1Philipps-Univesithi, Marburg, Jeremane
, Nele NyenhuisTlhahisoleseling e amanang
, Antonia BarkeTlhahisoleseling e amanang
1Philipps-Univesithi, Marburg, Jeremane
HO HLOKA
Khatello ea Lipapatso tsa Inthanete e kenyellelitsoe ho Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea lipalo-palo ea mafu a kelello (5th khatiso) e le bokuli bo lokelitsoeng ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling. Mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea mafu e ipapisitse le mathata a likhathatso tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boloi. Ba bechang ka mokhoa o feteletseng le batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba sebelisa tlhekefetso ho bontša maikutlo a khethollo malebana le ts'usumetso ea bona. Re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata li bontša leeme le tšoanang ka ho sebelisa liteko tse peli tse lekiloeng.
mekhoa
Re lekantsoe linako tsa karabelo tsa libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng le tse seng libapali (N = 51, 23.7 ± 2.7 lilemo) ka ho sebelisa sethethefatsi Stroop ka mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha le a sa jeleng paate, hammoho le sesebelisoa sa pono se nang le litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo le tse sa nke lehlakore. Mefuta e fapaneng ea meralo e hlahisitse phapang pakeng tsa li-theme-group (gamer / non-gamer) le mofuta o kahare-oa lithuto o susumetsang (o amanang le khomphutha / o sa nke lehlakore) o baliloe bakeng sa linako tsa karabelo hammoho le valence le lintlha tse tsebahalang tsa lintho tse hlasimollang.
Results
Stroop ea ho lemalla, ho ile ha fumanoa tšebelisano ea mofuta oa sehlopha sa lihlopha: Ke libapali feela tse bonts'itseng linako tse arabelang ho mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha ha a bapisoa le mantsoe a se nang lehlakore, ka hona a bontša leeme. Thutong ea bonono, ha ho liphapang nakong ea karabelo lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse amanang le khomphutha tse ileng tsa fumanoa sehlopheng ka seng, empa libapali li ne li potlaka ka ho felletseng.
Nahanisisa
Monyetla o lebisang tlhokomelo ho susumetso e amanang le khomphutha e fumanoe ho libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng, ka ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi empa e se ka ho sebelisa tlhahlobo e bonoang. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng mabapi le phapang ena e ka robala hobane taba ea hore lipatlisiso li ka be li bile bonolo haholo ho libapali.
Selelekela
Ho bapala lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete ho tsamaisana le mathata a kelello joalo ka ho fokotseha hoa thuto kapa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi.Chen & Tzeng, 2010; Chiu, Lee, & Huang, 2004; Griffiths, Davies, & Chappell, 2004; Hellström, Nilsson, Leppert, & Slund, 2012; Jeong & Kim, 2011; Liu & Peng, 2009; Peng & Liu, 2010; Rehbein, Kleimann, & Mössle, 2010; Skoric, Teo, & Neo, 2009; Van Rooij, Kuss, Griffiths, Shorter, & Van de Mheen, 2013), ho hlokomoloha boithabiso le likamano tse ntle le papali (Griffiths et al., 2004; Hellström et al., 2012; Liu & Peng, 2009; Lo, Wang, & Fang, 2005; Rehbein et al., 2010), likhohlano tsa batho (Batthyány, Müller, Benker, le Wölfling, 2009; Hellström et al., 2012; Shen & Williams, 2011), bolutu (Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2011; Shen & Williams, 2011; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, le Van de Mheen, 2011), le ho hloka boroko (Achab et al., 2011; Griffiths et al., 2004; Hellström et al., 2012; Rehbein et al., 2010; Van Rooij et al., 2013).
Hajoale, batho ba limilione tse 671 lefatšeng ka bophara ba bapala lipapali tsa khomphutha (Singh, 2013). Papali e bapala karolo e ngata ea ba bapalang papali ea Marang-rang (li-MMORPG) akhaonte ea karolo ea bone ea lekeno la lefatše ka bophara bakeng sa lipapali tsa k'homphieutha (Barnett & Coulson, 2010). Li-MMORPG ke lipapali tse ipapisang le papali moo libapali tse likete li kenang ho sebapali sa bona, avatar. Bakeng sa ho atleha, libapali li tlameha ho sebelisana (Cole & Griffiths, 2007) le ho tsetela nako e eketsehileng ka tatellano (Van Rooij et al., 2011). Li-MMORPG ha li na pheletso (joalo ka ntoa ea ho qetela) ebile li phehella; ka mantsoe a mang, papali e tsoela pele, le ha sebapali se sa kenngoe (Barnett & Coulson, 2010). Libapali li matlafatsoa khafetsa ka ho fumana maemo a phahameng, bokhoni, khauta e fumanehang kapa lisebelisoa tse ntle. MMORPG e tummeng ka ho fetisisa ke World of Warcraft (WoW), e nang le bangolisi ba 10 ba limilioneBlizzard Entertainment, 2014). Ka lebaka la tlhaho ea bona ea bophelo, ho phehella, le ho khothaletsoa ha nakoana, li-MMORPG li na le kotsi e kholo ea ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng (Beutel, Hoch, Wölfling, & Müller, 2011). Mosi (2007) abela barutoana bao pele ba neng ba sa bapale lipapali tsa khomphutha ho bapala e le 'ngoe (solo, arcade, console, kapa MMORPG) bonyane hora ka beke. Kamora khoeli e le 'ngoe, libapali tsa MMORPG li tlaleha ho bapala hangata ho feta barupeluoa ba bang, bophelo bo botle ba' mele le boleng ba ho robala, le papali e kenella haholo lithutong tsa bona.
Khatello ea Lipapatso tsa Inthanete e kentsoe sehlomathisong sa Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea lipalo-palo ea mafu a kelello (5th khatiso) ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso tse ling (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea mafu e ipapisitse le mathata a likhathatso tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mafu a boloi (Petry et al., 2014). Potso e hlaha hore na Khatello ea Lipapali ea Inthanete le lits'oaetso tsena li arolelana likarolo tsa nts'etsopele le ho boloka moferefere (mohlala, maemo le mekhoa ea tlhokomelo).
Leeme le hlokometsoeng ke ntho e matla eo u ka e fumanang ho batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.Cox, Fadardi, & Pothos, 2006; Robbins le Ehrman, 2004); e iponahatsa ka ho lebisa tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho e susumetsang e amanang le temallo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e amehang (Cox et al., 2006). Mabapi le bothata ba ho becha, khethollo e joalo e bontšitsoe lithutong tse 'ne (Boyer le Dickerson, 2003; McCusker, Gettings, le Ireland, 1997; Molde et al., 2010; Vizcaino et al., 2013), athe thuto e le 'ngoe e ile ea hloleha ho fumana bopaki bakeng sa eona (Atkins & Sharpe, 2006).
Ho latela mohopolo oa lipelaelo tsa hajoale, boemo bo susumetsang, kapa ho tšoenyeha hona joale, bo pakeng tsa qeto ea ho phehella sepheo le ho se fihlela kapa ho tela sepheo (Cox et al., 2006). Batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba na le sepheo sa ho sebelisa ntho. Stimuli tse amanang le eona li na le boleng bo matla ba susumetso ho bona. Kahoo, e ba setsi sa tlhokomelo le khethollo molemong oa litheko tsena. Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, sena se ka fetoha se hlakileng le se ikhethileng. Nakong ea ngongoreho ea hona joale, mekhoa ea maemo e ka hlaha. Ho ea ka maemo a classical, hlohlelletso e sa nke lehlakore (mohlala, e bobebe) e phetoa ka makhetlo-khetlo ka tšusumetso e sa hlakoang (mohlala, nicotine), 'me e fetoha tšusumetso e nang le maemo (CS) e bakang ho tsosa le ho lakatsa (Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Kaha CS e hakanya sethethefatsi, e bohloka ho feta ts'usumetso e 'ngoe' me motho o lebisa tlhokomelo ea bona ho eona. Khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho lokisetseng bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Haeba batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ba sebelisa tšenyo e itseng khafetsa, ba ba le litakatso (Tšimo, Munafò, & Franken, 2009), e ka lebisang ho ts'ebeliso e nchafalitsoeng mme e ka etsa hore ho lula ho le thata ho hlalose (Cox, Hogan, Kristian, & Race, 2002). Khethollo ea kelello e amanang le joala e boletseng esale pele ka tekanyo ea ts'ebeliso ea joala ea nakong e tlang (Janssen, Larsen, Vollebergh, & Wiers, 2015), le lithupelo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa khethollo e nepahetsengSchoenmakers et al., 2010).
Mehato e 'meli e sebelisoang hangata bakeng sa leeme le tala ke tšibollo ea Stroop le probe ea pono (Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Ho Stroop ea ho lemalla, polelo e amanang le bokhoba kapa lentsoe le sa jeleng paate e hlahisoa ka e le 'ngoe ea mebala e mengata.Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Barupeluoa ba laetsoe ho bontša mmala, 'me ho lekanyetsoa linako tsa karabelo. Leeme le iponahatsang le iponahatsa ka har'a a Butlenyana karabelo ho mantsoe a amanang le bokhoba. Mokhoa o ka sehloohong ke hore ts'ebetso e itlhomphang ea litaba tsa semantic ea mantsoe a mang a bohlokoa e kena-kenana le ho reha 'mala oa lentsoe (Cox et al., 2006). Bakeng sa ho khona ho hlahisa phapang efe kapa efe ka nako ea karabelo mofuteng oa mantsoe, ho bohlokoa hore mantsoe a amanang le tšebeliso ea maikutlo le a sa jeleng paate ha a tšoane ka litšobotsi tsa mantlha tse kang palo ea litlhaku, linoko le khafetsa puong; hape, kaha mantsoe a tlatsetso a tsoa mokhatlong o le mong, ka mokhoa o tšoanang mantsoe a ho se nke lehlakore a ne a (Cox et al., 2006). Thutong ea bonono, setšoantšo se amanang le bokhoba le setšoantšo se sa nke lehlakore se hlahisoa ka lehlakoreng le leng (Tšimo le Cox, 2008). E 'ngoe ea litšoantšo e nkeloa sebaka ke sepheo,' me barupeluoa ba laetsoe ho bontša boemo ba eona. Hape, linako tsa ts'ebetso li lekanngoa. Ka kakaretso, batho ba arabela ka potlako ho e susumetsang ha e hlaha sebakeng se ratoang (Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980). Haeba batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba sa sebetse hantle, ba potlakela ho fumana litšoantšo tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho fapana le tse sa nke lehlakore.Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Tabeng ena, khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo e iponahatsa Kapele linako tsa karabelo linthong tse amanang le bokhoba ba ho lemalla.
Bakeng sa libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng, khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo e fumanoe feela mabapi le thepa e amanang ka kotloloho le lipapali. Liphello e bile tsa bohlokoa. Mosebetsi o mong oa ho lemalla joalaMetcalf & Pammer, 2011) le mosebetsi o le mong oa ho bala (dot-probe task)Lorenz et al., 2013) o fumane leeme le lebisitseng ho susumetso ea MMORPG, lekhoba le le leng la Stroop le tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea pono e ile ea sitoa ho etsa joalo (Van Holst et al., 2012). E ne e le sepheo sa rona ho atolosa liphumano tsena le ho fuputsa potso ea hore na libapali tse feteletseng li bonts'a leeme ha le lebelle ho susumetsoa ke MMORPG feela empa ka kakaretso. Likhomphutha li apehoa hangata ka boiphihlelo ba papali le ho latela mohlala (Tšimo le Cox, 2008) ba lokela ho ba CS 'me ba be le khethollo. Haeba ho joalo, sena se ka ba bohlokoa haholo ho tlhokomelo le kalafo ea libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata.
Ka hona, re lekile li-hypotheses tse latelang:
Libapali tse fetelletseng li ka bontša leeme le joalo hoo li ka nkang butle butle ka mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha ha a bapisoa le mantsoe a sa jeleng paate tšebong ea joala ea Stroop.
Libapali tse fetelletseng li ka bonts'a leeme hoo li ka sebetsang ka potlako ho liphofu tse hlahisoang sebakeng sa mohopolo o amanang le khomphutha ha o bapisoa le lipehelo tse hlahisitsoeng boemong ba setšoantšo se sa jeleng paate pontšong ea pono.
mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Boholo ba sampole bo ne bo kopantsoe a priori le G * Power (mofuta oa 3.1.9.2, Kiel, Jeremane). Ka α = 0.05, f = 0.25, le matla a 0.80 e hlahisitse boholo ba sampole ea bankakarolo ba 34. Baithuti ba ile ba hiroa ka lipapatso libotong tsa litaba ho University of Goettingen le liforomong tsa inthanete. Li ile tsa hlahlojoa tšebeliso ea tsona ea papali ea komporo. Baithuti ba bapalang Wow ba fuoe khokahano ea lipotso tse thehiloeng marang-rang (SurveyMonkey, Portland, USA), mme ba tlatsitsoe ka mofuta oa Sejeremane oa Tšebeliso ea Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang e qobelloang bakeng sa WoW (CIUS-WoW) (Barke, Nyenhuis, Voigts, Gehrke, le Kröner-Herwig, 2013) lapeng. CIUS-Wow e lekanya ho fetella Wow ts'ebeliso le lisebelisoa tsa 14 ebile e na le maemo a matle ka hare (Cronbach's α = .86) (Barke et al., 2013). Lintho li lekantsoe ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 0 (ha ho mohla) ho 4 (khafetsa), tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tse bonts'ang ts'ebeliso e ngata. Haeba Wow libapali li ne li bolela CIUS-Wow palo ea bonyane 25 (25 e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea tsohle tse hlahileng Wow libapali), ba ne ba khethiloe e le libapali tse fetelletseng 'me ba memetsoe ho nka karolo. Baithuti ba sa kang ba bapala lipapali tsa khomphutha ba ile ba mengoa ka kotloloho ho nka karolo. Bapali ba mashome a mabeli a motso o mong le ba bang bao e seng libapali tsa 30 ba ile ba nka karolo. Libapali li ne li na le CIUS- e bolelang.Wow lintlha tsa 29.0 ± 3.5. Ka karolelano, ba ne ba ntse ba bapala Wow bakeng sa lihora tsa 15.4 ± 11.3 ka beke. Libapali tse peli le sebapali se seng seo e seng sebapali li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko ho lithethefatsi Stroop hobane ho se khone ho bona linomoro matlapeng a liteko tsa Ishihara Test (Ishihara Farbtafel, 2009) e bonts'itse mathata a nang le pono ea mmala. Linako tsa sebapali se le seng li ne li sa khone ho hlahlobisisoa, hobane komporo e ile ea hloleha ho boloka faele ea hae ea log.
Tsamaiso le mehato
Barupeluoa ba ile ba tlatsa liplatata tse tšeletseng tsa liteko tsa Ishihara Test (Ishihara Farbtafel, 2009). Litafole tsa tlhahlobo li bonts'a matheba a moriti o motala le o mofubelu o bopang linomoro. Batho ba nang le pono e tloaelehileng ea mebala ba lokela ho tseba ho khetholla lipalo hantle. Ho etsa liteko tsa 'mala ho ne ho hlokahala hobane barupeluoa ba ne ba hlokoa ho supa mebala ho sethopo Stroop. Ba ile ba araba lipotso tse mabapi le palo ea batho ba bangata le tšebeliso ea likhomphutha. Ba nkile karolo tlatsong ea lithethefatsi le Stroop le mesebetsi ea tlhahlobo ea ponong. Tlhophiso ea mesebetsi e ne e lekane lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ho qoba litlamorao. Barupeluoa ba ile ba lekoa ka bomong ka laboratoring e lefifi. Ba qetile mesebetsi ka ho lekola khomphutha ea 17-inch e tloaelehileng 'me ba sebelisa keyboard e tloaelehileng, phomolo ea chin ho netefatsa hore 62 cm e ea fihla skrineng, le litsebe ho thibela molumo o haufi. Kamora mesebetsi ea liteko, barupeluoa ba ile ba hakanya botle le mantsoe a sebelisitsoeng mesebetsing lintlheng tse peli tsa lintlha tsa 9, ho tloha 1 (ha e monate haholo) ho 9 (e monate haholo) 'me 1 (e sa tloaelehang haholo) ho 9 (tseba haholo). Barupeluoa bohle ba amohetse li-euro tsa 10 bakeng sa ho nka karolo.
Mesebetsi ea boitšoaro
Mesebetsi ena ka bobeli e ngotsoe ka Presentation (mofuta oa 14.8, Neurobehaivalal Systems, Berkeley, USA). Linako tsa ho nka bohato, linotlolo tse hatelitsoeng le liphofu tse hlotsoeng li bolokiloe e le lifaele tsa log ebe li kenngoa software ea lipalopalo bakeng sa ts'ebetso e ngoe.
Motlatsi oa ho lemalla
Barupeluoa ba bone mantsoe a 20 a sa nke lehlakore a ofisi ea sehlopha (mohlala, mohala) le mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha a 20 (mohlala, keyboard). Mantsoe a sa jeleng paate le a amanang le khomphutha a ne a e-na le maqhubu a lekanang puong ea Sejeremane (Institut für Deutsche Sprache, 2009) le palo e tšoanang ea litlhaku le lilumisoa. Lentsoe le leng le le leng le ne le hlahisoa hanngoe ka 'mala o mofubelu, o mosehla, o motala le o moputsoa, e leng se ileng sa baka tšusumetso ea 160 bakeng sa block ka ngoe. Pakeng tsa li-block tse peli, barupeluoa ba bile le khefu ea metsotso e mehlano. Teko e ngoe le e ngoe e bile 1000 ms, moo lihlooho li ileng tsa bona lentsoe le le leng bohareng ba skrine khahlanong le semelo se sefubelu. Lentswe ka leng le ne le hlahiswa ho fihlela konopo e tobetswa. Hang ha senotlolo se hatisoa, sefapano se tšoeu se tiisitsoeng se ile sa hlaha bakeng sa karolo e setseng ea nyeoe. Kamora 1000 ms, lentsoe le latelang le ile la itlhahisa. Tlhophiso ea mantsoe le mebala e ne e sa sebetse. Linotlolo tsa 'a', 's', 'k', le 'l' li ne li na le lithupa tse nang le mebala e mene ho tsona. Barupeluoa ba ile ba beha menoana e mene khiboto 'me ba laeloa hore ba tobetse konopo e tsamaellanang kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang. Pele ho lithibelo tsa liteko, ba ile ba tloaelana le mosebetsi ona ka mokhoa o tloaetsoeng ka mantsoe a liphoofolo a 10 (hang ka 'mala o mong le o mong, ke hore, litlamorao tsa 40).
Tlhahlobo e bonoang
Barupeluoa ba ile ba nka 10 e sa nke lehlakore (mohlala, seea-le-moea) le 10 e amanang le komporo (mohlala, leihlo) litšoantšo tse ntšo le tse tšoeu (pixels ea 300 × 300). Tlhatlhobo ea Fourier e netefalitse hore mekhahlelo ea litšoantšo ha e fapane ka litšobotsi tsa boemo bo tlase, joalo ka phapano le lintlha. Sefapano se tšoeu sa tokiso se ne se bonahala bohareng ba skrine se putsoa bakeng sa nako eohle ea teko mme barupeluoa ba laetsoe ho lokisa hohle. Bakeng sa teko ka 'ngoe, bankakarolo ba ne ba shebile setšoantšo se le seng se amanang le likhomphutha le setšoantšo se le seng se sa nke lehlakore bakeng sa 150 kapa 450 ms [e khutšoane kapa e telele ea tšusumetso ea asynchrony (SOA)] (bona setšoantšo 1). Li-SOAs tse khutšoane li ka sebelisoa ho lekanya phetoho ea pele ho ea ho khothatso e loketseng, athe li-SOA tse telele li lekola mathata a ho e tlohela (Cox et al., 2006). Bakeng sa li-ms tse 50, litšoantšo li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke skrini se se nang letho, 'me joale sepheo (sekwere se mosehla) sa hlaha sebakeng sa se seng sa litšoantšo tsa 200 ms. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa hore ba bonts'a boemo ba sepheo kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ka senotlolo sa 'alt' (sepheo sa leqele) le senotlolo 'alt gr' (sepheo se nepahetseng). Kamora moo, skrine e se nang letho e hlahile bakeng sa 1000 kapa 2000 ms (karohano ea liteko). Litekong tse nang le SOA e khuts'oane, skrineng se se nang letho se hlahisitsoe kamora moo bakeng sa 300 ms e le hore teko ka 'ngoe e tšoarelle 1700 kapa 2700 ms. Barupeluoa ba ile ba tloaelana le mosebetsi ka liteko tse tšeletseng tsa boikoetliso ka litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo mme ba phethela liteko tsa liteko tsa 200 (100 e khuts'oane le 100 e telele ea SOAs). SOA, nako ea karohano ea li-inter-stimulus, le boemo ba litšoantšo le liphofu li ne li hlophisitsoe ka tatellano.
Setšoantšo sa 1: Tatellano ea teko e le 'ngoe ponong ea pono. Setšoantšo se amanang le khomphutha le setšoantšo se sa nke lehlakore se hlahile bakeng sa 150 kapa 450 ms (li-asynchronies tse khutšoane kapa tse telele tse qalang), e lateloe ke skrini se se nang letho bakeng sa 50 ms, sekwere se mosehla (mona se bontšitsoeng se soeufetse) ka lehlakoreng le letona kapa le letšehali la 200 ms, le skrini se se nang letho bakeng sa 1000 kapa 2000 ms (karohano ea liteko). Litekong tse nang le asynchrony e khuts'oane ea ts'usumetso, skrineng se se nang letho se hlahisitsoe kamora moo bakeng sa 300 ms e le hore teko ka 'ngoe e tšoarelle 1700 kapa 2700 ms
Tlhahlobo ea statistical
Statistica (mofuta oa 10, StatSoft, Tulsa, USA) le SPSS (mofuta oa 22, IBM, Armonk, USA) li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa lipalo. E ikemetse t- Liteko li entsoe ho bapisa lilemo le ts'ebeliso ea komporo ea poraefete le a χ2 tlhatlhobo ho bapisa kabo ea thobalano lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Linako tsa karabelo, palo ea liphoso, le palo ea likarabo tse fosahetseng ho Stroop ea bokhoba, hammoho le valence le ho tloaelana le litšusumetso, li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa 2 × 2 tlhahlobo ea meralo e fapaneng ea phapang (ANOVA) le lipakeng -litaba tsa sehlopha (libapali / bao e seng libapali) le mofuta oa lentsoe / setšoantšo sa lihlooho tse amanang le khomphutha / tse sa jeleng paate. Linako tsa karabelo le palo ea liphoso phuputsong e bonts'itsoeng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa 2 × 2 × 2 moralo o tsoakiloeng ANOVA le sehlopha se pakeng tsa lithuto (libapali / bao e seng libapali) le lintlha tsa kahare ho lithuto SOA (150 ms / 450 ms), le mofuta oa litšoantšo (tse amanang le komporo / tse sa jeleng paate). Ke likarabo tse nepahetseng feela tse kenyellelitsoeng litlhahlobong tsa linako tsa karabelo. Ho Stroop ea tahi, linako tsa karabelo tse khuts'oane ho 200 ms ha lia kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong hobane li nkuoa li bakoa ke karabelo e liehang ea lentsoe le fetileng (Whelan, 2008). Liteko tsa morao-rao tsa LSD li ile tsa baloa bakeng sa litlamorao tsohle tsa bohlokoa ho li-ANOVA. Bohlokoa ba bohlokoa bo ne bo behiloe ho p <.05 le Cohen's d 'me ŋ2 ho tlalehiloe e le mehato ea boholo ba phello.
Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Institutional Review Board ea Univesithi ea Georgia-Phato, Goettingen, e amohetse thuto, hobane bangoli ba kile ba sebetsa moo pele le liteko li entsoe moo. Lintlha tsohle li ile tsa tsebisoa ka phuputso eo mme bohle ba fuoe tumello e nang le tsebo.
Results
Boemo ba palo ea batho
Lihlopha ha lia ka tsa fapana haholo mabapi le thobalano, χ2(1) = 1.85, p > .10 kapa lilemo, t(45) = –1.55, p > .10, empa libapali tse fetelletseng li qetile nako e ngata li sebelisa komporo ea tsona bakeng sa boithabiso ho feta bao e seng libapali, t(45) = 4.51, p <.001, d = 1.19. Bona Tafole 1 bakeng sa lintlha tse.
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Tafole 1. Lipalopalo tse hlalosang bakeng sa libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng le tse seng libapali
| Libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata (n = 21) | Batho bao e seng bapapali (n = 30) | |
|---|---|---|
| Bong (% e motona) | 81.0 | 63.3 |
| Lilemo (lilemo) | 22.9 ± 2.1 | 24.5 ± 3.2 |
| Ts'ebeliso ea komporo ea poraefete ka letsatsi (h) | 4.7 ± 2.9 | 2.0 ± 1.4 |
2 × 2 ANOVA ha e bontše phello e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,46) = 0.92, p = .34, kapa mofuta oa mantsoe, F(1,46) = 0.03, p = .86, empa e bonts'itse tšebelisano bakeng sa sehlopha sa mofuta oa mantsoe, F(1,46) = 12.13, p = .001, η2 = .01. Liteko tsa LSD post-hoc li senotse hore libapali li arabela butle butle ho mantsoe a amanang le komporo (583.2 ± 42.2) ho fapana le mantsoe a sa jeleng paate (573.7 ± 41.2) le hore bao e seng libapali ba ile ba itšoara butle butle ho mantsoe a sa nke lehlakore (597.5 ± 57.9) ho feta ho mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha (587.0 ± 50.3). Bona Setšoantšo 2 bakeng sa lintlha tse.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Bolela linako tsa karabelo (± SE) ho mantsoe a sa jeleng paate le a amanang le khomphutha ho Stroop. Mabekete a supa liteko tsa morao-rao tsa hoc, *p <.05, **p <.01
Barupeluoa ba ile ba tobetsa konopo e fosahetseng ho 10.2% ea liteko tsohle mme ba fetoa ke lentsoe ho 6.2% ea liteko tsohle. Liphoso tsa barupeluoa li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka 2 x 2 moralo o tsoakaneng. Ha ea hlahisa phello e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,46) = 0.012, p = .92, mofuta wa mantswe, F(1,46) = 0.003, p = .96, kapa sehlopha sa tšebelisano × mofuta oa mantsoe F(1,46) = 0.68, p = .41 bakeng sa 2 × 2 ANOVA. Tlhatlhobo ea mantsoe a hlolohetsoeng ka 2 × 2 ANOVA ha ea hlahisa sekhahla se seholo sehlopheng, F(1,46) = 3.01, p = .09, mofuta wa mantswe, F(1,46) = 0.25, p = .62, kapa sehlopha sa likamano × mofuta oa mantsoe, F(1,46) = 0.25, p = .62.
Tlhahlobo e bonoang
2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA e bontsitse phello e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,49) = 4.59, p = .037, ŋ2 = .06 (libapali li ile tsa arabela ka potlako ho feta bao e seng libapali) le phello e kholo bakeng sa SOA, F(1,49) = 51.34, p <.001, ŋ2 = .10 (bankakarolo ba ile ba arabela ka potlako kamora li-SOA tse telele ho feta kamoo ba entseng kamora li-SOA tse khuts'oane), empa ha e bontše phello e kholo bakeng sa mofuta oa litšoantšo, F(1,49) = 1.22, p = .28. Ho ne ho se na litšebelisano bakeng sa sehlopha sa SOA ×, F(1,49) = 0.51, p = .48, mofuta oa setšoantšo x sehlopha, F(1,49) = 0.40, p = .84, mofuta oa setšoantšo sa SOA, F(1,49) = 3.11, p = .08, kapa SOA × mofuta oa setšoantšo × sehlopha, F(1,49) = 1.32, p = .26. Bona Tafole 2 le Setšoantšo 3 bakeng sa lintlha tse.
Setšoantšo sa 3. Bolela makhetlo a hlalosang (± SE) ho litšoantšo tse amanang le kh'utla le tse amanang le khomphutha tse khutšoane le tse telele tse khothatsang tsa ho qala li-asynchronies (SOA) ponong e bonoang
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Tafole 2. Linako tsa ho arabela (ms) mantsoeng a amanang le komporo le mantsoe a potlakileng le a malelele a khothaletso ea ho qala bocha bocha bocha bocha seporong sa tlhahlobo ea pono
| Nako e khutsoanyane ea ho hlohlelletsa ho qala ha asynchrony | Nako e telele e khothalletsang ho qala ha asynchrony | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ho se nke lehlakore | E amanang le khomphutha | ho se nke lehlakore | E amanang le khomphutha | ||||||
| Group | n | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD |
| Libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata | 30 | 331.2 | 31.9 | 336.1 | 31.8 | 319.5 | 30.2 | 317.9 | 25.9 |
| Batho bao e seng bapapali | 21 | 353.4 | 42.4 | 355.2 | 43.2 | 341.8 | 39.1 | 342.3 | 40.9 |
Barupeluoa ba ile ba tobetsa konopo e fosahetseng ho 1.8% ea liteko. Liphoso tsa barupeluoa li ile tsa hlahlojoa hape ka 2 x 2 × 2 moralo o tsoakaneng. Tlhahlobo ena ha e bonts'e phello e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,49) = 1.15, p = .29, mofuta oa setšoantšo, F(1,49) = 2.56, p = .12, kapa SOA, F(1,49) = 0.05, p = .83, empa e bontšitse sehlopha sa tšebelisano × mofuta oa setšoantšo, F(1,49) = 4.79, p = .033, ŋ2 = .01. Liteko tsa LSD post-hoc li senotse hore bapalami ba entse liphoso tse ngata ka litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo (4.7 ± 3.7) ho feta litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore (3.4 ± 2.5). Batho bao e seng libapali ha baa ka ba fapana ka palo ea liphoso tse nang le litšoantšo tse sa jeleng paate (3.4 ± 2.7) le litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo (3.2 ± 2.3). Ho ne ho se na litšebelisano bakeng sa sehlopha × SOA, F(1,49) = 2.20, p = .14, mofuta oa setšoantšo × SOA, F(1,49) = 0.002, p = .96, kapa sehlopha × mofuta oa setšoantšo × SOA, F(1,49) = 0.65, p = .42. Barupeluoa ha baa ka ba fetoa ke lipheo.
Bokhoni le ho tloaela
Mantsoe
Mabapi le valence, 2 × 2 ANOVA e bontšitse phello e kholo bakeng sa mofuta oa mantsoe, F(1,46) = 11.60, p = .001, ŋ2 = .07 le sehlopha sa puisano × mofuta oa mantsoe, F(1,46) = 30.81, p <.001, ŋ2 = .19. Liteko tsa LSD post-hoc li senotse hore bapalami ba lekantse mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha (6.4 ± 1.3) e le a nepahetseng ho feta mantsoe a sa nke lehlakore (5.2 ± 0.7). Litekanyo tsa valence tsa bao e seng libapali li ne li sa fapana ka ho se nke lehlakore (5.6 ± 0.8) le mantsoe a amanang le komporo (5.3 ± 0.9). Ho ne ho se na tšusumetso e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,46) = 1.52, p = .22. Bona Setšoantšo 4a bakeng sa lintlha tse.
Setšoantšo sa 4. Ho bolela valence le tloaelo (± SE) ea mantsoe a ho se nke lehlakore le a amanang le khomphutha (ka ho le letšehali) le litšoantšo (ka ho le letona) tlatsong ea lithethefatsi le Stroop. Mabekete a supa liteko tsa morao-rao tsa hoc, *p <.05, **p <.01 ***p <.001
Mabapi le ho tseba, 2 × 2 ANOVA e bontšitse phello e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,46) = 4.38, p = .04, ŋ2 = .05 le khokahano ea mofuta oa mantsoe a sehlopha, F(1,46) = 13.79, p = .001, ŋ2 = .09. Liteko tsa LSD post-hoc li senotse hore bapalami ba ne ba tloaelane haholo le mantsoe a amanang le komporo (7.9 ± 0.9) ho fapana le mantsoe a sa jeleng paate (7.1 ± 1.3); se fapaneng e ne e le 'nete bakeng sa bao e seng libapali (mantsoe a sa jeleng paate: 7.1 ± 1.3; mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha: 6.6 ± 1.4). Ho ne ho se na tšusumetso e kholo bakeng sa mofuta oa lentsoe, F(1,46) = 0.89, p = .35. Bona Setšoantšo 4c bakeng sa lintlha tse.
Pictures
Mabapi le bophahamo, ho ne ho se na litlamorao tse kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,49) = 1.79, p = .19 kapa mofuta oa setšoantšo, F(1,49) = 2.59, p = .11 bakeng sa 2 × 2 ANOVA, empa ho ile ha fumanoa tšebelisano, F(1,49) = 23.43, p <.001, ŋ2 = .07. Liteko tsa LSD post-hoc li bonts'itse hore libapali li lekantse litšoantšo tse amanang le likhomphutha (6.5 ± 1.5) li le ntle ho feta litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore (5.8 ± 1.4) le hore bao e seng libapali ba lekantse linepe tse sa nke lehlakore (5.9 ± 1.3) li le ntle ho feta khomphutha- tse amanang (5.5 ± 1.2). Bona Setšoantšo 4b bakeng sa lintlha tse.
Mabapi le ho tseba, 2 × 2 ANOVA e bonts'itse sephetho sa mantlha sa mofuta oa litšoantšo, F(1,49) = 12.65, p = .001, ŋ2 = .06 le khokahano ea mofuta oa setšoantšo sa setšoantšo, F(1,49) = 10.21, p = .002, ŋ2 = .05. Liteko tsa LSD post-hoc li senotse hore bapalami ba ne ba tloaelane haholo le litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo (7.3 + 1.1) ho feta litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore (6.3 + 1.3). Lintlha tse tsebahalang tsa bao e seng libapali li ne li sa fapana lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore (6.2 + 1.0) le litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo (6.3 + 1.3). Ho ne ho se na tšusumetso e kholo bakeng sa sehlopha, F(1,49) = 2.85, p = .10. Bona Setšoantšo 4d bakeng sa lintlha tse.
Puisano le Liphetho
Re sebelisitse temallo Stroop le tlhahlobo e bonoang ho hlahloba hore na libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng li bontša lehloeo ho shebana le tšusumetso e amanang le khomphutha. Ha re tšehetsa tšibollo ea rona ea pele, libapali li ile tsa arabela butle butle ho amanang le khomphutha ha li bapisoa le mantsoe a ho se nke lehlakore a lemalloang Stroop. Leha ho le joalo, linako tsa bona tsa karabelo li ne li sa fapana lipakeng tsa liphofu tse latelang litšoantšo tse amanang le khomphutha le ho se nke lehlakore lipatlisisong tse bonoang. Kahoo, tšibollo ea rona ea bobeli e ne e sa tšehetsoa.
Ho fumaneha hore libapali tse feteletseng li bonts'a khethollo e tummeng ea Stroop e phahamisa liphetho ho Metcalf le Pammer (2011). Eseng mantsoe a MMORPG feela empa le mantsoe a amanang le likhomphutha ka kakaretso, joalo ka lepiwa, e ile ea hohela tlhokomelo ea libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata 'me ea baka tšitiso mosebetsing oa boits'oaro. Sena se lumellana le mohlala ho latela hore na leeme la ho tsotella le bakoa ke maemo a mofuta ofe papisong eo e amanang le maemo, ho fapana le litaba, tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea papali ea CS. Ho feta moo, ho ea ka mohopolo oa likhathatso tsa hona joale (Cox et al., 2006), likhomphutha li na le boleng bo matla ba tšusumetso ho batho ba phehellang sepheo sa ho bapala. Ho fapana le liphetho tsa rona, Van Holst et al. (2012) ha a ka a fumana phapang pakeng tsa nako ea papali le mantsoe a ho se nke lehlakore. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng bakeng sa karohano ena e ka ba hore ba ile ba hlahloba sampole e seng tlase haholo 'me ba sebelisa lintlha tse matlafatsang tsa heterogenic: barupeluoa ba bona ba bapala mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali le mantsoe ao barupeluoa ba neng ba a shebile a tsoa lipapaling tsena tse fapaneng hore ba ka be ba sa lekana bohlokoa ba libapali tsohle.
E ts'oana le Van Holst et al. (2012) ha rea ka ra bontša leeme la ho ela hloko linakong tsa karabelo phuputsong ea pono, empa re fumane hore ke bapalami ba inthaneteng ba feteletseng ba entseng liphoso tse ngata haholo ka sepheo se latelang litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo ha li bapisoa le litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore. Sena se ka supa hore ho bona litšoantšo tse amanang le komporo ho lebisitse ho phathahaneng ka lipapali tsa k'homphieutha tse sitisang ho fumana sepheo hantle. Leha ho le joalo, kaha bankakarolo ba entse liphoso tse fokolang ka kakaretso, sephetho sena se hloka ho tolokoa ka hloko. Ho fapana le thuto ea rona, Lorenz et al. (2013) o fumane leeme ka hloko Wow libapali ho WowLitšoantšo tse tsamaisanang le mantsoe tse amanang le mantsoe. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, WowLitšoantšo tse amanang le tsena li hohela tlhokomelo ho feta litšoantšo tse amanang le khomphutha.
Tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke Dye, Green, le Bavelier (2009) e bile sephetho sa hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa liketso ho ntlafatsa linako tsa karabelo. Mohlomong lena ke lona lebaka le etsang hore libapali li potlake ho feta tse sa bapalang papaling ea ponahalo. Leha ho le joalo, libapali li ne li sa potlakele ho lemaletseng Stroop. Mohlomong, ho arabela ho sepheo se sebakeng se le seng kapa se seng ho tšoana le boiphihlelo ba bona ba lipapali kamehla ho feta ho supa 'mala oa lentsoe. Ntle le moo, metheo e tlasa mesebetsi e fapana: tlatsong ea litheko Stroop, e sebetsa moelelo oa mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha kena-kenana ka ho reha 'mala oa lentsoe, athe lipatlisisong tse bonoang, li fana ka tlhokomelo mabapi le setšoantšo se amanang le khomphutha e tsamaisa ho fumana sepheo se e latelang.
Libapali tsa inthanete tse fetelletseng empa eseng bao e seng libapali tse lekanyang mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha le litšoantšo tse ntle ho feta tse sa nkeng lehlakore ebile ba ne ba li tloaela haholo, li bontša sebopeho se lokelang ho lebelloa le ho ts'ehetsa khetho ea ts'usumetso.
Kaha liphetho tsa liteko li hanana, ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho hlahloba leeme la libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata haholo. Re ikemiselitse ho fihlela qeto ea hore libapali li bonts'a khethollo e lumellanang le liphetho tsa batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lits'ebeliso (Substance Use Disorder (Cox et al., 2006; Robbins le Ehrman, 2004) le bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha (Boyer le Dickerson, 2003; McCusker et al., 1997; Molde et al., 2010; Vizcaino et al., 2013), hammoho le tahi ea rona ea Stroop. Lebaka le leng la ho ba sieo ha phello ponong ea pono e kanna ea ba hore mosebetsi o ne o le bonolo haholo ho bapalami ho lemoha leeme. Bapalami ba feteletseng thutong ea rona ba ne ba na le linako tsa karabelo tse bolelang tsa 326 ms ho liphofu tsohle. Ha ho bapisoa le sena, batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba bontša linako tsa karabelo lipakeng tsa 361 le 643 ms (Bradley, Tšimo, Mogg, & De Houwer, 2004; Bradley, Mogg, Wright, le Tšimo, 2003; Ehrman et al., 2002; Tšimo le Cox, 2008; Tšimo, Eastwood, Bradley, & Mogg, 2006; Tšimo, Mogg, & Bradley, 2004; Tšimo, Mogg, Zetteler, & Bradley, 2004; Lubman, Peters, Mogg, Bradley, & Deakin, 2000; Mogg, Bradley, Field, & De Houwer, 2003). Ho ka etsahala hore le haeba libapali li ka tsepamisa mohopolo ho feta tšusumetso e amanang le likhomphutha, sena se kanna sa se nolofalletse ho fumana sepheo ho latela litšusumetso tseo, hobane mohlomong ho arabela lipheo ho ne ho le bonolo hoo ho nolofatsa ho neng ho ke ke ha ntlafatsa nako ea karabelo. Ho latela mahlo ho ka sebelisoa ho fumana hore na libapali tsa inthanete tse fetelletseng li lebisa tlhokomelo ea bona litšoantšong tse amanang le komporo. Letšoao et al. (2014) Ho kopantsoe phuputso e bonoang le ho ts'oaroa ka leihlo ha motho a ntse a fuputsa batho ba lemaletseng koae. Bangoli ha baa fumana phapang linakong tsa karabelo, empa tlhahlobo ea mahlo e bonts'itse hore batho ba lemaletse koae e ntlafalitsoeng nako e telele litšoantšong tse amanang le bokhoba ho feta ho tse sa nke lehlakore.
Liphetho tsa boithuto ba rona li lokela ho hlalosoa ho latela meeli ea tsona: Mohlala o ne o e-na le baithuti ba univesithi, ka hona ba fokotsa botsitso. Mohlomong sesebelisoa sa pono se ne se le bonolo haholo ho bankakarolo, ka hona, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho sebelisa paradigm e thata haholoanyane. Har'a tse ling tsa matla a thuto ea hajoale ho lokela ho baloa hore Cox et al.'s (2006) Litlhokahalo tsa tumello e nepahetseng Stroop li ile tsa phethahala mme ka kakaretso ho ile ha qojoa liphapang tse tlase pakeng tsa khomphutha e amanang le tšusumetso, tse ka amang linako tsa karabelo.
Qetellong, temallo Stroop, empa eseng sepheo sa pono, e fane ka bopaki ba hore ho na le leeme ho libapali tse fetelletseng tsa inthanete. Lithuto tse ling li lokela ho latela sena ka ho sebelisa mehato e tobileng ea khethollo ea kelello, joalo ka ho laka mahlo.
NN le AB ba thehiloe boithuto. FJ e kentse letsoho moqomong. FJ le AB ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo. FJ o ngotse moralo oa pele oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho 'me bangoli bohle ba kenya letsoho le ho amohela mongolo oa ho qetela. Bangoli bohle ba ne ba na le phihlello e felletseng ea datha tsohle thutong mme ba nka boikarabello bakeng sa botshepehi ba datha le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea data.
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
Re leboha Julia Meister le Lisa-Maria Benedickt ka thuso ea bona e kholo mabapi le ho bokella data.
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