Papali ea Video e Sebelisitsoeng Phekolo ea Amblyopia: Ho Lekola Likotsi Tsa Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi (2015)

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Lipapali tsa video li se li tumme ka lebaka la boithabiso ba tsona, 'me ka ts'ibollo ea morao-rao, ts'ebeliso ea bona tlhokomelong ea bophelo bo botle. Tlhahlobo ena e hlahloba likarolo tse peli tsa lipapali tsa video ho phekola ho senyeha ha pono ho amblyopia le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho sebelisa ho tlola le ho lemalla. Haholo-holo, tlhahlobo ena e lekola bokhoba ba papali ea video ho tsoa ponong ea biopsychosocial mme e amana le litšoaneleho tse lemalloang tsa lipapali tsa video le ts'ebeliso ea tsona e le kalafo ea kalafo bakeng sa amblyopia. Lingoloa tsa hajoale li tšehetsa ho tsebahatsoa ha lithethefatsi tsa papali ea video e le lefu, le monyetla oa kalafo oa lipapali tsa video litekong tsa bongaka. Re bontša tlhokeho ea hore baoki ba hlokomele likotsi tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video le tlhoko ea lithuto tsa nako e tlang ho hlahloba likotsi tse amanang le melemo ea bona ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle.

Keywords: lipapali tsa video, ho lemalla, papali ea Inthanete, amblyopia, papali ea inthanete

Selelekela

Lipapali tsa video li eketsehile ho tsebahala ho tloha matsatsing a pele a Atari® le Pac-man® ho li-1970 le 1980s. Ho latela tlaleho ea 2014 e etsoang ke Entertainment Software Association (ESA †), karolo ea 59 ea Maamerika e bapala lipapali tsa video [1]. Lipapali tsa liketso le tsa sethunya li laola mmaraka ka thekiso (Setšoantšo sa 1). ESA, e entsoe ka baetsi ba lipapali tsa video ba holimo, e fana ka setšoantšo se nang le tšepo: Ba supa hore boholo ba batho ba bapala lipapali tse tloaelehileng / tsa boithabiso kapa tsa boto (Karolo ea 29 le liperesente tsa 28, ka tatellano) tlhahlobong ea malapa a 2,200. Leha ho le joalo, ha nako e sebelisitsoeng e kenngoa mohopolo, ho hlaha setšoantšo se fapaneng. Phuputso ea naha ea 1,178 ea bacha ba Amerika ea 8 ho isa lilemong tsa 18 e bontšitse hore liperesente tsa 88 li bapala lipapali tsa video boholo ba lihora tsa 13.2 ka beke [2]. Bashemane ba qetile nako e ngata ho feta banana lipapaling tsa video (lihora tse 16.4 ha li bapisoa le lihora tse 9.2 / beke, p <0.001) [2]. Karolong e le 'ngoe ea litekanyetso, papali ea video ea pathological e hlalosoa e na le bonyane matšoao a tšeletseng a 11 tlasa mekhahlelo e latelang: ho sitisoa ha ts'ebetso ea thuto kapa mesebetsi ea lapeng, ho ameha haholo ka papali, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (ho bapala ka lebaka la moea o mobe), ho tlohela, le ho fetella. tšebeliso ea chelete ho lipapali [2]. Tlas'a Tlhaloso ena, liperesente tsa 11.9 tsa bashanyana le liperesente tsa 2.9 tsa banana li ile tsa khetholloa e le libapali tsa methapo ea maoto [2].

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Lipapali tsa video tse rekisoang haholo ho 2013 ka mofuta oa Amerika joalo ka ha li phatlalalitsoe ke Entertainment Software Association [1].

Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lipapali tsa video e fetohile bothata ba lefats'e. Ho ata ha tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video le bokhoba ba tsona ho phahame haholo Asia [3-5]. Hajoale, Rephabliki ea People of China e na le 'maraka o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa lipapali tsa marang-rang mme e lebelletsoe ho habeli ho tloha ho $ 11.9 billion ho 2013 ho isa ho $ 23.4 billion ka 2018 [6]. Phuputso ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang Hong Kong e tlalehile karolo ea 15.6 ea lipalo tsa sehlopha sa 8 ho baithuti ba 11 ba nang le papatso ea lipapali tsa video, ba sebelisa Game Addiction Scale (Setšoantšo sa 2) [4]. Lipapatso tsa lipapali tsa inthanete Chaena li bonoa hangata ho litoropo tsa naha 'me hangata li tlala ka bongata.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Mekhoa e meraro e atileng ea ho lemalla papali ea video. Karolo ea mantlha ea Bokhoba ba Papali ea Video e kenyelletsa likarolo tsa botšelela tsa bokhoba ba tahi. Tlhaloso ea Diseteke tsa Lipapali tsa Marang-rang ea DSM-5 e kenyelletsa lintlha tse tharo tse eketsehileng, 'me qetellong papali eo ...

Ha lipapali tsa video li ntse li eketseha ka bongata, ho bile le mekhoa e metle ea ho li sebelisa molemong oa ho hlahisa litholoana. Lihlopheng tse peli tse ka sehloohong tsa lipapali tsa video ke ho lula fatše (ho laoloang ke motsamao oa menoana ka li-button ho controller kapa keyboard) le ho kenya letsoho ka mafolofolo (ho laoloang ke metsamao e meholo ea 'mele). Lipapali tsa maiketsetso tse sebetsang ho Nintendo Wii® le simulators tse ling li sebelisitsoe ho etsa opereishene ea laparoscopic le microscopic bakeng sa ho koetlisa lingaka tse buoang [7,8]. Papali e 'ngoe e sebetsang ea video ho Xbox Kinect® e bontšitse hore e sebetsa hantle ho ntlafatseng bokhoni ba ho khanna [9]. Li-simulators ka mokhoa oa lipapali tsa likhomphutha le tsona li sebelisitsoe ho koetlisa lifofane le linohe tsa linaleli [10,11]. Leha ho le joalo, haufinyane tjena ho na le lipapali tsa video tse lutseng feela tse bontšitseng monyetla oa ho phekola bakuli ba nang le amblyopia, e leng lefu la methapo ea methapo e amang pono. Ubisoft®, k'hamphani ea lipapali tsa video, le balekane ba eona ba ntse ba batla tumello ho tsoa ho Tsamaiso ea Lijo le Lithethefatsi ea US bakeng sa papali ea matlapa kalafong ea amblyopia [12].

Ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona ba ho phekola le ho ba le lefu la kelello, tlhahlobo ena e hlahloba karolo e thata ea lipapali tsa video ho hlahiseng bokhoba le ho fokotsa amblyopia. Haholo-holo, tlhahlobo ena e lekola bokhoba ba papali ea video ho tsoa ponong ea biopsychosocial mme e amana le litšoaneleho tsa lipapali tsa video ka ts'ebeliso ea bona e le kalafo e hlokang kalafo. Tlhahlobo ena e kenyelletsa lipapali tsa video tse lutseng (ke hore, marang-rang, likhomphutha, likhomphutha, le lipapali tsa thelebishene) empa ha e kenye lipapali tsa video tse kenang ka bongata kaha tsena ha li nkuoe e le lemallo.

Tlatsetso ea Papali ea Video: Ho Sebetsa ho Tlhaloso ea Kliniki

Ho tloha ha pampiri ea pele e hlalosang tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video ho 1983, bafuputsi ba ile ba thatafalloa ho lumellana ka tatellano ea mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla papali ea video [13]. Papatso ea papali ea video, ho bapala papali ea mathata, ho bapala lipapali tsa video le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ke mantsoe a fapaneng a hlalositsoeng ho hlalosa ketsahalo e le 'ngoe eo ho eona libapali tsa lipapali li phehellang lipapali ntle le litlamorao tse mpe. Ka har'a Buka ea Tlhahlobo le Thupelo ea Lipalo bakeng sa Mathata a Kelello-5 (DSM-5) sehlomathisong, litaba tsa lipapali tsa inthanete li fumaneha kahare ho Karolo ea Boemo ba ho Ithuta ho Eketsehileng sehlopheng sa tlhahlobo ea mathata a amanang le bokhopo le tlhekefetso. E bua ka "tšebeliso e sa khaotseng le e sebelisoang khafetsa ea marang-rang ea ho bapala lipapali, hangata le libapali tse ling, tse lebisang ho senyeheng kapa ho sithabetseng ho hoholo joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke [mekhoa e mehlano] nakong ea likhoeli tsa 12"14].

Mekhoa e tobileng ea ho lemalla papali ea video e tšoeroe ka har'a lingoliloeng. Mekhoa e meraro e atileng ea tlhahlobo le tekanyo e thathamisitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2. Likarolo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba papali ea video bo hlophisitsoeng ke Griffiths ke ho se tsotelle, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho mamella, matšoao a ho khaotsa, likhohlano le ho oela hape [15]. Ho fapana le seo, litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea marang-rang li na le likarolo tse ling tse totobatsang tahlehelo ea boithabiso mesebetsing e fetileng ea ts'ebetso, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ntle le tsebo ea mathata a kelello, le thetso (ho thetsa litho tsa lelapa le ba bang mabapi le nako e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tsa video) [14]. Tlhahlobo eo e nkoa e netefalitsoe ke ho kopana bonyane ka mekhoa e mehlano. Kamora nako, Game Addiction Scale ke sekala sa ntho ea 21 se nkiloeng ho litekanyetso tse thehiloeng ho DSM tse lumellanang ka matla le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea papali ea video, hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video, ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho se khotsofale ha bophelo, ho hloka botsitso sechabeng, le mabifi [16]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, potso e 'ngoe, Tlhahlobo ea Tlatsetso ea Video, e nkiloe ho Scale ea Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang. Ke potso ea 14 ea ntho e nang le lintlha tse phahameng tse hokahaneng le nako e ngata e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tsa video le liphetho tse mpe tsa kelello le ho feta [17].

Ka kakaretso, ho fane ka mekhoa le liteko tse fapaneng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea bothata ba lipapali tsa video. Leha nako e sebelisoang lipapaling tsa video e lumellana haholo le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mathata, qetellong ke tšusumetso e mpe ea kelello maikutlong a motho e khethollang papali e feteletseng ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea papali ea video [15].

The Neuropathology ea Tlatsetso ea Lipapali ea Video

Liphuputso tse 'maloa li fuputse monahano oa boko ho hlakisa neuropathology ea tšebeliso ea papali ea video e nang le mathata le ho senola tšusumetso ea eona ea khatello ea methapo. Electroencephalograms (EEG), imagonance imaging (MRI), le positron emission tomography (PET) kaofela li sebelisitsoe ho utloisisa temallo ea papali ea video [18,19]. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore bokhoba ba papali ea video bo latela litsela tse tšoanang tsa neural joalo ka litlatsetso tse ling tse ngata [19,20]. Lipalo tsa PET tsa baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba bapalang papali ea tanka ea komporo li bonts'a tlhahiso ea dopamine seterateng ka bongata bo lekanang le bo lokollotsoeng ke amphetamines kapa methylphenidates [18]. Phuputso e laoloang ea fMRI ea libapali tsa banna tsa 22 le li-taolo tsa banna tsa 23 li bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ho gorus e tlase e tlase e tlase le ka ho le letona le ka tlase le letona la parietal [21], ho fumanoa ho tsamaellanang le thuto e 'ngoe e kopantseng lipapali tsa mathata le botenya bo fokotsitsoeng ba li-cortical libakeng tse tšoanang [22].

Han et al. e fumane hore lithuto ka bobeli le ntle le ho kopana tse hlokoang tsa ts'ebeliso ea mathata li fetotse ts'ebetso ea boko ka mor'a nako ea beke ea 6 ea ho bapala lipapali tsa video [23]. Leha ho le joalo, ha a pepesetsoa likhoto, lihlooho tse sebelisang bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video li ile tsa eketsa haholo ts'ebetso ea cingrate ea orterof Pambal le bokong ha li bapisoa le lithuto ntle le tšebeliso e mpe. Ts'ebetso e eketsehang ea ka ntle ea cingulate e ile ea kopanngoa le takatso e matla ea lipapali tsa video [23].

Coyne o ile a sibolla lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele tse bontšang tlhaho ea ho lemalla papali ea video. Ka tloaelo ha ho tobanoa le mosebetsi oa ho ngola, taba e ba le ho hula ha methapo ea kutlo (PNS), e lekantsoeng le ho phefumoloha hoa moea. Ho tlosoa hona ho kopantsoe le lithutong tse lemaletseng tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [24]. Coyne o bonts'itse hore lithuto tsa bongoana tse nang le matšoao a mangata a ho lemalla lipapali tsa video li ile tsa tlosoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa PNS [25].

Kamora nako, lipatlisiso li fana ka maikutlo a hore neuropathology ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lipapali tsa video e ka fokotsoa ka kalafo ea meriana. Han et al. e bonts'itse hore kamora nako ea beke ea 6-beke ea kalafo ea bupropion, lithuto tsa 11 tse lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa papali ea video li bonts'oa li fokotse takatso ea papali ea video, nako eohle ea papali, mme e fokotse ts'ebetso ea cueex ea dorsolateral pele ho pele [26]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, Han o ile a phekola bana ba 62 ba fumanoeng ba na le ts'oaetso ka bobeli ba Attention Defnty Hyperacaction Disorder (ADHD) le papali ea papali ea video e nang le methylphenidate e khothalletsang. Kamora libeke tsa 8 tsa kalafo, lintlha tsa ho lemalla papali ea video le nako ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete li ile tsa fokotsoa haholo [27]. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho ithuta ho ne ho sena sehlopha se laolang libapali tse nang le mathata, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho sebelisa liteko tse laoloang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho qoba khethollo le mabaka a ferekanyang.

Lintho Tse Kotsi le Tse Sireletsang

Ka bobeli sebapali le sebapali se bapala karolo ea tsona ho fetoleng kotsi ea ho lemalla papali ea video. Boipiletso ba lipapali tse ngata tsa video bakeng sa libapali tse lemalloang le tse sa lemalloang khafetsa li kenyelletsa ho fumana matla le maemo papaling, ho hatela pele moeling oa morero, le ho fumana botumo le ho hlolloa ke libapali tse ling [28]. Ntle le moo, papali ea papali e fana ka tlhahlobo, ho bapala karolo, le ho baleha (ho qoelisoa lefats'eng ka ntle ho mathata a bophelo ba nnete) [28,29]. Lebaka le leng le susumetsang ke bosholu sechabeng sa libapali tsa inthanete ka lipuisano le lipapali tsa tšebelisano lipapaling [28,30]. Bakeng sa sepheo se kaholimo sa papali ea papali, ho fumanoe tse latelang li amahanngoa le papali e fetelletseng: sechaba ka har'a sechaba se bapalang lipapali, sepheo sa ho qothisana lehlokoa le litsebi tsa papali, le ho baleha [28,31-33].

Phuputso e entsoeng ke baithuti ba univesithi ea 123 United Kingdom e fumane hore lintlha tsa Game Addiction Scale li hokahane le litšobotsi tsa botho, ho kenyelletsa neuroticism (ho hloka botsitso maikutlong), ho tšoenyeha, ho batla maikutlo (ho hohela ho bocha), le mabifi [34]. Nako ea boqhetseke e ne e boetse e le sesosa sa likotsi, mme ba ka tlase ho 27 ba tsamaellana haholo le litheko tse phahameng tsa bokhoba [35]. Haufinyane liphuputso li fumane lintlha tse peli tsa tlatsetso ea ho lemalla papali ea video: ADHD [36,37]38]. Phuputso ea 2013 ho bashanyana ba nang le lefu la autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), kapa nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng (taolo) e bonts'itse ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video e matla haholo bakeng sa bobeli ba ASD (p = 0.001) le ADHD (p = 0.03) ha e bapisoa. ho laola [38]. Leha thuto e senola palo ea bohlokoa ea batho ba kotsing e lokelang ho beoa leihlo bakeng sa matšoao a bokhoba, lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng lia hlokahala ho tseba litlamorao tsa ho lemalla batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea kelello le hore lipapali tsa video li ka mpefatsa ho se tsotelloe, ho hloka kelello le khatello ea maikutlo ho maemo ana.

Ho khahlisang, tlhahlobo ea baithuti ba maDutch ba 3,105 e fumane hore ho fetella le letsoalo le khutsitseng li fokolitse tekanyo ea litšitiso bakeng sa ho lemalla lipapali tsa Inthanete, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa ena e ka ba mabaka a ts'ireletso bakeng sa ho lemalla lipapali tsa video [39]. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ha ea ka ea ikarabella bakeng sa bong le lilemo, li-modifera tse peli tse ka etsisoang mohlaleng, mme hore na ho hloka mabaka ho hlakile joang. E kanna eaba temallo ea papali ea chelete e baka phetoho sebopeho, molemong oa hore motho ea seng a khaotsoe a be le kelello e qaqileng, e nang le khatello ea maikutlo le / kapa a tšoenyehe ka mor'a boitšoaro bo telele ba bokhoba.

Litšobotsi tsa lipapali tse eketsang kotsi ea ho lemalla papali ea lipapali tsa video li kenyelletsa tšehetso e ntle (mohlala, lipheo tse bonolo tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali kapa likotlo tse nyane mochining oa slot) [40] le sebapali se tsebahalang seo sebapali se ka se khethollang [35]. Litefiso tse tšoanang (4 ho ea lipapaling tsa 5 tsa lipapatso) li fumanoe ho ba bapalang lipapali tsa papali ea papali ea marang-rang, likhomphutha kapa lipapaling tsa marang-rang [41]. Litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa lipapali tsa video tse etsang hore li khahle li kenyelletsa likarolo tsa sechaba (mohlala, boto ea lintlha tse phahameng, likhetho tsa libapali tse ngata), nehelano (litekanyetso tsa molumo, litšoantšo tsa boleng bo phahameng), likarolo tsa moputso le likotlo, likarolo tsa pale le boitsebahatso (mohlala, avatar e hlophisitsoeng), le ho qhekella le taolo (mohlala, libaka tsa ho lekola lintlha le likotsi) [42]. Tsena tsohle li fana ka tšusumetso e matla bakeng sa papali ea papali. Mekha ea sechaba, moputso le likarolo tsa kotlo li amana le kotsi ea ho lemalla [30,43].

Liphello tsa kelello

Mekhatlo e mengata e fosahetseng ea kelello le kelello e thehiloe ka tšebeliso ea mathata a lipapali tsa video, ho kenyelletsa le matšoenyeho a sechaba [44], bolutu, ho ikhalala45], mathata a ho robala [46], tsamaisa mathata [47], le khatello ea maikutlo [45,48]. Tšebeliso ea Nikotine, joala le cannabis ho bashanyana li ne li ka ba teng habeli ho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video [45]. Kaha lithuto tsena e ne e le tsa motheo, tlhahlobo e telele e sa ntse e lokela ho tiisa kamano ea nakoana lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video le lintlha tsena.

Ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video e nang le mathata e hokahane haholo le ts'ebetso e mpe ea thuto e kang palo ea SAT e fokotsehileng, le ho fokotseha ho kenella kolecheng [36,49-51]. Phuputsong ea sehlopha sa 2015 ea baithuti ba selemo sa pele ba 477 ba kolecheng ea bonono ea banna bohle, baithuti ba ile ba hlahlojoa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea papali ea video letsatsing la bona la pele la koetliso. Qetellong ea selemo sa pele, ho bokelloa GPA e tsoang sekolong. Schmitt o fumane hore le kamora ho laola GPA ea sekolo se phahameng, sebali se matla sa koleche ea GPA, ts'ebeliso e thata ea papali ea video e sebelisana hampe le GPA kamora selemo se le seng (P <1) [50].

Patlisiso e hlahisitse phello e 'ngoe e mpe ea ho bapala papali ea video: mabifi [49,52,53]. Kamora ho phehisana khang ka hore na lipapali tsa video tse mabifi li ka baka moferefere, Anderson o ile a etsa tlhahlobo ea meta-lithuto tsa barupeluoa ba 130,000 ho pholletsa le litso tsa Bophirima le Bochabela tse neng li kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling, tlhaiso-leseling, likarolo tse ts'oanang le data e telele. O tlalehile hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video tse nang le pefo ho ka eketsa pefo ka nako, ho sa tsotelloe thobalano, lilemo kapa setso [53].

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tsa nako e telele le tsa liteko li boetse li bonts'a hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa sechaba se atisang ho eketsa kutloelo-bohloko le boits'oaro bo tepelletsang [54,55]. Barupeluoa ba mashome a mararo a metso e ts'eletseng ba ile ba abeloa ka mokhoa o sa reroang papaling ea pro-social kapa ea ho se nke lehlakore (Tetris®). Papali ea pro-social e ne e kenyelletsa ho khothaletsa ts'ireletso ea toropo boitekong bo fapaneng ba pholoso le tšebelisano 'moho le basebetsi ba fapaneng ba toropo, joalo ka bo-ralitima-mollo le mapolesa. Barupeluoa ba neng ba bapala lipapali tsa pro-social ba ne ba khona ho thusa mosali ea hlekefelitsoeng (baetsi ba liteko tsa papali ea lets'ollo ntle le tsebo ea sehlooho). Liteko tse ileng tsa latela tsa morao-rao li bonts'itse hore libapali tsa video tsa sechaba le sechaba li ka khona ho thusa ka mor'a koluoa ​​[52,54,56]. Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso li ts'ehetsa hore litaba tsa papali ea video li ka ama boitšoaro bo botle ba sechaba kapa ho se ame hantle. Kaha boholo ba lipapali tsa video tse rekisoang ka ho fetisisa li mabifi (Tekanyetso ea 17 + tekanyo) [57], ha ho makatse hore ebe lingoliloeng li supa kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea papali ea video e thata le mabifi [34,47].

Ho na le Kamore e Phekolo e Tlatsitsoeng ke Lipapali Tsa Video: Amblyopia ke eng?

Bafuputsi ba fumane likarolo tse hohelang le tse hohelang maikutlong a lipapali tsa video. Liteko tse 'maloa tsa kliniki li bontšitse melemo ea ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video ho phekola amblyopia. Amblyopia ke lefu la methapo ea methapo ea kutlo e hlahang ha boiphihlelo ba ponong ea bonono bo senyeha bongoaneng. Ts'ebetso e qala ha leihlo le le leng le fokolisoa ke lintho tse bakang tšitiso ea litšoantšo lipakeng tsa mahlo joalo ka strabismus ("leihlo le botsoa"), anisometropia (matla a sa lekanang pakeng tsa mahlo), liphoso tsa mahlo kapa phoso e kholo nakong ea lilemo tse 'maloa tsa pele. bophelo. Leihlo le matla la motho e mong le arabela ka ho hatella phepelo ho tsoa leihlo le fokolang 'me le lebisa ho liphetoho sebakeng se bonoang sa "cortex" le "genus" ea morao-rao ea morao-rao [58-61]. Ka kakaretso, ts'ebetso ena e kenya letsoho ho fokotseng sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea pono, hangata e etsahalang nakong ea lilemo tsa 3 tsa pele [61]. Haeba e sa hlophiseha, amblyopia e ka lebisa ho lahleheloeng ke pono e sa fetoheng, haholo-holo pono e senyehileng ea pono, le pono e tebileng ea bonohe. Ho senyeha hona ho ka ama ts'ebetso ea bakuli letsatsi le letsatsi le ho fokotsa likhetho tsa mosebetsi [62]. Phuputso ea mafu a lefu la seoa ho 2014 e hakantse ho ata ha amblyopia ho tloha ho 3.0 ho ea ho 5.4 lekholong ho li-preschoolers United States [63].

Phekolo ea hajoale bakeng sa litsi tsa "amblyopia" haholo-holo litokellong tsa 'mele tse lateloang ke ho hlahisa maikutlo ho tsoa leihlo le phetseng hantle ka ts'ebeliso ea patch. Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotelloe patch, 15 ho ea 50 lekholong ea bana ba sitoa ho fihlela acuity e tloaelehileng ea pono ka mor'a nako e telele ea kalafo [64-72]. Sekhahla sa ho hloleha se eketsa lilemo tsa 7 tse fetileng, ha sisteme ea pono e hola ho pota 7 ho isa lilemong tsa 10 [73]. Lisosa tse tlatsetsang tsa tekanyo e phahameng ea ho hloleha ho kenyelletsa ho se latelehe hammoho le ho fokotseha ha polasetiki ea neuronal ka mor'a bongoana [68,73-77]. Ho ithuta ka Perceptual ke mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho phekola batho ba baholo ba nang le amblyopia. Bakuli ba ikoetlisa khafetsa ka mosebetsi o batsi o kang ho supa litlhaku tse nang le boholo bo fapaneng le maemo a phapang [78]. Leha ho le joalo, kalafo ena e felletsoe ke ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho se latele [79]. Ho hlola meeli ea ho latela le ho fokotseha ha neuroplasticity le lilemo, lipapali tsa video li sa tsoa hlaha e le mokhoa oa liteko oa kalafo bakeng sa amblyopia.

Ts'ebeliso ea Lipapali tsa Video: Phekolo ea Amblyopia

Likarolo tse ts'oanang tsa lipapali tsa video tse ba etsang hore ba lemale le tsona li ba etsetsa sethala se loketseng kalafo e lumellanang haholo: likhalase tse ntle tse hlokang khethollo ea pono papaling ea papali, mosebetsi o fapaneng oa pono, karabelo ea kapele, le moputso bakeng sa mosebetsi oa pono, har'a tse ling tse ipiletsang litšobotsi tsa papali. Ntle le moo, lipapali tsa video li bontšitse ho ntlafatsa phapang ea kutloisiso e tšoarellang halelele mme e hlahisitsoe ho ts'oara polasetiki ea cortical [80]. Lethathamo 1 e bontša kakaretso ea lipapali tsa video tse ithutoang ho fihlela joale kalafo ea amblyopia. Phuputsong e entsoeng ke Li et al., Lithuto li ile tsa bapala Medal of Honor® kapa Simcity ® lihora tse ngata tsa 40 (lihora tsa 2 ka letsatsi) li sebelisa leihlo la amblyopic ha leihlo le leng le patiloe. Bakuli ba mashome a mabeli (15 ho isa lilemong tsa 61) ba ntlafalitse haholo pono ea bona ka lebaka la 1.6, mela e batlang e le habeli ho lichate ea lengolo la LogMAR. Ntle le moo, lithuto li bile le ntlafatso e kholo lithutong tsa nakoana, tlhokomelong ea sebaka, le li-stereopsis [81]. Ha e le hantle, sekhahla se joalo sa ho hlaphoheloa se potlakile ka makhetlo a mahlano ho feta se bonoang ho bana ba tšoaroang ka leihlo le tloaelehileng la mahlo [68].

Lethathamo 1 

Kakaretso ea liteko tsa kliniki tse hlahlobang phello ea kalafo ea lipapali tsa video.

Ha papali ea bonono e bontšoa e phahame ho feta papali ea monocular ho ntlafatso ea pono le ntlafatso ea li-stereops, bafuputsi ba ile ba qala ho nts'etsapele lipapali tsa dichoptic [82]. Lipapali tsena li fihlela tšebetso ea tsona ea ho folisa ka ho hlahisa setšoantšo se fapaneng leihlo ka leng, ka hona li putsa mokuli ha mahlo ka bobeli a sebetsa 'moho ho hapa papali. Mohlala, papaling ea Tetris®, lithunya tse ling tse bonoang ke leihlo la amblyopic li fapana haholo, athe li-block tse ling tse fapaneng ka tlase li bonoa ke leihlo le phetseng hantle. Karolo ea phapang lipapaling tsena e ka fetoloa ho latela moroalo o mong le o mong oa bakuli [82]. Ho hlahile libaka tse fapaneng tse kenyeletsang iPod [83-86], lihlooho tse phahamisitsoeng haholo tsa video [82,85], le sistimi e khethehileng ea Interactive Binocular Treatment (I-BiT ®) e nang le likhalase tsa 3D [87-89].

Pele, papali e tloahelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea dichoptic e sebelisitsoeng e ne e le Tetris®, empa haufinyane tjena, lipapali tse fetotsoeng tsa liketso tse kang Unreal Tourmet® li ekelitsoe repertoire [90] (Lethathamo 1). Kalafo ea adjunct ka transcranial Direct directly stimulation (tDCS) ea cortex ea pono e bontšitse molemo o eketsehileng ho ntlafatseng ho ts'oaroa, mohlomong ka ho ntlafatsa phello ea papali ea video ho neuronal plasticity [83]. Leha lithuto tsa hajoale li fokotsoe ke mehlala e menyenyane ea sampole le taolo ea kantle, lithuto tsena tsa pele li tšehetsa karolo ea lipapali tsa video kalafong ea amblyopia.

Puisano le Pono

Tlhahlobo ea rona ea lingoliloeng e bonts'a hore tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video e ka lebisa bothateng, haholoholo ha ho na le lintlha tse itseng tsa kotsi. Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tse khahlisang tsa lipapali tsa video le tsona li se li raliloe ho theha pheko e ntlafatsang bakeng sa amblyopia ka ho latela.

Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le melemo ea bophelo bo botle le likotsi tsa lipapali tsa video. Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka phello e felletseng ea papali ea video ho phekola amblyopia, teko e laoloang ka bongata e sa hlophisoe hoa hlokahala ho netefatsa melemo ea papali ea video ponong ha e bapisoa le mesebetsi e meng ea pono e kang ho bala buka sethaleng se le seng sa elektroniki. Ts'ebetso ea khethollo e lokela ho ba sebakeng sa ho fokotsa khethollo bakeng sa bakuli ba khothalletsoang haholo ho bapala lipapali tsa video. Bakuli bana ba ka sebelisa lipapali tsa video ho feta kamoo ho neng ho reretsoe, ka hona, ho eketsa phello ea thuto le sekhahla sa ho latela kalafo.

Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e ntle le e kotsi ea lipapali tsa video e khahla haholo mme e ka baka tšoaetso ea bokhoba ba papali ea lipapali tsa video. Lipapali tsa video tse hlahisitsoeng hape e le pheko li ka hlahisa papali ea papali e le e amohelehang sechabeng, 'me ea lebisa tšebeliso e ngata. Hajoale, ho na le bana ba hakanyetsoang ba limilione tse 15 ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 5 ba nang le amblyopia [91]. Boholo ba 'maraka bakeng sa lipapali tsa video tsa kalafo bo boholo le ho feta, ho nahanisisa ka bana le batho ba baholo ba nang le amblyopia. Batho bana ba kanna ba ba le mabaka a kotsing ea ho lemalla papali ea video e boletsoeng ho tlhahlobo ena. Boithuto bo boetse bo bontšitse hore kamohelo e phahameng ea sechaba ea ho bapatsa lipapali tsa lipapali tsa lipapali ka bongata ba mathata a lipapali, joalo ka ha ho bonoa linaheng tsa Asia Boroa-bochabela [4,5]. Hore na ts'ebeliso ea kalafo ea lipapali tsa video e tla lebisa keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video e sa ntse e tla hlahlojoa.

Motsoako oa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le phekolo e ka bang teng lipapaling tsa video o tsosa ho tšoenyeha ho bahlokomeli ba mantlha, lingaka tsa mafu a kelello le lingaka tsa mahlo. Lithutong tse hlahlojoang, nako e phahameng e sebelisitsoeng kalafong ea papali ea video e ne e le lihora tsa 2 / letsatsi bakeng sa lihora tsohle tsa 80. Ha ho na phuputso e hlahlobang sebaka se pharalletseng melemong ea sona ea kalafo kapa melemo ea nako e telele le likotsi tsa kalafo ea papali ea video. Potso e sala: Motho o lokela ho bapala lipapali tsa video joang bakeng sa kalafo pele melemo ea pono e fetisoa ke litlamorao tse mpe le kotsi ea ho lemalla? Ha lintlha tse fapaneng li kenya letsoho tlatsong ea papali ea lipapali tsa video, tataiso e lokela ho ba teng ho thusa bakuli le batsoali ho fumana potso ena. Litsebi tsa mafu a kelello li lokela ho lekanya kotsi ea ho lemalla video ntle le melemo ea ho bona ha ba fana ka papali ea video e le pheko mme ba tsebise bakuli le / kapa batsoali ka likotsi. Ka lebaka la ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video, lingaka tsa bana, lingaka tsa mafu a kelello, le ba fanang ka tlhokomelo ea mantlha ba lokela ho tseba litšusumetso tsa bona mme ba hlokomele matšoao a bokhoba joalo. Ho hlokahala patlisiso e eketsehileng ho fana ka lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa baoki ho tseba le ho fetisetsa bakuli ka ts'ibollo ea lipapali tsa video.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re rata ho leboha Jessica A. Wright ka boiteko ba hae ba ho hlophisa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

khutsufalitsoeng

EsaMokhabiso oa Software oa Boithabiso
DSMTlhatlhobo le Buka ea Bophatlalatsi bakeng sa Mathata a Kelello
EEGelectroencephalogram
MRIpapiso ea mahlaseli a motlakase
PETpositron emission tomography
PNStsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo
ADHDTlhokomeliso Dis Defence Hyperacaction Disorder
I-BiT ®Phekolo ea mmele o kenang
TDCStranscranial ngqo tse susumetsang hona joale
 

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Chaoying Sarah Xu o qopile buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ka menehelo e tsoang ho Jessica Chen (karolo ea neurobiology le sephetho sa kelello). Ron Adelman o fane ka tataiso mabapi le sehlooho, ho fana ka koetliso nakong ea ho ngola, le ho etsa liteko tse thata mabapi le buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Ha ho mohloli oa chelete o sebelisitsoeng.

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