J Behav Addict. 2018 Jul 16: 1-6. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.59.
Rumpf HJ1, Achab S2,3, Billieux J4, Bowden-Jones H5, Carragher N6, Demetrovics Z7, Higuchi S8, King DL9, Mann K10, Potenza M11, Saund JB12, Abbott M13, Ambekar A14, Aricak OT15, Assanangkornchai S16, Bahar N17, Borges G18, Mochine M19,20, Chan EM21, Chung T22, Derevensky J23, Kashef AE24, Farrell M25, Fineberg NA26,27, Gandin C28, DA ea Balichaba29, Griffiths MD30, Goudriaan AE31, Grall-Bronnec M32, Hao W33, Hodgins DC34, Ip P35, Király O7, Lee HK36, Kuss D30, Lemmens JS37, Nako e telele J33, Lopez-Fernandez O30, Mihara S8, Petry NM38, Pontes HM30, Rahimi-Movaghar A39, Rehbein F40, Rehm J41,42,43, Scafato E44, Sharma M45, Spritzer D46, Stein DJ47, Tam P48, Weinstein A49, Wittchen HU43, Wölfling K50, Zullino D2, Poznyak V6.
inahaneloang
Kenyelletso e hlahisitsoeng ea boloetse ba papali (GD) tlhahlobisong ea bo11 ea Lenaneo la Machabeng la Mafu (ICD-11) e ntlafalitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) e lebisitse ho ngangisano e monate selemong se fetileng. Ntle le ts'ehetso e pharalletseng ea qeto ho boralitaba ba thuto, sengoliloeng sa moraorao ke van Rooij et al. (2018) o phetile nyatso e hlahisitsoeng khahlano le ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11 ke Aarseth et al. (2017). Re pheha khang ea hore sehlopha sena sa bafuputsi se hloleha ho amohela maikutlo a bongaka le a sechaba, a tšehetsang pono ea WHO. Ho bohlokoa ho amohela leeme le fapaneng le ka susumetsang ngangisano ena; haholo indasteri ea lipapali e kanna ea lakatsa ho fokotsa boikarabello ba eona ka ho bolela hore GD ha se bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, boemo boo mohlomong bo tšehelitsoeng ke likhang tse tsoang ho litsebi tse ipapisitseng le psychology ea media, lipatlisiso tsa lipapali tsa likhomphutha, mahlale a puisano le lithuto tse ling tse amanang le tsona. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka lefu lefe kapa lefe ho ICD-11, qeto ea ho kenyelletsa GD kapa che e ipapisitse le bopaki ba bongaka le litlhoko tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Ka hona, re pheta qeto ea rona ea hore ho kenyelletsa GD ho bonts'a moelelo oa ICD mme ho tla thusa kalafo le thibelo ho ba e hlokang.
LINKOTSO: ICD-11; pono ea bongaka; bothata ba lipapali; bophelo bo botle ba sechaba
PMID: 30010410
Selemong se fetileng ho bile le ngangisano e matla mabapi le kenyelletso ea bothateng ba papali (GD) ho moralo oa ntlafatso ea 11th ea International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Likopano tsa selemo le selemo tsa likopano tsa litsebi tsa WHO - ho Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (Korea Boroa), Hong Kong (China), le Istanbul (Turkey) - e ts'oereng ho tloha ha 2014 e fane ka maikutlo le lebaka bakeng sa khothaletso ea ho kenyelletsa GD karolong ea litšitiso ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo bobebe ho ICD-11 Beta-Draft (WHO, 2018a). Qeto eo e ne e thehiloe holim 'a ho hlahloba bopaki bo fumanehang libukeng tsa mahlale le lihloohong tsa linyeoe le liphihlelo tsa boikoetliso ba bongaka bo fanoeng ke litsebi tsa machaba tse tsoang ho mafu a kelello, psychology ea bongaka, kalafo ea kahare, ts'ebetso ea malapa, lefu la lefu la ho hlaka, le lefu la bophelo ba sechaba. Ka kakaretso, litsebi tsa 66 tse tsoang linaheng tsa 25 li nkile karolo libokeng tsena. Khohlano efe kapa efe e ka bang teng ea likopano libokeng tsa WHO e ne e laoloa ho latela melao le melaoana ea WHO (WHO, 2015).
Qeto ea tumellano ea ho kenyelletsa GD ho ICD-11 e sa tsoa qholotsoa ke sehlopha sa bafuputsi (Aarseth et al., 2017). Likhang tsa bona li lebisitse letotong la litlhaloso (Billieux et al., 2017; Griffiths, Kuss, Lopez-Fernandez, le Pontes, 2017; Higuchi et al., 2017; James & Tunney, 2017; Kiraly & Demetrovics, 2017; Lee, Choo, le Lee, 2017; Müller le Wölfling, 2017; Saunders et al., 2017; Shadloo et al., 2017; van den Brink, 2017), tseo boholo ba tsona li neng li emetse ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e ncha ea GD ho ICD-11. Karabo e tsoang ho sehlopha sa pele, le ha e e-na le liphetoho tse bang teng bongolong, e sa tsoa hatisoa e hlakisa hore motheo oa saense ea GD ha joale o fokola haholo hore o ka kenyelletsoa ho ICD-11 (van Rooij et al., 2018). Mohlala, bangoli bana ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ka lebaka la papali ha ho netefatsoe ka botlalo, papali e tsejoa hamolemonyana e le mochine oa ho sebetsana le maemo joalo ka ha e le bothata bo ikhethileng, libapali tse se nang mathata li ka koaloa ke ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11 , le GD e le sehlopha sa tlhahlobo ea mafu a tšoaetso ka lebaka la tšabo ea boitšoaro. Bongata ba lipampiri tsa litlhaloso tse bontšitsoeng ka holimo li hlahisitse bopaki bo matla ho tsoa menahanong e mengata ea ho hanana le lintlha tsena. Haholo-holo, bopaki ba lipatlisiso bo bonts'a litlamorao tse mpe maemong a GD maemong a mangata le ka linako tse fapaneng bo ile ba hlakisoa (Saunders et al., 2017). Ka bomalimabe, lintlha tsena tse thehiloeng bopaking hammoho le tlhaiso-leseling eo lits'ebeletso tsa kalafo machabeng li tobaneng le phephetso e ntseng e hola ea ho arabela ka nepo ho phetisetso ea mathata a amanang le papali ha a ananeloa ke van Rooij et al. (2018). Linyefolo tse ling (mohlala, "GD joalo ka ha e fumanoe e emela ts'abo ea boits'oaro") li ipapisitse le likhopolo tse ke keng tsa netefatsoa ka matla mme ha ho bopaki bo fanoeng ho bonts'a ts'abo e joalo. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa pampiri ena ha se ho pheta likhang tsena tsohle empa ho e-na le hoo, ho shebana le bohlokoa ba likarolo tsa bophelo bo botle ba bongaka le tsa sechaba tsa GD.
Hobaneng bafuputsi ba e-na le litlhaloso tse fapaneng tsa data e tšoanang?
Boithuto ba lipatlisiso ka linako tse ling bo ka ba le liphoso ka lebaka la mathata a mekhoa, empa tlhaloso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea lipatlisiso le eona e ka angoa ke khethollo. Tlhaloso ea tšitiso e amana le monahano oa motho mme e ka kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling ka ho fumana liphoso tse khethiloeng (pholoso ea leeme), ho hlahloba bopaki bo tšehetsang likhopolo tsa motho ka mokhoa o hlakileng ha o bapisoa le bopaki bo phephetsang likhopolo tsena (netefatso ea netefatso), kapa "nako e tla bolela. "Khethollo e bolelang tšekamelo ea bo-ramahlale ba fapaneng ba nang le litlhoko tse fapaneng mabapi le bopaki bo netefatsang (Kaptchuk, 2003). Ho latela mabaka ana le a mang, bo-rasaense ba ka ba le litlhaloso tse hanyetsanang le liqeto tse mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling e le 'ngoe.
Litlhaloso tse ferekanyang le sephetho sa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso li ka hlaha ka mabaka a mangata. Tlhahlobo ea semelo sa profeshenale sa ba nyatsang ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11 ho senola hore lingoloa tse ngata - ha se bohle - bangoli ba tsoa libakeng tse ling ntle le saense ea bongaka kapa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba; Tsena li kenyelletsa psychology ea litaba, lipapatso tsa lipapali tsa likhomphutha, liteko tsa kelello le liteko tsa sechaba, thuto ea sechaba, psychology ea thuto, moralo oa lipapali le saense ea puisano (van Rooij et al., 2018). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bafuputsi ba emelang ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho tloha lithutong tsa bophelo bo botle tsa bongaka le tsa sechaba, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea kelello, thapelo ea kelello ea bana, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, meriana ea ka hare, ts'ebetso ea lelapa, psychology ea kelello, neuroscience ea bongaka, le kalafo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea bongaka le ts'ireletso (bona Saunders et al., 2017). Ho hlokomela mekhoa e fapaneng e amehang mahlakore ka bobeli a ngangisano ho ka hlalosa ho hloka kutloano. Le ha maikutlo a fapaneng a utloahala mme a ka ba molemo bakeng sa ngangisano e tsosang, ho tlameha ho botsoa hore na ho hlokahala setsebi sa mofuta ofe ha ho etsoa liqeto tsa ho kenyelletsa kapa ho qhelela ka thoko likoluoa ho ICD-11.
Mohlala, hoa utloahala ho nka ho khetholoha e le phello e sa batleheng ea boitseko bo sa tsoa tsebisoa (Stein et al., 2010). Leha ho le joalo, ho ea ka pono ea bongaka, khang ena e hloleha ha ho tluoa ho lekola litlhoko tsa bophelo bo botle ba kliniki le ba sechaba. Mohlala, bokuli ba ho ja bo ka se qheleloe ka thoko ho ICD-11 ka lebaka la mabaka a hore e ka nyenyefatsa batho ba jang haholo kapa batho ba nang le index ea boima ba 'mele. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la lefu le phahameng le likotsi tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle tse amanang le mathata a ho ja, sena se ka ba le phello e mpe e mpe, haholoholo ho basali ba banyane (Smink, van Hoeken, & Hoek, 2012). Khang ea ho ba le khethollo ha e ea totobala ho GD empa e amana le mathata a mang a mangata a kelello a tiileng. Kotsi e amanang le ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e itseng, ke hore, boemo ba bophelo bo botle bo ka bonts'ang bo amana le moroalo oa mafu, e ka tlase ho kotsi e tlisoang ke ho se kenyelletsoe, ntlha e hlahlobiloeng ka tlase mona. Maikutlo ana a tsamaellana le molao-motheo oa boits'ireletso o tataisang likhothaletso le liketso tsa mekhatlo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, tse batlang hore "… Ho hloka botsitso ba mahlale ha hoa lokela ho sebelisoa e le lebaka la ho chechisa mehato ea thibelo"(WHO, 2018c). Joalokaha karabo e le 'ngoe phehisanong e boletsoe ka nepo, Aarseth et al. (2017) amohela "pono ea thuto e hole haholo le nnete ea bongaka"(Müller le Wölfling, 2017, leq. 118). Ke taba ea rona hore ho haella ha boiphihlelo ba bongaka ho ka lebisa liqetong tse sa nepahalang; re fanne ka mehlala e 'meli ea bohlokoa ka tlase.
Hobaneng ha ngangisano e thehiloe holima maikutlo a Clinical le Public Health?
Batho ka bomong linaheng tse ngata ho potoloha le lefatše ba batla kalafo, hobane ba na le mathata a ts'ebetso a amanang le matšoao a GD. Linaheng tse ngata, ha ho na litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle bakeng sa batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali kapa lits'ebeletso tse fokolang le tse sa sebetseng, athe linaheng tseo li thehileng litšebeletso, tlhokahalo e ntse e hola, ho paka tlhokahalo e sa hlokahaleng. Linaheng tse 'maloa, lipalo tsa maemo a kalafo le a batho ba tšoaroang a eketsehile haholo. Mohlala, palo ea litšebeletso tse ikhethang bakeng sa mathata a amanang le inthanete ho kenyelletsa GD e eketsehile makhetlo a mane ho tloha 2008 ho isa 2015 Jeremane (Petersen, Hanke, Bieber, Mühleck, & Batra, 2017). Naheng ea Switzerland, lits'ebeletso tse ikhethileng mathateng a ho lemalla li bile le litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tlhabollo le kalafo bakeng sa GD. E fetohile tšimo e kholo ea ts'ebetso hoo e batlang e le halofo ea lits'ebeletso tsena mme tlhoko ea koetliso sebakeng sena e bontšitsoe ke 87% ea litsi tse hlahlojoang (Knock, Sager, & Perissinotto, 2018). Ku Switzerland, Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Geneva se tlaleha hore litlhoko litabeng tsa bophelo bo botle tse amanang le papali li imenne habeli lilemong tse fetileng tsa 5 (tlhaiso-leseling e sa phatlalatsoang e tsoang Univesithing ea Geneva). Kua Hong Kong, linyeoe tsa ho batla thuso tse amanang le papali e feteletseng li ile tsa eketseha ka 60% ho 2016 ha li bapisoa le 2015 (ya data e sa phatlalatsoang ho tsoa Tung Wah Sehlopha sa Lipetlele se Kopaneng sa Thibelo ea Tlatsetso le Thibelo). Bongata ba linyeoe tsa GD li bontšitse matšoao a ho sitisoa ke taolo ea maikutlo, boits'oaro, puisano ea sechaba, ho tsepamisa maikutlo le ho ea sekolong le ho sebetsa.
Ho hlahisoa ha tlhahlobo ea GD ho ka lebelloa ho arabela tlhoko ena e sa fihlelloeng le ho lebisa ho thehoeng ha lits'ebeletso tse ncha tsa bongaka tse fanang ka kalafo e momahaneng bakeng sa batho ba nang le mathata a lipapali linaheng tse ngata tsa lefats'e. Ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11, joalo ka mathata a mang ohle le maloetse, ho nolofalletsa koetliso e nepahetseng ea litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle le puisano har'a bona, ho thusa ho thibela le ho kenella kapele, ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso le ho lekola, le ho ts'ehetsa nts'etsopele le lichelete tsa kalafo. Lintlha tsena tsa bohlokoa li hlokomolohiloe haholo ke van Rooij et al. (2018) le ba bang ba hanyetsang mohopolo oa GD. Ho fapana le hoo, bafuputsi bana ba pheha khang ea hore lefu lena ha le hloke thuso mme thuso e ka fanoa litsing tse khethehileng tsa bophelo "… Analog ea litšebeletso bakeng sa mathata a mang a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, a sa tlangoeng ke lefu le itseng, joalo ka lits'ebeletso tsa batho ba hlasetsoeng ke thobalano kapa ba hlokahaletsoeng."(van Rooij et al., 2018, leq. 3). Pono ena ha e thehiloe ho nnete ea kliniki; litšebeletso tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo li fanoa ka lebaka la liketsahalo tsa bophelo tse sokelang ka tšohanyetso le tlhoko ea ho kenella ka nako sebakeng se bolokehileng le se tšehetsang, eseng hobane tlhahlobo e le sa bohlokoa kapa e sa fumanehe.
Ntho e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa eo re ka nahanang ka eona ke ea lipakeng. Lingoliloeng tsa kalafo le tsa thibelo ho GD li ntse li tsoela pele. Leha e le litlhahlobo tse hlophisehileng (King et al., 2017; Zajac, Ginley, Chang, & Petry, 2017) totobatsa ho potlaka ha lithuto tse kenelletseng le mefokolo ho tse teng, litsi tsa kalafo tse ngata li teng lefatšeng ka bophara, moo bakuli ba likete ba batlang litšebeletso. Ho hanyetsa ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11 ho sitisa phihlello ea batho ho fumana kalafo mme ho ka kenya letsoho ho lieheng ho nts'etsopele ea lipallo tse sebetsang tsa boemo bona.
Taba ea hore ho bapala ke mokhoa feela oa ho sebetsana le mathata a mang a kelello [mohlala, ho se tsotelle ho haelloa ke matla (ADHD), khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyeha] le hore ha se bothata ka bohona ke khang e 'ngoe e hanyetsanang e hananang le tlhoko eo ea boiphihlelo ba bongaka. E thehiloe hohle phehisanong ena (mohlala, Müller le Wölfling, 2017), le khalemelong e pharalletseng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello, hore ho hlonama hangata ho busa ho feta mokhelo. Ka karolelano, ho bakuli ba bang, papali ea chelete e ngata haholo e ka ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le boemo bo monate 'me ba ka fetela ho GD (Griffiths, 2017). Sena se bapisoa le mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi, mme ho ea pele, likhang tse tšoanang li kile tsa etsoa pele ho mehla ea ha mafu a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi a ne a nkuoa e le maemo a ikemetseng a kelello. Ehlile, e ne e le ho 1980 feela khatisong ea boraro ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-III) hore mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi a ne a nkuoa ho DSM e le a ikemetseng eseng maemo a bobeli ka lebaka la mathata a mang (Robinson & Adinoff, 2016). Ho latela pono ea bongaka, ho itlopa joala ho feta tekano ho ka fokotsa mats'oao a ho tepella maikutlo kapa ho sithabeha ha khatello ea kelello (PTSD), mme ho nwa joalo ho ka tsoella ho its'etsahalle ka joala (Cooper, Russell, Skinner, Frone, & Mudar, 1992). Ho joalo, ho phekola khatello ea maikutlo kapa PTSD e lokela ho ba sepheo sa kalafo ho bakuli ba joalo. Leha ho le joalo, ho phekola bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala ho bohlokoa hape, hobane bokuli bona e ka ba sesosa sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mokuli mme kalafo ea eona e ka ba molemong oa kalafo e sebetsang ea maemo a comorbid. Ho feta moo, ho bontšitsoe hore tharollo ea ts'ebeliso ea joala e fokolitse matšoao a sithabetsang (Brennan, SooHoo, Lemke, & Schutte, 2016).
Menahano ea kalafo ka har'a mehlala ena e sebetsa le mathateng a amanang le papali. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe thutong ea morao tjena, batho ba baholo ba neng ba hatelloa mme ba sebelisa lipapali e le leano la ho sebetsana le boemo ba bona ba ile ba eketsa matšoao a GD ha ba bapisoa le ba sebelisang maano a mang a ho loana ka katleho (Plante, Balichaba, Groves, Modlin, & Blanco-Herrera, ho boralitaba). Ha ho nahanoa ka ts'ebetso, tlhokahalo e kholo e atisang ho fumanoa ho phekola GD haholo. Motho ea nang le GD a ka sitoa ho etsa lintho tse hlokahalang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Hangata hona ho amana le litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle le ho senyeha ho tebileng sekolong kapa ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi. Ntle le moo, liphuputso li bonts'a hore papali e fetelletseng e amana le liphetoho mo sebopeho sa boko tse amanang le phokotso ea palo ea taba e putsoa le taba e tšoeu bokong (Weinstein, 2017). Ntle le moo, e amana le khaello ea dopaminergic e etsang hore batho ba joalo ba hlaselehe habonolo hore ba boele ba boele (Weinstein, Livny, & Weizman, 2017) haholoholo bachaWeinstein, 2017). Ho nka mabaka ana ohle, GD e lokela ho nkuoa e le ntho e tlang pele. Sena ha se bolele hore mathata a kelello a hlahang a tšoanang le ADHD kapa khatello ea maikutlo ha ea lokela ho rarolloa le ho kenyelletsoa nakong ea kamoso.
Hobaneng ha likhakanyo tse senang Clinical li le kotsi molemong oa phapang ee?
Aarseth et al.'s (2017Tlhaloso e hlahisitse likhang tse ngata, empa tsena li se li sa tsotelloe puisanong e latelang ke van Rooij et al. (2018). Ho bonahala eka tumellano e ke ke ea fihleloa ngangisanong ena mme e kanna ea se hlokahale. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho kanna ha ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa ho se kenyeletse GD ho ICD-11. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, e kanna ea ba le moelelo eseng feela bakeng sa boitokisetso ba litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ho thibela, ho khetholla le ho tsamaisa maemo ana, empa le ho fihlella kalafo. Likhamphani tsa inshorense ea bophelo bo botle le bafani ba bang ba lichelete ba ka amohela likhang tse hlahisitsoeng ke bafuputsi bao eseng ba bongaka (mohlala, "papali ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa bophelo"); e le hore, ba hlokang kalafo le ka chelete e lekanyelitsoeng ba sitoe ho fumana thuso ea litsebi. Ntle le moo, khaello ea tšireletso ea lik'hamphani tsa inshorense ea bophelo e ka lebisa ho lingaka ho se ntlafatse boiphihlelo ba ho thusa batho ba nang le mathata a lipapali, empa ba khetha ho latela libaka tse ling tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo tse lefuoang habonolo.
Ka tšoenyeho, polelo ea morao-rao e khahlano le GD ke sehlopha se fokolang sa mantsoe se amanang le Mokhatlo oa Media Psychology le Technology, Karolo ea 46 ea American Psychological Association (2018E kanna ea sebetsa e le template bakeng sa indasteri ea lipapali ho ngangisana khahlano le ho kenyeletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11. Polelo ena le likhang tse hlahisitsoeng ke van Rooij et al. (2018) e ka matlafatsa mesebetsi e hlasimollang ea indasteri ea lipapali, e ka batlang ho fokotsa litlhoko tsa bophelo bo botle ba kliniki le ba sechaba. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, indasteri ea koae (joalo ka ha e senotsoe ke lits'ebetso tsa linyeoe tsa USA) e sebetsa e le mohlala oa hore na lipono tse joalo li ka loants'a maemo a ba hanyetsang litlhoko tsa bakuli ba mahlomoleng.
Nahanisisa
Joalo ka bokuli bofe kapa bofe bofe kapa bofe bongakeng ba bongaka le psychology, qeto ea hore na ho kenyelletsa GD ho ICD-11 e hloka ho fanoa ka mabaka a bopaki ba tleliniki le litlhoko tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Ka sebele, tlhahlobo ena e hlokolosi ea bopaki ke boikarabello ba mekhatlo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, joalo ka WHO. Le ha maikutlo a mang a thehiloeng lintoeng tseo e seng tsa bongaka a le bohlokoa bakeng sa lipuisano tse tsosang maikutlo, qetellong ho bohlokoa ho nahana hore na ke mofuta oa mofuta ofe oa botsebi o thusang haholo ho sena. Libui tse ling tse bontšitsoeng pampiring ena li rarollotse tse ling tsa liphoso ka mabaka a saense; puong ena, re totobalitse mabaka a amanang le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba bongaka le tsa sechaba, tse bonts'ang moelelo oa ICD. Liphehisano tsena li tšehetsa tlhokahalo ea nomenclature ea sepheo sa bophelo bo botle ba bongaka le sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso tse hlakileng tse ka tsamaisang kalafo e loketseng le e theko e tlase. ICD ke "… Motheo oa ho khetholla mekhoa ea bophelo bo botle le lipalo-palo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ke boemo ba machaba ba ho hlalosa le ho tlaleha mafu le maemo a bophelo. E lumella lefatše ho bapisa le ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling ka bophelo bo botle ka puo e tloaelehileng. ICD e hlalosa bokahohle ba maloetse, mafu, likotsi le maemo a mang a amanang le bophelo. Mekhatlo ena e thathamisitsoe ka tsela e phethahetseng e le hore ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e koaheloe"(WHO, 2018b). Tlhokahalo ea lefats'e ka bophara ea kalafo le khatello ea maikutlo, ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso, le mahlomola a kopaneng le ba nang le GD ka tlase ho tlhoko e potlakileng le e nakong ea ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11. Re kopa lingaka, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, le bo-ramahlale hore ba nahane ka mabaka ana moqoqong ona oa bohlokoa le ho lekola litlamorao le sephetho sa bohlokoa ba boiketlo ba batho ba mahlomoleng.
Menehelo ea bangoli
Moralo oa pele oa pampiri ena o hlophisitsoe ke H-JR ka ts'ebelisano le sehlopha sa mantlha sa bangoli (SA, JB, HB-J, NC, ZD, SH, DLK, KM, MP, JBS, le VP). Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho lisebelisoa, ba fane ka litlatsetso, kapa ba ts'ehetse taba ena ka bohlale. Bohle ba amohetse mofuta oa ho qetela oa pampiri ena.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba pampiri ena ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa mahlale, leano le thibelo, ts'ebetso ea bongaka, kapa tsamaiso ea litšebeletso lebaleng la lipapali le GD. Ba phatlalatsa hore ha ba fumane chelete ea ho etsa lipatlisiso, lipuo, kapa mesebetsi e meng indastering ea lipapali. Bangoli H-JR, SA, JB, HB-J, NC, ZD, SH, DLK, KM, MP, JBS, MA, AA, OTA, SA, NB, EM-LC, TC, JD, AEK, MF, CG, MDG, WH, DCH, PI, HKL, DK, JL, SM, AR-M, JR, ES, MS, DS, DZ, le VP ke litho tsa Sehlopha sa Boeletsi sa WHO mabapi le Bothata ba Lipapali, le GB, NMP, mme PT e bile litho tsa sehlopha sa tšebetso sa DSM-5 ho Internet Gaming Disorder. GB, AR-M, le JR ke litho tsa Sehlopha sa Boeletsi sa Botho sa WHO mabapi le joala le lithethefatsi, 'me karolo ea GB e nkile karolo mekhoeng ea litloaelo tsa mafu a bakoang ke tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa litlhaloso tsa tlhatlhobo ea ICD-11. AR-M e ne e le setho sa Sehlopha sa Baeletsi sa Machaba sa WHO bakeng sa Tlhahlobo ea Mekhoa ea Kelello le Boitšoaro ba Batho ba ICD. VP le NC ke basebeletsi ba WHO. NMP e ho Boto ea Baeletsi bakeng sa Bana le Lits'oants'o, Setsi sa Digital Medical le Nts'etsopele ea Bana. NAF e lula setulong sa EU COST bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang. Bangoli ke bona feela ba ikarabellang bakeng sa maikutlo a hlahisitsoeng khatisong ena mme ha ba bolele maemo a semmuso, melaoana, maikutlo kapa liqeto tsa WHO, Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric, kapa mekhatlo e meng e boletsoeng ka holimo. Bangoli bohle ba phatlalatsa hore ha ba na khohlano ea khahleho mabapi le phatlalatso ena. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa molao-motheo oa phetheho, ho tla boleloa se latelang: bangoli ba bang ba kentse letsoho kalafong ea boloetse ba lipapali kapa mekhoa e meng e lemalloang (AA, SA, JB, HBJ, NB, EM-LC, JD, DCH, WH , SH, DLK, HKL, SM, AR-M, NMP, MP, JBS, MS, DS, DJS, PT, KW, le DZ). Ntle le moo, bangoli ba bang (NAF, SH, MP, JR, JBS, DJS, le DZ) ba fumane tšehetso ea lichelete kapa honaria ho likhamphani tsa meriana.
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