Ho tsuba ha lithethefatsi ka lithethefatsi le boitšoaro bo amanang (2012)

Rev Neurosci. 2011; 22 (6): 609-24. Epub 2011 Nov 25.
 

mohloli o moholo

Lefapha la Bongaka, Brookhaven National Laborator, 30 Bell Ave., Bldg. 490, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.

inahaneloang

Thutong ena, re totobatsa karolo ea mekhoa ea neuroimaging ea ho ithuta likarolo le maikutlo a boits'oaro ba tlhekefetso ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo mehlolong e ka tlase ea neural. Boemo ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi bo ka bonoa ka tloaelo e ipheta-phetang ea liphihlelo tse kenyelletsang tse kenyelletsang ho taha lithethefatsi, ho lakatsa, ho itlopa joala le ho ikhula mokokotlong o phehellang mohopolo o sa feleng oa ho fumana, ho ja le ho fola. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, liphuputso tse inahaneloang tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li bontšitse bofokoli liphatlalatsong tsa boko tse amanang le moputso le ho se tsitse. Tlhahlobo ea hajoale e shebana le lithuto tse sebelisang positron emission tomography (PET), ts'ebetso ea matla a ho sebetsa ka matla a sefahleho (fMRI), le electroencephalography (EEG) ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro bona bathong ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Re qala ka tlaleho e khuts'oane ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi e tla latela akhaonto e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ena ea ho nahana. Joale re buisana ka hore na mekhoa ena e kentse letsoho joang kutlwisisong e tebileng ea boits'oaro bo lemallang.


Keywords: dopamine, electroencephalography (EEG), monyetla o amanang le ketsahalo (ERPs), monahano oa matla a matla a matla a sefahleho (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), cortex ea pele.

Selelekela

Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, re bone khatelo-pele e neng e e-ba teng ea ho ithuta kelello ea motho. Mohlomong e khahlisang haholo e bile ho ba teng ha mekhoa ea bongo ea sebopeho le e sebetsang, e ntlafalitseng methapo ea kutlo le boits'oaro ka ho re lumella ho bula monyetla oa tšebetso ea boko ka tlase ho boitshwaro bo thata ba motho. Tswelopele ena ea mahlale a morao-rao e boetse e lebisitse phetolelong e potlakileng ea liphetho tsa mantlha tsa methapo ea kutlo lipakeng tsa kalafo tse lebisitsoeng haholoanyane bakeng sa boikoetliso ba bongaka.

Ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho nahana ka bokong, e ka aroloang ka mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo: (1) mekhoa ea ho nahana ka meriana ea nyutlelie, ho kenyelletsa le positron emission tomography (PET) le mofuta o le mong oa kh'outo e kopantsoeng ea photon tomate (SPECT); (2) mahlale a ho sebelisa matla a khoheli a sebelisang matla a khoheli (3) ho kenyelletsa MRI ea sebopeho, MRI e sebetsang (fMRI), le MR spectroscopy; le (XNUMX) mekhoa ea ho nahana ka li-electrophysiological, e kenyelletsang electroencephalography (EEG) le magnetoencephalography (MEG). E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhoa ena e senola karolo e fapaneng ea sebopeho sa boko le / kapa ts'ebetso, e fana ka bophara ba tsebo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea biochemical, electrophysiological le tšebetso ea bokong; ts'ebetso ea neurotransmitter; ts'ebeliso ea matla le phallo ea mali; le kabo ea lithethefatsi le kinetics. Ka kopanelo ba fana ka leseli mabapi le mafu a rarahaneng a neuropsychological, ho kenyeletsa le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Ho lemalla joala ke bokuli bo bocha bo sa foleng bo bonts'ang ho tahoa ea lithethefatsi, ho lakatsa, ho itlopa joala le ho ikhula ka tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a boitšoaro bo amanang le lithethefatsi. Potoloho ena e fihla sehlohlolong sa ho tebela pele ho fihlela ntho e itseng le ho e sebelisa. Ha khatello ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi e ntse e eketseha, ho batloa ha meputso e meng (e phetseng hantle) (mohlala, liphihlelo tsa sechaba, boikoetliso) tikolohong ho fokotseha ho lebisa ho likotsi bophelong ba motho ka mong (ho akaretsa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le tse ling tsa botho, tsa kahisano, le lipheo tsa mosebetsi). Moetso oa Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution (iRISA) oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002) e fana ka maikutlo a hore potoloho e tšoauoa ka litšitiso tsa litsamaiso tse peli tse pharaletseng tsa boits'oaro - tšitiso ea karabelo le tšobotsi ea sesapo. Ho latela mofuta oa iRISA, ho hlapoloha le boleng bo hlahisoang ke lithethefatsi tse ikhethileng le maemo a amanang le ona li phahame haholo ho feta boleng bo hlahisoang ke ba bang ba sa ntlafatsang lithethefatsi, tseo ka nako e 'ngoe li amanang le ho fokotseha ha boitšoaro.

Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li eketsa maemo a mesolimbic le mesocortical dopamine (DA), e bohlokoa bakeng sa litlamorao tsa bona tsa ho tiisa (Koob et al., 1994; Di Chiara, 1998). Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li fana ka litlamorao tsa tsona tse matlafatsang le tse tlatsetsang ka ho baka ka ho toba ketso ea DA ea supraphysiological (Bassareo et al., 2002) hape, ka kotloloho, ka ho fetola li-neurotransmitter tse ling [mohlala, glutamate, γ aminobutyric acid (GABA), opioids, acetylcholine, cannabinoids le serotonin] potleng ea moputso oa boko (bona Koob le Volkow, 2010 bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ka tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, DA D 2 ho fumaneha ha receptor ho fokotsehile (Volkow et al., 1990a, 1997c; Nader le Czoty, 2005; Nader le al., 2006), ho fetola ts'ebetso libakeng tsa corticolimbic tse dopaminergically [e kenyelletsang orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) le anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)] e sebetsanang le ho sebetsa ha mahlakore a moputso, tšusumetso, le taolo ea thibelo (Volkow et al., 1993a; McClure le al., 2004; Goldstein et al., 2007a).

Mona, re akaretsa lithuto tsa PET, fMRI le EEG tsa lits'ebetso tsa kelello tsa boitšoaro ba motho bo amanang le lefu la tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Lipampiri tse makholo li ne li ka nepahala bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena, 'me ka lebaka leo, re tlameha ho khetha. Ho fa 'mali pono e akaretsang ea tsoelo-pele e potlakileng, re khethile ho totobatsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa ho tahoa, ho lakatsa lithethefatsi, ho itlopa joala, ho tlohela chelete, ho ithiba le ho khutla hape ka setšoantšo se kopantseng sa lithuto tse ncha tsa tlhekefetso ho pholletsa le lithethefatsi tse' maloa tsa tlhekefetso. .

Kakaretso ea mekhoa ea neuroimaging

Positron emission tomography (PET)

PET e ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa 'mele tsa (1) positron emission le (2) ka tšohanyetso (1)Eriksson et al., 1990; Burger le Townsend, 2003). Li-radionuclides tse sebelisitsoeng monahanong oa PET li ntša positron (β+ ), nakoana kamora hore meloko ea bona e tsoaloe ke sekhechana sa khoele kapa cyclotron. Li-radionuclides (mohlala, 15O, 11C, le 18F) ka kakaretso li na le nako e khuts'oane ea bophelo (ke hore, li senyeha kapele) mme li ka hahoa ho ba limolek'hule tse sebetsang. Molek'hule ea radionuclide-e ngotsoeng (mohlala, tsoekere kapa metsi), eo hape e tsejoang e le radiotracers, ka hona e na le isotope e hlahisang positron, e bolang ka ho ntša positron ho tloha khubu ea eona (Eriksson et al., 1990).

Positron ke antiparticle ea elektrone: likarolo tse peli li na le boima bo le bong empa li fapana ka liqoso; elektrone e na le tefo e mpe, athe positron e na le tefiso e ntle. Ha radiotracer e fanoa ka taba e itseng, positron e tsoa. Kamor'a ho sebelisana le elektrone ho tsoa lithong tse haufi, li-particles li "senya" e mong le e mong mme li hlahisa li-photons tse peli, tse tsamaeang ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng mme li bonoa ke baetsi ba marang-rang ba haufi le mola oa karabelo mahlakore a mabeli a ketsahalo ea ho felisoa. Ho lefokisi, lifoto ka tloaelo li fetoloa hore e be lifoto ka har'a khanya e hlahang, ebe li fetoloa ebe letšoao la motlakase. Matšoao ana a motlakase a tsoang ho baphethahatsi ba hanyetsang a kena potolohong ea liketsahalo moo ho lumellanang mohopolo a ikhethileng a sebelisa lifoto tse bonoang ka fensetereng e moqotetsane (hangata li-ns tse 'maloa), tseo ho thoeng ke liketsahalo tsa tšohanyetso. Liketsahalo tsena tse kopanetsoeng ebe li sebelisoa ho hlahisa setšoantšo sa PET (Wahl le Buchanan, 2002).

PET ke mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho ka maiketsetso o sa sebelisoeng Ka vivo ho araba lipotso tse amanang le biochemistry le physiology ho liphoofolo le batho. Lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa tlhekefetso, le li-ligands tse tlamang ho li-neurotransmitters tseo li li amang, li ka pepesetsoa le ho fumanoa 'meleng o sebelisa PET. Bioavailability e ka lekanngoa le ho aroloa ka karolo efe kapa efe ea phaello ho kenyeletsa le bokong. Mohlala, lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, [11C] raclopride le [11C] cocaine ke li-radiotracers tse sebelisitsoeng haholo; [11C] raclopride ho lekanya D2 receptors fumaneha le ho lekola liphetoho ho DA tse kantle ho naha (Volkow et al., 1994a) le [11C] cocaine ho lekanya pharmacokinetics le kabo ea cocaine bokong ba motho le ho lekola ho fumaneha ha transporter ea DA (DAT) le li-blockade tsa tsona ka lithethefatsi tse susumetsang.Volkow et al., 1997b). Joalo ka PET e sebelisoa Ka vivo hape e senola pharmacokinetics le biodistribution. E lumella ho hlahlojoa khafetsa le tšebeliso ho batho ba arohaneng bao motho a ka ba fumanang, ka ho lekana, mehato e ikhethileng ea sepheo sa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi (Halldin et al., 2004). Sephetho sa phapang ea mokhoa ona ke bokhoni bo tlamisang (kapa bo tlamang) ba radiotracer kapa phumaneho ea receptor / transporter, e lekanang le sehlahisoa sa "receptor / transporter density" le tumellano ea radiotracer bakeng sa li-receptor / transporter. PET e ka boela ea sebelisoa ho lekanyetsa pokello ea li-enzyme. Mohlala, lithuto tsa PET li lekotse litlamorao tsa mosi oa koae ho khatello ea monoamine oxidases (MAO A le MAO B) bokong ba motho le 'mele (Fowler et al., 2005).

Le ha tharollo ea nakoana ea nakoana ea liketsahalo tsa tšohanyetso ea PET e phahame haholo (ns tse 'maloa), ho nka palo e kholo ea liketsahalo ho fana ka lipalo tse lekaneng tsa lipalo ho hlahisa setšoantšo. Ho feta moo, nako ea ho fumana data hangata e lekanyetsoa ke tracer kinetics, metabolism, le binding, tse lekang qeto ea nakoana ea vis-a-vis ts'ebetso ea mmele e lekantsoeng. Mohlala, tekanyo ea "metabolism ea" glucose metabolism e sebelisang [18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose karolelano ea tšebetso bokong ka nako ea 20- ho ea 30-min le tekanyo ea phallo ea mali a tsoang bokong (CBF) ka [15 Mosebetsi oa karolelano ea metsi ka ~ 60 s (Volkow et al., 1997a). Mokhoa ona o boetse o na le tharollo ea sebaka se tlase (> 2 mm) ha e bapisoa le ea MRI. Leha ho le joalo, tšitiso e kholo ea ho khonahala ha mokhoa ona ke hore boholo ba li-radiotracer ke tsa nakoana, ka hona li tlameha ho sebetsoa haufi le setsi sa litšoantšo. Ts'ebeliso ea radioactivity e boetse e fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea eona haholo ho batho ba baholo ba nang le lithuto tse fokolang haholo tse entsoeng ho bacha ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a polokeho leha ho na le tekanyetso e batlang e le tlase.

Setšoantšo se sebetsang sa matla a khoheli (fMRI)

Ho thehoa ha setšoantšo sa MR ho hloka hore ntho e kenngoe ka har'a matla a matla a makenete. Matla a makenete bakeng sa likhatiso tsa MRI tsa motho li tloha 0.5 ho 9.4 T; Leha ho le joalo, matla a liphatlalatso tsa MRI tse ngata tsa bongaka ke 1.5-3 T. Ka har'a matla a makenete, maqhubu a nyutlelie a liathomo tse ling kahara ntho a shebiloe ka ho tšoana kapa a hanana le matla a sehlooho a makenete le precess (spin) mabapi le sehlooho matla a khoheli a nang le maqhubu a itseng a bitsoang frequency ea Larmor. Magnetic resonance e etsahala ha molumo oa maqhubu a seea-le-moea (RF), o kenngoa ho (tishu e itseng) Mokokotlo oa Larmor, o natefisa litšila tsa nyutlelie, o li nyolla ho tloha tlaase ho ea mebuso e matla. Sena se emeloa ke ho potoloha ha matla a khoheli ho tloha pheletsong ea eona. Hang ha matla a khoheli a potoloha, tšimo ea RF e felisitsoe 'me matla a khoheli a boetse a buella ka tataiso ea matla a mantlha a mantlha. Thapelo ena e itšetlehileng ka nako e kenya chelete ea hona joale ho RF ea li-coil. Sephetho sa ho bola hona joale, se bitsitsoeng e le tšenyo ea mahala ea induction, se hlahisa letšoao la MR. Nakong ena, matla a khoheli a khutlela setulong sa 'ona sa pele sa tekano (se tsejoang hape e le boikhathollo), se tsebahalang ka nako ea batho ba babeli T1 le T2 (Lauterbur, 1973). Methati ena ea nako e itšetlehile ka litšobotsi tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ikhethang ho mofuta oa lithane kahoo ke mohloli oa mantlha oa phapang ea lisele ho litšoantšo tsa anatomical (Mansfield le Maudsley, 1977). Tsena T1 le T2 phapang lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele (mohlala, ntho e putsoa, ​​taba e tšoeu, le mokelikeli oa khoele) e hlahisa setšoantšo sa MR se fapaneng haholo.

E ne e se ho fihlela li-1990s hore MRI e sebelisoe ho etsa hore boko ba motho bo sebetse ntle le ho senya, ka potlako, ka ts'ireletso e felletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello, le tharollo e phahameng ea sebaka le ea nakoana. Belliveau et al. (1990), o sebelisa gadolinium e le moemeli oa phapang, e bile oa pele oa ho kenya tšebetsong MRI (fMRI) e sebetsang. Sena se ile sa lateloa hang-hang ke letoto la lithuto tsa fMRI tse sebelisang letšoao la 'Mali O oxygen Level Dependent' (BOLD) (Ogawa et al., 1990a,b) joalo ka moemeli oa phapang e sa tloaelehang bakeng sa tekanyo e sa tobang ea tšebetso ea boko (Bandettini et al., 1992; Kwong et al., 1992; Ogawa et al., 1992). Haufinyane, sebetsa ka Logothetis et al. (2001) e hlahlobile kamano ea causal lipakeng tsa lets'oa la BOLD le bokhoni ba tšimo ea lehae ba neuronal (bona Logothetis, 2003; Logothetis le Wandell, 2004 bakeng sa litlhahlobo).

fMRI mohlomong e fetohile mokhoa o sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa o sebelisoang ka ho fetesisa ka lebaka la sebopeho sa eona se sa hlaseleng (ho fapana le PET le SPECT, ha e pepesetse barupeluoa monyetla oa radioacuction) le qeto e phahameng haholo ea sebaka (~ 1 mm). Meeli ea mokhoa ona e kenyelletsa ho ba le tšusumetso e phahameng ea karabelo ea BOLD ho lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tse sa lumellaneng le tsa tlhaho, haholo-holo ka lebaka la tekanyo e tlase ea molumo oa lerata le qeto e tlase ea nakoana (~ 1-2 s) ha e bapisoa le mekhoa e meng, joalo ka EEG (leha e le phahameng haholo ho feta ea PET). Haufinyane tjena, tšebeliso ea fMRI nakong ea phomolo e thusitse bafuputsi ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa phomolo e sebetsang ea kelello ea motho (Rosazza le Minati, 2011). Mehato ea ho phomola ts'ebetso e kopanetsoeng e bonts'oa e le mokhoa oa ho hlahisa bana hape o ts'oanang kamehla libakeng tsohle tsa laboratori (Tomasi le Volkow, 2010) le ho ela hloko mafu a kelello ho kenyeletsa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi.Gu et al., 2010).

Electroencephalography (EEG)

EEG e fana ka setšoantšo se bontšang phapang ea phapang pakeng tsa libaka tse peli tse fapaneng tsa likhoerekhoere tse reriloeng ka nako. Matla a feto-fetohang a motlakase a EEG a tlalehiloeng scalp ka li-elektronike tsa tšepe a entsoe ka kakaretso ea limilione tse likete tsa bokhoni ba postynaptic (ka bobeli le bo thibellang) ho tsoa lihlopheng tse kholo tsa li-cortical neurons (Martin, 1991). Mekhoa e metle e hlophisitsoeng e ipheta-phetang ea lipotoloho tse rarahaneng e ka bonoa ka nepo sekekeng sa rekoto ea EEG, 'me ea hlahisoa ke ho kopana ho rarahaneng pakeng tsa potrycortical circry le li-corticocortical pottery tsa naha le tsa lefatše.Thatcher et al., 1986). Mefuta ea maqhubu ana ho EEG ea motho hangata (leha e ka fapana) e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano: delta (<4 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (7.5-12.5 Hz), beta (12.5-30 Hz), le gamma (<30 Hz). E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lihlopha tsena tsa EEG ho lumeloa hore e na le moelelo o itseng o sebetsang mme e bile e amahanngoa le maemo a ikhethileng a boko (mohlala, mohopolo o sebetsang, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello, le phomolo e khutsitseng).

Liphetoho tsa nakoana tsa EEG maemong a maqhubu le linako tsa nako, tse notletsoeng ketsahalo e itseng ea kantle kapa ea kahare, li bitsoa li-oscillations tse amanang le ketsahalo (li-ERO) le tse amanang le ketsahalo (ERPs), ka ho latellana (Basar et al., 1980, 1984; Rugg le Coles, 1995; Kutas le Dale, 1997). Li-ERO ke liphetoho tse makatsang tse ka hlalosoang ke maemo a tsona a mararo: maqhubu, khafetsa le karolo. Amplitude (kakaretso e potlakileng e potlakileng ea matla a phetoho ea motlakase oa motlakase) ke tekanyo ea khokahano pakeng tsa likopano tsa methapo ea lehae, athe liphapang tsa maqhubu moo matla a phahameng haholo a bonts'ang mesebetsi ea neural likopanong tse fapaneng tsa sele (mohlala, tse fapaneng ka boholo / mofuta le / kapa khokahano) (Corletto et al., 1967; Basar et al., 1980, 1984; Gath le Bar-On, 1983; Gath et al., 1985; Romani et al., 1988, 1991; Rahn le Basar, 1993). Karolo e amana le ho ba le thabo ea li-neuron, ka hona, le menyetla ea menyetla ea ts'ebetso (Varela et al., 2001; Meketso, 2005).

Lisebelisoa tsa ERP hangata li aroloa ka mehato ea bona ea amplitude le latency. Mohlala, N200, P300, le bokhoni bo nepahetseng ba morao (LPP), e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bonts'a mesebetsi e ikhethang ea boko ba kelello (mohlala, tlhokomelo, tšusumetso, le ts'ebetso ea boemo bo phahameng). Hobane lirekoto tsa EEG li fana ka boemo ba tharollo ea nakoana (~ 1 ms) e fetang ea mefuta e meng ea neuroimaging, e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba hoo e ka bang ka nako ea 'nete (Li-Gevins, 1998). Mahlale a mang a neanoimaging a ke ke a fihlela tharollo ea nakoana hobane phallo ea mali le ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ke mehato e sa tobang ea tšebetso ea neural, mme mekhoa ea ho li rekota e ea lieha. Kahoo, PET le fMRI ha e na taba e loketseng ho khetholla tatellano ea neural ea mosebetsi o itseng oa boko. Matla a mang a maholo a mahlale a EEG ke ho khona ho ts'ebelletsana ha ona, ho sebelisa habonolo le litšenyehelo tse tlase. Mohlala, baetsi ba thepa ba se ba hlahisa lisistimi tse nyane tse bobebe, tse bobebe le tse sebelisoang ke betri tse ka sebelisoang ho ithuta bakuli litsing tsa kalafo, libakeng tsa mahaeng le libakeng tse ling tse tlositsoeng (joalo ka lichankana). Boemo bona le boiketlo ba tšebeliso li ka lebisa phetohong e potlakileng ea lipatlisiso tsa laboratori tšebetsong ts'ebetsong ea bongaka, mohlala, ho khutlisetsa polelo e boletsoeng esale pele (Bauer, 1994, 1997; Winterer et al., 1998) kapa tlhahlobo ea ho hlaphoheloa (Bauer, 1996).

Liphetho tse kholo tsa boitšoaro ba motho bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi

Ho kenella linthong tse ngata

Ho kenella linthong tse ling ho etsahala ha motho a sebelisa tekanyo ea lithethefatsi e kholo ho lekana ho hlahisa litšitiso tsa bohlokoa tsa boits'oaro, tsa mmele kapa tsa kelello. Lithuto tse ncha tsa ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa ho tahoa ha lithethefatsi tse matla ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng li ts'epile ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi. Ts'ebetso ena ea tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi ea nako e khuts'oane ho etsa hore motho a 'phahamele' kapa 'a potlake' e 'nile ea amahanngoa le keketseho ea kantle ho DA libakeng tse ling tsa boko, haholo-holo li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc); leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore likhatello tsa DA li eketsehile libakeng tse ling tsa striatal le ka pele ho cortex. Lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang, tse kang cocaine le methylphenidate (MPH) li eketsa DA ka ho thibela DAT, mochine o ka sehloohong oa ho khutlisetsa DA ho khutlisetsa litsing tsa methapo. 'Phahameng' e amanang le ho tahoa e susumetsang (mohlala, cocaine) e amana hantle le boemo ba blockade ea DAT (Volkow et al., 1997b) le keketseho e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ho DA (Volkow et al., 1999a,c). Ebile, litholoana tse ntlafatsang tsa DA li amana ka kotloloho le litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa koae, MPH, le amphetamine (Laruelle et al., 1995; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002).

Lithethefatsi tse sithabetsang tse kang benzodiazepines, barbiturates le joala li eketsa DA ka tsela e sa tobang dessyecik litlamorao ho GABA / benzodiazepine receptor tata (Volkow et al., 2009). Li-Opiates tse kang heroin, oxycontin, le vicodin li etsa lintho tse susumetsang μ-opiate receptors, tse ling tsa tsona li fumaneha ho li-neurons tsa DA le ba bang ho li-neurons tsa GABA tse laolang lisele tsa DA le liteishene tsa bona (Wang et al., 1997). Nicotine ho lumeloa hore e fana ka litlamorao tsa eona tse matlafatsang karolo e 'ngoe ka ho kenya tšebetsong li-acoclcholine li-nicotinic receptors, tseo le tsona li fumanoeng ho li-neuron tsa DA. Nicotine (e ts'oanang le heroin le joala) le eona e bonahala e lokolla li-opioid tsa tlhaho, mme sena se kanna sa kenya letsoho ho litlamorao tsa sona (McGehee le Mansvelder, 2000). Kamora nako, matekoane a hlahisa litholoana tsa ona ka ho kenya li-cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors, tse fetolang lisele tsa DA hammoho le lipontšo tsa DA tsa postynaptic (Gessa et al., 1998). Ho feta moo, ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho kenya letsoho li-cannabinoids litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa joala, nicotine, cocaine le opioids (Volkow et al., 2004).

Hammoho le libaka tsa boko ba mesolimbic DA subcortical, libaka tsa pele tsa cortical (PFC) le tsona li kentse letsoho ts'ebetsong ea tahi mme karabelo ea tsona lithethefatsi e le karolo e amanang le boiphihlelo ba pejana ba lithethefatsi. Lintho tse ling tse amang boemo ba "phahameng" ho tsoa ho sethethefatsi ke boemo ba ho tsamaisoa ha lithethefatsi le ho pepesehela bokong (Volkow et al., 1997b) hammoho le botebo ba tšebeliso (mohlala, boholo ba keketseho ea DA bo fokotsehile le tsoelo-pele ho tloha tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho ea ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi; Volkow et al., 2002). Boithuto ba PET bo senotse hore tahi ea lithethefatsi ka kakaretso e amahanngoa le liphetoho ts'ebelisong ea tsoekere ea bokong, e sebetsang joalo ka letšoao la ts'ebetso ea boko. Ts'ebetsong ea batho ba sebelisang koae ka matla a koae, le lithethefatsi (le taolo) taolo ea joala e matla, e fokotsa metabolism ea "glucose metabolism"London et al., 1990a,b; Volkow et al., 1990b; Gu et al., 2010). Leha ho le joalo, likarabo tsena ha li feto-fetohe 'me ha lia itšetleha feela ka moriana o laetsoeng empa hape le litšobotsing tsa motho ka mong. Mohlala, tsamaiso e mpe ea MPH e fumanoe e eketsa maemo a metabolism ea tsoekere ho PFC, OFC, le striatum, ho ba hlekefetsang koae e sebetsang ea cocaine e nang le D e tlase.2 phumaneho ea receptor (Ritz et al., 1987; Volkow et al., 1999b), athe e fokotseha metabolism libakeng tsena tsa pele ho batho ba sa lemalloang (Volkow et al., 2005). Boithuto bo sebelisang mekhoa ea CBF le BOLD hangata bo bonts'itse ts'ebetso nakong ea tahi ea lithethefatsi (Volkow et al., 1988b; Mathew et al., 1992; Tiihonen et al., 1994; Adams et al., 1998; Ingvar et al., 1998; Nakamura et al., 2000) ntle le cocaine e fumanoang e theola CBF bokong bohle, ho kenyelletsa le cortex ea kapele (phello e nkuoang e bakoa ke litlamorao tsa cocaine) (Wallace et al., 1996). Lithuto tsa fMRI li boetse li hokahanya boiphihlelo bo monate nakong ea tahi ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebetso ea bongaka bo tlase kamora taolo e mpe ea lithethefatsi maemong a 'maloa a lithethefatsi (Breiter et al., 1997; Stein et al., 1998; Kufahl et al., 2005; Gilman et al., 2008).

Pele ho liphuputso tsena tse entsoeng ka neanoimaging, litekanyo tsa EEG li fane ka tse ling tsa pele Ka vivo ya data mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi bokong ba motho. Mohlala, tsamaiso e matla ea nicotine e hokahane le ho eketseha ho matla ha liphetoho tse tlalehiloeng ho scalp ho tloha maqhubu a tlaase (delta, theta, alpha e tlase) ho ea ho maqhubu a phahameng (a phahameng a alpha, beta), ho bonts'a boemo ba mofere-fere (Domino, 2003; Teneggi et al., 2004). Ho fapana le hoo, lithuto tsa EEG li bonts'a hore tekanyetso e tlase ea joala e hlahisa liphetoho lipakeng tsa li-theta le li-frequency alpha tse ngata, ha litlamorao tse atisang ho ipapisa le maemo a motho a joalo ka nalane ea ho nooa le motheo oa EEG ea pele ho lithethefatsi.Lehtinen et al., 1978, 1985; Ehlers et al., 1989). Keketseho ena ea alpha e boetse e hokahanngoa le maikutlo a phahameng a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa e 'phahameng' matlong a matekoane.Lukas et al., 1995) le cocaine (Herning et al., 1994). Bokhobeng ba koae, ho eketsa beta (Herning et al., 1985, 1994), Delta (Herning et al., 1985), li-alpha tse ka peleHerning et al., 1994), le sebapali sa lefats'e (Reid et al., 2008) liketsahalo le tsona li tlalehiloe. Ts'ebetso e matla ea lithethefatsi tse seng molaong e hlokometsoe ho fetola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ERP lihlopha tsohle tsa lithethefatsi (Roth et al., 1977; Herning et al., 1979, 1987; Porjesz le Begleiter, 1981; Velasco et al., 1984; Lukas et al., 1990). Mohlala, ho fumanoe joala hore bo tsebe ho lekola li-N100 (Hari et al., 1979; Jaaskelainen et al., 1996) le P200 (Hari et al., 1979; Pfeff)um et al., 1979; Jaaskelainen et al., 1996) maqhubu. Ho eketseha ha latency le ho fokotsa ho eketseha ha li-P300 ho boetse ho tlalehiloe ka lebaka la tahi ea tahi (Teo le Ferguson, 1986; Daruna et al., 1987; Kerin et al., 1987; Lukas et al., 1990; Wall le Ehlers, 1995).

Ha ho kopantsoe, liphuputso tse entsoeng ka ho hlaka tsa tahi ea lithethefatsi, li bonts'a karolo ea DA ho PFC le mesebetsi ea boits'oaro e amanang ka kotloloho le litlamorao tsa khatello ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso joalo ka ha ho eketsoa keketseho ea lihlopha tse bobebe tsa EEG. Leha lithuto tsa liphoofolo tse ngata li bonts'itse ho hloka taolo ho amanang le DA nakong ea tahi ea lithethefatsi, ke liphuputso tse entsoeng feela ke batho ba nang le bokhoni ba ho hokahanya liphumano tsena le lipontšo tsa boits'oaro bo kang ho tahoa ho hoholo le ho lakatsa.

Ho lakatsa

Litholoana tsa litla-morao tsa lithethefatsi li fetoloa ka maemo a sa amanang le bongaka (mohlala, libaka, batho, kapa paraphernalia e amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi). Ha lintlha tsena li kopantsoe khafetsa le litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa motsoako ona li kopantsoe le boiphihlelo bo tebileng bo amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho fetoha 'limakatso tse khothatsang' kapa 'makhoba a lithethefatsi' ka boemo ba Pavlovian (Berridge, 2007; Berridge le al., 2008). Boemo bona bo hlahisa litebello tsa motho ka mong tsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi, 'me le tsona, li fetola likarabo tsa neural le tsa boitšoaro ho moriana. Mohlala, bathong ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, tlhokomelo le mekhoa e meng ea ho lemoha le e susumetsang e khethoa hampe ho lithethefatsi le hole le tšusumetso e seng ea lithethefatsi e fella ka takatso e potlakileng ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho batho ba kotsing (mohlala, Johanson et al., 2006).

Maemong a laboratori, hangata naha e labalabelang ho fihlella ka ho pepesetsa karolo karolo e bonts'ang maikutlo a susumetsang a amanang le lithethefatsi. U sebelisa mokhoa ona le basebelisi ba koae, PET [11Liphuputso tsa C] raclopride li senotse hore livideo tsa cocaine cue li ka etsa hore ho lokolloe bohlokoa ba DA ho dorsal striatum mme keketseho ena e amana hantle le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi tse ipolelang ka ho khetheha ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi tse matla (Volkow et al., 2006, 2008). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea PET e bonts'itse hore batho ba hlekefetsang koae ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang ba boloka tekanyo e itseng ea taolo ea kelello ha ba laeloa ho thibela takatso ea takatso ea cue e lekantsoeng ke metabolism e tlase e nang le thibelo ea kelello ho le letona la OFC le NAcc (Volkow et al., 2010). Liphetho tsena li bohlokoa hobane ho na le setsoalle se bohlokoa lipakeng tsa DA D2 receptor e tlamang kahare ea naha le sepheo sa ho itaola ka lithethefatsi, joalo ka ha se lekantsoe ke [11C] moralo oa leqhubu (Martinez et al., 2005) le [18F] desmethoxyfallypride (Heinz et al., 2004).

Boithuto bo lekanyang CBF, metabolism ea glucose, kapa BOLD le bona bo bonts'itse hore takatso ea lithethefatsi tse bakoang ke lithethefatsi ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi e amana le ts'ebetso ho Perigenual and ventral ACC (Maas et al., 1998; Childress et al., 1999; Kilts et al., 2001; Wexler et al., 2001; Brody et al., 2002, 2004; Qabola et al., 2003; Tapert et al., 2003, 2004; Grusser et al., 2004; Myrick et al., 2004; McClernon le al., 2005; Wilson et al., 2005; Goldstein et al., 2007b), kalafi PFC (Grusser et al., 2004; Heinz et al., 2004; Tapert et al., 2004; Wilson et al., 2005; Goldstein et al., 2007b), OFC (Grant et al., 1996; Maas et al., 1998; Rekisa et al., 2000; Bonson et al., 2002; Brody et al., 2002; Hlakola et al., 2002; Qabola et al., 2003; Tapert et al., 2003, 2004; Myrick et al., 2004) insula (Wang et al., 1999; Rekisa et al., 2000; Kilts et al., 2001; Brody et al., 2002; Qabola et al., 2003; Tapert et al., 2004), sebaka sa ho putlama ha methapo ea methapo le likarolo tse ling tsa mesencephalic (Rekisa et al., 1999; Due et al., 2002; Smolka et al., 2006; Goldstein et al., 2009c). Libaka tsa boko tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea ho hopola le ho khutlisa hape li kenngoa nakong ea litakatso, ho kenyeletsoa le amygdala (Grant et al., 1996; Childress et al., 1999; Kilts et al., 2001; Schneider et al., 2001; Bonson et al., 2002; Due et al., 2002), hippocampus, le brainstem (Qabola et al., 2003). Ntho ea bohlokoa ke bopaki bo bonts'a hore litlamorao tsena li bonoa leha ho laoloa litlamorao tsa ho tlosoa hoa litlhare (Franklin et al., 2007).

Ka kakaretso, liphumano tse tsoang liphuputsong tse lakatsang ho batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe li fana ka maikutlo a eketsang ts'ebetso ea mesocortical (ho kenyeletsoa ts'ebetso ea OFC le ACC) ha ho sebetsoa likhakanyo tsa lithethefatsi le hore tebello ea lithethefatsi e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ena. Bopaki bo joalo ka karolo e hlalosa hore ho thata hore barekisi ba lithethefatsi ba shebane le litheko tse ling tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi. Ho khahlisang ke hore ho basali empa eseng ho batho ba hlekefetsang banna ba koae.Volkow et al., 2011). Ho fumana hona ho tsamaellana le lithuto tsa preclinical tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore estrogen e ka eketsa kotsi ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ho basali (Anker le Carroll, 2011).

EEG e boetse e sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le phetoho e amanang le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi litulong tse fapaneng tsa tlhekefetso. Mohlala, ts'ebetso e matla ea cortical e tlalehiloe ka lebaka la ho pepesoa ha lithethefatsi ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka joala (bo hlalositsoeng ke ho rarahana ha sebopeho sa EEG) (Kim et al., 2003), le bathong ba lemaletseng koae (ba hlalosoang ke matla a phahameng a beta le matla a tlase a alpha) (Liu et al., 1998). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea batho ba lemaletseng koae e bontšitse keketseho ea matla a sebapali sa beta hammoho le ho fokotseha ha matla a delta ha ba ntse ba sebetsana le koae ea koae le ho shebella video ea "cocaine ea ufa"Reid et al., 2003). Mokhoa ona o boetse oa bonoa ha o bapisa batho bana le taolo e phetseng hantle nakong ea phomolo (Noldy et al., 1994; Herning et al., 1997) 'me keketseho ena ea beta e ne e amana le palo ea tšebeliso ea koae pele ho nako (Herning et al., 1997). Bokhobeng ba boloi, ho ile ha bonoa keketseho ea matla a sebapali sa theta le a beta ha a arabela litabeng tse amanang le koae (Knott et al., 2008). Ts'ebetso e phahameng ea cortical ho arabela litabeng tsa lithethefatsi e boetse e tlalehiloe lithutong tsa ERP. Mohlala, ho eketseha ha boemo bo phahameng ba P300 le tse ling tse ts'oanang le P300 joalo ka karabelo litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ho joala- (Herrmann et al., 2000) le nikotine- (Warren le McDonough, 1999) batho ba lemaletseng. Ho eketseha ha maqhubu a LPP ho boetse ho tlalehiloe ka lebaka la litšoantšo tse amanang le lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le litšoantšo tse sa jeleng paate joala- (Herrmann et al., 2001; Namkoong et al., 2004; Heinze et al., 2007), koae-Franken et al., 2004; van de Laar et al., 2004; E ntse e tsamaea le al., 2011), le heroin- (Franken et al., 2003) batho ba lemaletseng.

Ka botlalo, lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi e amana le ts'ebetso e phahameng haholo ea neural, e fana ka maikutlo a ho eketseha ha sekhahla se tsosang le ho ts'oaroa ha maikutlo a amanang le lithethefatsi a kopana le kapa a lebelletsoe ke batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Sena se hlahisa likhopolo tse hlahisang bokhoba e le phetoho methapong ea tšebetso ea moputso le moputso (Volkow le Fowler, 2000; Robinson le Berridge, 2001; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002), moo ts'ebetso e khetholloang mabapi le lithethefatsi le litheko tse maemong le hole le likhakanyo tse ling joalo ka ha li amana le ho lakatsa (Franken, 2003; Mogg et al., 2003; Metsi et al., 2003).

Ho lahleheloa ke taolo ea inhibitory le ho itlopa lijo

Taolo ea inhibitory ke sebopeho sa neuropsychological se buang ka bokhoni ba ho laola tšireletso ea maikutlo a kotsi le / kapa a sa lokelang, kelello, kapa boits'oaro. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, pherekano ea boitšoaro bo laoloang e ka eketsoa ha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tahi e le ho fetoloa ha ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea PFC: phello ea eona ea thibelo likarolong tse tlase tsa kharebe (ho kenyeletsa NAcc) (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002). Tšenyo ena taolong ea taolo e holimo (mosebetsi oa mantlha oa PFC) e ka ntsha mekhoa eo hangata e bolokiloeng ka hloko, e khothaletsang karabelo e kang khatello moo taolo e emisoang 'me boitšoaro bo susumetsoang ke ts'usumetso bo khothalletsoang. Ho emisoa hona ha taolo ea kelello ho thusa ho itlopa lijo; nako e senyehileng eo ka eona motho a sebelisang ntho ena khafetsa le ho sa tsubeloe hangata a le litšenyehelong tsa boits'oaro bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ho iphelisa ho kenyeletsa ho ja, ho robala le ho boloka ts'ireletso ea 'mele. Hangata linako tsena lia emisa ha motho a khathetse haholo mme / kapa a sa khone ho fumana bongata ba moriana.

Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka neuroimaging li fana ka maikutlo a ho nka karolo ha thalamo-OFC potoloho le ACC joalo ka ha e le mekhahlelo e ka tlase ea ts'ebetso e tlamang. Ka ho khetheha, ho tlalehiloe hore batho ba lemalloang ba na le phokotso ea bohlokoa ho D2 ho fumaneha ha receptor ho striatum (bona Volkow et al., 2009 bakeng sa tekolo), eo ka nako e ts'oanang e amanang le metabolism e fokotsehileng ho PFC (haholo-holo OFC, ACC, le dorsolateral PFC), le hore liphokotso tsena li ka se hlahisoe ka botlalo ka karabelo le ts'usumetso e mpe ea boitšoaroGoldstein et al., 2009a). Ha libaka tsena tsa PFC li kentse letsoho sesoleng, taolong ea maikutlo, taolo ea maikutlo, le ho etsa liqeto, ho phatlalatsoa hore taolo ea DA libakeng tsena e ka ntlafatsa boleng ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi hampe mme ea baka tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Volkow et al., 1996a; Volkow le Fowler, 2000; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002).

Ehlile ho na le bopaki bo bonts'ang hore libaka tsena, haholo-holo tsa OFC, li bohlokoa maemong a mang a boits'oaro bo kenyelletsang boits'oaro bo khothalletsang bo joalo ka tlhekefetso e sa lebelloang (Zald le Kim, 1996; Menzies et al., 2007; Chamberlain et al., 2008; Yoo et al., 2008; Rotge et al., 2009).

Le ha ho le thata ho leka ho itaola ha lithethefatsi ho batho, meralo e bohlale ea li-labour e atlehile ho rarolla mathata a bang teng ha ho ithutoa ho itlopa lijo ho batho. Mohlala, phuputsong ea morao-rao ea fMRI, batho ba itšetlehileng ka koae ba sa tsubeng kalafo ba ile ba lumelloa ho khetha neng le hore na hangata ba ne ba tla sebelisa k'hok'heine e kenang kahare nakong ea thuto ea 1-h e hlokometsoeng. Ho iphetetsa ho phahameng ho phehelletsoeng ho ile ha hokahana hampe le mosebetsi libakeng tsa maoto, liphapang, le mesocortical ho kenyeletsoa OFC le ACC. Ho lakatsa, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tsamaellana hantle le mosebetsi libakeng tsena (Risinger et al., 2005) (hape bona Foltin et al., 2003). Ho etsa melao e meng e tlamang ea boiketsetso ea ho etsa lithethefatsi tse nang le tšebeliso e matla ea boitšoaro (joalo ka papali ea chelete ha ho sa na molemo) ho ka fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa makaleng a poteletseng a tahlehelo ea taolo mathateng a lematsang. Ho khahlisang, MPH ea molomo e hlile e fokotse ho ts'oaroa le ho ntlafatsa likarabo tse ka tlase tsa ACC ho batho ba lemaletseng koae.Goldstein et al., 2010).

Mohaho o mong o amanang le ona ke ho itlhokomela ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Ho hloka tsebo le temohisiso ho etsa hore ho be le mathata a mangata a amanang le methapo ea kutlo, ho rohakana ka mantsoe a rohakiloeng a kelello (mohlala, ho baka ho se tsotelle kapa ho tsebahala bakeng sa hemiplegia) ho ba le mafu a kelello a mafu a kelello (mohlala, schizophrenia, mania, le mathata a mang a maikutlo), joalo ka ha ho sa tsoa hlahlojoa (Orfei et al., 2008). E le bokuli ba kelello (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002), ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e boetse e arolelana litlolo tse tšoanang ho itlhokomeleng le taolong ea boitšoaro e ka hlahisoang ke ho se sebetse hantle hoa tlhaho. Mohlala, lithuto tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala li tlalehile hore joala bo fokotsa boemo ba motho ba ho lemoha ka ho thibela mekhoa e mengata e hlakileng e amanang le (ho ba teng, ho kenyelletsa litaba kapa ho ba le maikutlo a) mabapi le boits'oaro bo nepahetseng, boemo bo lekaneng ho kenya le ho ts'oara ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea joala. (Bona Hull le Monyane, 1983; Hull et al., 1986 bakeng sa litlhahlobo). Ho feta moo, phuputso ea morao-rao e bonts'a hore batho ba lemaletseng koae ba bonahatsa kamano pakeng tsa likarabo tsa boitšoaro tse amanang le mosebetsi (ho nepahala le nako ea karabelo) le karolo e ikarotseng ea mosebetsi, ba hlakisang pherekano ho bokhoni ba bona ba ho bona ho khannoa ka sepheo sa (Goldstein et al., 2007a).

Haholo-holo, tlhekefetso libakeng tsa infula le tsa makhopho a PFC (ho kenyeletsoa ACC le medial OFC), le libakeng tse tlatselletsang (ho kenyeletsoa le striatum), li amahanngoa le temohisiso le taolo ea boitšoaro, le mesebetsi e hokahaneng (tloaelo ea mokhoa le tloaelo) (Bechara, 2005). Maikutlo ana a holisa khopolo ea bokhoba ba tahi ho feta kamano ea eona le potoloho ea meputso, mathata a methapo ea kutlo ka karabo e thibelang likarabo, le tšebeliso ea bohlanya (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002; Bechara, 2005) le li-neuroadaptations tse potolohileng memori (Volkow et al., 2003), ho kenyelletsa boitlhokahalo ba boiphetetso le temohisiso ka bokuli (bona Goldstein et al., 2009b bakeng sa tlhahlobo).

Boithuto bo sebelisang EEG bo tlaleha ka mokhoa o ts'epahalang hore ho na le maqhubu a tlase a beta (Kiloh et al., 1981; Niedermeyer le Lopes da Silva, 1982) ho matahoa a joala. Ketsahalo ea beta, e ka bonts'ang hyperarousal (Saletu-Zyhlarz et al., 2004), e bontšitsoe hore e lumellana le boholo le tšebeliso ea joala bo bongata, e khethollang ka mokhoa o hlakileng lipakeng tsa ba noang joala ba 'tlase' le ba 'lekanang' (le khethiloeng ke mokhoa oa joala), le nalane ea malapa ea joala (Ehlers et al., 1989; Ehlers le Schuckit, 1990). Ho ile ha tlalehoa hore ho na le keketseho ea nako e tšoanang delta ho ba noang joala haholo ha ho bapisoa le batho ba bacha ba sa noang joala le ba tlase haholo (Polich le Courtney, 2010), le keketseho e kopanang ea li-theta le alpha khafetsa 25 min post-binge-like cocaine dosing (Reid et al., 2006).

Taolo ea inhibitory e ithutile haholo ka ho qopitsa likarolo tsa N200 le P300 ERP mesebetsing ea ho ea / ho se ee; likarolo tsena, tse nahanoang ho lekanya boitšoaro bo botle le khatello ea taolo (Dong et al., 2009) le ho hlahisa ho tsoa ho ACC le libaka tse amanang le eona, lia eketseha ha karabelo e patiloe (teko ea ho se ee) ka tatellano ea likarabo tse ntle (ho ea liteko) (Falkenstein et al., 1999; Bokura et al., 2001; Van Veen le Carter, 2002; Bekker et al., 2005). Litaba tse tlotsitsoeng tse senotsoeng N200 li tlalehiloe ho batho ba nang le joala (Easdon et al., 2005), cocaine (Sokhadze et al., 2008), heroin (Yang et al., 2009), nicotine (Luijten et al., 2011), le marang-rang (Cheng et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2010) bokhoba. Leha ho le joalo, ba noang haholo ba bontšitse N200 e kholo le P300 e nyane ha e bapisoa le taolo, mosebetsing o ts'oanang oa mokhoa oa ho hlokomela (Crego et al., 2009le mosebetsi oa ho amohela sefahleho (Ehlers et al., 2007), eo ha e le hantle e ka tsamaellanang le ho sitisoa ha maikutlo ho susumetsa maikutlo (tšusumetso, ho thella) ho feta tahlehelo ea taolo.

Mehlala ea liphoofolo tse lemalloang e fane ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ho ruruha ea bokoDeroche-Gamonet et al., 2004; Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2004) e bonts'a hore mekhoa ena e kenyelletsa li-circuits tsa DA, serotonergic le glutamatergic (Loh le Roberts, 1990; Cornish et al., 1999). Le ha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso ea lithuto tsa liphoofolo e phomotse ho latela hore na boits'oaro bona bo aparela boitšoaro bo boholo ho batho. Haholoholo, ho thata ho tseba hore na boits'oaro bo joalo bo ka ba bo amana kae le bofokoli bo lematsang bo ka 'nang ba senya taolo ea batho. Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka neuroimaging li qoba moeli ona ka ho batlisisa likarolo tse ka tlase tsa bofokoli bona le ka ho fana ka khokahano liponong tse lumellanang tsa boitšoaro.

Ho ikhula hape

Ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho bolela matšoao a fapaneng ho kenyelletsa ho tepella, ho teneha, ho tšoenyeha le anhedonia e hlahang ha sethethefatsi se bakang ts'ehetso ea 'mele se felisoa ka tšohanyetso (Gawin le Kleber, 1986). Matšoao ana a ka fapana ho latela mofuta oa lithethefatsi le bolelele ba ho tlohela ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa ho qetela mme hangata li khetholloa ke matšoao a ho tlohela "pele" vs.

Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsa PET tsa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi li khothaletsa liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi (hangata tse fokotsang kutloisiso) ho karabelo ea neural ea nako nakong ea ho ikhula. CBF e tlase haholo ho "PFC" ea morao ka morao le ho fokotseha ha metabolism ea glucose ho PFC ho tlalehiloe ho basebelisi ba kamehla ba koae nakong ea ho khaola pele ho nako (matsatsi a 10) le ho khaotsa ho tsoang ho koae ho feta ka har'a taolo e phetseng hantle (Volkow et al., 1988a, 1991). CBF le eona e lekiloe dessyecik Phapanyetsano e matla ea MR kamora ho tlosoa bosiu ka ho feteletseng ho nicotine, le kamora ho ts'oaroa ha nicotine. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li bonts'itse phokotso ho thalamic CBF nakong ea ho khaotsa empa ho eketseha ha CBF maemong a phetseng hantle ka nicotineTanabe et al., 2008). Boithuto ba "metabolism" ea glucose e bonts'itse mesebetsi e fokotsitsoeng ea metabolic nakong ea ho khaotsa joala ho potoloha le drixalal thalamo-OFC nakong ea ts'ollo ea pele ea bongaka empa e le tlase haholo ho OFC nakong ea ho tlohela joala bo tsoileng matsoho (Volkow et al., 1992a, 1993a,b, 1994b, 1997c,d; Catafau et al., 1999). Boemong ba ho lemalla koae, lithupelo li tlalehile ho fokotseha hoa metabolic ka ts'ebetsong ea "stralatal" nakong ea ho khaotsa lithethefatsi, ka ts'ebetso e kholo ea metabolic ho OFC le basal ganglia nakong ea ho khaola pele ho nako (ka beke ea 1 ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba) (Volkow et al., 1991), le ts'ebetso ea metabolic e tlase ho PFC nakong ea ho khaotsa ho ts'ebetso (libeke tsa 1-6 ho tloha ts'ebeliso ea ho qetela) (Volkow et al., 1992b). Bareki ba maemo a tlase ba DA D2 receptor e tlamang nakong ea ho khaola e fumanoe ho koae-Volkow et al., 1993a), joala- (Volkow et al., 1996b), heroin- (Wang et al., 1997), methamphetamine- (Volkow et al., 2001), le ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka nicotine (Fehr et al., 2008). Tšusumetso ena e ne e amahanngoa le metabolism e tlase ho OFC le ACC ho batho ba lemaletseng koae le lithethefatsi tsa joala ebile feela ho OFC ho batho ba lemalloang ke methamphetamine (Volkow et al., 2009).

Ho tlosoa ke ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho boetse ho kenyelletsa ho hlaha ha boemo bo bobe ba maikutlo (mohlala, dysphoria), e tsebahalang ka ho se khonehe ho fumana thabo ho tsoa meputso e tloaelehileng e sa amaneng le lithethefatsi (mohlala, lijo, likamano tsa motho ka mong). Sebaka sena sa anhedonic se kanna sa bonts'a karabelo e lumellanang ntlafatsong e pheta-phetoang ea DA ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso potolohong ea moputso e fanang ka sistimi ea moputso e sa tsotelleng ho bathusi ba tlhaho (Cassens et al., 1981; Barr le Phillips, 1999; Barr et al., 1999) le lingakafatso tse ling tse seng tsa lithethefatsi (mohlala, chelete; Goldstein et al., 2007a). Karabelo ena e khahlisang e bakiloeng ke DA e ka senya ts'ebetso ea PFC, OFC, le ACC ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba khothalletsang bofokoli bo hlahang bo ts'oanang le ba bakuli ba tepelletseng lithethefatsing. Ka 'nete, tlhekefetso ka har'a dorsolateral, ventrolatal, le maikutlo a PFC ho kenyeletsoa ACC le OFC li fumanoe lithutong tsa bakuli ba tepelletseng ba lithethefatsi (bao eseng ba lithethefatsi) (Elliott et al., 1998; Mayberg et al., 1999) nakong ea kelello (mohlala, mesebetsi ea ho rala) le phephetso ea meriana. Liphetoho tsena tse bakiloeng ke lithethefatsi tšebetsong ea PFC, ACC, le OFC (empa le libaka tse litheko le litheko) li ka sitisa bokhoni ba ho laola maikutlo (Payer et al., 2008) e sebetsang bakeng sa ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo, ehlile ke senete sa ho khutla hape (Goeders, 2003) (bona Sinha le Li, 2007 bakeng sa tlhahlobo).

Nakong ea ho ithibela koae, lithuto tsa EEG li tlalehile ho theoha hoa delta (Alper et al., 1990; Roemer et al., 1995; Prichep et al., 1996), theta (Roemer et al., 1995; Prichep et al., 1996; Herning et al., 1997), empa ho eketseha ha alpha (Alper et al., 1990) le matla a beta (Costa le Bauer, 1997; Herning et al., 1997; King et al., 2000). Keketseho ea alpha e boetse e tlalehiloe nakong ea ho khaola ha batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi tsa heroin (Shufman et al., 1996). Ho fapana le sebopeho se bonoang le ho khaotsa koae, ha ho khaotsa nicotine, matla a theta a eketseha ha matla a alpha le beta a fokotseha (bakeng sa kakaretso. Bona Domino, 2003; Teneggi et al., 2004). Keketseho ena ea matla a theta e ne e tsamaisana le ho otsela (Ulett le Itil, 1969; Dolmierski et al., 1983) le phetoho ea ho tloha boroko ho robalaKooi et al., 1978), ha ho fokotseha ha maqhubu a alpha ho amana le nako ea ho arabela butle (Surwillo, 1963), ho fokotsa ho tsosa le ho falimeha ho falimehile (Ulett le Itil, 1969; Knott le liVents, 1977). Lits'oaetso tsena tsa ts'ebetso ea alpha li bonahala li fetoha le ho hloka mokhoa oa ho itlosa bolutu o bontšang hore e kanna ea ba le litekanyetso tse mpe tsa ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi (Gritz et al., 1975). Litekanyo tsa ERP nakong ea ho khaotsa lithethefatsi tsa joala li bontšitse keketseho ho li-latitude tsa N200 le P300 mme li fokotseha ho li-amplitudes tsa N100 le P300 (Porjesz et al., 1987a,b; Parsons et al., 1990). Phokotso ea P300 e fokotsoang ke ho fumana lintho tse sa fetoheng nakong ea koae (Kouri et al., 1996; Biggins et al., 1997; Gooding et al., 2008), heroin (Papageorgiou et al., 2001, 2003, 2004), le ho tsuba ha nicotine (Daurignac et al., 1998) joalo ka ha ho tloaelehile ka mor'a ts'ebetso ea buprenorphine (tsamaiso ea μ-opioid receptor karolo ea agonist) ho batho ba lemaletseng ba tlosoang ho heroin le cocaine (Kouri et al., 1996).

Ntle le moo, li-indices tsa EEG le tsa ERP li sebelisitsoe ho bolela ho khutla hape. Mohlala, ts'ebetso ea alpha le theta har'a matahoa a pharaletseng a khethollotsoeng, ka ho nepahala ha 83-85%, lipakeng tsa ba thibelang thepa le ba ohelang hape ba sebelisa mekhoa ea ho khetholla (Winterer et al., 1998). Hyperarousal ea tsamaiso ea methapo e kholo, joalo ka ha e hlalositsoe ke ts'ebetso ea beta e atisang ho fumanoa, le eona e fumanoe e le sehlopha sa ts'ebeliso e ts'epahalang lipakeng tsa batho ba sa tsubeng le ba tloaetseng ho tahoa hape (Bauer, 1994, 2001; Saletu-Zyhlarz et al., 2004). Lithuto tsa ERP tsa joala bo tahang li liehile ho fumana phallo ea N200 latency ho khetholla pakeng tsa li-draeveers le ba khutlileng hape ka sekhahla sa ho bolela esale pele sa 71% (Glenn et al., 1993). Tlhaloso e nepahetseng ea ho khutlisetsa morao e ka bapisoang (71%) e boetse e tlalehiloe bakeng sa ho fokotsoa ha sebaka sa P300 sa ho thibela batho ba lemaletseng koae (ba lemaletseng koae)Bauer, 1997).

Kahoo, lithuto tsa neuroimaging li hatetse pele kutloisisong ea rona mabapi le ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo amanang le eona ka ho qekotsa maikutlo a fokotsang a cortical ka CBF ea tikoloho, metabolism ea matla, mehato ea lebelo la EEG le li-ERPs ho pholletsa le lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso. Matšoao ana a neuronal a boetse a tlalehiloe a bolela esale pele ho khutla hape, ka hona, a ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea kalafo le lipatlisiso tsa sephetho.

fihlela qeto e

Theknoloji ea Neuroimaging e bile le tšusumetso e kholo tsebong ea mantlha ea li-circuits tse amanang le bokhoba le liphetho tse amanang le boitšoaro. E supile lits'ebetso tse laoloang tsa kelello le maikutlo tse lebisang ho matlafatsong ea lithethefatsi tse matla, ho se tsotelloe hoa lingaka tse ling tsa tšehetso, le bofokoli taolong ea inhibitory. Liphetoho tsena tsa bokhoba ba tahi, joalo ka ha li emeloa mohlaleng oa iRISA, li holisa mohopolo oa setso o hatisang likarabo tse laoloang ke maoto le matsoho bakeng sa moputso ka ho fana ka bopaki bakeng sa ho kenya letsoho ha cortex ea pele ho pholletsa le potoloho ea bokhoba.

Ho joalo, mehlala ea liphoofolo tse lemalloang ke lithethefatsi e fane ka motheo o nang le tsebo ea ho ithuta litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro le tšibollo ea lithethefatsi hape e hlakisitse mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea neurobiological e amehang litlamorao tse matla tsa lithethefatsi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho tlohela lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, lehaha le leholo le lula le sa tsepahala hore na boits'oaro bona bo aparela boits'oaro bo amanang le bokhoba ba batho. Mekhoa ea Neuroimaging e ka thusa haholo ho fana ka "windows" e otlolohileng haholoanyane ho boits'oaro bona ho batho ka sepheo sa ho koala tsela bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea lipono le lipuisano tse lebisitsoeng. Joale hoa utloahala hore mehato ea ho kenella e etselitsoeng ho matlafatsa le ho khutlisa libaka tsa boko tse anngoeng ke ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi dessyecik Ho kenella hoa boitšoaro le ho sebelisa litlhare ho ka ba molemo haholo ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi joalo ka ha ho bile joalo bakeng sa mathata a mang (mohlala, Papanicolaou et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2007). Lisebelisoa tse nang le phepo e ntle li boetse li thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa phenotypes ea boko e le mosebetsi oa genotype, e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tsa motsoako tseo ka tsona liphatsa tsa lefutso li amang tlokotsi kapa boits'oaro ba motho tlhekefetsong ea lithethefatsi le ho lemalla (mohlala, Alia-Klein et al., 2011).

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ka lithuso ho tsoa ho National Institute on Drug Abuse [1R01DA023579 to RZG] and General Clinical Research Center [5-MO1-RR-10710].

Biography

Faele e kantle e ts'oereng setšoantšo, papiso, jj. Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0001.gif Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0001.gif

Muhammad A. Parvaz o fumane PhD ea hae moenjiniere oa biomedical Univesithing ea Stony Brook, New York, USA ho 2011. Hajoale ke motho ea tsoang lingakeng tsa Brookhaven National Laboratory's (BNL) Neuropsychoimaging sehlopha se tsamaisoang ke Dr. Rita Goldstein. Lithahasello tsa hae tsa lipatlisiso li kenyelletsa ho theha sebopeho sa "computer-computer" ho ithuta ka litlamorao tsa nako ea 'nete ea neurofeedback mabapi le boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi, ho nts'etsapele mesebetsi ea neuro-cognitive bakeng sa MRI e sebetsang le Electroencephalography (EEG) ho ithuta phello ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho boiqapelo le boits'oaro. ts'ebetso, le pontšo ea ts'ebetso / ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo ho tsoa ho mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho nahana ka bokong (haholo MRI le EEG).

Faele e kantle e ts'oereng setšoantšo, papiso, jj. Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0002.gif Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0002.gif

Nelly Alia-Klein o fumane PhD ea hae thutong ea kelello ea bongaka Univesithing ea Columbia, New York, USA, 2002. Hona joale o sebetsa e le rasaense ho BNL. Lithahasello tsa hae tsa lipatlisiso li tsepamisa mohopolo ho sebeliseng mekhoa ea neuroimaging le neurogenetics ho ithuta mekhoa e bakang mafu a kelello le taolo ea maikutlo, a shebane haholo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le ho phatloha ho hoholo ha nako. O na le boiphihlelo le boiphihlelo ba bongaka ba ho etsa lithuto tse kopaneng mathateng a rarahaneng a boitaolo, joalo ka tlhekefetso le tlholeho e sa feleng.

Faele e kantle e ts'oereng setšoantšo, papiso, jj. Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0003.gif Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0003.gif

Patricia A. Woicik o fumane PhD ea hae ho psychology ea sechaba ho tsoa Univesithing ea Stony Brook, New York, USA ho 2005. Hajoale ke setho sa bongaka BNL. Mona lipatlisiso li shebisisa lintlha tse etsang hore batho ka bomong ba qhebellehe ho batla boitšoaro bo matlafatsong ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Patlisiso ea hae ea liteko e hlahloba botho, matšoao a neuropsychological le neuroimaging bakeng sa nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a lemallo. Morero oa lipatlisiso tsa hae ke ho fetolela liphumano tsena tsa boko / boitsoaro ho liphekolo tse lebisitsoeng ho bakuli.

Faele e kantle e ts'oereng setšoantšo, papiso, jj. Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0004.gif Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0004.gif

Nora D. Volkow o fumane MD ho Univesithi ea Sechaba ea Mexico, mme a lula setulong sa hae sa kelello Univesithing ea New York, USA. Boholo ba lipatlisiso tsa hae bo etsahetse ho BNL mme o sebelisitse theknoloji ea ho nahana ka bokong [positron emission tomography (PET) le MRI] ho etsa lipatlisiso ka mekhoa eo lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li fanang ka litlamorao tsa tsona, liphetoho tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo le ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi le lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo. e fang kotsi ea ho ba le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi bokong ba motho. O boetse o sebelisa mehlala ea ho etsa qeto mabapi le sepheo sa bongaka. Mosebetsi oa hae o thusitse ho bontša hore ho lemalla lithethefatsi ke lefu la kelello ea motho le kenyelletsang liphetoho tsa nako e telele ho dopamine neurotransmission (ho kenyelletsa phokotso ea ho emisoa ha li-striatal D2 receptor) le ts'ebetso ea pele. Hajoale ke Motsamaisi oa Setsi sa Naha sa US mabapi le Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi, e leng boemo boo a bo tšoereng ho tloha 2003.

Faele e kantle e ts'oereng setšoantšo, papiso, jj. Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0005.gif Lebitso la ntho ke nihms-408808-b0005.gif

Rita Z. Goldstein o ile a fumana PhD ea hae thutong ea kelello ea bophelo bo botle Univesithing ea Miami, Florida, USA, mme a etsa mosebetsi oa hae oa bongaka ho tsa bongaka tsa bongaka sepetlele sa Long Island Jewish, New York, USA. Ke rasaense ea tenured ho BNL le setho sa American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Tennessee, USA. O ntse a sebelisa ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka bokong (MRI le EEG) le liteko tsa neuropsychological ho ithuta liphetoho tsa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi maemong a amang maikutlo, botho, kelello le boits'oaro bo botle le ts'ebetso ea bona e ka ntlafatsang ka ho kenella liphekolong le kelellong. Mosebetsi oa hae o thusitse ho bontša hore bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle kelellong, ho kenyelletsa tlhokomeliso e sa laoleheng, le ho hatella bohlokoa ba cortex ea pele ho tšitiso ea karabelo e sa senyeheng le tšebeliso ea litšobotsi (iRISA) tlatsong. Hona joale o tsamaisa sehlopha sa Neuropsychoimaging ho BNL.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

tsebiso

Buka ena e ngotsoe ke Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC tlasa Konteraka No. DE-AC02-98CHI-886 le Lefapha la Matla la USA. Mmuso oa United States oa boloka, mme mohatisi, ka ho amohela sengoloa hore se phatlalatsoe, a amohela, lengolo la lefats'e ka bophara ho phatlalatsa kapa ho hlahisa mofuta o phatlalalitsoeng oa sengoloa sena, kapa ho lumella ba bang ho etsa joalo, molemong oa mmuso oa United States.

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