Ka pele. Psychiki, 25 Pherekhong 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00024
Jarid Goodman 'me Mareka G. Packard*
- Lefapha la Psychology, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Maikutlo a hore li-memory system tse ikhethileng ka mokhoa o fapaneng a kenya letsoho kholisong ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le ho oela hape o fumane tšehetso e kholo. Tlhahlobo e teng haufinyane e boetse e pheta khopolo ena joalokaha e ne e reriloe qalong 20 lilemong tse fetileng (1) mme e totobatsa liphetoho tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao. Patlisiso e pharalletseng e sebelisang mefuta e mengata ea ho ithuta ea liphoofolo e bonts'a hore mefuta e ikhethileng ea li-neural e arolelana mefuta e fapaneng ea ho ithuta le ho hopola. Sistimi e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea ho hopola e ka sebelisa likarolo tse ikhethang ho boitšoaro bo ithutileng bo tšehetsang ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho khutlela morao. Haholo-holo, phetoho e tlohang tšebelisong ea lithethefatsi e tlisoang ke tlhekefetso ho lithethefatsi e ka bonts'a phetoho e tsoang ho taolo ea boits'oaro bo kopantsoeng ke hippocampus / dorsomedial striatum ho taolo ea tloaelo ea boitšoaro bo kopantsoeng ke dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Ntle le moo, khatello ea maikutlo / matšoenyeho a ka baka cofactor e tataisang mohopolo o itšetlehileng ka DLS, mme sena se ka sebetsa e le mochine o tsoelang pele oa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi hape o khutlela ho batho kamora liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo. Bopaki bo tšehetsang pono ea lits'ebetso tse ngata mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ba lithethefatsi bo tsoa haholo lithutong tsa ho ithuta le ho hopola tse sebelitseng e le lintho tse matlafatsang hangata tse nahanoang ho latela lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ho kenyeletsa cocaine, joala le amphetamines. Ntle le moo, bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'a hore mokhoa oa ho hopola lintho o ka boela oa thusa bakeng sa ho utloisisa mehloli ea bohlasoa ea bokhoba ba tahi e bonts'ang likhathatso tse hlahang tsa bophelo bo botle, ho kenyeletsa ts'ebeliso ea matekoane, lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, le papali ea video.
Selelekela
Hangata bafuputsi ba sheba mekhoa ea ho ithuta le boitšoaro ho hlalosa hore na kelello ea motho e fumanoa joang ebile e hlahisoa joang. Mohlala oa kopo e joalo e fanoe ke Norman M. White ea sebelisitseng mohopolo oa thuto ea mantlha ea ho ithuta le bopaki ba liteko tse tšehetsang ho ba teng hoa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa memori bokong ho fana ka buka e matla, e nang le tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (1). Ka ho khetheha, White o bontšitse hore lithethefatsi li ka bapala karolo ea "litlatsetso" tseo, joalo ka lijo kapa metsi mosebetsing oa ho ithuta, li matlafatsang likamano lipakeng tsa tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi, moelelo, le boitšoaro ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, 'me ka nako, ho lemalla joala. White e boetse e kenyelletsa khopolo e hlahang ea hore ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea memori e arolelanoang ke litsamaiso tsa neural tse sa tsamaisaneng. Ho latela pono ena ea morao-rao, lithethefatsi li ka feto-fetoha ka kotloloho litsamaiso tse ngata tsa neural, mme lits'ebetso tsena tsa neural li kena likarolong tse fapaneng tsa memori e amanang le lithethefatsi eo ha e hlahisoa, e khothaletsang tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea lithethefatsi.
Selemo sa 2016 se tšoaea sehopotso sa 20th sa pono e mengata ea likelello tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi joalo ka ha li hlalositsoe ke White. Tlhahlobo ea hona joale e pheta tšusumetso ena e nang le tšusumetso, ha e ntse e totobatsa liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tsa morao-rao tse sa ntlafatseng khopolo ea mantlha empa hape li hlahisitse temohisiso ea hore na mekhoa e mengata ea memori e ka ts'ehetsang ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi joang.
Mekhoa e Mengata ea Lintho Tse Hopolang Botsoako
Ho fana ka bopaki bo tsoang lipatlisisong tse sebelisang batho le liphoofolo tse tlase ho supa hore mohopolo oa liphoofolo o kopantsoe le lits'ebetso tse ikemetseng tsa neural [bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Ref. (2-4)]. Liteko tsa pele tse ileng tsa kopanya litsamaiso tse ngata tsa memori li ne li etsoa ka kotloloho ebile e bonts'a mesebetsi e ikhethang ea monemonic bakeng sa hippocampus, dorsal striatum, le amygdala (5, 6). Hippocampus e sebelisana le mohopolo oa kelello / oa sepakapaka, athe dorsal striatum mediates activus susumetsang-karabelo (S-R) memori ea tloaelo. Amygdala mediates Pavlovian le e susumetsang e amang-likamano tse amanang le kamano (6, 7), ha a ntse a fana ka karolo ea modulatory ea maikutlo a monate ho mefuta e meng ea memori (8-12).
Ka har'a maemo a fapaneng a pono ea memori, e tšoeu (1) e khothalelitse hippocampus, dorsal striatum, le amygdala encode likarolo tse ikhethang tsa mehopolo e amanang le lithethefatsi (bona setšoantšo. 1). Hippocampus e kenyelletsa tsebo e hlakileng mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa cue le liketsahalo (ke hore, mekhatlo ea khothalletso-e khothalletsang) maemong a lithethefatsi. Habohlokoa, hippocampus ha e kenyeletse likarabo tsa boits'oaro, empa ho e-na le hoo, leseli le fumanoeng ke hippocampus le ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa likarabo tse nepahetseng tsa boitšoaro ho amohela tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, dorsal striatum e kopanya mekhatlo pakeng tsa tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi le likarabo tsa boitšoaro. Sena se ka lumella tlhahiso ea cue e amanang le lithethefatsi ho kenya ts'ebetsong karabelo ea boits'oaro e iketsahallang le ho nka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, mokhoa oa ho matha kapa mochine oa khatiso o matla). Kamano e amanang le li-amygdala e kopanya likamano tse amanang le setso sa Pavlovian, ka hona, e lumella litloaelo tse sa nke lehlakore maemong a lithethefatsi hore li kopane le moputso oa lithethefatsi. Ka mor'a nako, liphoofolo li arabela litsong tsena tse boemo bo tšoanang hantle le kamoo li ileng tsa itšoara ka mokhoa ona qalong ho moriana. Ka ho khetheha, likhetsi tse boemo bo sebetsang li etsa hore likarabelo tsa maikutlo li be le maemo, ho kenyeletsa le litumelo tse kahare tsa naha le mokhoa o atamelaneng oa ho (kapa maemong a mang ho qoba ho) cue cue. Karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea hypothesis ea White ke hore lithethefatsi li ka fetola ts'ebetso ea memori ho e' ngoe ea likarolo tsena tsa boko. Kahoo, lithethefatsi li ka ntlafatsa boits'oaro ba tsona ka ho kopanya lintlha tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse kentsoeng ke hippocampus, amygdala, le dorsal striatum (bona setšoantšo. 1).
Setšoantšo sa 1. White's1) mekhoa e mengata ea ho hopola e mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Joalo ka lintho tsa tlhaho tse matlafatsang, lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li na le "liketso tse matlafatsang" tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa le bokhoni ba ho kopa tšusumetso e ntle / e mpe, katamelo le ho feto-fetoha ha mekhoa ea memori. Amygdala, caudate-putamen (ke hore, dorsal striatum), le hippocampus mediate dissociable memory system, mme mofuta o mong le o mong oa memori ho ka etsahala hore o kenyelletsa likarolo tse ikhethang tsa mehopolo e amanang le lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka la mekhoa ea bona ea ho hopola lintho, lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li ka ntlafatsa tsamaiso ea bona ka ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tsena. (E hatisitsoe ho White ka tumello e tsoang ho John Wiley & Sons.)
E lumellana le maikutlo a mangata a memori ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, bopaki bo bongata bo bonts'a likarolo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa hippocampus, dorsal striatum, le amygdala tlatsong ea lithethefatsi le ho khutlela hape bakeng sa lintho tse fapaneng tse hlekefelitsoeng [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (13)]. Horsocampus ea dorsal hippocampus e bonahala e e-na le seabo taolong ea maemo a bophelo a lithethefatsi tse amanang le koae.14-16). Karolo ea morao-rao ea dorsal striatum (DLS) mediates S-R tloaelo lever e phehella cocaine le joala (17, 18), le basolateral amygdala (BLA) ba sebelisanang le lithethefatsi ba hloka koae, koae le heroin (19-22). Hape e lumellana le hypothesis ea White, lintho tse hlekefetsang li ka fetola mesebetsi ea mnemonic ea hippocampus, dorsal striatum, le amygdala (23-31).
Boithuto ba morao-rao bo tlatselitse phetoho ea lipale tse ngata molemong oa mekhoa e mengata ea ho hopola lintho ka ho lemalla joala. Likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa pono ena ea mehleng ena li kenyelletsa (1) phetoho ea neuroanatomical nako e telele ho ea memelong ea tloaelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS, (2) tšebelisano pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa memori, (3) karolo ea khatello le khatello ea maikutlo ho ntlafatsa tloaelo ea ho batla lithethefatsi, le (4) ts'ebeliso ea khopolo ena mehloling e mecha ea ho lemalla.
The Neuroanatomical Shift from Cognition to Habit
Maemong a teko ea ho ithuta, lithuto li tloaetse ho sebelisa mokhoa o nang le morero ha qalong li rarolla mosebetsi. Leha ho le joalo, kamora koetliso e pharaletseng, boitšoaro bo fetoha bo ikemetseng mme bo ka etsoa ka tlhokomelo e nyane, boikemisetso, kapa boiteko bo hlokolosi, bo theha "tloaelo" [bakeng sa ho lekola, bona Ref. (32)]. Lipontšong tsa pele tsa phetoho ena ho tloha taolong ea kelello ea boitšoaro ho ea ho tloaelo, litoeba li ile tsa koetlisetsoa ho sebelisa moputso oa lijo mosebetsing o mong oa tharollo ea tlhakiso-tlhakiso-tlhakiso (33-35). Mosebetsing ona, likhoto li ile tsa lokolloa boemong bo tšoanang ba ho qala (mohlala, letsoho le ka boroa) 'me tsa tlameha ho feto-fetoha' mele moeling oa tšubuhlellano ea maze ho fumana moputso oa lijo o lutseng letsohong le le leng la sepheo (mohlala, etsa letsohong le letšehali retelehela ho fumana lijo ka letsohong le ka bophirima. Likhoto li ka rarolla mosebetsi ona ka ho ithuta karabo e sa fetoheng ea 'mele kapa ka ho etsa karabo e hlokahalang ho ea sebakeng se le seng sa sebaka. Ho fumana hore na likhoto li sebelisitse leano lefe, bafuputsi ba sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea liphoofolo moo liphoofolo li neng li lokolloe letsohong le qalang (mohlala, letsoho le ka leboea). Haeba liphoofolo li iphetotse ho ea sebakeng sa sepheo sa mantlha, li ne li khetholloa e le barutoana ba sebaka. Haeba liphoofolo li ne li fetoha ka mokhoa o tšoanang le nakong ea thupelo (ke hore, ho ea ka letsoho le nchocho sebakeng sa sepheo sa mantlha), liphoofolo li ile tsa khethoa e le barutoana ba arabang. Bopaki bo bonts'a hore kamora thupelo e itseng, liphoofolo tse ngata li bonts'a thuto, athe kamora thupelo e pharaletseng, liphoofolo li fetohela ho ithuteng karabelo e tloaelehileng.34-36). Ho khahlisang, phetoho ena ho tloha ho ithuteng ho ea ho thuto e arabang e ka bonts'a phetoho ea neuroanatomical. Tšebeliso ea pele ea thuto ea sebaka mosebetsing ona e kopantsoe ke hippocampus le dorsomedial striatum [DMS (36, 37)], athe tšebeliso ea thuto ea ho araba kamora boikoetliso bo atolositsoeng e buelloa ke DLS (36).
Ntle le lipontšo tsa pejana u sebelisa litlolo tse kholo (34, 35), phetoho ea boits'ebetso mohopolong oa tloaelo e ile ea bonts'oa hamorao ka sebopeho sa "activant lever Pressing"38-42). Mesebetsing ena e matla ea ho ithuta, liphoofolo li qhekella pele ka sepheo sa ho etsa sepheo sa tsona, 'me li tla emisa ho hatella hang ha sephetho sa lijo se se se felisitsoe. Leha ho le joalo, kamora ho koetlisoa haholo ha liphoofolo ho tla tloaela ho arabela ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng 'me li tla tsoela pele ho tobetsa ea lever leha ho se ho fumanoe sephetho sa lijo (40). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe tšimolohong36), phetoho e tlohang tlhokomelong ea motho ho fetoha tloaelo mesebetsing ea ho ithuta e ka hlahisoang ke phetoho ea neuroanatomical. Taolo ea kelello ea boits'oaro ea mantlha mesebetsing ena ea ho ithuta e kopantsoeng ke hippocampus le DMS (43, 44), athe mokhoa oa ho arabela o tloaelo o tsamaisoa ke DLS (18, 45, 46).
Bafuputsi ba bangata ba khothalelitse hore phetoho e kholo ho tloaelo ea ho hopola lintho tse bonts'itsoeng ho ts'ebetso ea mantlha le mesebetsi ea ho ithuta e ka fokotsang ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho ea tlhahisong e mpe ea lithethefatsi (13, 47-50). Tumellanong le khopolo ena, bafuputsi ba bonts'itse lintho tse fapaneng tse hlekefelitsoeng tseo DMS e arolelanang karabelo e tataisitsoeng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le DLS e arolelana tloaelo le tloaelo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (18, 31, 51-53).
Ha ba nahana ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tse ling, bafuputsi ba khothalelitse hore lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea memelo e thehiloeng ho DLS mme ka ho etsa joalo ba potlakisa phetoho ho tloha ho kelello ho isa taolong ea tloaelo ea boitšoaro. Tumellanong le khopolo ena, ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho amphetamine kapa cocaine ho thusa phetoho ho tloha sepheo se lebisitsoeng ho isa ho tloaelo ho arabela bakeng sa ho matlafatsa lijo mesebetsing ea phepelo e matlafatsang (31, 54-59). Ntle le moo, ho hatella ka matla linthong tse lemalloang (mohlala, joala kapa koae) le moputso oa lijo ho amahantsoe le karabelo e atisang ho etsoa khahlano le karabelo e tataisoang ke sepheo (24, 60, 61). Bathong, batho ba itšetlehileng ka joala ba bonts'a karabelo e atisang ho hlaha mosebetsing oa ho ithuta o amanang le batho ba sa laoleheng (62). Ntlafatso ena ea mohopolo oa tloaelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS ka lithethefatsi tse lemalloang e boetse e bonoa mesebetsing ea ho ithuta ea maze. Cocaine, amphetamine, le ho pepesetsoa joala li hokahane le thuto e ntlafalitsoeng mesebetsing e itšetlehileng ka DLS kapa ts'ebeliso e kholo ea maano a karabelo a itšetlehileng ka DLS liphetolelong tsa tharollo ea tse peli.25, 63, 64). Ho batho, tšebeliso ea lintho tse sebelisitsoeng hampe, ho kenyeletsa joala le koae, li se li kopantsoe le tšebeliso e kholo ea leano la ho its'etleha ka ts'ebetso ea dorsal striatum.65). Kahoo, lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso li ka ntlafatsa mohopolo oa tloaelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS, mme ts'ebetso ena e phahamisitsoeng ea sistimi ea memori ea DLS e ka potlakisa phetoho ho tloha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Mochine ona o reriloeng o lumellana le oa White's (1) khang ea mantlha ea hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ka linako tse ling li ka khona ho tsamaisa tsamaiso ea tsona ka ho ntlafatsa tšebetso ea methapo ea memori.
Tlholisano Pakeng tsa Tsamaiso ea Memori
Leha ho ka etsahala hore lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li ntlafatsa memori ea tloaelo ka kotloloho ka ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea DLS [mohlala, Ref. (29)], monyetla o mong ke hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ntlafatsa memori ea tloaelo ka mokhoa o sa tobang ka ho feto-fetoha hoa mekhoa e meng ea memori. Mochine ona o mong o hohela maikutlo a hore maemong a mang a ho ithuta, lits'ebetso tsa ho hopola li qothisana lehlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea ho ithuta le hore ka ho sitisa ts'ebetso ea mohopolo o le mong, ts'ebetso ea sistimi e 'ngoe e ntle e ka ntlafatsoa (11, 66). Habohlokoa, hippocampus le DLS ka linako tse ling li ka qothisana lehlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea ho ithuta, moo lesapo la hippocampus le ntlafatsang mosebetsi oa memori o thehiloeng ho DLS (5, 6, 67, 68). Ho sebelisana ka tlholisanong ho ka bonts'oa mesebetsing ea tharollo tse peli, ha ho sitisa mohopolo o le mong ho etsa hore ho sebelisoe leano le kopantsoeng ke sistimi e 'ngoe e ntle. Mohlala, liphoofolo tse fuoeng marapo a DMS li bonts'a karabelo e tloaelo e thehiloeng ho DLS bakeng sa moputso oa lijo mesebetsing ea ho ithuta e sebetsang (44).
Ha ho nahanoa ka khokahano ea tlholisano eo ka linako tse ling e bang teng lipakeng tsa methapo ea memori, menyetla e le 'ngoe ke hore lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso li ka ntlafatsa mohopolo oa tloaelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS ka ho sitisa mekhoa ea memori e hlokomeloang ke DMS le hippocampus. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe pejana, joala bo hokahana le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea mohopolo o itšetlehileng ka DLS ka ts'ebetso ea methapo e kholo ea "lever" e sebelisang li-paradigms (24, 61, 62, 64, 65). Bopaki bo boetse bo supa hore joala bo sitisa ho ithuta mesebetsing ea memori e amanang le sebaka sa hippocampus-(64, 69-72); bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (73)], le mesebetsing ea ho feto-fetoha e itšetlehileng ka DMS74-77). E lumellana le khokahano e teng lipakeng tsa methapo ea memori, ho nahanoa hore joala bo ka nolofalletsa mohopolo oa tloaelo e thehiloeng ho DLS ka tsela e sa tobang ka ho senya methapo ea kutlo ea kutlo (78).
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore kantle le joala, lithethefatsi tse ngata li 'nile tsa amahanngoa le bofokoli ba ho hopola lintho. Ho pepesetsoa morphine, heroin, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), kapa cocaine e sa foleng ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho hlahisa ho senyeha hoa memelo ea kelello ea hippocampus e itšetlehileng ka mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi (79-89). Ho leka ho hakanya hore, joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe joala, mathata a ho lematsa kelello a hlahisoang ke lithethefatsi tse lemalloang a ka etsa ka mokhoa o sa tobang mohopolo oa tloaelo e thehiloeng ho DLS, le hore ena e ka ba mokhoa o le mong o lumellang taolo ea lithethefatsi hore e be tloaelo ho batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, hape ho ka etsahala hore likhaello tsa ho ithuta tsa moea tse hlahisoang ke lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li ka hlaha ka mokhoa o sa tobang ka ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea memori e itšetlehileng ka DLS. Ho tsamaellana le khopolo ena e matlafatsang, ts'ebetso ea CREB e matlafatsang mohopolong oa sebaka sa DLS e senya sebaka sa memelo ea sebaka sa hippocampus.90), athe thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea CREB ho DLS e khutlisetsa ho senyeha hoa ts'enyo ea memori e hlahisitsoeng ke morphine (91).
Karolo ea khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho
Tabatabelo e 'ngoe mabapi le mekhoa e mengata ea memori e mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke karolo ea khatello. Bopaki bo fetolang bo bonts'a hore maikutlo a matla a matla a matla a thusa ho hopola mohopolo o thehiloeng ho DLS literekeng le bathong [bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Ref. (9-12)]. Tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le khatello ea kelello e ntlafatsa thuto ea karabelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS ka metsing hammoho le maze (92-97). Ntlafatso ena ea mohopolo oa tloaelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS e boetse e bonoa kamora ho pepesoa hoa khatello ea boitšoaro e sa reroang [mohlala, ho ithiba ho sa feleng, ho tsitsipana ha mohatla, monko o bobebe, jj. (98-101)] le ho pepesetsoa tšusumetso e nang le tšusumetso e nang le tšabo [lentsoe la pele le neng le ngotsoe ka tšabo (102, 103)]. Leha a bontšoa qalong ka litoeba (92), ntlafatso ena ea mohopolo oa boikoetliso o susumetsoang ke maikutlo o matla oa maikutlo le eona e bontšitsoe haholo bathong (99, 104-110).
Mekhoa e lumellang khatello ea maikutlo / matšoenyeho ho tsamaisa mohopolo oa tloaelo e lula e sa tsejoe haholo; leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo supa karolo ea bohlokoa ea modula ea BLA (93-95, 100). Ho lumellana le tšebelisano pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa ho hopola, bopaki bo bong bo boetse bo fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo / matšoenyeho a ka ntlafatsa mohopolo oa tloaelo e thehiloeng ho DLS ka ho sitisa ts'ebetso ea hippocampal (94, 95).
Ho ntlafatsa mohopolo oa ho latela tloaelo kapa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka ba le bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa lintlha tse ling tse totobetseng tse lebisang tlhekefisong ea lithethefatsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo kapa nako e telele ea khatello ea maikutlo / matšoenyeho li amana le ho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho khutlela ho batho hape (111-117), hape ho hlokometsoe tse tšoanang mefuteng ea liphoofolo ea ho itaola ka lithethefatsi [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (118)]. Bafuputsi ba khothalelitse hore ho lumellana le tšusumetso ea maikutlo a mofuthu ho li-system tse ngata tsa memori (10), khatello ea maikutlo e matla kapa e sa foleng e ka ntlafatsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho khutla hape ka batho ka ho etsa ts'ebetso ea memelo e itšetlehileng ka DLS (9, 49, 119). Tumellanong le tlhahiso ena, khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka koae e amana le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea boemo ba moea (oxygen) e fokotsehang hippocampus le ts'ebetso e eketsehang ho dorsal striatum, 'me liphetoho tsena tsa ts'ebetso ea BOLD li amana le litakatso tsa khatello ea koae ea koae. (120).
Mehloli e Tlang ea Tlatsetso
Ntle le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, methapo e mengata ea memori e sa tsoa sebelisoa molemong oa ho utloisisa mehloli e meng e lemalloang ea bokhoba. Mohlala, ho phahama ha botona bo fetisisang lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng ho lebisitse keketseho e ts'oanang ea liteko tsa liteko, ha bafuputsi ba bangata ba ts'oana ho ts'oana ha lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi le ho nona ho feta tekano [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (121-123)]. Bo bong ba bopaki ba morao-rao bo supile hore joalo ka bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, bokhoba ba lijo bo kanna ba hlahisoa ka mokhoa o itseng oa keketseho e kholo ea memori e itšetlehileng ka DLS. Litšebelisong, tšebeliso ea lijo tse joaloang ka mokhoa o tšoanang o thusa ho tloha mohopolong ho ea ho tloaelo ea ho laola boitšoaro (124, 125). Ho feta moo, boits'oaro bo tloaelo ba ho hlasela liphoofolo bo amana le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea DLS mme bo ka thibeloa ka ho thibela AMPA kapa dopamine D1 receptors ho DLS (125). Ho ba le botenya ho tlisoang ke lijo le hona ke hona ho amanang le ts'ebeliso ea mohopolo oa tloaelo mosebetsing oa Y-maze (126).
Tlokotsi e 'ngoe e hlahang ea boitšoaro e tšoanang le likarolo tse ling tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke ho bapala papali ea video ea methapo kapa ho lemalla papali ea video [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (127)]. Joalo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, papali ea video e fetelletseng ea nako e telele e bapalitsoeng e amana le dopamine D2 receptor e tlamang ho dorsal striatum (128). Ho bapala Videogame ho boetse ho hokahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea dorsal striatum (129, 130), le litheolelo tse kholo tsa dorsal striatal li bolela esale pele maemo a phahameng a bokhoni ba papali ea video (131). Batho ba bapalang lipapali tsa video khafetsa ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa memori e itšetlehileng ka dorsal striatum e itsamaisang ka mokhoa o makatsang (132), 'me ho bapala papali ea video pele ho koetliso ho lebisa ho arabeleng ho arabelloang ka karabelo e lebisitsoeng ho sepheo sa mekhahlelo e' meli ea ho etsa liqeto (133). Kahoo, joalo ka ha ho reriloe bakeng sa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ho bapala lipapali tsa video ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ka ho kenyelletsa mokhoa oa memori o itšetlehileng ka DLS.
Kamora nako, mekhoa e mengata ea memori e kanna ea thusa ho utloisisa temallo ea matekoane. Le ha matekoane a ka ba le ts'ebeliso e tlase ea tlhekefetso ho feta lintho tse ling tse seng molaong tse nkuoang ho latela lipatlisiso tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, cocaine, morphine, heroin, jj.) tlhekefetso (134-137). Haufinyane tjena ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore bokhoba ba matekoane a matekoane a ka bakoa haholo ke ho eketsa karolo ea memori ea tloaelo e thehiloeng ho DLS (138). Le ha ho pepeseha tšenyo ea nako e telele ea cannabinoid e senya mosebetsi oa memori o thehiloeng ho DLS (139, 140), ho pepesetsoa ha cannabinoid khafetsa ho lebisa ho karabelo e tloahelehileng e itšetlehileng ka DLS mosebetsing o boima oa ho ithuta (141). Ntle le moo, basebelisi ba boima ba cannabis ba bontša ts'ebetso e kholo ea dorsal striatum, e amanang le bao e seng basebelisi, ha ba etsa mofuta oa matekoane oa mosebetsi o kopaneng oa mokhatlo (142), mme barupeluoa ba nang le nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea cannabis ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa memori e itšetlehileng ka drial striatum ho latela ts'ebetso e hlakileng (65).
Ha ho fanoa ka ts'ebeliso e atlehileng ea mokhoa oa "memory memory" ho tsoa mehloling e hlahang ea bokhoba, hoa utloahala ho nahana hore mekhoa e mengata ea ho hopola e ka boela ea kenella mekhoeng e meng ea boits'oaro e amanang le bokhoba, joalo ka mabenkele a qobelloang, bokhoba ba marang-rang le bokhoba ba thobalano. Ka 'nete hore na mokhoa oa ho hopola lintho o ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho utloisisa ho becha ha methapo ea kutlo, o boetse o fumane tlhokomelo e itseng.143, 144).
fihlela qeto e
Lilemo tse mashome a mabeli tsa bopaki ba liteko li hlahisitse White's haholo (1) methapo e mengata ea memori e sebelisang temallo ea lithethefatsi. Bopaki bo bonts'a hore hippocampus mediates tao e tsamaeang le taolo ea lithethefatsi, DLS e buisana le S-R e tloaetseng ho arabela tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi, mme baemeli ba amygdala ba maemong a batlang lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa latela li lebisitse tlhokomatsong e 'ngoe mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea methapo e mengata ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho kenyelletsa phetoho ea ho hopola tloaelo, tlholisano lipakeng tsa methapo ea memori, le karolo ea khatello le matšoenyeho.
Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho leka ho kopanya mokhoa oa ho hopola lintho le likhopolo tse ling tsa bokhoba, joalo ka mekhoa ea bohanyetsi (145). Ho ka ba molemo hape ho kenyelletsa mananeong a memori ho sheba likarolo tse ling tsa bokhoba, joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, mamello le ho tlohela. Leha tlhahlobo eo e leng teng hona joale e shebane haholo le likarolo tsa boko tse neng li nkuoa ke White (ke hore, hippocampus, dorsal striatum, le amygdala), ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore likarolo tse ling tsa boko tse amanang le ho ithuta le mohopolo le tsona li bile le tšusumetso e mpe lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi le ho khutla hape. , ho kenyelletsoa le medial prefrontal cortex le li-nucleus tsa maqhubu [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (13)]. Kamora nako, leha e le ka nqane ho tekolo ea tlhahlobo ea hona joale, ho lokela ho amoheloa hore bopaki bo pharaletseng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tsa cellular le tsa limolek'hule tsamaisong ea methapo ea mmele ea midbrain le tsona li tlatsetsa ho lematseng (146).
Le ha ho ka ba thata ho laola lintho tse hopoloang ka tloaelo, bopaki bo bong bo supa hore mohopolo o thehiloeng ho DLS, hang ha o fumanoe, maemong a mang o ka hatelloa (147kapa hona ho fetoloa (148, 149). Ka hona, ho ka etsahala hore manolo a lithethefatsi le mekhoa ea boits'oaro e lebisang ho khutlisong kapa ho hatelleng ha mohopolo oa litloaelo mefuteng ea liphoofolo tsa ho ithuta li ka fetoloa molemong oa ho phekola bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le ho khutlela ho batho.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
JG le MP ka bobeli ba kentse maikutlo le ho ngola tlhahlobo-leseling ea hona joale.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: mohopolo, ho lemalla lithethefatsi, hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho
Caring: Mekhoa ea Memori ea Goodman J le Packard MG (2016) le Brain ea Atlehileng. Ka pele. Psychiki 7: 24. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2016.00024
E amohetse: 01 December 2015; E amohetsoe: 11 February 2016;
E hatisitsoe: 25 February 2016
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Vincent David, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France
Hlahloba by:
Jacques Micheau, Univesithi ea Bordeaux 1, Fora
Roberto Ciccocioppo, Univesithi ea Camerino, Italy
Copyright: © 2016 Goodman le Packard. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Sengoloa: Mark G. Packard, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
;