Dopamine e potlakileng e lokolla liketsahalo tsa nucleus accumbens tsa likhoto tsa pele tsa bocha (2011)

Khopolo-taba. 2011 Mar 10;176:296-307. 

Robinson DL, Zitzman DL, Smith KJ, Spear LP.

mohloli o moholo

Setsi sa Bowles bakeng sa Lithuto tsa Ts'ebeliso ea Tahi le Lefapha la Psychiatry, Univesithi ea North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27713, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

inahaneloang

Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho pharalletseng ka dopamine (dopamine transients) ho nucleus bokella hangata li notleloa nako bakeng sa moputso le litšebeletso tse ngata 'me li fana ka pontšo ea bohlokoa ea ho ithuta nakong ea ts'ebetso ea meputso. E le mesolimbic dopamine Tsamaiso e ba le liphetoho tse matla nakong ea bocha ho rat, ho ka etsahala hore dopamine metsotso e kenyelletsa moputso le lipuo tse susumetsang maikutlo ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho bacha. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale ha ho na litekanyo tsa dopamine ho entsoe nako ea nakoana lilemong tsa bocha. Kahoo, re ne re sebelisa itima lijo Scan cytlic voltammetry ho lekanya dopamine maqhubu a ho nucleus bokella mantlha a monna likhoto (Matsatsi a 29-30 ea lilemo) ho tsa motheo le tlhahiso ea lintlha tse fapa-fapaneng tse bontšitsoeng ho tsosa dopamine ho lokolloa ka motho e moholo likhoto. Re fumane seo dopamine malelele a ne a bonoa ho mocha likhoto mme e etsahetse ka sekhahla se lekanang le sa batho ba baholo likhoto (Matsatsi a 71-72 ea lilemo). Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le batho ba baholo, mocha likhoto Ha ea ka ea ba ka pontšo dopamine lietsahala puisanong e sa lebelloang ea maikutlo a bonoang, a hlakileng le a monko o monate. Ho fapana le moo, ho sebelisana hanyane ka hanyane le rat e 'ngoe ho ile ha eketseha dopamine linako tse peli mocha le motho e moholo likhoto. Le ha phello ena e ne e lula ho batho ba baholo puisanong ea bobeli, e ntse e tsoela pele ho bacha. Lintlha tsena ke pontsho ea pele ea dopamine li-transients ho mocha likhoto le ho senola phapang e kholo ho tsoa ho batho ba baholo ha ho hlaha linako tsena tse ka bakang ho ithuta ho fapaneng mabapi le moputso.

Tokelo ea Copyright © 2011 IBRO. E phatlalalitsoe ke Elsevier Ltd. Litokelo tsohle li sirelelitsoe.

Keywords: Bacha, dopamine, bocha, tšebelisano ea sechaba, voltammetry, li-nucleus accumbens
Eya ho:

Selelekela

Ho thunya ho hoholo ha li-neurop tsa dopamine le liketsahalo tse hlahisoang tsa ho lokolla dopamine (likhahla tsa nakoana tsa dopamine) ho nahanoa hore li etsa lets'oao la bohlokoa la ho ithuta bokong (Schultz, 2007; Roesch et al., 2010), ho khetholla meputso e kantle le mekhoa e metle ea boits'oaro. Metsotsoana ea dopamine e etsahala ka mokhoa o ikatileng libakeng tse 'maloa tsa tsebiso ea dopamine (Robinson et al., 2002) hape li hlahelletse haholoanyane pontšong ea mohopolo o sa lebelloang (Rebec et al., 1997; Robinson le Wightman, 2004), likamano tsa sechaba (Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2002) le meputso (Roitman et al., 2008). Liketsahalo tse potlakileng tsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine hangata li lateloa ke boits'oaro ba takatso ea lijo, joalo ka ho atamela rat e 'ngoe kapa ho tobetsa lever bakeng sa matlafatso (Robinson et al., 2002; Phillips le al., 2003; Roitman et al., 2004). Ho feta moo, likhechana tse sa nke lehlakore tse tloaetseng ho se tsose litekanyetso tsa dopamine li ka etsa joalo ha li kopantsoe khafetsa ka moputso (Stuber et al., 2005b; Stuber et al., 2005a; Letsatsi le al., 2007), e bonts'a hore lets'oao lena la neural le feta maemong a ho ithuta. Habohlokoa le ho feta, metsotsoana ea dopamine e bakoa ke phetisetso ea bophahamo ba modumo le ho fihlella lintlha tse phahameng tsa extrasynaptic tse ka hlahisang tšebetso ea boemo bo tlase, extrasynaptic dopamine receptors (Wightman le Robinson, 2002). Kahoo, lietsahala tsa dopamine li bonahala li sebetsa e le lets'oao la boko la menyetla e teng e ka lebisang tlhokomelo le ho tsamaisa phihlello ea moputso oo.

Sistamine ea mesolimbic dopamine e ba le liphetoho tse matla nakong ea bocha ho rat. Mohlala, polelo ea dopamine D1 le li-receptor tsa D2 ho li-ventral striatum li eketseha ho tloha nakong ea bocha ho isa bohlankana (mohlala, Andersen et al., 1997), ka lithuto tse ling tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore tlamo ea bohlankana e phahame ho feta ho motho e moholo (bakeng sa litšupiso le lipuisano, bona Doremus-Fitzwater et al., 2010; Wahlstrom et al., 2010b). Ho feta moo, litefiso tsa ho thunya tsa dopamine neurons (McCutcheon le Marinelli, 2009) le tsepamiso tsa basal dopamine (Badanich et al., 2006; Philpot et al., 2009) bonts'a li-curve tse tšoanang le tsa U, tse hapang bohlankana. Le ha li-dopamine li le nakoana ha li so lekanngoe ho likhoto tsa bocha, likarabo tsa boitšoaro tse ntlafalitsoeng ho bocha.Douglas et al., 2003; Stansfield le Kirstein, 2006; Philpot le Wecker, 2008) le lithaka tsa kahisano (Varlinskaya le Spear, 2008) ho tlalehiloe litlalehong tsa bongoana le batho ba baholo.

Boithuto ba hona joale bo etselitsoe ho fana ka litekanyo tsa pele tsa nakoana tsa dopamine ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) tsa likhoto tsa bocha le ho li bapisa le ba baholo. Re sebelisitse "volclic voltammetry" e potlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea motlakase, e leng mokhoa oa electrochemical o nang le sepheo sa moea le sa nakoana se hlokahalang bakeng sa ho bona linako tsa nakoana tsa dopamine (Robinson et al., 2008). Re hlahlobe ho lokolloa ha dopamine bongoaneng ba bongoaneng (29 - matsatsi a 30 ea lilemo) hobane litoeba li bonts'a maemo a ntlafalitsoeng a litšebelisano tse tobisitsoeng ke lithaka lilemong tsena tse amanang le lilemo tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo.Varlinskaya le Spear, 2008). Ka hona, re lekantse linako tsa "dopamine" nakong ea lipuisano tse khuts'oane tsa sechaba le ka tlhahiso ea lintho tse sa lebelloang, tse ncha tse tlalehiloeng tse bakang likhathatso tsa dopamine likotong tsa batho ba baholo (Robinson le Wightman, 2004).

Eya ho:

Tsamaiso ea liteko

Lithuto tsa liphoofolo

Liteko tsohle tse hlalositsoeng mona li amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo le Ts'ebeliso Setsing sa Univesithi ea North Carolina ho Chapel Hill, ho latela Setsi sa Naha sa Thupelo sa Bophelo bakeng sa Tlhokomelo le Ts'ebeliso ea Liphoofolo tsa Laboraro (NIH Publ. N. 80-23, 1996 e ntlafalitsoeng. Liroto tsa Male Long Evans li ile tsa rekoa ho Charles River Laboratories (Raleigh, NC) ka lihlopha tse 'ne tsa matsatsi a mane kamora letsatsi la ho beleha (PND) 21. Lenaka ka leng le ne le beoa ka bomong ha le fihla le lijo le metsi ad libitum. Likarolo tse peli ho cohort e 'ngoe le e' ngoe li ile tsa abeloa sehlopha sa bocha mme tsa buuoa ka PND 26 (67 ± 2 g) le litekanyo tsa voltammetric ho PND 29 kapa 30 (76 ± 3 g). Likhoto tse peli tse setseng ho sehlopha ka seng li ile tsa abeloa sehlopha sa batho ba baholo le ho etsoa opereishene ho PND 68 (379 ± 12 g) le litekanyo tsa voltammetric ho PND 71 kapa 72 (379 ± 14 g); likhoto tsena li ne li tsamaisoa ka bobeli ho tloha PND 30 - 63.

Litokisetso tsa ho buoa

Mekhoa ea ho buoa e joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pele (Robinson et al., 2009) le mekhelo e latelang. Likhoto li ne li sa sebetse ka isoflurane; likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha li ile tsa qhekelloa ho 3% mme tsa bolokoa ho 1 - 1.5% nakong ea ts'ebetso ea opereishene, ha likhoto tsa batho ba baholo li ne li qhekelloa ho 5% mme li hlokometsoe ho 2%. Likhoto li ile tsa sirellelloa kahar'a mohala oa "cannula" oa tataiso ka holim'a NAc, e leng sebui se matla sa moea se phefumolohang se fumanehang kahara sebaka sa sepheo sa bohlano, le sebui sa Ag / AgCl, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pele. Likhokahano (tse bapisoang le bregma ka limilimithara) bakeng sa cannula ea tataiso e ne e le 1.3 anterior le 1.6 lateral (mocha) kapa 1.7 anterior le 1.7 lateral (moholo). Electrode e susumetsang e kentsoe ka sekhutlo sa 6 ° ho li-coordinates (bapisoa le bregma ka mm) 4.1 ea morao-rao, 1.3 hamorao (mocha) kapa 5.2 ea morao-rao, 1.2 ea morao-rao (e moholo). Kamora tšebetso, likhoto li ne li beiloe leihlo ka hloko li bile li fuoa ibuprofen (15 mg / kg letsatsi le letsatsi, po) le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo.

Moralo oa liteko

Ho lokolloa ha Dopamine ho ile ha lekanngoa ka ho sebelisa li-cyclic voltammetry tse potlakileng joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele (Robinson et al., 2009). Lirekoto tsa Voltammetric li ile tsa etsoa ka phapusing e hahiloeng ka mokhoa oa Plexiglas. Sebaka se ka tlase e ne e le 21 × 21 cm ka sekhahla se kenyellelitsoeng se neng se atoloha ho tloha fatše ho ea ho 10 cm khahlano le lebota ka angle ea 48 °; hona ho ne ho thibela likhoto hore li se ke tsa otla mokoloto oa li-elektrone le sefahleho hloohong leboteng la phaposi. Likhoto li ile tsa thibeloa ka letsoho ha fiber-fiber e theoloa kahare ea NAc ka har'a cannula ea tataiso, 'me ea tloheloa e sa khathatsoe 15 - 20 min. Ka morao ho moo, ho rekotoa voltammetric ho entsoe 2 e ngoe le e ngoe - 4 min ho lekola boteng ba metsotsoana ea dopamine e etsahalang ka tlhaho le ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka motlakase (16 - 24 pulses, 40 - 60 Hz, 120 μA, 2 msec / phase, biphasic). Hang ha re netefatsa hore electrode e behiloe haufi le liteishene tsa dopamine, tlhahlobo e ile ea qala; hangata sena e ne e le 60 - 85 min kamora ho beoa kahare ka phapusing. Ho rekota ho ne ho tsoela pele bakeng sa 50 min. Nakong ea metsotso ea pele ea 25, 5 stimuli e ile ea hlahisoa bakeng sa 3 s mekhahlelo ea 5-min ka tatellano e sa reroang: khanya ea ntlo, molumo, lerata le lesoeu, monko oa kokonate le monko oa lemone. Monko o hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa o latelang (Robinson le Wightman, 2004): ea lekang o kentse sesebelisoa sa k'hothone ka har'a sesebelisoa (McCormick), a bula lemati la phaposi ea ho rekota, a ts'oara sesebelisoa 1 - 2 cm ho tloha nko ea rat bakeng sa 3 s, a ntan'o ikhula ebe o koala lemati la kamore. Kamora ho hlahisa litšusumetso tsohle, ho rekota ho ile ha tsoela pele bakeng sa 5 min, mme rat e 'ngoe e tona ea Long Evans e ile ea beoa ka ntlong le sekhahla sa liteko sa 60 s mme ea lumelloa ho sebelisana. Bakeng sa sehlopha sa bocha, rat e ikhethang e ne e lekana le lilemo tsa teko; bakeng sa batho ba baholo, molekane e ne e le motho e monyane hanyane (87 ± 6% ea boima ba liteko) ho leka ho thibela ho hlaha ha litšebelisano tse mabifi. Nako ea bobeli ea tšebelisano ea 60-s e etsahetse le molekane a le mong 10 min hamorao. Kamora ho rekota, likhoto li ile tsa fuoa lethaline le bolaeang la> urethane (> 1.5 g / kg, ip) ebe e tšeloa ka tharollo ea formalin. Boko bo ile ba tlosoa, ba hoamisoa, ba aroloa (40-μm botenya) mme ba silafatsoa ke thionin ho tseba libaka tsa ho rekota.

Teko ea likhahla tsa dopamine

Litekanyetso tsa dopamine nakong ea ho rekota li fumanoe ka lipalo joalokaha li hlalositsoe pele (Robinson et al., 2009). Ka bokhutšoanyane, sekontiri se seng le se seng sa voltammetric se ne se ntšoa ka morao mme se bapisoa le template ea tokollo ea dopamine ea motlakase. Kamora ho tsebahatsa liketsahalo tsa tokollo ea dopamine, ketsahalo e ngoe le e ngoe e ile ea hlahlojoa ho bona karolelano ea molumo-ho-lerata, 'me lets'oao le ne le le bongata haholo la dopamine ([DA], max) le lerata le lekantsoeng joalo ka ha ho ba le rms amplitude ho li-scans tsa 10 (1 s) tse sebelisitsoeng phetisong e ka morao. Ke li-dopamine tsa nakoana feela tse nang le karolelano ea molumo oa 5 kapa e phahameng tse kenyellelitsoeng lithutong. Ho khetholla ho lokolloa ha dopamine nakong ea tlhahiso ea khothatso, makhetlo a maqhubu a ne a baloa bakeng sa nako ea 20-s e kenyelletsang tlhahiso ea tlhahiso le ho bapisoa le khafetsa nakong ea 4 min hang pele ho tlhahiso (basal). Ho tseba ho lokolloa ha dopamine nakong ea puisano ea sechaba, maqhubu a nakoana a ne a baloa bakeng sa nako ea 80-s e kenyelletsang nako ea tšebelisano mme e bapisoa le khafetsa nakong ea 4 min hang pele ho tšebelisano (basal). Kakaretso e kholo ea ketsahalo e ngoe le e ngoe ea dopamine e lokolotsoeng e ile ea baloa ka ho fetola hona joale (nA) ho ea mahloriso (μM) kamora a vitro calibration ea electrode (Logman et al., 2000).

Mekoako ea boitšoaro

Karabelo ea boitšoaro lithutong tse susumetsang (ho tloha ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ho ea ho 2 s ho latela tlhahiso) e hakantsoe ho tsoa video ka sekhahla sa 0 - 3 (0, ha ho na motsamao; 1, sniffing / hlooho harakati; 2, Movigation motsamaisi / qaleho; 3, locomotion). Kopano ea sechaba e ile ea fuoa sepheo sa nako e felletseng ea litekanyetso tse latelang: ho ikoetlisa, ho ts'oara, ho lelekisa, ho hlahloba tlolo ea setho sa botona, ho hloella ka tlase. Liteko li ile tsa fupeloa bakeng sa boits'oaro bo etsahalang ho 45 s hang kamora ho koaloa ha lemati la kamore e nang le molumo kamora ho kenya lenaka la molekane ka phapusing; Lekhetlong lena ho ile ha khethoa ho qoba tšusumetso efe kapa efe e makatsang ea ho bula le ho koala mamati a kamore. Liteko li boetse li fuoe nako ea ho sebetsa ka tsela e seng ea sechaba ka ho tšela lifapano tsa quadrant ka nako e ts'oanang ea 45.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo ea maqhubu a nakoana a dopamine lipakeng tsa lihlopha le maemo a liteko li ile tsa baloa ka ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea khatello ea nonparametric multivariate (mokhoa oa genmod le phano ea Poisson, mehato e phetoang le lipapatso tsa Wald ka bobeli; SAS, SAS Institute Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC). Liphetoho maemong a malelele a likhahla tsa dopamine le bolelele ba molumo pakeng tsa lihlopha le liteko tsa liteko li ile tsa baloa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e tšoanang ea boiphetetso ka kabo ea gamma. Mehato ea boitšoaro e ne e bapisoa pakeng tsa lihlopha ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea 2-way ANOVA e phetoang kapa ka har'a lihlopha ka ho sebelisa liteko tsa t-paired (GraphPad Prism, GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA).

Eya ho:

Results

Ho sebelisitsoe thuto ena ho sebelisitsoe likolo tse leshome le metso e 'meli tsa bocha le likhoto tse leshome tse kholo. Likhoto tse tharo tsa bocha ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsoa ka lebaka la bothata ba ho buuoa kapa nakong ea voltammetry, 'me lenane le le leng la batho ba baholo ha lea ka la kenyelletsoa ka lebaka la ho behoa ka phoso ea elektrone. Ntle le moo, lintlha tsa tšebelisano ea sechaba ho tsoa ho mocha e mong li ile tsa lahloa ka lebaka la mathata a voltammetric a sa kang a ama litlatsetso tse ling. Li-Final n's e ne e le bacha ba 9 le baholo ba 9 bakeng sa litlatsetso tse susumetsang le bacha ba 8 le batho ba baholo ba 9 bakeng sa lipuisano tsa sechaba.

Dopamine lietsahala tse tlase

Sekhahla sa litheko tsa dopamine li ne li ntse li phahama pakeng tsa likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo mokokotlong oa NAc. Ha maqhubu a nakoana a ne a beoa mehlala eohle ea sampole (lifaele tseo ho se nang litlatsetso tsa ts'usumetso kapa litšebelisano tsa litekete), likhoto tsa bongoaneng li bonts'eng li-1.5 ± 0.4 transients / min le batho ba baholo ba bonts'a 2.5 ± 0.6. Leha ho le joalo, kahare ho sehlopha ka seng ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e mengata ea khafetsa, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe litlalehong tse holileng tsebong (Robinson et al., 2009; Robinson le Wightman, 2007; Wightman et al., 2007): lilemong tsa bocha, hangata basal frequency e ne e tloha 0.2 - 4.0 likarolelano ka motsotsoana, ha ho ba baholo mofuta e ne e le 0 - 5.0 transients ka motsotso. Habohlokoa, phatlalatso e susumetsoang ke motlakase e senotse boteng ba lits'ebetso tsa dopamine tse sebetsang sebakeng sa ho rekota sa voltammetric esita leha metheo ea basal dopamine e ne e le sieo kapa e sa sebetse.

Dopamine liea-le-moea nakong eo ho hlahisoang lintho tse sa lebelloang

Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na maemo a nakoana a dopamine a ne a ka hlaha habonolo lithutong tsa bongoana. Setšoantšo sa 1A e bonts'a hore linehelano tse khuts'oane tsa tšusumetso li ekelitse makhetlo a linako tsa dopamine ka 50% kaholimo ho maemo a mantlha ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo (Phapano ea Wald ea motheo oa batho ba baholo khahlanong le tšusumetso, p <0.05), e pheta mosebetsi oa pele (Robinson le Wightman, 2004). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sekhahla sa liketsahalo tsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine ha sea ka sa fetoha haholo har'a likhoto tsa bocha (Phapano ea Wald ea metheo ea bocha khahlanong le tšusumetso, p> 0.86). Ha e bapisoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha, litekanyetso tsa mantlha li ne li sa fapane (Phapano ea Wald ea bocha le ea mantlha ea batho ba baholo, p> 0.19), ha litefiso nakong ea lipontšo tsa ts'usumetso li ne li phahame ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo (Phapang ea Wald ea bocha le tšusumetso ea batho ba baholo, p <0.05). Likhoto tsa batho ba baholo li ne li na le monyetla oa hore nako ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine e notletsoe ka nako eo: Batho ba baholo ba 8/9 ba bontšitse tokollo ea dopamine bonyane tlhahiso e le 'ngoe ea khothatso, ha bacha ba 6/9 ba etsa joalo. Ntle le moo, likhoto tsa batho ba baholo tse bonts'itseng linako tse koaletsoeng tsa dopamine li entse joalo ho 3.8 ± 0.4 stimuli (median 4), ha bacha ba neng ba bonts'a linako tse koetsoeng nako ba entse joalo ho 2.3 ± 0.4 stim (2 e bohareng).

Setšoantšo sa 1

Dopamine litokollo tsa liketsahalo tsa bongoaneng le lilemong tsa bocha nakong ea tlhahiso ea maikutlo a sa lebelloang. (A) Maemong a bosholu a rats dopamine a bokhutšoanyane a maqhubu ha a ka a fetoha maemong a basal nakong ea tlhahiso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khafetsa ea dopamine ...

Re boetse re bone hore na liketsahalo tse etsahalang nakong ea tlhahiso ea litlatsetso li ne li le kholo ho feta nakong ea motheo. Setšoantšo sa 1B e bonts'a kabo ea likhahla tse phahameng tsa linako tsa dopamine. Tlhatlhobo ea khatello ea molao e senotse hore amplitudes e ne e sa fapane lipakeng tsa bocha le likhoto tsa batho ba baholo (phapano ea Wald, litekanyetso tsohle tsa p> 0.05). Likhoto tsa bocha, likhakanyo tse phahameng tsa linako tsa nakoana nakong ea liphatlalatso li ne li sa fapana haholo le tsa nakong ea mantlha. Ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo, likhakanyo tsa dopamine li ne li phahame hanyane nakong ea lipontšo tse khothatsang, phetoho e nepahetseng e ileng ea atamela bohlokoa ba lipalo (Phapang ea Wald ea motheo oa batho ba baholo khahlanong le tšusumetso, p <0.06). Mefuta e bohareng le e karolelano ea linako tsa dopamine e hlalositsoe ho Lethathamo 1.

Lethathamo 1

Ho tsepamisa mohopolo o matla liketsahalong tsa tokollo ea dopamine bokong ho bokellana ha litheko tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo.

Le ha data ea sehlopha e bonts'a hore liketsahalo tsa tokollo ea dopamine li ne li ka etsahala hangata ha li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o sa lebelloang ho batho ba baholo ba bapisoang le likhoto tsa bocha, merero ka bomong e bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa lisosa le ka har'a lihlopha. Setšoantšo sa 1C e bonts'a phetoho ea khafetsa ea likhahla tsa dopamine nakong ea tlhahiso ea khothatso e bapisoang le 4-min ea motheo ea pele ho ts'usumetso eo. Mo bathong ba ba godileng, tlhotlheletso e ne e farologana mo tirisong ya bone ya go oketsa maemo a dopamine a bofefo; li behiloe ho tloha boholo ho isa bonyane ho sebetsa ka tsela e latelang: nakoana ea dopamine e etsahetse ho 208% ea litheko tsa basal ho monko oa kokonate; 184% ka molumo; 161% ho monko oa lemone; 142% lerata le lesoeu; le 91% ha e khantšitsoe. Litekong tsa bohlankana, mehopolo ea bona ea bocha e ne e sa sebetse ka botlalo ho baka linako tsa nakoana tsa dopamine; li behiloe ho tloha boholo ho isa bonyane ho sebetsa ka tsela e latelang: nakoana ea dopamine e etsahetse ho 158% ea litheko tsa basal molumo; 127% ho monko oa lemone; 123% ka monko oa kokonate; 84% lerata le lesoeu; le 23% ha e khantšitsoe.

Leha ho le joalo, Setšoantšo sa 1C e bonts'a ho fapana ho fapaneng ha batho ho hlahisa karabelo ea dopamine ho susumetsa ho itseng ho sehlopha ka seng. Ho bona hore na phapang ena ea methapo e amanang le ho feto-fetoha ha boitšoaro, re tšoaile rat e 'ngoe le e' ngoe bakeng sa motsamao o amanang le nehelano ea khothalletso, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 2 (Rato e le 'ngoe ea batho ba baholo e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko tlhahlobisong ena ka lebaka la tahlehelo e sa fellang ea rekoto ea video). Ka mor'a moo re ile ra sebelisa khokahano ea Spearman nonparametric ho bapisa likarabo tsa boits'oaro le dopaminergic ho tšusumetso ho sehlopha ka seng sa lilemo. Re fumane hore maqhubu a linako tsa dopamine a ne a sa tsamaellane le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro sehlopheng sefe kapa sefe sa nako ho sa tsotelloe, ho sa tsotelehe hore na ts'usumetso e ile ea hlahlojoa ka bonngoe kapa e le sehlopha (data e sa bonts'oa, litekanyetso tsohle tsa p> 0.05), e bonts'a hore boits'oaro 'me likarabo tsa methapo ea methapo ea maikutlo li ne li sa amane ka kotloloho. Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tsa likhoto tse sa hlahiseng nako efe kapa efe ea dopamine e koaletsoeng nako ho khothatsa lipontšo (bacha ba 3/9 le batho ba baholo ba 1/9) e koahetsoe ka botlalo ke boits'oaro ba likhoto tse bonts'itseng linako tsa dopamine. Leha ho le joalo, papiso ea likarabo tsa boits'oaro lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lilemo e senotse hore bacha e le sehlopha ba bonts'itse motsamao o fokolang haholo lipontšong tse sa lebelloang ho feta likhoto tsa batho ba baholo (Teko ea Mann-Whitney, p <0.05).

Lethathamo 2

Likoloi tsa boitšoaro mabapi le likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo nakong ea tlhahiso ea maikutlo a sa lebelloang (0 = ha ho na motsamao; 1 = sniffing / hlooho harakati; 2 = motsamao oa ho sisinyeha / ho qala; 3 = locomotion).

Dopamine lietsahala nakong ea puisano

Ka mor'a moo re ile ra lekanya ho lokolloa ha dopamine nakong ea tšebelisano ea 60-s le rat e 'ngoe ea banna. Ho fapana le litlhahiso tsa tšusumetso e seng ea sechaba, tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo e bonts'itse hore linako tsa dopamine li eketsehile haholo ho tloha mantlha nakong ea tšebelisano ea pele le rat e 'ngoe ho likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo. Sekhahla sa karolelano ea linako tse fetileng se eketsehile makhetlo a 3 ho tloha molemong oa mantlha, ho tloha ho 1.0 ± 0.3 ho ea ho 3.0 ± 0.9 ea nakoana / mets ka likhoto tsa bocha (Phapano ea Wald ea metheo ea bocha khahlanong le tšebelisano, p <0.05) le ho tloha ho 2.0 ± 0.5 ho isa ho 7.3 ± 1.3 ho batho ba baholo (Phapang ea Wald ea motheo oa batho ba baholo khahlanong le tšebelisano, p <0.001). Metsotso e leshome hamorao, tokollo ea dopamine e ile ea lekanngoa nakong ea tšebelisano ea bobeli le rat e tšoanang. Ho batho ba baholo, keketseho ea sekhahla sa dopamine sa nakoana e ne e se e se sa bohlokoa (p> 0.32); leha sekhahla sa karolelano ea linako tse fetang se eketsehile ho tloha 1.8 ± 0.5 ho isa ho 3.7 ± 1.3 linako / motsotso, phetoho ena e ne e fapana haholo ho feta likhoto. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bacha ba bontšitse keketseho e tšoanang ea linako tsa dopamine nakong ea nehelano ea bobeli joalo ka ea pele, ho tloha 0.8 ± 0.2 ho isa 3.1 ± 0.9 ea nakoana / min (p <0.01). Lintlha tsa rat ka bomong ka sehlopha le sekhetho li bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2A.

Setšoantšo sa 2

Pheta liketsahalo tsa tokollo litsing tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo nakong ea puisano e khuts'oane le khokahano e tšoanang. Methati ea Dopamine e ne e etsahala khafetsa ho likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo nakong ea lipuisano tsa pele le rat e 'ngoe. ...

Re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na phapang ea boitšoaro nakong ea puisano ea pele le ea bobeli e ka hlalosa ho haella ha keketseho ea dopamine ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo nakong ea puisano ea bobeli. Lethathamo 3 e bonts'a nako e sebelisitsoeng lipatlisisong tsa kahisano le locomotion nakong ea li-45 tsa nako ea lipuisano. Kamoreng ena ea liteko (21 × 21 cm floorspace), likhoto tsa bocha li qetile nako e nyane likamanong tse sebetsang tsa sechaba (mehato e phetoang ea 2-ANOVA: phello e kholo ea sehlopha, p <0.05) le nako e ngata ho tsubella (tsela ea 2 e phetoang- Mehato ea ANOVA: phello e kholo ea sehlopha, p <0.05) ho feta likhoto tsa batho ba baholo. Leha ho le joalo, re hlokometse hore likhoto tsa bocha li na le sebaka se sengata sa ho ikarola ha tse ling tsa likhoto tse kholo li le haufi haholo. Kahoo, lipapiso tse mahlonoko li ne li kopantsoe le liteko ho bapisa boits'oaro ba sehlopha nakong ea likamano tsa pele le tsa bobeli. Litlhahlobo tsena ha li senole phapang ea boitšoaro lipakeng tsa nako ea tšebelisano ea pele le ea bobeli sehlopheng sefe kapa sefe sa lilemo (litekanyetso tsohle tsa p> 0.05). Ho feta moo, ha ho na makhetlo a felletseng a linako tsa dopamine kapa maqhubu a eketsehang ho tloha mantlha a amanang le likamano tsa sechaba kapa locomotion nakong ea tšebelisano (data e sa bontšoang, litekanyetso tsohle tsa p> 0.05).

Lethathamo 3

Nako (s) e sebelisitsoeng lipatlisisong tsa sechaba le pherekano nakong ea tšebelisano le rat e ngoe.

Khokahano e kholo ea litheko tsa dopamine nakong ea ts'ebelisano le rat e 'ngoe e ile ea bapisoa le ho tsepamisa maikutlo nakong ea motheo. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena, lintlha tse tsoang likarolong tsena tse peli tsa tšebelisano li ile tsa kenngoa ho eketsa matla a lipalo. Setšoantšo sa 2B e bonts'a hore phetisetso ea "dopamine tropentent" nakoana e fetisetsoa liketsahalong tse kholo tsa litokollo ho likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo nakong ea tšebelisano e kopaneng; maqhubu a pakeng le a mahareng a thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Hobane tšebelisano-'moho ea sechaba e ka hlahisa lerata le amanang le motsamao pontšong ea voltammetric, hape re batlisitse maemo a lerata mme ra fumana hore a ne a hlile a phahame nakong ea likamano lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha (Phapang ea Wald ea metheo ea pele le ts'ebelisano, p <0.05 bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng ). Leha ho le joalo, lipalo-le-lerata ha lia ka tsa fapana ka lihlopha (Lethathamo 1: Phapang ea Wald, litekanyetso tsohle tsa p> 0.05), e fana ka maikutlo a hore litaba tsa lerata ha li tlatse letsoho liphethong tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo.

Lirekoto tsohle li entsoe ka sehlohlolong sa NAc, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe Setšoantšo sa 3.

Setšoantšo sa 3

Libaka tsa ho rekota tsa dopaminergic ka har'a nuk'hule li bokella mantlha ea bocha le likhoto tse kholo, tse bonts'itsoeng lisekeng tsa baemeli ba li-Xonal ho 1.2 le 1.6 mm ka ntle ho bregma (e fetotsoe ho tloha Paxinos le Watson, 1986).
Eya ho:

Puisano

Dopamine neurotransication ke senotlolo likarolong tse ngata tsa boits'oaro bo susumetsang, ho kenyelletsa ho hlohlona ha sesole, ho bolela esale pele ka moputso le ho tsamaisa boitšoaro. Joalokaha boitšoaro bo susumetsoang bo fapana lipakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo, boithuto bo teng hona joale bo ithutile liketsahalo tsa ho lokolla dopamine ka potlako litekong tsa pele tsa bocha ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Re tlaleha hore le ha litekanyetso tsa basekete tsa nako ea dopamine li sa fapana haholo pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa lilemo, nako ea nakoana ha e bapisoa le maikutlo a sa lebelloang a fokola liphoofolong tsa bocha ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Ho fapana le moo, khafetsa le maqhubu a maqhubu a dopamine a eketseha ka lilemo tse peli ka nako ea tšebelisano le rat e ngoe; le ha ho le joalo, phetoho ea khafetsa e lula ho batho ba baholo empa eseng bacha lilemong tsa tlhahiso ea bobeli ea molekane. Kahoo, liketsahalo tse lokolloang ka potlako tsa dopamine ponong ea maikutlo li fapana ho litekanyetso tsa bongoana le batho ba baholo, 'me phapang ena ea' mele e ka amana le ho fapana ha lilemo ho ts'ebetsong ts'usumetso ea maikutlo a boithabiso le a noso sechabeng.

Maqhubu ka bobeli le maqhubu a maqhubu a dopamine mokokotlong oa NAc a ne a tšoana pakeng tsa likhoto tsa banna lilemong tsa bocha ba bocha (lilemo tsa 29 - matsatsi a 30) le ho ba motho e moholo (lilemo tsa 71 - matsatsi a 72). Liphumano tsena li lumellana le lirekoto tsa li-dopamine neurons tse tsoang ho likhoto tse sa anngoeng. Litefiso tsa ho thunya tsa "dopamine neurons" li eketseha ho tloha ho tsoalo ho isa bohareng ba bocha, ebe li theoha ho ba motho e moholo (Pitts et al., 1990; Tepper et al., 1990; Lavin le Drucker-Colin, 1991; Marinelli et al., 2006; McCutcheon le Marinelli, 2009), ka ketsahalo e phahameng haholo e etsahalang bohareng ba bocha. Ka 'nete, McCutcheon le Marinelli (2009) e tlaleha hore litefiso tsa ho thunya basal li ts'oana lilemong tsa pele tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo tse lebisitsoeng thutong ea hona joale, mme datha tse boletsoeng mona li fana ka maikutlo a hore litheko tsa ho phatloha ha methapo ea methapo le tsona lia tšoana, ha nako e telele ea dopamine e hlaha ho phatloha ho hoholo ha dopamine neurons (Suaud-Chagny et al., 1992; Sombers et al., 2009). Haholo, likhoto tsa bocha li bonts'a phapang e tšoanang khafetsa ea basoption ea dopamine, ho tloha liwebsaeteng tse fokolang haholo ho isa libakeng tse nang le metsotso e mengata. Ho fumana hona ho tšoana le libaka tsa "ho chesa" le "ho bata" tse tlalehiloeng ho batho ba baholo (Robinson et al., 2009; Robinson le Wightman, 2007; Wightman et al., 2007) hape e ka bonts'a phapang ea litekanyetso tsa mongobo oa dopamine neurons (Hyland et al., 2002). E lumellana le litekanyetso tsa nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele, lithuto tsa Microdialysis li tlaleha litekanyetso tsa dopamine maemong a morao a bocha (matsatsi a 45 ea lilemo) ha ho bapisoa le bohlankana kapa boroetsana ba pele (Badanich et al., 2006; Philpot et al., 2009). Kahoo, ha liphuputso tsa rona li fana ka tlhahlobo ea pele ea litheko tsa nakoana tsa litheko tsa dopamine lipakeng tsa likhaba tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo, nako e eketsehileng ea nako ea hlokahala nakong ena ea nts'etsopele ea nako kaha litekanyetso tsa dopamine li kanna tsa hlahella nakong ea bocha.

E lumellana le tlaleho ea rona e fetileng (Robinson le Wightman, 2004), re fumane hore maqhubu a nakoana a dopamine a eketsehile ka nako ea tlhahiso e sa lebelloang ea litheko ho likhoto tsa banna ba baholo, hangata tse koaletsoeng nako ho fana ka tlhahiso ea pele ea khothatso. Phuputsong ea pele, re ile ra hlahisa monko le litoro tse ts'oaroang tse tšoanang le tse sebelisitsoeng mona; lithutong tsena ka bobeli, lisosa tsena li ile tsa phahamisa khafetsa maqhubu a dopamine ho NAc kaholimo ho litekanyetso tsa basal, tse neng li hlalosoa e le lets'oao la methapo la kutlo le ka bang bonolo la ts'usumetso ho phoofolo. Leha ho le joalo, keketseho ea khafetsa ea dopamine khafetsa ho arabela tlhahiso e sa lebelloang ea ts'usumetso e bonoang ho batho ba baholo e ne e sa be teng ka mokhoa o ts'epahalang mantlha ea NAc ea litheko tsa pele tsa bocha, mme bacha joalo ka sehlopha ba bontšitse karabelo e fokolang boitekong ho feta ba baholo. Le ha ts'ebetso ea phasic ea dopaminergic neuron e sa tsamaellane le metsamao e ikhethileng ea makoloi, mefuta ea maiketsetso e atisang ho khothaletsa ho thunya ha nakoana le nakoana ea dopamine hangata e kenya ts'ebetsong ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (Nishino et al., 1987; Romo le Schultz, 1990; Robinson et al., 2002). Kahoo, liphumano tsa hona joale li bonts'a phapang ea nts'etsopele ea karabelo ea dopaminergic le boits'oaro ho mofuta ona oa tlhahiso ea tšusumetso ea nalane, eo ka bobeli e ka bang ka lebaka la khaello ea lisutu tsena bakeng sa litoeba tsa bocha. Habohlokoa, karabelo e fokotsehileng ea boits'oaro ho susumetso e ne e se feela phokotso ea bokhoni ba ho sisinyeha (mohlomong ka lebaka la hlooho kapa hlooho ea hlooho ea voltammetric), joalo ka ha likhoto tsa bocha li bonts'a mekhoa e metle ea boitsoaro le boits'oaro bo tataisang sechabeng nakong ea puisano. Ntle le moo, ho ne ho se setsoalle pakeng tsa karabelo ea boitšoaro le khafetsa maikutlong a dopamine ho susumetsa ha ho hlahlojoa likhoto ka bomong ho sehlopha ka seng. Ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ha maikutlo a sa lebelloang, a susumetsang a buka e fumanehang thutong ea hona joale e bapisoa le liphihlelo tsa pejana tsa hore likhoto tsa bongoana hangata li bonts'a maemo a holimolimo a tlhahlobo ea lipale tsa tikoloho le lintho tse ncha ho feta batho ba baholo (mohlala, Douglas et al., 2003; Stansfield le Kirstein, 2006; Philpot le Wecker, 2008), ka tlhahlobo ea ntho e nyane e tlalehiloeng ho hlopha ho likhoto bohareng ba bocha (35 - matsatsi a 36, Spear et al., 1980). Lithuto tse ling li ka hlokahala ho fumana hore ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le liketsahalo tsa tlhaiso ea dopamine tse ts'oaroang ke litlatsetso tse khutšoane tse sebelisitsoeng mona ha li bapisoa le likarabo mabapi le tikoloho le lipale, lintho tse ncha tse kentsoeng libakeng tse tloahelehileng joalo ka ha li sebelisitsoe lithutong tse fetileng.

Maqhubu ka bobeli le bophahamo ba linako tsa "dopamine" mokokotlong oa NAc li eketsehile ka mokhoa o hlakileng nakong ea tšebelisano e khutšoane le rat e 'ngoe lihlopheng tsa bacha le tsa batho ba baholo. E lumellana le tlaleho ea rona e fetileng (Robinson et al., 2002), karabelo ea dopaminergic e lutse ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo puong ea bobeli ea rat e hlakileng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khafetsa khafetsa ea linako tsa nakoana tsa dopamine e ntse e tsoela pele lithutong tsa bocha. Ho haelloa ke sebaka sa bolulo ho ka bonts'a moputso o eketsehang o amanang le tšebelisano ea sechaba e bonts'itsoeng lithutong tsa bongoana le batho ba baholo (mohlala, Douglas et al, 2004). Ho joalo, mesebetsi ea boiketlo ba sechaba e bontšitsoe e fihla sehlohlolong lilemong tsa bocha ha e bapisoa le bohlankana le ho ba motho e moholo ha a le lilemong tsa bocha, phello e matlafatsoang ha likhoto li aroloa matsatsi a seng makae pele ho tlhahlobo (Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2008), joalo ka ha ho etsoa thutong ea joale. Ho khahlisang, lihlopha tse peli tsa lilemo li ne li sa tšoane ka kakaretso ea tšebetso ea bophelo ba sechaba le pherekano e akaretsang. Le ha litlaleho tsa pejana li supa hore likhoto tsa bocha tse lutseng ka thoko li bonts'a boits'oaro bo botle ba sechaba le boitšepo ho feta batho ba baholo nakong ea liteko tse matla tsa tšebelisano sechabeng, ka litlamorao tsena li boleloa haholoholo lilemong tsa bocha.Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2008), re fumane hore tlhonamo e ne e phahame mme boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sechaba bo ne bo le tlase ho bacha ba pele bao re ba lekileng ha ba bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba baholo. Sena se kanna sa bakoa ke boholo ba lisebelisoa: ho 21 × 21 cm, likhoto tse kholo tsa batho ba baholo li ne li ka ba haufi haholo le molekane ea haufi le likhoto tse nyane tsa bocha, li etsa hore ho ba le botsoalle sechabeng ho se ke ha khoneha bakeng sa liphoofolo tsena. Ntle le moo, ho ba le "test rat rat" feela ho kanna ha ama boitšoaro ba eona nakong ea lipuisano. Kamora nako, nako e khuts'oanyane ea lipuisano (60 s) e sebelisitsoeng mona e nka feela litšebelisano tsa pele tse ka hlahisang maemo a fapaneng a lilemo tsa boits'oaro ba sechaba ha a bapisoa le linako tse telele tsa puisano (270-600 s) hangata tse sebelisoang mabapi le litšebelisano tse ngata tsa sechaba. (mohlala, Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2008; Glenn et al, 2003).

Puisano ea kahisano e ka baka lerata le amanang le motsamao oa motlakase ha kopano ea lihloho e ama lebota la kamore kapa leqhubu le leng le ka lebisang ho nyenyefatsoeng ha khafetsa ea dopamine ka nako ea puisano. Habohlokoa, maemo a lerata a ho isa lerata a ne a sa fapana lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa lilemo kapa pakeng tsa nako ea puisano ea pele le ea bobeli, ho bonts'a hore keketseho e tsoelang pele ea mokokotlo oa nakoana oa dopamine e bonoang lithutong tsa bocha nakong ea ts'ebelisano ea bobeli e ne e se ntho e amanang le lerata. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mokhoa oa lipatlisiso le oa popomotor e ne e le 'ngoe ka nako ea lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsohle, ka hona liphapang tsa boitšoaro le tsona ha li hlalose phapang pakeng tsa karabelo ea dopaminergic lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo. Ho joalo, thutong ea rona e fetileng (Robinson et al., 2002), ho hlokometsoe ho entsoe hore litoeba tsa batho ba baholo li bonts'a boits'oaro bo matla sechabeng nakong ea puisano ea bobeli le molekana leha a sa tsoa menyetla e fokolang ea dopamine, a fana ka maikutlo a hore linako tsa dopamine ha li hlokehe ho khothaletsa boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho molekane. Haeba likhahla tsa dopamine li fetoleloa e le matsoao a tebello ea moputso (Schultz le Dickinson, 2000; Schultz, 2007; Roesch et al., 2010), ho lula hoa liketsahalo tsa tokollo ea dopamine ho batho ba baholo ho bua ka makhetlo a molekane ho ka bonts'a ho fokotseha ha moputso kapa ho ba le tebello e kholo ea nehelano ea bobeli, 'me ho phehella ha dopamine ho lokolloa litlalehong tsa bocha ho ka supa moputso o matlafalitsoeng kapa ho makatsoa ke tšebelisano e pheta-phetoang le molekane. .

Sistamine ea mesolimbic dopamine e kenelletse litloaelong tsa boipheliso le ho fumana moputso (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Depue le Iacono, 1989; Panksepp, 1998; Depue le Collins, 1999; Ikemoto le Panksepp, 1999; Schultz le Dickinson, 2000; Schultz, 2007). Ha likarolo tse 'maloa tsa tsela ena ea dopamine li ba le liphetoho tse matla nakong ea bocha, ha ho makatse hore likarabo tsa boits'oaro le tsa methapo ea kutlo mabapi le moputso le tšusumetso ea nalane e kanna ea bolela esale pele meputso le eona e matla (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Litho tsa et al., 2003; Ernst et al., 2009; Wahlstrom et al., 2010b; Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). Ho fumana ha rona karabo ea dopaminergic litšebelisanong tsa sechaba ho ne ho sa lule setulong tsa bongoana ho lumellana le lithuto tse ngata tse tlalehileng maikutlo a meputso nakong ea bocha, ho kenyelletsa moputso oa sechaba le oa lithethefatsi (bakeng sa tlhahlobo le litšupiso, bona Doremus-Fitzwater et al, 2010; Spear le Varlinskaya, 2010). Mohopolo oa novel ka mokhoa o ts'oanang o bohlokoa ebile o ka baka ts'oarelo ea dopamine le boits'oaro bo botle hobane ba ka bolela moputso kapa tšokelo; leha ho le joalo, ha rea ​​ka ra bona keketseho ea dopamine e atolositsoeng ho hlahisa polelo e khuts'oane ea maikutlo a bonoa lithutong tsa pele tsa bocha. Kahoo, thuto e teng hona joale e kanna ea ba le sampole ea tokollo ea dopamine ka nako ea nts'etsopele (bohlankana ba pele) eo ho eona maikutlo a moputso oa sechaba a leng mangata empa karabelo ho boi. Tlhaloso ena e lebisa mekhoeng e mmaloa ea lipatlisiso tse ling, ho kenyelletsa ho hlahloba tokollo ea dopamine ho noano le tse susumetsang sechabeng linakong tsa nako ea bocha. Re boetse re rera ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tokollo ea dopamine nakong ea ho ithuta ka moputso oa cue-moputso o hlakileng (mohlala, boemo ba Pavlovian) ho bona hore na mefuta ea litlatsetso tse sebelisoang mona, joalo ka leseli kapa monko, e ka tsosa karabo ea dopaminergic litsing tsa bocha ha ba bolela esale pele moputso (Letsatsi et al, 2007; Roesch et al., 2007).

Ka bokhutšoanyane, liketsahalo tsa ho lokolla dopamine ka potlako, kapa liketsahalo tsa nakoana tsa dopamine, li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng bocha ba bongoaneng le bohlolong. Le ha litekanyetso le likhathatso tsa nako e khuts'oane li ne li tšoana molemong oa mantlha, re bone ts'ebetso e nyane ea ts'ebetso ea dopamine ka ts'usumetso e sa lebelloang, e ntle le e ts'oaroang le ts'usumetso e matla ea susumetso ea sechaba lipapatsong tsa bocha ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Phapang ena ea liketsahalo tsa tokollo ea dopamine e kanna ea baka phapang ea nts'etsopele ea kutlo ea maikutlo le meputso, haholo moputso oa sechaba. Ho tla ba molemo ho aha ka lipatlisiso tsena ka ho lekola linako tse eketsehileng tsa nako ea bohlankana hammoho le ho lekola ho lokolloa ha dopamine nakong ea ho ithuta e amanang le moputso.

Eya ho:

lumela hore baa fokola

Ke leboha Dr Thomas Guillot III bakeng sa thuso ka lihokela tsa neuroanatomical, ho Rachel Hay le Sebastian Cerdena bakeng sa ho fumana lintlha tsa boits'oaro, ho Vahid Sanii bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea electrode, le Chris Wiesen ho UNC Odum Institute bakeng sa Patlisiso ho Saense ea Sechaba bakeng sa tsebo ea lipalo. Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke NIH (R01DA019071 to LPS) le Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies Univesithing ea North Carolina.

Eya ho:

khutsufalitsoeng

[DA], max
boholo ba mahloriso a dopamine
NAc
nucleus accumbens
Eya ho:

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