Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, WCIN 3AR, London, UK
Sethala sa phatlalatso: Bophatlalatsong bo Boletsoeng ke Press
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008
September 23, 2015
Bokhachane, joalo ka bongoana, ho 'nile ha boleloa hore bo kenyelletsa linako tse ikhethileng tseo ho tsona bongoana bo leng matlafalitsoeng; empa ka tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tsa neuroscience tse phatlalalitsoeng ka September 23 ho Mekhoa ea Mahlale a Kelello, Bafuputsi ba University College London (UCL) ba bone bopaki bo fokolang bakeng sa tseko ena. Leha ho le joalo, palo e fokolang ea lithuto e tšehetsa hore kutloisiso ea kelello, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi li sebetsoa ka tsela e fapaneng bokong ba bocha ha bo bapisoa le linako tse ling tsa bophelo.
"Ho paka hore ho na le linako tse thata tsa bocha ho tla hloka lithuto tse bapisoang le bana, bacha, le batho ba baholo 'me ba tla hloka ho ela hloko liphapang tsa kholo ea bocha, "ho bolela Delia Fuhrmann, moithuti oa PhD ho UCL's Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Developmental Group. Bacha ba na le menyetla e mengata ho feta bana ea ho ikhethela tikoloho le ho khetha seo ba batlang ho se thabela. ”
Batho ba boloka polasetiki e itseng — liphetoho bokong le boitšoarong ho latela litlhoko tsa tikoloho, boiphihlelo le liphetoho 'meleng — bophelong bohle. Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea linako tse thata polasetiki ea matlafala 'me boko "bo lebelletse" ho pepesetsoa tsusumetso e itseng. Mohlala, boko ba masea bo hlophisitsoe ho sebetsana le ho kenya pono le puo.
Bokhoni ba ho theha mehopolo bo bonahala bo eketsehile nakong ea bocha, mohlala o le mong oa hore na e ka ba nako e thata joang. Liteko tsa memori litsong tse fapaneng li bonts'a "reminiscence bump"; ka 35 kapa hamorao, re na le monyetla oa ho hopola mehopolo ea bophelo ba batho ho tloha lilemong tse 10 ho isa ho tse 30 ho feta mehopolo ea pele kapa e latelang. Ho hopoloa ha 'mino, libuka, lifilimi le liketsahalo tsa sechaba ho tloha bocheng le tsona li holimo ha li bapisoa le tsa linako tse ling.
Ho feta moo, ba supa likarolo tse bonolo tsa ho sebetsa mohopolo kapa ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea tlhaiso-leseling e ka fihlela kholo ea bongoana, ha bokhoni bo thata ba mohopolo ba ho itšebetsa bo ntse bo ntlafala nakong ea bohlankana le ho hira libaka tse ka pele tsa boko tse ntseng li hola. Fuhrmann o re: "Ho hopola ho sebetsa ho ka koetlisoa ho bacha, empa ha re tsebe hore na litlamorao tsena tsa thupelo li fapana joang le lilemo tse ling." Boitsebiso bo joalo bo ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho rala kharikhulamo hobane e ne e tla re joetsa hore na re rute neng. "
Malwetse a mangata a kelello a qala ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, mohlomong a etsa hore a be le khatello ea maikutlo. Sehlopha sa UCL se ile sa hlahloba lithuto tse bontšang hore ka bobeli khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng 'me khethollo ea kahisano e na le tšusumetso e matla lilemong tsa bocha. Ba boetse ba pheha khang ea hore nako ea bocha e ka ba nako e tlokotsing ea ho hlaphoheloa liphihlelong tsena tse mpe.
Fuhrmann o re: “Bacha ba lieha ho lebala lintho tse tšosang kapa tse fosahetseng. "Sena se ka bolela hore mekhoa e meng ea kalafo bakeng sa mathata a ho tšoenyeha, e thehiloeng ho laoleng ho pepesehela eng kapa eng eo mokuli a e tšabang, e kanna ea se sebetse ho bacha le mekhoa e meng ea kalafo e kanna ea hlokahala."
Kamora nako, liphuputso li bonts'itse hore nako ea bocha le nako ea ho nka karolo litekanyetsong tse kotsi tsa bophelo bo botle, ho etsa liteko tse joalo ka joala le lithethefatsi tse ling. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonahala ba khona ho hlaseloa habonolo ke tšusumetso ea lithaka ho bona likotsi le ho beha kotsing ha ba bapisoa le tse ling lihlopha tsa lilemo. Patlisiso e mabapi le litoeba e boetse e ts'ehetsa hore boko ba bongoana bo ka ba le maikutlo a eketsehang a matekoane.
Ho hlalosa Plasticity le linako tse utloisang bohloko
Ho li-1960s, Wiesel le Hubel ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso ka phello ea ho tlatlapuoa ka mokhoa o le mong bakeng sa likhoeli tsa 1-4 kamora ho buloa mahlo. Li-Neurons tse tsamaeang le pono e tsamaellanang ea pono li ile tsa qetella li sa arabele ka mokhoa o lebisang leihlo le kileng la nyahlatsoa 'me la qala ho araba ka mokhoa o ikhethileng leihlo le sa bonahaleng [1, 2]. Ho nyelisoa ka mokhoa o le mong likhoeling tsa pele tsa bophelo tsa 3 ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le atrophy liseleng tse thalmus e fumanang phetiso ho tsoa leihlo le nyenyefalitsoeng. Pholoso ho tsoa ho atrophy ena e ne e fokola haholo, esita le ka mor'a lilemo tsa 5 tsa khanya. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho nyahamisoa ka mokhoa o le mong ka mor'a likhoeli tsa 3 ha ho hlahise hoo e ka bang ha ho na melemo ea 'mele, morphological kapa boitšoaro [3, 4]. Se fumanoeng liphuputsong tsena se nkuoe e le bopaki ba hore likhoeli tse 'maloa tsa pele tsa bophelo li theha nako e mahlonoko bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea pono, nakong eo kholo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e phahamisoang [5].
Plasticity e hlalosa bokhoni ba tsamaiso ea methapo ho fetolela sebopeho sa eona le ts'ebetso ea sona ho arabela litlhoko tsa tikoloho, boiphihlelo, le liphetoho tsa 'mele [6]. Boko ba motho bo boloka boemo ba mantlha ba polasetiki ho pholletsa le bophelo - sena se tsejoa e le polasetiki e nang le boiphihlelo, 'me e thehiloe thutong eohle [7]. Plasticity nakong ea linako tse mahlonoko, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e lebelletse boiphihlelo - setho se "lebelletsoeng" ho pepesetsoa khothatsong e itseng nakong ena [7].
Linako tse thata li ne li bitsoa "linako tse mahlonoko". Lentsoe lena ha le sebelisoe hangata hona joale, hobane ho tloha ka nako eo ho hlakile hore ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea ho hlaphoheloa e ka etsahala le ka ntle ho fensetere ea nako ea kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng haholo. Tabeng ea nts'etsopele ea pono, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao mabapi le ho nyonya ka mokhoa o le mong ho li-kittens li bontšitse hore liphoofolo li ka koetlisetsoa ho sebelisa leihlo le qheletsoeng ka mor'a hore le phuthoe, 'me sena se ka tlisa boemo bo itseng ba ho hlaphoheloa [8].
Boithuto mabapi le linako tse mahlonoko tsa sistimi ea pono bathong li its'episitse maemong a tlhaho a ho nyahama ho bonts'ang ho batho ba tsoetsoeng ba na le liphihlelo tsa mahlo, tse hlahisang lense ea leihlo. Mahlo a ka fumaneha hape kamora ts'ebetso ea ho feto-fetoha ha tlhaho ea koluoa. Boithuto ba morao-rao ba Cataract bo bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa linako tse mahlonoko bakeng sa nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng ea pono, linako tsa maikutlo le ho hlonepha, le linako tsa ho hlaphoheloa ho tsietsing [9]. Bakeng sa pono ea pono, mohlala, nako ea nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng e tsamaeang ka pono e atoloha lilemo tsa pele tsa 7 tsa bophelo, empa batho ka bomong ba lula ba ela hloko ho hloloheloa ho fihlela lilemo tsa 10 le ho hlaphoheloa ha tšebetso ho ka khonahala bophelong bohle [10].
Nts'etsopele ea puo, hape, ka kakaretso e bonts'a polokeho ea polasetiki bongoaneng [11, 12], leha ho se na nako e le 'ngoe e tebileng ea puo. Bokhoni bo fapaneng ba lipuo bo fumaneha ka mekhoa e arohaneng ea li-neural, 'me tsena li ka fapana karabelong ea tsona ho tsietsing le linako tsa polasetiki tse telele [13]. Ho etsa joalo, ho se utloe litsebeng ho kopantsoe le ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea puo ea puo ha ts'ebetso ea semantic e bonahala e sa nahanele ho hlonama ho hoholo [14]. Sena se totobatsa ho khetheha ha linako tse mahlonoko.
Ts'ebetso ea methapo ea limolek'hule tse tlasa linako tse mahlonoko tsa pele li bonts'a hore tekanyo ea thabo le khatello ea methapo ea kutlo e baka ts'ebetso ea polasetiki e phahameng le hore "li-brake" tsa "cell" hangata li fokotsa polasetiki qetellong ea linako tse mahlonoko [15]. Nako ea ho qala le ho lieha ha linako tse mahlonoko e bonolo. Boithuto le litšoene li bonts'itse hore nako e ts'oanang le sefahleho qalong ea bophelo e ka holisoa ke 2 kapa lilemo tse ngata ha litšoelesa tsa malinyane li sa pepesetsoe sefahleho nakong ena. Ho felloa ke sefahleho, ka hona, ho lieha ho qala ha nako e mahlonoko [16]. Qetellong ea nako e utloisang bohloko ka nako e 'ngoe e ka iphetisa: ho ithuta ho ka khina boitlamo ba meaho ea neural, mme ha e le hantle ho fokotsa polasetiki [17, 18]. Pono ea sefahleho e kenella ka tatellano ea perceptual, mohlala, nakong eo ka eona batho ka bomong ba ntlafatsang karolo ea lifahleho tseo ba sa li boneng hangata ka litšenyehelo tsa mekhahlelo eo ba sa e boneng hangata, e hlahisa litlamorao tse joalo ka leeme la morabe oa sefahleho [19]. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe bakeng sa ho fela ha linako tse mahlonoko ke hore neuroplasticity ha e hlile ha e ea fokotseha empa, ho e-na le hoo, ho na le tšusumetso e fokolang, kapa e fokolang, e susumetsang tikoloho [18].
Boholo ba liphuputso tse mabapi le linako tse mahlonoko li tsepamisitse maikutlo bongoaneng ba pele, athe boiphihlelo ba ho ba le boiphihlelo matsatsing a tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao bo ile ba hlokomolohuoa. Bafuputsi ba se ba qalile ho nahana ka monyetla oa hore nako ea bocha e emela 'nako ea bobeli ea ho holofala haholo' (Steinberg, 2014 [20], leq. 9; hape bona [21, 22]). Bocha, nako ea bophelo e qala ho tloha boroetsaneng ebe e fela nakong eo motho a bang le karolo e ikemetseng sechabeng [23], e tšoauoa ka liphetoho tse tšoaeang sebopeho sa boko le tšebetso (lebokose 1). Sengolong sena sa maikutlo, re hlahloba likarolo tse tharo tsa nts'etsopele ea bongoana tse reriloeng hore li khetholloe ka ho eketseha ha polasetiki: mohopolo, ts'ebetso ea sechaba, le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Re pheha khang ea hore tsoelo-pele lithutong tsa nts'etsopele e hlahisitse data e khahlisang e lumellanang le polokeho ea polasetiki bocheng. Leha ho le joalo, leha ho na le tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao, bopaki bo hlakileng ba linako tse thata bo haella.
+
lebokose 1
Ntshetsopele ea Neurocognitive Bofeng
Ho na le Bopaki bofe bo ka lumellanang le hore nako ea bocha e ba Nako e Utloahalang?
Haeba nako ea bocha e ne e hlile e le nako e mahlonoko, ho ka lebelloa lipaterone tse ling tsa data ea nts'etsopele. Taba ea pele, tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso e itseng bokong le boits'oarong e lokela ho ba tse phahameng bongoaneng ho feta pele kapa ka morao ho moo. Ka lona lebaka leo, ho hlokahala lithuto tse bapisang bana, bacha le batho ba baholo. Feela ha ho nahanoa hore lihlopha tsena tsohle tsa lilemo li ka hlahlojoa hore na lilemo tsa bocha ke nako ea ho ikemela e le ngoe ea polasetiki e telele (Setšoantšo sa 1, Mohlala A), nako e ts'oanang e tebileng ea bongoana (Setšoantšo sa 1, Model B), kapa ha e emele nako e mahlonoko ho hang (Setšoantšo sa 1, Mohlala C).
Ka lebaka la ho se tšoane ha nako ea ho fetoloa hoa libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko le lipotoloho [24], phapang e kholo qalehong le nako ea nako e mahlonoko bakeng sa tšusumetso e fapaneng e ne e ka lebelloa. Joalo feela nts'etsopele ea pele e khetholloa ke linako tse ngata tse mahlonoko [9, 13], lilemo tsa bocha ha li khothalletsoe hore e be nako e mahlonoko ka bobeli; sebakeng sa hoo, ho khothalletsoa hore ho be le linako tse itseng lilemong tsa bocha tseo ho tsona ho lebelletsoeng tlhahiso e itseng ho tsoa tikolohong.
Haeba lintho tse re susumetsang tsa tikoloho li bile le tšusumetso e matla nakong ena, re tla lebella hore ho tla ba le thuto e ntlafalitsoeng, haholoholo ea boithuto ba morao. Sena se tla tšohloa karolong e latelang ea memori. Ho haelloa ke ts'usumetso kapa ho tsosa ho ka lebelloang ho ba le phello e sa khethollang ka nako ena. Karolo ena ea linako tse tebileng e tla tšohloa karolong ena mabapi le litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng.
Bokhoni ba bongoana bo ka fapana le polasetiki pejana ha bo hola hobane, ho fapana le masea le bana ba banyane, bacha ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho khetha tikoloho eo ba nang le eona. Ka kakaretso, nakong ea bongoana, tikoloho e hlophisitsoe haholo ke batsoali kapa bahlokomeli, ha bacha ba na le boikhethelo bo eketsehileng ba ho khetha seo ba tla se fumana le ho ba le mang [25]. Ka hona re ka lebella phapang e kholo ea batho ka bomong linakong tse mahlonoko lilemong tsa bocha mme linako tse itseng tse mahlonoko li ka ba teng feela ke sehlopha sa bacha. Sena se tla tšohloa karolong ena mabapi le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.
Bocha e le Nako e Utloahalang ea Memori
Nakong ea 35 ea lilemo, re na le menyetla ea ho hopola mehopolo ea bophelo ho tloha lilemong tsa 10 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 30 ho feta mehopolo e fetileng kapa e tlang ka nako ena, ketsahalo e bitsoang "reminiscence bump" [26]. Sekhahla se hopolang se matla ebile se bontša mokhoa o tšoanang ha o lekoa ka liteko tse fapaneng tsa momemonic le litsong tse fapaneng [26, 27]. Ntle le liketsahalo tsa autobiographical, ho hopoloa ha 'mino, libuka, lifilimi le liketsahalo tsa sechaba ho tloha bocheng le tsona li phahame haholo ha li bapisoa le tsa linako tse ling tsa bophelo [28, 29]. Le liketsahalo tse tloaelehileng tse etsahetseng lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba batho ba baholo li bonahala li emetsoe mohopolong, li fana ka maikutlo a hore bokhoni ba mnemonic bo matlafatsoa nakong ena ea bophelo [30]. Mohlala, boithuto bo boholo bo bontšitse tlhoro e 'ngoe ea lintlha tse ling tsa mohopolo tse kang memori ea mantsoe le ea pono ka lipakeng tsa 14 le 26 ea lilemo tsa [31]. Le ha lintlha tsena li bontša linako tse mahlonoko, lithuto tsa ho ikoetlisa lia hlokahala ho fana ka bopaki ba liteko ba linako tse hlokahallang mohopolo.
Lithuto li fumaneha bakeng sa mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (WM), bokhoni ba ho boloka le ho laola lintlha [32]. Lintlha tse bonolo tsa WM, tse kang ho lieha ho hopola nako, li ka fihlela kholo ea bongoaneng [33]. Bokhoni bo rarahaneng ba WM, bo kang boithuto ba mahlale ba ho itšupisa, bo ntse bo tsoela pele ho ntlafala nakong ea bohlankana ba hae [33]. Mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea WM e hapile libaka tse ka pele tse bonts'ang nts'etsopele e ntlafalitsoeng bongoaneng bohle [34] (lebokose 1).
Ho na le bopaki bo bonts'a polasetiki ea WM nts'etsopele. Bakeng sa bana le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, ba fumana koetliso ea mofuta oa N-back oa WM, empa eseng thupelo e thehiloeng tsebong, e fetiselitsoeng ntlafatsong ea bohlale ba mokelikeli [35]. Lintlafatso li ile tsa tšehetsoa ka nako ea likhoeli tsa 3 nakong eo ho neng ho se na thupelo e tsoelang pele e sebelisitsoeng. Koetliso ea WM e ka sebetsa hantle lilemong tsa bocha tse sa sebetseng hantle ha e sebetsa, hammoho le litulong tse tsoelang pele ho hola [36]. Le ha ho le joalo, ha re tsebe hore na litlamorao tsa koetliso li fapana joang ho bacha ha ba bapisoa le bana kapa batho ba baholo. Boithuto boo ho bona bana, bacha le batho ba baholo ba fumanang koetliso ea kelello le litlamorao ha li bapisoa le lihlopha tse laoloang tse amohelang koetliso ea placebo li tla ba molemo haholo ho khetholla hore na lilemong tsa bocha li emela nako e mahlonoko bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea WM [37]. Lithuto tse joalo li ka tsebisa ka kotloloho mehato ea thuto le maano (lebokose 2).
+
lebokose 2
Thuto ea ho ba lilemong tsa bocha
Nako ea bocha e ba Nako e Utloang Bohlokoa Bakeng sa Mathata a Khatello ea kelello
Maloetse a mangata a kelello a qalile bocheng le botsofaling ba pele [38, 39]. Phuputso e telele e bontšitse hore 73.9% ea batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba kelello ba fumane tlhahlobo ea lefu pele ho lilemo tsa 18 le 50.0% pele ho lilemo tsa 15 [40]. Ho nahanoa hore mathata a kelello a ka karolo a bakoa ke ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo bongoaneng kapa bohlankeng [41]. Matšoenyeho a sechaba ka ho khetheha ho nahanoa hore a na le tšusumetso e mpe nakong ena [41]. Phihlelo ea khatello ea kelello e atileng e bakoang ke ho fallisoa, ka mohlala, e bolela esale pele matšoao a tšoaetsanoang ka nako e telele joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho bongoaneng [42]. Ho na le bopaki, leha ho le joalo, hore bompoli ho bongoaneng (lilemo tsa 7 kapa 11) le bona bo na le litlamorao tse sa feleng bophelong bo botle ba 'mele le ba kelello ho ba motho e moholo.43].
Lithuto tsa Rodent li fana ka monyetla oa ho sebelisa monyetla oa ho pepesa khatello ea maikutlo bathong, 'me li fane ka leseli la bohlokoa litlamorao tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo bohlolong ba bohlankana. Nako ea bocha ho rats ea basali e lula ho tloha matsatsing a pelehi (PND) 30 ho isa 60, le ho tloha PND 40 ho isa 80 ho banna. Ho litoeba tsa basali, bocha bo nka PND 20 ho isa 40, le PND 25 ho 55 ho banna.44]. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore ho na le phapang e kholo lilemong tsa litoeba tse thathamisitsoeng e le mocha kapa e moholo lilemong tsa lingoliloeng [44]. Likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha li hlotsoa khafetsa ke motho ea hlahelletseng li bontšitsoe ho hlahisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea boits'oaro (ho qoba ho mabifi ho fapana le ho ba mabifi), 'me li fole kamora khatello e nchafalitsoeng, ha e bapisoa le likhoto tsa batho ba baholo. Ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo bocheng (ho bapisoa le ho ba motho e moholo) ho litoeba ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea neuronal libakeng tsa cortex ea pele, cingulate, le thalamus [45]. Boithuto bona bo ne bo sa kenyeletse bacha, ho fihlela liqeto bakeng sa linako tse mahlonoko.
Ho ba sieo ha ts'usumetso ea sechaba ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe. Ho ikhetholla sechabeng ho litšoelesa tsa banna le basali ho bontšitsoe ho ba le litlamorao tse ke keng tsa fetoloa likarolong tse ling tsa boits'oaro bo hlalosang, empa ha feela karohano e etsahetse lipakeng tsa PND 25 le 45, empa eseng pele le kamora [46]. Ka hona e bonahala e le nako e tlokotsing ea ho haelloa ke sechaba literekeng. Le ha paradigm ena e sa fetoleloa ho batho ka kotloloho, liphuputso li bonts'a hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'a maemo a mangata a ho tšoenyeha ka karabelo ea ho khesoa sechabeng ho feta ho batho ba baholo.47, 48]. Khethollo ea kahisano e boetse e hokahana le nts'etsopele ea matšoenyeho a sechaba sechabeng sa bocha ba motho [49]. Ho fana ka bopaki bakeng sa litlamorao tsa ho ikarola sechabeng ho ntlafatseng batho ha ho bohlokoa feela ho tloha khopolong ea maikutlo empa ho ka thusa hape ho nts'etsapele le ho kena lipakeng nako tsa ts'ebetso ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse reretsoeng ho matlafatsa boikemelo ho khethollo ea sechaba.
Nako ea bocha e kanna ea ba nako e tebileng ea ho hlaphoheloa phihlelong ea khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng [50]. Ho ithuta ho felisoa ke tšabo ke senotlolo sa karabelo e nepahetseng ho khatello ea maikutlo, mohlala [51]. Bakeng sa maemo a kelello a kang khatello ea khatello ea kelello kamora khatello ea maikutlo (PTSD), khatello ea maikutlo e ntse e tsoela pele leha khatello ea maikutlo e se e le sieo. Ho fumanoe hore thuto ea ho felisoa ke tšabo e bonoa bongoaneng ha e bapisoa le bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo - ka bobeli bathong le litotong (Setšoantšo sa 2) [50]. Lintlha tsa "rodent" thutong li bonts'itse hore ho haella ha polasetiki ea "synaptic" ho "cortex" ea pele ho nako ea bongoaneng ho amana le ho nyamela ha tšabo. Sena se bolela hore kalafo ea desensitisation, e ipapisitse le melao-motheo ea thuto ea ho felisoa ha tšabo, e ka se sebetse hantle lilemong tsa bocha, mme e totobatsa tlhoko ea nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e meng ea kalafo bakeng sa sehlopha sena sa lilemo. Matla a ikhethang a thuto ena a thehiloe 'neteng ea hore e ne e kenyelletsa lihlopha tsa bana, bacha le lilemo tsa batho ba baholo, hammoho le ho fana ka bopaki ba neural ka litoeba. Liphetho li bontša hore bohlankana e ka ba nako e mahlonoko, kapa e tlokotsing, ea ho hlaphoheloa kelellong.
Nako ea bocha e ba Nako e Utloisang Bohlokoa Litlamorao tsa Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi
Nako ea bocha ke nako ea ho nka karolo litekanyetsong tse kotsi tsa bophelo bo botle, joalo ka boitšoaro bo sa bolokehang ba thobalano, ho khanna ka mokhoa o kotsi, le ho etsa liteko tsa joala le lithethefatsi tse ling [52, 53]. Keketseho ena ea boits'oaro bo behang kotsing e kanna ea ba karolo ea karohano ea nako eo u e qetang le metsoalle ho fapana le ba lelapa [54]. Ha ba le metsoalle ea bona, hangata bacha ba kenella mekhoeng e kotsi ho feta ha ba le bang [55]. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonahala ba khona ho susumetsoa haholo ke tšusumetso ea lithaka ho bona likotsi, ha ba bapisoa le batho ba lilemo tse ling.Setšoantšo sa 3) [56]. Phuputso ena e ile ea lekanya tekanyo ea tšusumetso ea kaholimo ho pono ea likotsi ka lihlopha tse fapaneng mme ea fumana hore, athe bana, batho ba baholo le bacha ba ne ba susumetsoa haholo ke maikutlo a batho ba baholo mabapi le kotsi, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ne ba susumetsoa haholo ke maikutlo a bacha ha ba bapisoa le maikutlo a batho ba baholo. Bacha ba lilemo li pakeng tsa bocha ha ba supe phapang e kaalo ea maikutlo a batho ba baholo le a bacha mabapi le likotsi, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ona ke mohato oa phetoho.
Ha u e-na le lithaka, bacha ba kenella mekhoeng e kotsi ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi [57]. Bacha bao metsoalle ea bona e tloaetseng ho tsuba koae, joala le cannabis ba nang le monyetla oa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ka bo bona, mohlala [58]. Cannabis ke e 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang haholo boithabisong ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba USA le UK [59, 60]. Ho hakanngoa hore 15.2% ea batho ba Europe ba lilemo li 15 ho 24 ba sebelisitse cannabis selemong se fetileng le 8% khoeling e fetileng [61]. Ho pepesetsoa ha canabinoid nakong ea bohlankana ho nahanoa hore ho baka liphetoho tse sa feleng sebopeho sa boko le bofokoli ba kelello, mohlomong ho etsa hore nako ea bocha e be nako e tlokotsing bakeng sa litlamorao tsa eona [62, 63].
Ts'ebeliso ea cannabis ea boithabiso pele ho lilemo tsa 18 (empa eseng ka ho ba motho e moholo) kapa tšebeliso e boima ho lilemo life kapa life e hokahantsoe le litaba tsa bohloeki lepatlelong la batho ba baholo, parahippocampal gyrus, le insula [64]. Lintlha tsa Longitudinal li bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso ea phetoho ea cannabis e phehellang pakeng tsa 13 le 15 lilemo li amana le ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha IQ [65]. Nako e telele ea tšebeliso ea batšoaruoa ba bang ba bang, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha IQ [65]. Ho theoha hona ha IQ ho fumanoe ho hlalosoa haholoanyane ho barupeluoa ba neng ba sebelisa cannabis pele ho lilemo tsa 18 ha ho bapisoa le ba qalileng ho sebelisa cannabis ka mor'a 18. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore kelello e ntseng e hola ea bacha e kanna ea ameha haholo ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea cannabis. Re lokela ho hlokomela, leha ho le joalo, hore litlhaloso tse ling, tse joalo ka maikutlo a pele ho teng kapa mathata a ho tšoenyeha a amanang le tšebeliso ea cannabis le mathata a kelello, li ke ke tsa hanyetsoa thutong ena [66]. Lithuto tsena hape li ne li sa kenyeletse lihlopha tsa lilemo tse nyane, 'me ho ka etsahala hore boko bo ntseng bo hola nakong ea bongoana bo ne bo tla bonts'a kutloisiso e ts'oanang kapa e kholo haholo ea li-cannabis ho feta lilemong tsa bocha. Le haeba ho ne ho le joalo, leha ho le joalo, maikutlo a joalo a sa tloaelehang a ne a ke ke a hlahisoa ho batho hobane bohlankana kapa boroetsana hangata e tla ba ntlha ea mantlha ea ho hokahana le lithethefatsi tsa boithabiso.
Lintlha tsa limolek'hule le tsa cellular mabapi le litlamorao tsa cannabis lilemong tsa bocha lia fokola empa ho na le bopaki bo sa reroang ba kutloelo-bohloko bo phahameng. Ho bontšitsoe hore cannabis e ama tsamaiso ea endocannabinoid, eo, hammoho le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa neurotransmitter (mohlala, lits'ebetso tsa glutamatergic le dopaminergic), li kenella phetolelong e kholo nakong ea bohlankana [67]. Le ha li-receptor tsa "cannabinoid receptors" tse peli tsa bohlokoa e le li-CB1 le CB2 li se li ntse li le teng ka har'a methapo ea methapo (letsatsi la boitšisiso la 11-14 [68]), ho ajoa ha neuroanatomical le palo ea liphetoho tsa li-receptors nakong ea kholo. Polelo ea li-receptor ea CB1 libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko e fumanoe e le sehloa ka ho qala ha ho kena bohlankaneng ho litoeba tsa basali le tsa banna [69]. Ho ferekana leha e le hofe ho bakoang ke ho pepesetsoa ha cannabis nakong ea bongoana ho ka ba le litlamorao tse sa feleng tsamaisong ea endocannabinoid, e amang lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea methapo ho kenyelletsa mofuta oa neuronal genesis, kemiso ea neural, ho tsamaea ha neuronal, axonal elongation, le glia [70, 71, 72]. Mohlala, ho pepesetsoa ha D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), motsoako o ka sehloohong oa ts'ebetso ea cannabis, nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng ho litšoelesa tsa basali (PND 35-45) ho bakile ho fokotseha ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo le ts'ebetso libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko [73]. Leha ho le joalo, datha ea ho bapisa ea lihlopha tse ling ea lilemo e ea fokola.
Bopaki bo matla ba nako ea bocha ea bocha ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi bo tsoa setulong sa lithuto tse batlisisang ponahalo e sa foleng ea li-cannabinoid ho litoeba tsa banna. Ponahalo ea li-cannabinoid bocheng (PND 40-65) e boletse esale pele khaello ea nako e telele ea ho ba motho e moholo (mohopolo oa ho tseba ntho), athe ho pepeseha ho ts'oanang ho prepubescent (PND 15-40) le litoeba tsa batho ba baholo ba banyenyane (> PND 70) ho ne ho sa hokahanngoa le ho phehella joalo. likhaello [74, 75]. Ha ho hlake, leha ho le joalo, haeba bopaki bona bo fetolela batho ka ho toba. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ke karoloana feela ea bacha ba batho ba lekang lithethefatsi tse kang cannabis. Ho hlokahala lithuto tsa nako e tlang ho etsa lipatlisiso ka phapang e fapaneng le motho ka mong, haholo-holo kamanong le tšusumetso ea lithaka le boits'oaro bo behang motho kotsing, ho utloisisa hore na nako ea bocha e ka ba nako e sotlehang bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.
Litlhaloso tse qetellang
Bopaki ba polasetiki ka mohopolong le litlamorao tsa khatello ea sechaba le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi bo lumellana le tlhahiso ea hore nako ea bocha ke nako e mahlonoko bakeng sa libaka tse ling tsa ntlafatso. Bopaki bo matla ka ho fetisisa ba linako tse tebileng ho fihlela joale bo tsoa lipatlisisong tse ngata tse bonts'ang kotsi ea ho ba kotsing ea ho khetholoha sechabeng le tšebeliso ea cannabis, hammoho le thuto ea tšabo e felileng. Ho na le bopaki bo fokolang ba bohlankana bakeng sa bohlankana ba motho. Ho hlokahala lithuto mabapi le litlamorao tsa boikoetliso kapa khatello ea maikutlo bongoaneng ba motho, bohlankaneng le botsofaling (sheba lipotso tse ikhethang).
+
Lipotso tse ikhethang
lumela hore baa fokola
Re ka rata ho leboha Kathryn Mills bakeng sa litlhaloso tse ntle mabapi le buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. DF e tšehelitsoe ke lefapha la UCL Psychology le Lipuo tsa Mahlale a Puo. SJB e tšehelitsoe ke Royal Society University Research Fsoci. Patlisiso ea rona e tšehelitsoe ke Nuffield Foundation le Wellcome Trust.
E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang: September 23, 2015
References
bangodi
Title
mohloli o moholo
J. Neurophysiol. 1965; 28: 1029-1040
J. Neurophysiol. 1963; 26: 1003-1017
J. Neurophysiol. 1965; 28: 1060-1072
J. Physiol. 1970; 206: 419-436
J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2004; 16: 1412-1425
Annu. Moruti Neurosci. 2005; 28: 377-401
Ngoana oa bana. 1987; 58: 539-559
J. Physiol. 1970; 206: 437-455
Dev. Psychobiol. 2005; 46: 163-183
ka: JKE Steeves, LR Harris (Eds.) Plasticity in Sensory Systems. Pressridge University Press,; 2012: 75-93
Neuron. 2010; 67: 713-727
Mahlale. 2005; 310: 815-819
Nat. Moruti Neurosci. 2004; 5: 831-843
Cereb. Cortex. 1992; 2: 244-258
Tsoelo-pele. Brain Res. 2013; 207: 3-34
Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 2008; 105: 394-398
Nat. Moruti Neurosci. 2001; 2: 475-483
Dev. Psychobiol. 2005; 46: 287-292
Borr. Dir. Psychol. Saense 2007; 16: 197-201
Annu. Moruti Psychol. 2014; 65: 187-207
Fetolela. Psychiki. 2013; 3: e238
Neuroimage. 2013; 68: 63-74
Ngoana oa bana. 1991; 62: 284-300
Mem. Tlhokomeliso. 1997; 25: 859-866
J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 2005; 36: 739-749
EUR. J. Cogn. Psychol. 2008; 20: 738-764
Memori. 2007; 15: 755-767
QJ Exp. Psychol. 2008; 60: 1847-1860
Acta Psychol. 2013; 142: 96-107
ka: GH Bower (Ed.) Tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ho ithuteng le ho susumetsa. Press Press,. 1974: 47-89
Ngoana oa bana. 2005; 76: 697-712
Dev. Neuropsychol. 2007; 31: 103-128
Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 2011; 108: 10081-10086
J. Pediatr. 2011; 158: 555-561
Mekhoa ea Tlhokomeliso. Saense 2010; 14: 317-324
Borr. Opin. Psychiki. 2007; 20: 359-364
Arch. Gen. Psychiki. 2005; 62: 593-602
Arch. Gen. Psychiki. 2003; 60: 709-717
Mekhoa ea Neurosci. 2008; 31: 183-191
Dev. Psychol. 2013; 49: 736-748
Am. J. Psychiatry. 2014; 171: 777-784
Cell Tissue Res. 2013; 354: 99-106
Neuroscience. 2013; 249: 63-73
Dev. Psychobiol. 1977; 10: 123-132
Ho Utloisisa Brain. 2010; 72: 134-145
Neuroimage. 2011; 57: 686-694
Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 2012; 109: 16318-16323
EUR. J. Neurosci. 2013; 38: 2611-2620
Phuputso ea MMWR. Kakaretso. 2012; 61: 1-162
Dev. Moruti 2008; 28: 78-106
Anal. Pele. 2005; 37: 973-982
Psychol. Saense 2015; 26: 583-592
Annu. Moruti Psychol. 2011; 62: 189-214
J. Subst. Sebelisa. 2011; 16: 150-160
Psychopharmacology. 1999; 142: 295-301
Lithethefatsi. 2003; 9: 303-310
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014; 39: 2041-2048
Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 2012; 109: E2657-E2664
Lancet. 2013; 381: 888-889
Br. J. Pharmacol. 2010; 160: 511-522
Synfall. 1999; 33: 181-191
Neuroreport. 1993; 4: 135-138
Mahlale. 2007; 316: 1212-1216
Mol. Sele. Endocrinol. 2008; 286: S84-S90
J. Neurosci. 2011; 31: 4000-4011
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; 32: 607-615
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003; 28: 1760-1769
Behav. Pharmacol. 2005; 55: 447-454
J. Neurosci. 2013; 33: 18618-18630
Cereb. Cortex. 2010; 20: 534-548
Neuroimage. 2013; 82: 393-402
Neuroimage. 2013; 65: 176-193
Hum. Mappa ea Brain. 2005; 26: 139-147
Neuropsychologia. 2011; 49: 3854-3862
J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2013; 25: 1611-1623
J. Int. Neuropsychol. Motsoalle 2013; 19: 962-970
Dev. Saense 2010; 13: 331-338
Neuroimage. 2013; 69: 11-20
Behav. Mehato. 2015; 111: 55-59
Dev. Psychol. 2005; 41: 625-635