Patrick Anselme1* 'me Mike JF Robinson2,3
- 1Tlhahlobo ea Psychologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- 2Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Michigan, Michigan, MI, USA
- 3Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Wesley, Connecticut, CT, USA
Ho lumeloa hangata hore phaello ea chelete ke sesosa sa boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete ho batho. Mesolimbic dopamine (DA), mohlahlobi ea ka sehloohong oa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso, o lokolloa ka tekanyo e kholo ho litheko tsa methapo ea methapo (PG) ho feta taolong e phetseng hantle (HC) nakong ea lipapali tsa papali ea chelete (Linnet et al., 2011; Joutsa et al., 2012), joalo ka mefuta e meng ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang le bo lematsang. Leha ho le joalo, liphumano tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore tšebelisano pakeng tsa DA le moputso ha e ea otloloha haholo (Blum et al., 2012; Linnet et al., 2012). Ho PG le HC, ho lokolloa ha DA ho bonahala ho bonts'a ho sa lebella ho tlisoang ha moputso ho fapana le moputso ka bobeli. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso ea ho becha e matla (leha e se ka ho felletseng) e tsebisoang ke ho se khone ho bolela esale pele ka moputso. Mona re tšohla maikutlo a 'maloa a karolo ea karolo ea DA papaling ea papali ea chelete, le ho leka ho fana ka sebopeho sa thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho ho hlalosa karolo ea ona ka ho hloka bonnete.
Pono ea Tloaelo: Chelete e Tsamaisa Ho becha
Ho sebelisa kelello ho fana ka maikutlo a hore haeba papali ea chelete papaling ea chelete e hohela batho ba bangata, ke hobane e fana ka monyetla oa ho hapa chelete (Dow Schüll, 2012). Ha e le hantle, "tlhōlo e kholo" ha e fumanehe hangata, empa karolo e sa reroang ea lipapali tse ngata le ho phatlalatsoa ha bahloli ba baholo e lumella batho ho lumela hore monyetla oa ho hapa haholo ha o eo. Ponong ena ea moetlo, chelete ke tšusumetso e ka sehloohong ea motho ea bechang papali ea chelete, 'me ho itlhahisa lipapaling ho lumella motho ea bechang ho ba le tšepo ea hore phaello e tla hlola tahlehelo.
Pono ena e lumellana le bopaki ba hore DA e lokolotse bokong, e le sebaka sa mesolimbic bokong, e phahamisa ho hohela hoa meputso le likhechana tse maemong (Berridge, 2007). Mesolimbic DA e fetola mekhoa ea ho se nke lehlakore hore e be likhechana tse nang le maemo ha ba tla ka tšebeliso ea pele ea moputso (Melis le Argiolas, 1995; Peciña et al., 2003; Flagel et al., 2011). Ka sebele chelete ke sejoana se matla, se 'nileng sa amahanngoa le nala le matla metseng eohle ea batho. Joalo ka mehloli e meng ea meputso, chelete e tsejoa ho ntlafatsa maemo a mesolimbic DA maemong a batho nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete, a fana ka maikutlo a hore chelete ke eona e susumetsang babolai (Koepp et al., 1998; Zald et al., 2004; Zink le al., 2004; Pessiglione et al., 2007). Ka mohlala, Joutsa et al. (2012) e bonts'itse hore DA e lokolloa ka hare ho terral striatum nakong ea meputso e phahameng empa eseng e tlase, ho PG le HC, le hore ho teba ha matšoao ho PG ho tsamaisana le likarabo tse kholo tsa DA.
Ho hohela ho hoholo ka tahlehelo
Le ha pono ea moetlo e lumellana le datha ea mahlale a morao-rao, e hloleha ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng hangata batho ba hlalosa ho becha e le ketsahalo e khahlisang eseng monyetla oa ho fumana chelete. Nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete, PG e tlaleha maikutlo a bohloko a ka bapisoang le a fumanoang ke basebelisi ba lithethefatsi (van Holst et al., 2010), mme ha PG e lahleheloa ke chelete, ke moo ba ratang ho mamella mosebetsing ona — e leng ntho e bitsoang ho lelekisa tahlehelo (Campbell-Meiklejohn et al., 2008). Liphetho tse joalo ha li lumellane le maikutlo a setso. Liphuputso tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bonts'a hore karolo ea DA moputsong, bonyane ho papali ea chelete, e rarahane ho feta kamoo ho neng ho lumeloa pele (Linnet, 2013).
Ho thata ho tseba hantle nako ea maikutlo a ikhethang kapa hore na tahlehelo e hlohlelletsa takatso ea papali ea chelete ea papali ea papali ea chelete joang hobane maikutlo a fapaneng le likakanyo li lula li kopana. Leha ho le joalo, Linnet et al., (2010) ba ile ba khona ho lekanya ho lokolloa ha mesolimbic DA ho PG le HC ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa ke chelete. Ka tšohanyetso, ha baa ka ba fumana phapang lipotsong tsa dopaminergic pakeng tsa PG le HC ba hapileng chelete. Ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a ventral striatum, leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha phatlalatsoa haholoanyane bakeng sa tahlehelo ho PG e amanang le HC. Ha ho fanoa ka tšusumetso e susumetsang ea mesolimbic DA, Linnet le basebetsi-'moho ba pheha khang ea hore phello ena e ka hlalosa ho lelekisa tahlehelo ho PG. Ntle le moo, ba supa hore "PG ha se hyperdopaminergic ka bobeli, empa li ekelitse tlhaselo ea DA ho mefuta e meng ea liqeto le boits'oaro ”(leq. 331). Taba ena ea hore tokollo ea DA e phahame ho PG ea ho lahleheloa ke chelete ho feta ho PG e hapileng chelete e lumellana le bopaki ba hore "haufi le liphoso" li matlafatsa sepheo sa papali ea chelete le ho fumana moputso o mongata oa moputso oa boko ho feta "katleho e kholo" (Kassinove le Schare, 2001; Clark et al., 2009; Chase le Clark, 2010). Mohlomong e amanang le ketsahalo ena ke bopaki ba hore, ha ho bapisoa le phaello, palo ea tahlehelo ea chelete e na le phello e fokolang ho isa moo boleng ba tahlehelo (le ho lieha) bo theotsoang bathong (Estle et al., 2006). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore monyetla o tlase (le ho lieha ho feta) ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea motho ea bechang ha a sa lahleheloe ke tahlehelo e seng phaello. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khopolo-taba e kholo ea win win e fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e hlaha ho batho bao pele ba ileng ba ba le leruo le leholo la chelete, empa liteko tsa ho bonts'a phello ena ho phehelleng ha papali ea chelete li hlotsoe (Kassinove le Schare, 2001; Meteo et al., 2004). Bopaki ba hona joale bo supa hore tahlehelo e kenya letsoho ho susumetsa papali ea chelete ho feta menyetla.
Ho hohela ho hoholo ha moputso
E 'ngoe ea lisosa tsa mantlha ho ketsahalo ea ho lelekisa tahlehelo e ka amana le bohlokoa ba ho se kholoe ha moputso. Boithuto bo bontšitse moputso o sa tsitsang ho ena le moputso ka bobeli, e tla holisa mesolimbic DA, ka bobeli litšoene (Fiorillo et al., 2003; de Lafuente le Romo, 2011) le karolo ea batho ba phetseng hantle (Preuschoff et al., 2006). Ho PG, accumbens DA e sebetsa hantle haholo nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete ha monyetla oa ho hapa le ho lahleheloa ke chelete o ts'oana - monyetla oa 50% oa ketsahalo ea sephetho tse peli e emelang ho hloka botsitso haholo (Linnet et al., 2012). Le ha li-neuron tse se nang dopaminergic le tsona li ka ameha ho kopeng kholiso ea moputso (Monosov le Hikosaka, 2013), liphetho tsena li ipapisitse le mekhoa ea electrophysiological le neuroimaging li bontša hore DA e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlophisoa ha kholiso ea moputso. Tlhahiso ena e netefalitsoe ke palo e kholo ea lithuto tsa boits'oaro, tse bonts'ang hore liphoofolo tse anyesang le linonyana li arabela ka matla ho litheko tse maemong a boletsoeng esale pele tsa moputso o sa tsejoeng (Collins et al., 1983; Anselme et al., 2013; Robinson et al., Tlhatlhobo) mme o khetha khetho ea lijo e sa tsitsang ho feta khetho e itseng ea lijo mesebetsing e khethiloeng habeli (Kacelnik le Bateson, 1996; Adriani le Laviola, 2006), ka linako tse ling ho sa natsoe moputso o tlase (Forkman, 1991; Gipson et al., 2009). Ho latela Greg Costikyan, moqapi oa lipapali ea hapileng khau, lipapali li ke ke tsa re khahla ka lebaka la ho se ts'oane-ho ka nka mefuta e mengata, ho hlaha liphellong, tseleng ea papali, ho rarahana ha tlhaiso-leseling, temoho, joalo-joalo (Costikyan, 2013). Ho tšohla papali ea Tic-Tac-Toe, Costikyan (p. 10) e hlokometse hore papali ena e bobebe ho mang kapa mang ea fetang lilemo tse itseng hobane tharollo ea eona ha e na thuso. Lebaka leo ka lona bana ba bapalang papali ena ka boithabiso ke hore ha ba utloisise hore papali e na le leano le nepahetseng; bakeng sa bana, papali ea Tic-Tac-Toe e hlahisa sephetho se sa tsitsang. Papali e boletsoeng esale pele e lerootho, feela joaloka buka ea lipatlisiso eo boitsebiso ba 'molai bo tsejoang ka eona esale pele. Ho ipapisitse le monahano ona, Zack le Poulos (2009) hlokomela hore li-schedule tse 'maloa tsa ho lefa (li-slot Machine, roulette le papali ea litoeba) li na le monyetla oa ho hapa haufi le 50%, e le hore li lebelletsoe ho kopa tokollo e kholo ea DA mme, ka hona, e tiisa ketso ea papali ea papali ea chelete.
Bopaki ba hore ho hloka botsitso bo bonahala e le mohloli oa tšusumetso ho bonahala mokhoeng o ntseng o hola oa papali ea ho becha e kenyelletsang papali e atolositsoeng ho li-poker tsa video kapa metjeko ea slot (Dow Schüll, 2012). Batho ka bomong ba ntse ba bapalla ho bapala ho fapana le ho hlola, 'me ho hapa moputso oa chelete ke monyetla oa ho lelefatsa nako ea papali, ho fapana le sepheo sa mantlha sa papali. Ntle le moo, baetsi ba mananeo a papali ba senotse mokhoa o etsang phaello bakeng sa palo e kholo le e kholo ea ho becha ho potoloha papali e fanoeng (Australia,> ho becha ka 100 moqolong o fanoeng), ka chelete e nyane le e nyane (e theohelang tlase joalo ka sente e le ngoe), ho hlahisa "tahlehelo e ipatileng e le tharollo", moo libapali li hlolang tlase ho tseo ba li bapalang (Dixon et al., 2010). Ho batla ho le joalokaha eka libapali li huleloa ho beha li-bets kapa ho leka ho senola algorithm e khethollang win le tahlehelo (hangata hona ho tlaleheloa libapali, bona Dow Schüll, 2012). Haufinyane, re bonts'itse litekatsong tsa batho ba baholo hore ho pepesetsoa matsatsing a 8 ho maemo a boletsoeng esale pele ho fumana moputso o sa tsitsitseng ho ikutloa ka ho arabela mekhoa eo ka nako e telele (bonyane matsatsi a 20) ntle le phokotso ea butle butle maemong a ho hloka botsitso (Robinson et al., tlhatlhobo). Ha ho na maikutlo a boitšoaro a neng a bonahala ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa hamorao ho se tsitsiso e phahameng (meputso e fanoe ka bonnete nakong ea matsatsi a 8 a pele). Sephetho sena se lumellana le liphumano tse ling tse bonts'ang hore boitšoaro bo phehellang ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha bo ka hlaha ho batho ba bang le maemo a sa lebelloang le maemo a papali ea chelete ho tloha bonyenyaneng.Scherrer et al., 2007; Braverman le Shaffer, 2012).
Tšimoloho ea Ho Iphetola ha Lintho ea Mokhoa oa ho Becha
Kaha li-win ha li na seoelo ebile hangata li nyane nakong ea liketsahalo tsa papali ea chelete, ha ho na monyetla oa hore li lekane ho khothaletsa batho ho tiisetsa mosebetsing. Taba ea hore tahlehelo e ka susumetsa papali ea chelete ho feta meru hape ho thata ho e utloisisa. Joale, ke hobaneng ha batho ba becha? Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho ke boitšoaro bo bobe, empa ho hohela ha meputso e sa tsitsang ho atile haholo 'musong oa liphoofolo hoo tšekamelo ena e lokelang ho ba le tšimoloho e tloaelehileng. Mona re fana ka tlhahiso ea maikutlo-e bitsitsoeng "tlhalohanyo" - e qapiloeng ke e mong oa bangoli, e hlalosang boitšoaro bo kang ba papali ea chelete papaling ea ho iphetola ha lintho (Anselme, 2013).
Ka tlhaho, liphoofolo li na le ho haelloa ke taolo ea kutloisiso maemong a mangata; hangata ba sitoa ho noha se tlang ho etsahala. Sena se etsahala ka mabaka a mabeli. Taba ea mantlha, kabo ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho ha e na moelelo, e le hore likarabo tse ngata li tlameha ho hlahisoa pele li fumana lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa. Taba ea bobeli, ho ts'epahala ha maemo a tloahelehileng hangata ha ho phethahale - mohlala, mefuteng e meng, lifate tsa litholoana li ka sebetsa joalo ka ha li kopane le moputso (boteng ba litholoana), empa mokhatlo ona ha o tšepahale hobane lifate tsa litholoana ha li na litholoana boholo ba selemo. Ka lebaka la khaello ena ea taolo ea kelello mabapi le lintho le liketsahalo, ho ka pheha khang ea hore haeba ho se ts'oanehe ha moputso e ne e se mohloli oa tšusumetso, boits'oaro bo bongata bo ne bo tla tima ka lebaka la sekhahla se phahameng sa ho hloleha (le tahlehelo ea matla) eo liphoofolo li nang le eona. Khopolo-taba ea tefo e fana ka maikutlo a hore ha ntho ea bohlokoa kapa bokamoso ba ketsahalo bo le tlase, ho nkuoa lits'ebetso tsa ts'usumetso ho lefella ho sitoa ho etsa likhakanyo tse nepahetseng; tšusumetso e ka sebetsa e le mokhoa oa ho lieha ho timela (Anselme, 2013). Ka mantsoe a mang, ho lumella phoofolo ho mamella mosebetsing ho ka etsahala feela haeba boits'oaro ba eona bo susumetsoa ke ho haelloa ke boikemisetso (ke hore, ho hloka botsitso) eseng ka moputso ka boona. Maikutlo a qobelloang a ka hlalosetsa hore na hobaneng tahlehelo e le ea bohlokoa haholo ho susumetsa batho ba betang: ntle le monyetla oa ho se fumane moputso, meputso e ka ba e boletsoeng esale pele 'me ka lebaka leo lipapali tse ngata li fetoha tse bobebe (Costikyan, 2013). Ntle le moo, khopolo-taba ena e fana ka tlhaloso ho bopaki ba hore, joalo ka liphokotso tsa 'mele (Nader le al., 1997), likotsi tsa kelello le khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka ho haella ha tlhokomelo ea bo-mme li ntlafatsa tokollo ea DA mme, ka nepahalo, tšusumetso ea ho batla lijo (Lomanowska et al., 2011). Litlhokahalo tsa kelello le tsona li bonahala e le sesosa sa boitšoaro bo kang ba papali ea chelete ho maeba le batho (van Holst et al., 2010; Pattison et al., 2013). Ebile, mefuta eohle ea ho nyahama e bakoa ke ho se khone ho bolela esale pele hore na u ka fumana kapa ho fumana lintho tse u khothatsang joang — ebang ke lijo, likamano tsa batho, menyetla ea ho sebetsa le ho bapala, jj. Maemong a mangata, ho se atlehe hona ke litholoana tsa bofuma ba tikoloho. Ka lebaka la sena, tikoloho e futsanehileng e tšoana le tikoloho e sa lebelloang 'me khopolo-taba e khothatsang e fana ka maikutlo a hore maemong ana ka bobeli, ho khothalletsoa sepheo se phahameng sa ho tiisetsa mosebetsing o boima oa ho fumana lisebelisoa.
Ho nka hore tlhaloso ena e nepahetse, boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete bathong bo ka futsetsoa ka bongata ke mefuta ea khale ea mammalia eo litho tsa eona li susumetsoang ke ho se ts'oane ka moputso li nang le monyetla o motle oa ho phela maemong a thata, a matla. Ho becha ka bolotsana e kanna ea ba ho fetelletsa taba ea tloaelo e sebelisoang ke li-kasino le lipapali tsa monyetla. Ehlile, tšusumetso e khannoang ke ho se ts'oane ha e sa hlokahala ho phela hara litso tse ngata tsa bophirima. Leha ho le joalo, papali ea chelete e kanna ea ba ho koetela sistimi ea ho iphetola ha lintho e reretsoeng ho rarolla ho se ts'oanehe ka ho baka tšusumetso e matla, leha e le ka lebaka la tahlehelo e phetoang. Papali ea chelete e ka rarolloa joang? Re nahana hore psychopathology ena e tlameha ho alafshoa ka tatellano, ho latela ts'oaetso ea PG ka 'ngoe. Mohlala, ho rata ho ruisa tikoloho ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea PG ka boikhathollo bo fapaneng le likamano tsa sechaba ho ka fokotsa takatso ea hae ea ho batla keketso ea ts'usumetso. Boemong ba sechaba, mokhoa o mong o lumellang ho sebetsana le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e ka ba hore batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete lik'hasinong ba ka hlola khafetsa ho feta kamoo ba lahleheloang empa ba fumana phaello e nyane haholo (e ts'oanang le chelete e lefshoang) molemong oa ho etsa hore ho phehella ho becha ho se khahlehe. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse felletseng ho khetholla mekhahlelo e tšehetsang matla a lemalloang a lipapali le ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea lipapali tse sa sebeliseng tlokotsi ea rona ea phylogenetic.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: dopamine, tšusumetso, papali ea chelete, tahlehelo, moputso o sa tsitsang
Khopotso: Anselme P le Robinson MJF (2013) Ke eng se susumelletsang boits'oaro ba papali ea chelete? Temoho mabapi le karolo ea dopamine. Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 7: 182. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2013.00182
E amohetse: 20 Mphalane 2013; E amohetsoe: 12 November 2013;
E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang: 02 December 2013.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Bryan F. Sebini, Univesithi ea Michigan, USA
Hlahloba by:
Nichole Neugebauer, Univesithi ea Chicago, USA
Copyright © 2013 Anselme le Robinson. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
Ngollano: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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