswa nemabatiro ezvematongerwo enyika kukurudzira]. Mhedzisiro mhedzisiro inoratidzwa muGola et al. (36) uko pasina mutsauko muBON kupindurwa kwemari yemari pakati peCSB nematare ekutonga. Tatu (36, 38, 39) kubva pazvidzidzo zvina zviripo vanotaura zvakajeka vachipokana nekufungidzira kwakavakirwa pane iyo RDS. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuchengeta mupfungwa mutsauko uripo pakati pemapoka muzvidzidzo izvi. Ndichiri muVoon et al. (37), zvidzidzo zvakasangana neCBB maitiro zvakaratidza akasiyana ematambudziko ehupombwe, muGola et al. (36) vanhu vese vakasangana neCBB nzira yakapihwa nedambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira sedambudziko rakakura. Saizvozvo, mune mbiri (38, 39) zvimwe zvidzidzo zve sub-kiriniki vanhu, ventral striatal activation uye volumetry yakarongedzwa nehuwandu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Iko hakuna data yakakwana yekuumba chero mhedziso dzakasimba, asi mamwe hypothesis yezvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi inogona kuumbwa.
Kubva pane zvatiri kuona, zvakakodzera kuti tiongorore kuti CSB inogona kusiyaniswa kuva miviri subtypes inoratidzwa ne: (1) inotungamira yehukama hunhu hwekuita zvepabonde, uye (2) inowanzoita zvepabonde maitiro uye kuona zvinonyadzisira (48, 49. Zvichibva pane yakawanikwa yekuwanwa doro, imwe yeiyi subtypes inogona kuve neyakasiyana genotypes uye maitiro ecyral striatal activation yemakonzo uye mibairo (50, 51. Isu tinokumbira kuti tiongorore muzvidzidzo zvinozoita kana subtype yakatsanangurwa nemaitiro emunhukadzi ekuita zvepabonde anogona kuratidzwa nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwekutsvagika kwekutsvaga uye ventral striatal hypoactivity sezvakatsanangurwa neRSS, nepo subtype ine chekuita nedambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira kuona uye kuita zvepabonde kwega kunogona kuratidzwa. pachinzvimbo nekuwedzera kwembiri-striatal reactivity yeiyo erotic cities uye mibairo pasina hypoactivation yemitunhu yemubairo
Kubatana neIchovhairo cheSalience Mufungo
Maererano neIST, zvidzidza zvinodzidziswa (zvine mamiriro ekukurudzira) zvine chekuita nekudzvinyirira zvinowedzera mhinduro muiyo ventral striatum uye kumutsa yakawedzera hunhu hunhu (kureva, nguva pfupi yekuita uye kukwira kwakanyanya) pakati pevanhu vakapindwa muropa, nepo mhinduro kumubayiro wega uchiramba usina kuchinjika kana kuitika. kupfuuridza nguva (26, 31. Saka, sekureva kweITT, kana CSB ikagoverana maitiro nehurombo, isu tinofanirwa kuona mhinduro yakawedzera YEMABHORAI mune iyo ventral striatum zvakanyatsoitirwa cits kuratidza chiratidzo chisina kujairika / zvepabonde mubayiro pakati pevanhu vane CSB kana tichienzanisa nehutano hutongi uye kana tichienzanisa nekuita kwezvinhu zvinofanotaura. mimwe mibayiro.
Kuverenga rimwe nerimwe rakabudiswa (36-39) zvakasiyana, imwe inogona kuunganidza kuti data rese rinogaro ratidza maratidziro akagadziridzwa ne IST, kureva, kukwirira kwakakwirira kweanogumbura kukurudzira. Asi mubvunzo mumwe unokosha zvikuru unomuka: Ungadudzira sei izvi zvinogumbura zvinokurudzira murabhoritari setup? Kana munhu akafungidzira kuti foto inovhara kana vhidhiyo inotamba, saka yakawedzera mashandiro ehukama pakati pezvidzidzo neCBB (mukuenzanisa nemirairo) angataura achifarira kupindwa muropa kwekufungidzira. Nekudaro, kana mumwe achifungidzira kuti zvinokurudzira zvinokurudzira zvinotora chikamu chemubairo, saka izvi zvawanikwa hazvitsigiri fungidziro inoumbwa muIST musimboti. Kubva pamaonero edu, [kune rumwe ruzivo, ona Gola et al. (9)] muhupenyu chaihwo hwakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu, anoonekwa ezvepabonde kukurudzira akadai kunge asina kupfeka muviri wemunhu anokwezvwa nemumwe wake anowedzera kurara pabonde uye zvinotungamira kusvika kune maitiro ekutanga edhisiki yekuita zvepabonde uye kupera ne orgasm (52. Muchiitiko ichi, isu tinopokana kuti zvepabonde zvinokurudzira izvo zvinotora cue (ine mamiriro ekukurudzira), nepo orgasm ichitamba (yepakati) mubairo (usina mamiriro unokurudzira). Izvi zvinogona kunge zvirizvo kunyanya kune hutano hunodzora uye zve CSB zvidzidzo zvine hunhu hwakanyanya hwekuita zvepabonde.
Kufunga kwedu kwakafanana kune dzakawanda zviitiko zvewega zvepabonde zviitiko, kunyanya kune hutano zvidzidzo. Mazhinji anowanzoonekwa ekuita zvepabonde kukurudzira emavhidhiyo ezvinyadzo kana mapikicha (nyaya), ayo anowedzera kuita bonde nekumuka kuita bonhora ichipera ne orgasm (mubairo). Asi mukutsvagisa (9), isu tinoona zvinotevera: (1) vanhu vanonakidzwa nepo vachitarisa mifananidzo isina kunaka uye mavhidhiyo, pamwe achiperekedzwa nehutachiona hwekuita; (2) yavo mibairo-inoenderana nehuropi basa ino pindirana neizvi zvinofadza manzwiro mukupindura kunoona kwepabonde kukurudzira; (3) ivo vanoda kushanda nesimba kuti vaone izvi zvinosimudzira, zvakafanana nezvimwe zvinopa mubayiro, semari; uye (4) isu tinoona zvakare mamiriro emakonzo anofungidzira nezvekukurudzira kwepabonde. Nekudaro, isu tinoti izvo zvinoratidzwa zvepabonde zvinosimudzira zvinogona kuve nerubatsiro rwekubatsira uye, kuti mune yerabhoritari setup [senge mukufunda (36)], inogona kutamba chikamu chemubairo. Kune CSB vanhu vane hunhu hwakakura hwekuzviona uye kuona zvinonyadzisira, izvi zvinogona zvakare kuvewo muhupenyu chaihwo zviitiko, sezvo vazhinji vavo vachirondedzera zvinonyadzisira mabheti mune iyo orgasm ichinonoka kunonoka kuchengetedza maawa emafaro ekuona zvinonyadzisira.2. Naizvozvo, sekufunga kwedu, mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zviripo inotsigira fungidziro yeIST uye inoratidza kana kuwedzera kwechechi kwechekuita kwezvekuita zvisiri izvo [izvo zvinogona kutamba chinzvimbo checue yekuzotevera yebonde.37, 39)] kana yematare anofanotaura mifananidzo yakaipa, iyo per se inopa mubayiro (36).
Zvakafanana kune Substance Shandisa uye Kubhejera Disorder
Dzakanyanya meta-ongororo (32) yezvidzidzo zve25 pane mashandiro ekushomeka kwezvinodhaka mune zvekupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka uye zvekurapa kubhejera zvinoratidza kuti panguva yekufungidzirwa kwemubhadharo (kufananidzira cue), vanhu vane zvinodhaka uye kupindwa muropa nokubhejera kwakaratidza kudzikira kwekuita nekuenzaniswa nehutano hwakanaka hwevanhu. Munguva yemubhadharo mhedzisiro, vanhu vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka vanoratidza kuwedzera kwechiitiko mukati meiyo ventral striatum, nepo vanhu vakapindwa muropa nokubhejera vairatidza kudzikiswa kweiyo dorsal striatum kana vachienzaniswa nehutano hwakanaka vanhu vanodzora. Sekureva kwevanyori, striatal hypoactivation mune vanhu vanopindwa muropa panguva yekufungidzira kwemubayiro uye mune vanhu vane kupindwa muropa nekubhejera panguva yemubairo unoenderana neye RDS dzidziso yekupindwa muropa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti dzese dzedzidzo dzakabatanidzwa mune ino meta-kuongorora dzaishandisa mari yekurudzira; saka, yakatsanangurwa mafambiro ekudzokorora kwetsika uye mibairo yaive isiri iyo yekureva zvimwe zvinodhaka zvine chekuita nehurombo. Icho chete chidzidzo chine CSB zvidzidzo-izvo zvinogona kutaridzwa zvakananga nezvidzidzo zvakaongororwa muLuijten et al. (32) -Ana Gola et al. (36), iyo inoshandisa iyo mari yekukurudzira inononoka basa. Pano, hapana hypoactivation ye ventral striatum mu CSB (ichienzaniswa nemadhirowa) yakaonekwa. Isu tinoona kudiwa kwekuitisa zvidzidzo tichienzanisa CSB vanhu vane huwandu hwevanhu vakapindwa muropa nezvinhu kana kubhejera vachishandisa mabasa akajairika senge mari yekukurudzira kunonoka basa kuti uongorore zvakananga kufanana uye mutsauko pakati peCBB uye kupindwa muropa nerevo mucena.
Nhepfenyuro uye Mazano Anotevera
Kuwanda kwezvidzidzo zviripo kuCBB (uye pasi-kliniki yevanhu vanoita zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa vashandi) iri kuramba ichiwedzera. Pakati pezvino zvidzidzo zviripo, takakwanisa kuwana mapfumbamwe mabhuku (Tafura 1) iyo inoshandiswa kushanda magnetic resonance imaging. Ndivana chete chete ava (36-39) yakatsvakurudza zvakananga kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvemashoko uye / kana mibairo uye zvakasarudzwa zvakawanikwa ne ventral striatum activations. Zvidzidzo zvitatu zvinoratidza kuwedzera kwechirwere chinokonzera kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa matambudziko (36-39) kana cues kufungidzira kusarura kwakadaro (36-39. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinoenderana neITT (28), chimwe chezvinyorwa zvakakosha zvikuru zvinotsanangura uropi huchishanda mukudhakwa. Iro chete rubatsiro rweimwe gadziriro yezvidzidzo inofanotaura kuchenesa kwezvenhare striatum mukurwisa, RDS nheyo (29, 30), inouya zvishoma kubva pane imwe dzidzo (37), uko vanhu vane CSB vakaratidza kushandiswa kwemasimba ekurambidza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinonakidza kana zvichienzaniswa nekutonga.
Mamiriro azvino e data anotibvumidza kufunga kuti CSB ine chekuita nekuwedzera kweshoko rekunze reactivity nekuda kweanogumbura mhemberero uye zvikonzero zvinofungidzira nezvekukurudzira kwakadaro. Nekudaro, mibvunzo yakawanda yakakosha inobvumira kuenzaniswa kwakananga nezvipfeko zvekupindwa muropa uye kubhejera kwepfungwa zvinoramba zvisina kudzikiswa. Isu tinoona kudikanwa kwezvidzidzo kuenzanisa zvakananga CSB vanhu vane huwandu hwevanhu vakapindwa muropa nezvinhu (kuratidza kufembera kwakavakirwa pamusoro peRSS) pamwe nebasa rakawanda rekuedza pakubata uye kuripira mubayiro muCBB (kuitira kuti uonezve kufembera kwakavakirwa IST). Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirawo kuyedza kudzora kuitira mapatani makuru e CSB (semuenzaniso, yega, pamwe nehukama hwepabonde).
Isu tinoda zvakare kuziva kuti iyo ventral striatum inongova nzvimbo imwechete yehuropi ine hukama nekugadziriswa kwemubhadharo uye kudzidza, uye kuti mufananidzo wakaomesesa weCBB unogona kuunzwa kana isu tichigona kubatanidza ruzivo pane zvese zvehuropi basa.
Nokuremara
Kuongorora kwedu kune zvine parutivi zvine hushoma hushoma hwe fMRI research nevarwere veCBB. Nekuda kwekushomeka uku, takaedza kubatanidza zvese zvidzidzo, kunyangwe paine mutsauko pachena munzira dzekuongorora, uye maitiro avanoreva (ona Tafura 1), chii chinoguma chisina-homo native samples. Kechipiri, isu takatora kududzirwa kwakawanda kweiyo ventral striatum, kusanganisira nharaunda yakakura ye medial caudate nucleus uye rostroventral putamen ine nucleus accumbens (19. Isu tinoshuvira kuti huwandu hwehuchapupu hunowedzera huchabvumidza kutarisisa kwakanyanya mune ramangwana.
Munyori Mipiro
Vose vanyori vakarondedzerwa vakaita sangano guru, rakananga uye rakangwara kune basa, uye vakaibvuma kuti ribudiswe.
Mari
Vanyori veichi manyoro akatsigirwa nePolish National Science Center, OPUS mvumo, nhamba 2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792 (MG) uye PRELUDIUM rubvumirano yenhamba 2016 / 23 / N / HS6 / 02906 (MD).
Kurwisana kweShoko Nyaya
Vanyori vanotaura kuti kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa mukusabatwa kweukama hwekutengeserana kana hwezvemari hunogona kunzi sekugona kukakavara kwechido.
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Mazwi akakosha: maitiro ekumanikidza ekuita zvepabonde, dambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, hypersexourse, ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens
Kuchenjera: Gola M uye Draps M (2018) Ventral Striatal Reaciture muCompulsive Behaviors. Front. Psychiatry 9: 546. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00546
Yakagamuchirwa: 15 Kubvumbi 2018; Yakagamuchirwa: 12 Gumiguru 2018;
Yakabudiswa: 14 November 2018.
Rakapepetwa:
Jung-Seok Choi, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, South Korea
Akaongororwa nevanhu:
Chantal Martin Soelch, Université de Friborg, Switzerland
Elisabet Jerlhag, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Copyright © 2018 Gola uye Draps. Ichi chinyorwa-chekuvhura-kuwana chinyorwa chakagoverwa pasi pematemiro Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Iko kushandiswa, kugovera kana kubereka zvakare mune mamwe maforamu anotenderwa, chero munyori wepakutanga (muridzi) uye muridzi (iye) muridzi wekopi akabvumidzwa uye zvakaburitswa mukutanga kwebhuku iri muchinyorwa ichi, zvinoenderana negwara rekudzidza. Hapana kushandiswa, kugovera kana kubereka zvakare zvinotenderwa izvo zvisingaenderane nematemu aya.
* Kukurukurirana: Mateusz Gola, [email inodzivirirwa]
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