Front Psychiatry. 2017 Sep 29; 8: 185. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00185. eCollection 2017.
inahaneloang
Ho na le lipalo tse ntseng li eketseha tsa boithuto ba sebopeho sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ho tsoa ho sebapali sa inthanete (IGD). Boithuto ba morao-rao ba maiketsetso ba mahlale a morao-rao bo bonts'itse hore bacha ba IGD le batho ba baholo ba fokotse boholo ba litaba tsa grey libakeng tse amanang le tšebetso ea taolo ea motor motor management. Bacha ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse litekanyetso tsa botšepehi tse tlase tse tšoeu (WM) libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko tse amehang ho nkeng liqeto, boitšoaro le taolo ea maikutlo. Bacha ba IGD le bona ba bile le ts'oenyeho khokahanong e sebetsang ea libaka tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho ithuta mohopolo le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling, pono, maikutlo le somatosensory le phetisetso ea matšoao a maikutlo le a makoloi. Bacha ba IGD le bona ba ne ba fokotsehile khokahano ea tšebetso ea lipotoloho tse tsamaeang le PFC, likhetho tse nkang likotsi, le bokhoni bo sa laoleheng ba ho laola litšusumetso tsa bona tse ts'oanang le mathata a mang a taolo. Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bonts'itse hore mekhoa e fetotsoeng ea taolo e phahameng ea taolo ea khatello ea kelello (ADHD) e ka ba sepheo sa ho nts'etsapele IGD. Kamora nako, bakuli ba nang le IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a khokahano e sebetsang ea libaka tse 'maloa tsa taolo ea taolo e phahameng tse ka amanang le ho hlonama ka ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo. Moetso oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro o pheha khang hore IGD e bonts'a likarolo tsa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ntle le litlamorao tse mpe, tlhekefetso ea ho tlohela, le mamello e khethollang mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Bopaki bo ts'ehetsa mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea IGD ka ho bonts'a liphetoho tsa sebopeho le tšebetso mekhoeng ea moputso le takatso (empa eseng ho ikhula) ho IGD. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo hloka ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa segokanyipalo sa WM le kgokahanyo e sebetsang ho IGD ho netefatsa liphumano tsena. Ntle le moo, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le ho ts'oana ha li-circuits tsa boko le methapo ho IGD le maemo a comorbid a kang ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo.
LINKOTSO: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; monahano oa kelello; dopamine; ts'ebetso ea monahano oa matla a maholo; moputso
PMID: 29033857
PMCID: PMC5626837
DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00185
Selelekela
Lefu La Ho Utloisisa Matsoalo le Brain Imagan of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)
Bothata ba papali ea inthanete bo kenyelletsa ho nahanisisa ho fetelletseng kapa ho laoloa hampe, ho khothaletsa, kapa boitšoaro bo mabapi le papali ea khomphutha le videogame e lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo (1). Moetso oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro o pheha khang hore IGD e bonts'a likarolo tsa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ntle le litlamorao tse mpe, tlhekefetso ea ho tlohela, le mamello e khethollang mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ho na le ngangisano ea hore na IGD ke nako e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka e lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, mohlala, Young o boletse hore IGD ke tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a papali (2, 3) mme ba bang ba khothalelitse hore ke bofokoli ba taolo ea tšusumetso (4) kapa karolo ea bokuli bo hlokisang botsitso5). Khatisong ea bohlano ea Buka ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida (6), IGD e khethollotsoe ho Karolo ea "Brain Activation" e le boemo bo hlokang hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tsa bongaka le boiphihlelo pele ho ka nkoe hore ho kenyelletsoa joalo ka lefu le itseng. Litlhahlobo tse fetileng li hlalositse lithuto tsa kelello tsa IGD (7-12). Ka lebaka la nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea lipatlisiso tsa boko ho IGD, haholoholo lilemong tsa bocha, tlhahlobo ena e tla akaretsa lithuto tsena mme e tla hlalosa likheo tsebong ea rona mabapi le monahano oa bongo oa IGD mme o li hlahise ho fihlela ka la X2017.
Ho PubMed, patlo e ile ea etsoa ka ho sebelisa mantsoe a ho batla “ho lemalla Internet,” “Internet Gaming Disorder,” le “Pathological Internet,” le leng le le leng le ne le kopantsoe le poleloana e 'ngoe ea "monahano oa kelello" kapa "fMRI" kapa " PET ”kapa“ state restingative ”kapa“ qualitative EEG ”e sebelisang khokahano ea" LE. "Nako e ngoe le e 'ngoe ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho be teng ho“ Sehlooho / Tlhatlhobo ”ea sengoloa. Patlo e ile ea fokotsoa ke "Senyesemane" e le puo ea phatlalatso le Letsatsi la phatlalatso ho tloha 2008 ho isa ho la XXUMX. Lithuto feela tse ileng tsa khethoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ke lingoloa tsa lipatlisiso tsa mantlha tse ileng tsa phatlalatsoa likoranteng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka. Patlo e hlahisitse lithuto tse tšoanelehang tsa 2017 tseo 98 e ileng ea khethoa ho kenyeletsa le lithuto tsa 76 tsa naha e phomolang, lithuto tsa 23 tsa khokahanyo e sebetsang, lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea 18, le lithuto tsa 27 tsa pharmacology. Ka tlhokomeliso e akaretsang, tlhahlobisong ena eohle, ha ho etsoa lipapiso tsa sehlopha, ho na le liphapang tse tlalehiloeng lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le lihlopha tsa taolo empa ho se tšoane hona ha ho bolele karolo ea mabaka ea IGD. Phapang ea lihlopha e ka bonts'a lintlha tse rerang pele ho e-na le ho fokotseha ka lebaka la IGD.
Lithuto tsa Brain Imaging tsa Naha e Phomolohang ho IGD
Ts'ebeliso e kholo ea papali ea marang-rang e ne e amana le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea ho phomola libakeng tsa boko tse ikarabellang bakeng sa taolo ea tšusumetso, ts'ebetso ea moputso, le boemeli bo ikhethang ba boiphihlelo ba nakong e fetileng (13). Bacha ba nang le IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a phallo e phahameng ea mali a khoheli ea lefats'e libakeng tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta le ho hopola (amygdala / hippocampus), boipiletso bo matla ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi (insula) ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi le thibelo (14). Batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse ntlafatso ea tikoloho (ReHo) libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo (15, 16) le ho fokotseha ha ReHo libakeng tsa boko tse ikarabellang bakeng sa mesebetsi ea bonono le ea boiqapelo (15). Khokahano pakeng tsa libaka tsena le lobe ea pele e tšehetsa bopaki ba ntlafatso ea litsela tsa moputso (17). Ka bobeli bakuli ba IGD le ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea joala (AUD) bakuli ba ne ba eketsehile ReHo ka posterior cingrate cortex (PCC) sebaka se amanang le tlhokomelo, merero ea nako e tlang, le ho khutlisa mehopolo ea autobiographical, athe ke bakuli ba IGD feela ba neng ba fokotsetse ReHo sebakeng se phahameng sa "temple" sebaka. e amanang le ho sebetsana le pokello ea mantsoe le puo (18). Lintlha tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete li hokahane hantle le ReHo ka kotloloho ea methapo ea methapo, precuneus / PCC, 'me a siea batho ba nang le IGD ka mokhoa o tlase.18). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe mabapi le phapang pakeng tsa IGD le AUD e fanoa ke phuputso ea morao-rao mabapi le mekhoa ea ho phomola ea boemo ba boemo ba elektroencephalography (QEEG) e amanang le IGD le AUD (19). Boithuto bona bo bonts'itse hore matla a beta a tlase a ka sebelisoa e le sesupo sa IGD athe matla a phahameng ka ho fetelletseng sebakeng sa delta e ka ba sesupo sa AUD. Phuputso ena e hlakisa litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa IGD e le tšibollo ea boitšoaro, e fapaneng le AUD, ka ho fana ka bopaki ba methapo ea kutlo. Qetellong, lithuto tsa naha e phomotsang li fana ka bopaki ba pele ba ts'ebetso ea kelello ho IGD empa ntle le thuto e le 'ngoe (18) ba ke ke ba fana ka bopaki mabapi le nts'etsopele ea IGD. Liphetoho tsa sebopeho libakeng tsa boko tse kentsoeng tšebetsong le tšebetsong ea IGD li hloka ho ntlafatsoa pele ho etsoa liqeto.
Boithuto mabapi le Brain's Grey Matter Volume le White Matter (WM) Density
Boithuto ba pele bo bonts'itse bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho ba batho ba baholo ba IGD ho karolo ea ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a ponahalo ea methapo (fMRI) le mehato ena e sa tsamaellaneng hantle le nako ea ho nahana ka mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Cambridge (20). Phuputso ena e sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho etsa liqeto o ka thusang ho hlakisa likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko, ke hore, ho etsa liqeto le liphetoho tsa sebopeho libakeng tsa meputso bokong. Barupeluoa ba nang le IGD le bona ba bile le maemo a tlase a bohloeki (GMD) libakeng tse kenyellelitsoeng ho litakatso le taolo ea boits'oaro ba maikutlo empa ha ho lebaka le ka fokotsoang liphellong tsa thuto ena (21). Tsoelo-pele e bonts'a litaba tse ntseng li eketseha tsa libaka tse amanang le tlhokomelo le kutloano ea makoloi (22). Boithuto hape bo fumane litekanyo tse tlase tsa WM libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko [orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), corpus callosum, cingulate, inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus, le corona radiation, kahare, le ka ntle li-capsules ho bacha ba nang le IGD (23). Barupeluoa ba nang le IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a letsoalo le phahameng la WM thalamus mme PCC le letsoalo le phahameng la WM thalamus le ne le amahanngoa le ho teba ha IGD (24). Barupeluoa ba nang le IGD ba bontsitse molumo oa taba e putsoa libakeng tsa bokong ba pele le ho fokotsa WM ho parahippocampal gyrus le leqhetsoana la sephiri sa kahare (25). Boithuto bona bo bonts'itse kamano e lipakeng tsa lefutso le bosoala ba WM ka bolelele ba nako ea papali ho lekola litlamorao tsa sebapali ho atleng ea WM ea boko. Ho ile ha tlalehoa litaba tsa lefu la Grey libakeng tse amehang taolong ea kelello le taolo ea makoloi mme tsa fokotsa le letsoalo la WM libakeng tse amehang ho raleng le ho laoleng IGD (26). Kamora nako, barupeluoa ba IGD ba ne ba na le GMD e tlase libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ho etsa liqeto, ho thibela boitšoaro le taolo ea maikutlo le ho fokotsa letsoalo la WM sebakeng se ka tlase sa "front" gyrus, insula, amygdala, le anterior cingrate (27). Qetellong, lithuto tsena li bonts'a sephetho sa mantlha sa liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa molumo oa bohlooho le botahoa ba WM ho IGD. Libaka tse feto-fetohang le litaba tse bokhutšoaane ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa IGD li kenyelletsa likamore tsa motlakase, libaka tse tlatselletsang makoloi, cerebellum, insula, le gyrus e tlase ea nakoana.12). Ho na le lithuto tse 'maloa tse bonts'ang libaka tse' maloa tsa boko tse amanang le liphetoho tsa bongata ba WM ho IGD mme ka hona ho na le tlhoko ea lithuto tse tla khethang libaka tseo li neng li amana khafetsa le liphetoho tsa mofuta oa IGD. Ntle le thuto e le 'ngoe (25) e fumaneng setsoalle lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa bohlooho le WM le bolelele ba papali, ha ho lits'itiso ho causality tse ka hoheloang.
Lithuto tsa morao-rao ho Bacha le Bacha ba Bacha
Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bontšitse hore bacha ba nang le IGD ba ne ba e-na le mekhoa e fokolang ea ho ikatisa libakeng tse amanang le tlhokomelo le taolo, taolo ea tšusumetso, ts'ebetso ea makoloi le taolo ea maikutlo (28). Bacha ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho libakeng tse amanang le taolo ea tšebetso ea koloi le ho lemoha (29) liphumano tse tsamaellanang le lithuto tse fumanehang ho IGD (21, 25, 26). Ho feta moo, bophahamo ba molumo oa bohloekisi ba anterior cingrate cortex (ACC) bo amana hantle le liphoso tsa karabelo mosebetsing oa Stroop (29). Bacha ba IGD ba ne ba theotse litaba tsa bohlooho ka pele ho cortex le amygdala tse amanang le Barratt Impulsivity Scale ka hona ba nolofalletsang ho etsa setsoalle lipakeng tsa tšebetso (impulsivity) le sebopeho (taba e putsoa ho OFC le amygdala) (27). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse khatello ea methapo ea WM ho ACC le "dortolateral-pre mbeleal cortex" e nepahetseng, libaka tse amanang le ts'ebetso e kholo joalo ka mosebetsi oa Stroop (30). Ho bapala videogame ho eketsehileng ho ne ho amana le nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea OCF, pallidum, putamen, hippocampus, caudate / putamen insula, le thalamus. Ho feta moo, mehato e phahameng ea ho khetholla libakeng tsa thalamus, hippocampus, putamen, 'me insula e ne e amana le bohlale bo tlase (31). Mehato ena e bonts'a kamano pakeng tsa papali ea videogame, bohlale le nts'etsopele ea bokong empa e sa khone ho etsa inferesere ea mofuta leha e le ofe. Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba ts'ebetso ea WM e fokotsehileng ho cortex ea pele, ACC le pallidum ho IGD (32). Lithuto tsa IGD li ne li boetse li matlafalitse letsoalo la WM hape li fokolitse ho fapana hoa lipampitšana tsa kapele tsa fiber (33). Qetellong, lithuto li hlahlobe liphetoho tse seng li le teng ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD tse hlokang ho phetoa le ho netefatsoa. Ntle le moo, lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a ho hloka tlhompho.
Sheba Letlapa 1 bakeng sa ho phomola lithuto le maemo a sebopeho sa marang-rang le likhathatso tsa lipapali.
Lethathamo 1. Ho khutlisetsa lithuto tsa naha le tsa sebopeho sa taolo ea marang-rang le lipapali.a
Monko o matla oa kotloloho
Boithuto bo lekantseng botenya ba cortical ho fMRI bo senotse liphetho tse hananang tsa ho eketseha le ho fokola ha leqhubu la cortical libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko ho bacha ba nang le IGD (34, 35). Botebo ba cortical ba OCF bo kopantsoe le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng mosebetsing oa "Stroop" oa mebala35). Phapang e teng pakeng tsa lipatlisiso tse peli tse bonts'ang le ho fokotseha ha letheba la cortical ho bonahala e fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho ha li matla ebile li lokela lithuto tse ling.
Ts'ebelisano e Sebetsang
Khokahano e sebetsang naheng ea phomolo
Lithuto tsa pele ho barupeluoa ba IGD li bonts'itse khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa libaka tse amanang le taolo ea kelello, ho sebetsa ha lipontšo, le ho boloka mekhoa ea ho hopola mantsoe ka polelo36). Liphumano tsena li lumellana le mehlala ea hona joale e hatisang karolo ea cortical-subcortical pathology tšebelisong (37). Ho sitisoa ha khokahano e sebetsang ho IGD le hona ho ka ama tšusumetso le moputso. Batho ba tsubang ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itsoeng ba fokotsehile khokahanyo e sebetsang le libaka tsa boko tse kenyelletsang tekong le tebelong ea moputso (38). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba bonts'itse khokahanyo e fokolisitsoeng libakeng tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'ebetso e kholo le khokahano e eketsehang marangrang a boko a sensory-motor (39). Khokahanyo e tlase ea ts'ebetso ho IGD e ammeng marangrang a taolo e kholo (40). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a molumo o eketsehileng oa li-caudate le li-bokellase tsa khutsufatso hammoho le phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea boemo ba phomolo ea dorsal prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) -ho qalang le OCF le li-bokellase tsa nucleus, libaka tse amanang le moputso (41). Impulsivity e boetse e amana hantle le khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, le OCF (42) mme e ne e amana le liphetoho mabapi le likhokahano tsa maoto le matsoho (43). Qetellong, tsena ke lithuto tse 'maloa tse nang le libaka tse fapaneng tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi empa le tse ling tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea kelello ka kakaretso ho hlokahala hore ho etsoe lithuto tse ngata e le hore li ka khetha tse amanang le likarolo tsa boko tse sa amaneng.
Lithuto tsa morao-rao ho Bacha
Ho lumellana le mehlala ea morao-rao e hatisang karolo ea cortical-subcortical pathology bokhobeng, bacha ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebelisano e sebetsang mabapi le liserekisi tsa cortical-subcortical (44). Bacha ba IGD le bona ba bile le ts'oenyeho khokahanong e sebetsang ea libaka tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho ithuta mohopolo le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, ts'ebetso ea likhatiso tse hlahang, tse bonoang, le tse ling tse susumetsang maikutlo le maikutlo a lipontšo tsa maikutlo le tsa makoloi (45). Bacha ba IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e hokahaneng ea li-PFC le li-circuits tsa striatal tse amanang le moputso (46). Bacha ba nang le IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kopanetsoeng ea dorsal putamen e sebetsang le posterior insula-parietal operculum (47). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba bile le likhahla tse ngata tsa dorsal striatum (caudate) le ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) (48). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebetso pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea kahare ea libaka le libaka tse kenyellelitsoeng ho bohloka, ho lakatsa, ho itlhokomela le ho tsotella (49). Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba IGD ba ne ba na le tšebelisano-'moho e sebetsang lipakeng tsa sebaka se ka morao sa ho sesa le bokong bo bonts'ang bokhoni ba ho thibela likarabo tsa makoloi le taolo ea ho lakatsa papali ea inthanete (49). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba ne ba fokotse mehato ea khokahanyo lipakeng tsa likarolo tse ka pele tsa cortex (50). Kamora nako, bacha ba IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehang ea ts'ebetso libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, ho tsepamisa mohopolo linthong tsa moea le ho tsepamisa mohopolo (51). Qetellong, barupeluoa ba IGD ba bonts'itse khokahanyo e fokolisitsoeng libakeng tse 'maloa tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, taolo ea kelello, tšusumetso ea maikutlo le moputso. Tse ling tsa libaka tsena li tloaelehile ho IGD le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi empa tse ling li amana le mekhoa e akaretsang ea ho ithuta, ho hopola le ho lokisa litaba tse sa tobang ho IGD le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ka hona khetho e ntle ea hlokahala 'me ha ho na lits'itiso ho causality e nkiloe lithutong tsa hajoale. Bona Lethathamo 2 bakeng sa lithuto tsa khokahano e sebetsang ho Marang-rang le bothateng ba lipapali.
Lethathamo 2. Lithuto tsa khokahano e sebetsang ho fMRI.a
Ts'ebetso ea Brain
Lithuto tsa Cue-exposition activation tsa Videogame Urges
Tse tona tse nang le IGD li bile le ts'ebetso e kholo ts'ebetsong ea pha-cortico-limbic bapisoa le tse tšehali ha li ntse li bapala papali ea tlhekefetso ea sebaka (52). Libaka tse 'maloa tsa bokaholimo ba maoto le maoto li ile tsa kenngoa ho litho tsa IGD ho fMRI (53). Phuputso e telele ea thuto ea cue-reacction e fumanehang ho ts'ebetso ho ACC le OCF ea barupeluoa ba IGD ka libeke tsa 6 ho fMRI (54). Lits'oants'o tsa lipapali le tsona ke libaka tse amanang le tšusumetso ea ho bapala lipapali (55). Ntle le moo, libapali tsa papali ea chelete le tsa ho tsuba li ile tsa arolelana mekhoa e tšoanang ea ho nchafatsoa hoa khoebisano ea leqhubu la letsoho la maoto (56). Ho pepesetsoa lipalo tsa papali ea World of Warcraft ho hlahisitse likarolo tsa boko tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea kelello, maikutlo le ts'ebetso e amanang le ts'usumetso ho litho tsa IGD (57). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba bile le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng libakeng tse amanang le pono ea pono, sebaka, tlhokomelo, litšoantšo tsa kelello le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi (58). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse thahasello ho nehelano e khutšoane ea litšoantšo tsa papali le likarabo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa boko ho cortex ea medial le pele ho ACC (59). Bacha ba IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea libaka tse amanang le ho shebella mahlo le ho ikoetlisa nakong ea libopeho tse laoloang ke bolo li theha boiphihlelo ba "boemo bo hlotsoeng" setulong sa marang-rang (60, 61). Qetellong, lipatlisiso tse 'maloa li bonts'itse mokhoa o ts'oanang oa libaka tsa boko tse ileng tsa hlahisoa ho araba video e susumetsang ho IGD. Taba ea bobeli, lithuto tse sebelisang mesebetsi e etsang moputso (15) thusa ho lekola litlamorao tsa ho pepesoa hoa cue bokong. Kamora nako, ke thuto e le 'ngoe feela e nahanang ka bokong (54) e latelang ts'ebetso ea cue-activation nakong ea nako e nolofalletsang tlhahlobo ea ho qhekella.
Lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa ts'ebetso ho IGD
Barupeluoa ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea takatso ea cue kahare le kahare ha ba bapisoa le ba nkang karolo ho laoleng bophelo bo botle (62). Ho bile le khokahano e ntle pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea dorsal striatum le nako ea IGD e bonts'ang phetoho ea ho tloha ho kenella ho ea tšebetsong ea dorsal striatal har'a batho ba IGD (60). Taba ea bobeli, ho lemalla lipapali tsa marang-rang ho bonahala eka li tsamaisana le ho tsebahala le avatar ea motho e mong, ho bontšitsoeng ke ts'ebetso e phahameng ea letsoho la Angular Gyrus ho libapali tsa marang-rang tsa pathological (63). Tlhatlhobo ena ea liteko e ka fana ka maikutlo a hore ho itlhahisa nakong ea papali ea videogame ho ka ama mekhoa ea boko e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho sebetsana le mekhoa ea boits'oaro, pono le somatosensory. Tlatsetso ho marang-rang a sechaba e ne e tšoauoa ka bofokoli ba taolo ea maikutlo bo bonts'itsoeng ke ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea ts'ebetso nakong ea boitlhahlobo ha e bapisoa le nakong ea ho bonts'a hantle sebapali sa IGD63). Ona ke mokhoa oa ho itlhokofatsa oa ho itlhahloba o amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko mme mohlomong o ka bolela hore na ba babeli ba sebelisana joang. Qetellong, lithuto tse 'maloa li bonts'itse mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea video e ts'oanang le ts'ebetso ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi. Libaka tse sebelisoang khafetsa ke ho pepesetsoa ha cue ke senolo sa caudate, OCF, dortolateral preortal cortex, cortex e ka tlase e ka pele, cingrate ea ka ntle, PCC, para-hippocampus, le precuneus (12). Phuputso e le 'ngoe (62) o fumane kamano lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa maikutlo le nako ea IGD e bonts'ang liphetoho tsa nako e telele ka lebaka la papali. Lithuto tsena li bontša kamoo ho pepeseha hoa cue ho ka amang moputso oa boko, ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea maikutlo le boitlhahlobo.
Mechanisms ea Inhibitory
Batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'a mokhoa o sa nepahalang oa taolo ea thibelo e kang ho sitisoa ha karabelo ho karabelo mosebetsing oa Stroop le tšebetso e amanang le ona kahare le PCC (64). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba entse liphoso tse ngata tsa khomishene ea mesebetsi ea Go / No Go le ho sitisoa ha karabo tlas'a tšitiso ea lipapali.65). Tšusumetso ea ho hloka matla le karabelo e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e sa bonahaleng ho ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso e kholo ea marang-rang a bapalami ba IGD (66). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo le ts'ebetso e tlase ea libaka tsa makoloi ha ba ntse ba etsa mosebetsi oa Go / No Go (67). Bacha ba nang le IGD, ho bile le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng e elitsoeng hloko, le libaka tsa makoloi nakong ea liteko tsa No-Go (68). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba ile ba hloleha ho bokella tsela ea pele-basal ganglia le ho thibela liketso tse sa batleheng ho paradigm ea Go-Stop (69). Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ha ba kenya ts'usumetso e amanang le papali ea inthanete mosebetsing o fetotsoeng oa Stroop libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang tlhokomelo e khethehileng, ts'ebetso ea pono, ts'ebetso ea memori e sebetsang, le taolo ea kelello (70).
Boithuto ba morao-rao ho IGD
Phuputso ea morao-rao e fumanoeng e fokotsehile ts'ebetso ea "gyrus" e tlohang bohareng le e phahameng nakong ea ho kena-kenana le mantsoe a ts'oenyehileng sechabeng IGD, mohlomong a bonts'a matšoenyeho a sechaba (71). Tlhahlobo ea meta e fihletse qeto ea hore batho ba nang le IGD ba na le monyetla oa ho bonts'a thibelo ea karabo e sa senyehang (72). Qetellong, tsena ke liphumano tse lumellanang tsa hore ho sitisoa hoa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho lateloa ke ho sitoa ho hira litsela tsa basal ganglia le tšebeliso ea libaka tse ling tsa boko nakong ea thibelo ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD.
Moputso
Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo amahanngoa le ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng le khetho ea moputso kapele ho meputso ea nako e telele. Batho ba IGD ka boiphihlelo ba ile ba fumana phaello le tahlehelo ka mokhoa o hlakileng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi oa ho hakanya (73). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho OCF litekong tsa ho fumana le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ho ACC nakong ea liteko tsa tahlehelo tse fanang ka maikutlo a ntlafatso a meputso le ho fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko ea tahlehelo. Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea boko e eketsehileng libakeng tse ling (inferior frontal cortex, insula, ACC) mme e fokotse ts'ebetso ho caudate le PCC ka mor'a ho hapa khafetsa nakong ea ts'ebetso mosebetsing o tsoelang pele oa ho hlasela le ho lahleheloa ke fMRI (74). Kamora nako, barupeluoa ba IGD ba ne ba khetha likhetho tse khethehileng ho tse sa tsitsitseng mme ba ile ba potlakela ho araba ha ba bapisoa le barupeluoa ba taolo ha ba ntse ba etsa mosebetsi oa ho theola litheko ho fMRI (75). Ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho li-gyrus tse tlase le botšehali ha ba khetha likhetho tsa "probabilistic" ho feta barupeluoa ba laolang. Barupeluoa ba IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a khetho ea likhetho tse seng kotsi, 'me ba etsa liqeto tse kotsi ka potlako le ho hloa libaka tse sa sebetsanang le taolo e ntle (76). Bacha ba IGD ba ne ba fokotse maikutlo a moputso mme ba shebile feela ho shebella liphoso ho sa tsotelehe maikutlo a nepahetseng, joalo ka maikutlo a khotsofalo (77). Tsena li fumana ho nka liqeto tse sa sitiseng qeto hammoho le methapo e ntlafatsang ea kelello e lumellanang le ho etsa liqeto.
Boithuto ba morao-rao ho Barupeli ba IGD
Phuputso ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore liphetho tse mpe li amme ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa kotsi le ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse amanang le tekanyetso ea boleng (preortalal cortex), tebello ea moputso (Ventral Striatum), le thuto e amanang le maikutlo (hippocampus) eo e kanna ea ba e 'ngoe ea lisosa Mekgwa e metjha ya ho etsa diqeto tse kotsi tse kotsi ho batjha ba nang le IGD (78). Barupeluoa ba IGD ba bonts'a khokahanyo e matla ea ts'ebetso ha ba khetha phaello e nyane le ea hang-hang mosebetsing oa theolelo ea ho lieha (79). Liphetho li bonts'itse hore barupeluoa ba IGD ba ntlafalitse kutloisiso ea bona ho putsa le ho fokotsa bokhoni ba ho laola ho ts'oaroa ha bona ka nepo, e leng se lebisang ho ho etsa liqeto tse fokolang (79). Banna ba nang le IGD ba bontšitse bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto bo bontšang ho se lekane pakeng tsa hypersensitivity bakeng sa moputso le boiphihlelo bo fokolang ba kotsi le boitaolo bakeng sa tahlehelo (62). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore bakuli ka bobeli ba IGD le ba nang le pontšo ea papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo ba theotsoe ke kutloelo-bohloko ea tahlehelo; ntlafatso e ntlafalitsoeng ea mekhoa ea papali le papali ea chelete, thuto e ntlafalitsoeng e sa susumetseng ea khetho e sa lefelloeng ea thuto; 'me ha ho na liphetoho lipakeng tsa maemo a kelello (80). Qetellong, bacha ba IGD ba bonts'a likhetho tse eketsehileng tse behang likotsi kotsing le bokhoni bo sa lekaneng ba ho laola maikutlo a bona a ts'oanang le mathata a mang a taolo. Monyetla oa lithuto tsena ke tšebeliso ea ho etsa liqeto tse entsoeng ho etsa liqeto ho lekola litlamorao tsa ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng litekanyetsong tsa boko tse ikarabellang bakeng sa moputso.
Lithuto tsa Brain Imaging ka Dopamine, 5-HT le Comorbid Psychiatric Disrupt
Li-Neurotransmitters tse kang DA, serotonin (5-HT) li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala, haholoholo ka ho tsamaisana le moputso oa dopamine le mekhoa ea ho ikhula (81, 82). E lumellana le bopaki ba lithethefatsi le li-AUDs tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea moputso oa dopamine e sa lekaneng.83-86) Barupeluoa ba IGD ba bontsitse maemo a fokotsehileng a dopamine D2 ho fumaneha ha receptor ho striatum (87) le phokotso ea fumanehang ea "driamine" dopamine transporter (DAT) (88). Kamora nako, barupeluoa ba banna ba IGD ba bontsitse phokotso e kholo ea metabolism ea glucose libakeng tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tsa maoto le maemo a tlase a D.2 ho fumaneha ha receptor ho striatum (89). Liphetho li bontša hore D2 Ho se sebetsane ha methapo ea kutlo ea "receptor-mediated" ho ka baka ts'ebetso ea tahlehelo ea taolo le boits'oaro bo matla ho IGD. Kaha ha ho na tekanyo ea mantlha ea litekanyetso tsa dopamine pele ho ts'oaetso ha ho khonehe ho tseba hore na khaello ea dopamine ke ntho e rerang mathata a litlokotsi tsa lithethefatsi le AUD kapa IGD. Lipatlisiso tsa Magnetic resonance spectroscopy li bonts'itse maemo a tlase a N-acetylaspartate karolong e ka pele ea cortex le ea choline kahara cortex ea medial temporal cortex ho litho tsa IGD tse ts'oanang le tsa bakuli ba nang le khaello ea tlhokomelo ea methapo ea kutlo (ADHD) le khatello ea maikutlo ea bongaka (90). Lithuto ho fihlela joale li tšehetsa bopaki ba mosebetsi o moputso oa dopaminergic o khethollang IGD e le tšibollo ea boitšoaro. Kopano lipakeng tsa IGD le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho sitisoa e boetse e tsamaisana le mohlala oa IGD e le bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso e kahare ho pono e qobelloang (e qobelloang)1).
Boithuto ba morao-rao mabapi le Comorbidity ea IGD le ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo
Phuputso ea morao tjena e fumane hore batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'a khokahanyo e sebetsang ea PCC e ka 'nang ea its'etleha holima nalane ea ADHD ea bana (91). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore marang-rang a fetotsoeng a neural bakeng sa taolo e phahameng ho ADHD e ka ba sepheo sa ho nts'etsapele IGD. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e sebelisitsoeng EGG ea boleng bo phahameng ho bapisa bacha le IGD le kapa ntle le ADHD e fumane hore Bacha ba bontšang ho ba kotsing e kholo ea ADHD ho bonahala ba tsoela pele ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba tlhokomelo (92). Taba ea bobeli, ts'ebetso e pheta-pheto ea moputso oa boko le lits'ebetso tsa ho hopola nakong ea papali e tsoelang pele e ka baka keketseho ea khokahano ea methapo kahare ho libaka tsa parieto-occipital le tsa nakoana bakeng sa barupeluoa ba comorbid ADHD le IGD (92). Kamora moo, patlisiso e ileng ea etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho hlonama ha IGD ka khatello ea maikutlo e fumane hore barupeluoa ba IGD ba nang le comorbid e kholo e sithabetsang maikutlo (MDD) ea neng a etsa mosebetsi oa ho hlophisa likarete tsa Wisconsin o bonts'itse ho hloleha ho hatella tšebetso hippocampus nakong ea mosebetsi o batloang haholo, mohlomong joalo ka phello ea khatello ea maikutlo (93). Bakuli ba nang le IGD ba boetse ba bonts'a khokahano e sebetsang ea libaka tse 'maloa tsa taolo e phahameng ea taolo e ka amanang le comorbidity ea kelello le ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo (94). Comorbidity ea IGD le MDD e boetse e bontšoa ke ho fokotseha ha maqhubu a kopaneng a hemispheric sebakeng sa pele le ho ba kotsing ea mathata a tlhokomelo thutong e sebelisitseng boleng ba EEG (95). Ho feta moo, khokahano e kenelletseng ea methapo ea kutlo libakeng tsa li-fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital e ka hlaha ka lebaka la papali e ngata ea inthanete. Comorbidity e nang le khatello ea maikutlo le ADHD e kanna ea amahanngoa le khaello ea dopamine ho IGD. Lithuto tse ling li hloka ho etsa lipatlisiso ho ts'oanang ho li-circuits tsa methapo ea methapo le methapo ho IGD le maemo a comorbid a kang ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo.
Puisano
Lithuto tse hlahlojoang ho fihlela joale li bonts'a liphumano tse lumellanang tse bonts'ang ho tšoana pakeng tsa metheo ea methapo e ka tlasa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le IGD. Moetso oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro o pheha khang hore IGD e bonts'a likarolo tsa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ntle le litlamorao tse mpe, tlhekefetso ea ho tlohela, le mamello e khethollang mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Bopaki bo ts'ehetsa mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea IGD ka ho bonts'a liphetoho tsa sebopeho le tšebetso mekhoeng ea moputso le takatso (empa eseng ho ikhula) ho IGD. Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta e fumane tšebetso e matla ea libaka tsa boko tse arolelanang moputso (oa moea o ikhethileng oa bongaka o ka pele le gingus e ka lehlakoreng le letšehali) ho IGD (96). Lithuto tsena li tšehetsa maikutlo a hore IGD e amahanngoa le liphetoho tsamaisong ea moputso ea boko le mekhoa ea tahlehelo ea taolo le thibelo. Ho boetse ho na le bopaki bo nkang nako ea hore kalafo ea pharmacological ka litlhare tse joalo ka bupropion e ka etsa hore ntho e ncha e sebetse ho IGD (97) joalo ka kamohelo e etsahalang ho basebelisi ba ts'epahalang ba nicotine (98). IGD e amahanngoa le khatello ea methapo ea bongo ea DAT e fokotsang le dopamine D e tlase2 thepa e amohelang batho. Ho bonahala eka ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea "dopamine" ea ts'ebetso ea moputso oa "dopamine" e tšoana le tlhekefetso e bonoang maemong a tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le joala, leha ho le joalo ka tsietsing ka bobeli ha ho na mehato ea mantlha pele ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso e sa qobelloe. Qetellong, ho na le bopaki ba pharmacogenetic ba hore dopaminergic genes (Taq1A1 phapang ea dopamine D2 receptor le mesebetsi e tlase Val158Met ho li-catecholamine-O-methyltransferase alleles ((99) le mefuta ea serotonergic (SS-5HTTLPR) hammoho le lintlha tsa botho li ka bapala karolo ea ho ba kotsing ea IGD (100). Bopaki ba tlokotsi ea lefutso la dopaminergic bo lumellana le mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla IGD ka lebaka leo, IGD e ka khetholloa e le lefu la khaello ea moputso (101, 102). Bopaki ba tlokotsi ea lefutso la serotonergic le lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello li tšehetsa bopaki ba comorbidity ea IGD e nang le matšoenyeho a OCD le khatello ea maikutlo. Qetellong, lipapali tsa ho bapala li kanna tsa ba tsa u tsamaela hantle 'me liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore ho bapala papali ea khomphutha ho ka ntlafatsa bokhabane ba kelello' me ea ba molemo maemong a itseng a kang lefu la khatello ea maikutlo la posttraumatic, schizophrenia, le lefu la neurodegenerative (103).
E 'ngoe ea likhaello tse kholo lithutong tsa ho nahana ka bokong tsa IGD ke hore ke lithuto tse ipheta-phetang ntle le mehato ea mantlha e itšetlehileng ka likamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa sebopeho le tšebetso bokong le bokong ba inthanete le videogame. Mekhatlo ena ha e fane ka bopaki leha e le bofe ba hore ketso ea IGD e bapala karolo ea kholo ho holiseng bongoana kapa bokong ba motho e moholo. Ho na le lintlha tse ka kopanyang mekhatlo e joalo ka thuto, tlhalohanyo, maikutlo le maemo sechabeng. Ho na le mehopolo ea mekhoa ea mengolo ea lilemo (tšebeliso ea bacha le baithuti), setso (lithuto tse ngata li entsoe Bochabela bo Hare), le khaello ea lihlopha tsa ho bapisoa le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi mme tsena ke meeli e meholo ea lithuto tse ileng tsa hlahlojoa ho fihlela joale. Kamora nako, ke liphuputso tse fokolang haholo tse ileng tsa sheba phapang ea thobalano ts'ebetsong ea kelello le ea boko ho IGD.
fihlela qeto e
Ho na le bopaki bo hlahang ba hore IGD e amahanngoa le mekhoa e tšoanang ea boko e ikarabellang bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Lithuto tsa ho nahana ka bokong ho IGD li bonts'a ho tšoana ho ts'ebetso ea boko lipakeng tsa IGD le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi 'me ka hona li ts'ehetsa sehlopha sa IGD e le tšibollo ea boitšoaro.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
AW e kentse letsoho haholo molemong oa mohopolo le moralo oa tlhahlobo.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Sengoli se phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso tsena li entsoe kamora ho se be le kamano efe kapa efe ea khoebo kapa ea lichelete e ka nkuoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng lipapatsong.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
AW e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tse tsoang Setsing sa Naha sa Psychobiology, Isiraele.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, ho nahana ka bokong, ho nahana ka tšebeliso ea matla a khoheli, dopamine, moputso
Tlhagiso: Weinstein AM (2017) Tlhahlobo e Akaretsang ea Lithuto tsa Brain Imaging tsa Ts'oaetso ea Lipapali tsa Inthanete. Ka pele. Psychiki 8: 185. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00185
E amohetse: 27 June 2017; E amohetsoe: 12 September 2017;
E hatisitsoe: 29 September 2017
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Matthias Brand, Univesithi ea Duisburg-Essen, Jeremane
Hlahloba by:
Katie Moraes de Li-alimondi, Univesithi ea Federal ea Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Hadj Boumediene Meziane, Univesithi ea Lausanne, Switzerland
Copyright: © 2017 Weinstein. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
Ngollano: Aviv M. Weinstein, [imeile e sirelelitsoe], [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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