Moralo oa MRI oa Thuto ea Bongo ea Bana: Re Ithutile Eng 'me re ea Hokae? (2010)

Neuron. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2012 Feb 23.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

PMCID: PMC3285464

NIHMSID: NIHMS347429

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Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) e lumella phihlello e sa bonahaleng ea "anatomy" le physiology ea boko bo holang ntle le ts'ebeliso ea radiation ea ionizing. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, liketekete tsa MRI tsa bongoaneng li tsoa ho bacha ba phetseng hantle le ba nang le lefu la neuropsychiatric ba 'nile ba fumanoa le ho hlahlojoa mabapi le tlhahlobo ea botona kapa botšehali, thobalano, liphatsa tsa lefutso, le / kapa mefuta ea kelello e kang IQ. Litlaleho tsa pele li bapisa phapang ea boholo ba likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boko bo atamelaneng ho fihlela nako ea lilemo tse kholo li hlahisitse lithuto tse telele tse hlahlobang tšusumetso ea nako le tlhahlobo ea potoloho ea neural ho fapana le likarolo tse ikhethileng. Le ha MRI e ntse e se ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea bokhoni ba tlhahlobo ea mathata a methapo ea methapo ea bana, mekhoa ea tloaelo e bapisoang le atypical e hlahile e ka totobatsang methapo ea methapo ea methapo le ho fana ka maikutlo mabapi le lipheo tsa ho kenella. Thutong ena re akaretsa lintlha tse akaretsang tsa MRI ea sebopeho kutlong ea rona ea kutloisiso ea methapo ea bophelo bo botle le bokuli.

MRI ea Brain Anatomy ho Nts'etsopele ea Matlapa a Tloaelehileng

Boko ba motho bo na le phetoho e kholo ea tlhaho, e nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele, sebopeho sa boko, le lipotoloho tsa neural tse nang le liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo fetohang le liphetoho tse matla bophelong bohle. Nako e telele ea MR e hlahloba bana le bana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ntseng ba eketseha ba bonts'a litheko tse ngata tse tšoeu tsa (WM) le li-volomories tsa U tse entsoeng ka boqhetseke ba lintho tse bohlooho (GM) tse nang le boholo bo phahameng bo hlahang ka linako tse fapaneng libakeng tse fapaneng. Setšoantšo sa 1 e bonts'a lilemo ka boholo ba lithuto tse tsoang thutong e telele e nkang scans ea 829 e tsoang lithutong tsa 387, lilemo tsa 3-27 lilemo (bona Setšoantšo sa 1 'me Mekhoa ea Tlhahlobo ea Litlhahiso).

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Litekanyetso tse Tsoelang Pele tsa Brain Morphometry: Lilemo Tse X XUMUMX XXUMX

Kakaretso ea Cerebral

Ho Lekala la bana la Psychiatry cohort le boletsoeng ka holimo, bophahamo ba khoele ea khoere-khoele e latela mookotaba o qhekellang oa U o hlahileng o le lilemong tsa 10.5 ho banana le 14.5 ho bashanyana (Lenroot et al., 2007). Ho banna le ba batona, kelello e se e le ho 95% ea boholo ba eona bo phahameng ka 6Setšoantšo sa 1A). Ho pholletsa le lilemo tsena, boholo ba bokong ba sehlopha sa banna ke ~ 10% e kholo ho feta ea basali. Phapang ena ea 10% e lumellana le thuto e kholo ea batho ba baholo ea ho ithuta le ho ithuta le ho ngola ka postmortem empa hangata e hlalosoa e amana le boholo ba 'mele oa banna. Leha ho le joalo, lithutong tsa rona tsa bana, 'mele ea bashanyana ha e kholo ho feta banana' ho fihlela kamora ho kena bohlankaneng. Bopaki bo bong ba hore boholo ba boko ha bo hokahane le boholo ba 'mele ke mohopolo oa mantlha oa bokong le boholo ba' mele, ka boholo ba 'mele o eketseha ka lilemo tse ka bang 17.

Phapang pakeng tsa boholo ba boko ha ea lokela ho hlalosoa e le e fanang ka monyetla oa mofuta o fe kapa o fe oa ts'ebetso. Maemong a phapang ea banna / basali, mehato e meholo ea sebopeho e ka se bonts'e liphapang tsa botona le botšehali linthong tse sebetsang tse kang ho hokahana ha methapo ea methapo le methapo ea methapo.

Sowell le basebetsi-'moho ba ile ba lekanya liphetoho tsa bophahamo ba boko sehlopheng sa bana ba 45 ba hlahlobiloeng habeli (lilemo tsa 2 ka thoko) pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 5 le 11 (Sowell et al., 2004). Ba sebelisa mokhoa o fapaneng haholo, oo sebaka se neng se lekantsoe lipakeng tsa bokaholimo ba bokong, ba fumane keketseho ea boholo ba boko nakong ena ea lilemo, haholoholo libakeng tsa pele le tsa occipital.

Cerebellum

Caviness et al., Mohloling o arohaneng oa bashanyana ba 15 le banana ba 15 ba lilemo li 7-11, o fumane hore cerebellum e ne e le ka tekanyo e kholo ho basali empa eseng banna ba maemong ana a lilemo, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha nts'etsopele ea morao-rao le ho fifala ka thobalano (Caviness et al., 1996). Ts'ebetso ea "cerebellum" ka setso e 'nile ea hlalosoa e amana le taolo ea makoloi, empa joale ho se ho amoheloa hore cerepatum e boetse e kentse letsoho ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo le lits'ebetso tse ling tse phahameng tsa kelello tse holisang bongoaneng (Riva le Giorgi, 2000; Schmahmann, 2004).

Ho Lekala la bana la Psychiatry cohort, li-curls tsa nts'etsopele tsa boholo ba "cerebellum" li ne li ts'oana le seretse se latelang tšiea ea tšireletso ea tšireletso ea U e nang le boholo ba tlhoro e hlahang 11.3 ho banana le 15.6 ho bashanyana. Ho fapana le mofuta oa morao-rao oa "cerebellar hemispheric" oa ho iphetola ha lintho o ileng oa latela popelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea mofuta oa U, "boholo ba" cerebellar vermis "ha bo fetohe nakong ena ea lilemo (Tiemeier et al., 2010).

White Matter

'Mala o mosoeu oa "taba e tšoeu" o hlahisoa ke li-myelin, li-sheath tse tšoeu tse mafura tse qapiloeng ke oligodendrocyte tse koahelang li-axons ebe li eketsa lebelo la matšoao a neuronal haholo. Bophahamo ba WM ka kakaretso bo eketseha ho pholletsa le bongoana le bohlankana (Lenroot et al., 2007), e ka fokolisang khokahanyo e kholo le kopanyo ea potoloho e fapaneng ea neural. Ntho ea bohlokoa e sa tsoa ananeloa haufinyane ke hore myelin ha e ntlafatse lebelo la phetisetso feela empa e hlophisa nako le tatellano ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e thehang marangrang a sebetsang bokong (Masana le Stevens-Graham, 2002). Tumellanong le sena, boithuto bo sebelisang tekanyo ea bohloeki ba litaba tse tšoeu ho hlahisa kholo ea litaba tse tšoeu tsa tikoloho bo ile ba eketseha ka sekhahla pakeng tsa bongoana le boroetsana. Lipampitšana tsa Corticospinal li bonts'itse keketseho e neng e lekana ka boholo ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli, ha lipampitšana tse hokahanyang libaka tsa pele le tsa nakoana li bontšitse keketseho e eketsehileng libakeng tse amanang le lipuo tse ka lehlakoreng le letšehali (Paus et al., 1999).

Mathata a Grey

Le ha WM e ntse e eketseha nakong ea bongoana le bohlankana, lits'oants'o tsa methapo ea GM li latela tšitiso e tsoetseng pele ea popo ea U. Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa nts'etsopele ea WM le GM li lumela khokahano e haufi pakeng tsa li-neuron, lisele tsa glial le myelin, e leng likarolo tse amanang le tsona lipotolohong tsa neural mme li hokahantsoe ke likamano tsa bophelo bo sa feleng. Liphetoho tsa Cortical GM maemong a voxel ho tloha ho lilemo tsa 4 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 20 tse nkiloeng ho scans ea lihlooho tsa 13 tseo e mong le e mong a ileng a hlahlojoa makhetlo a mane ka linako tsa ~ 2 selemo se bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 2 (animation e fumaneha ho http://www.nimh.nih.gov/videos/press/prbrainmaturing.mpeg) (Gogtay et al., 2004b). Lilemo tsa botenya bo phahameng ba GM li pele-pele libakeng tsa sensorimotor tsa mantlha le tsa morao-rao libakeng tse hloahloa tsa litumellano tse kang dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal e tlase, le gyrus e phahameng ea nakoana. Potso e sa rarolloang ke hore na liphokotso tsa GM tsa cortical li tsamaisoa joang ke ho theola ho kopantsoeng ha li-synaptic le myelination haufi le moeli oa GM / WM (Sowell et al., 2001). Bophahamo ba mookotaba oa caudate, sebopeho se tlase sa GM, se boetse se latela mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa tšireletso ea U, le litlhoro tse ts'oanang le li-lobes tsa pele tseo li arolelanang khokahano e kholo (Lenroot et al., 2007).

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Tekanyo ea tikoloho ea ho fokola ha 'mele: Lilemo tsa XXUMX-4

Litlokotsi Tse Tsoelang Pele: Leeto Le Le Haufi

Morero o hlahelletseng o seng o thehiloe ho lingoliloeng tse tsoakiloeng ke oa hore sebopeho sa lilemo ka li-trajectories tsa boholo bo ka amana le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso le ho feta boholo bo sa felletseng. Mohlala, thutong e nka nako e telele e kenyelletsa scans ea 692 e tsoang ho lithuto tsa 307 tse tsoelang pele, lilemo ka li-cortical thickness development curves li ne li hakanya IQ ho feta phapang ea boholo ba cortical ka lilemo tsa 20 (Shaw et al., 2006a). Li-trajectories tsa lilemo ka boholo le tsona li khetholla ho feta mehato e tsitsitseng bakeng sa tlhabollo ea botona le botšehali moo litlhoro tsa lobar tsa GM li hlahang 1-3 pejana ho basali.Lenroot et al., 2007). Li-trajectories li ntse li sebelisoa e le mokhoa o lemohang lithutong tsa psychopathology hape (Giedd et al., 2008).

Mathata a mangata a kelello (ngoana le motho e moholo) ke khale a boletsoe hore a bonts'a litlolo tse poteletseng ho nts'etsopele ea boko. Lithuto tsa nts'etsopele ea boko ba Anatomic li nchafalitse le ho eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng le e sa tloaelehang ea ntlafatso hammoho le karabelo ea polasetiki ho bokuli. Ho feta tekano ea tlhahlobo ena ho tšohla bothata bofe kapa bofe ka botebo, empa kakaretso ea kakaretso ea lithuto tsa tlhokomelo-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pele haholo (bongoaneng) le ho qala ha lefu la kelello li bontša tse ling. melao-motheo ea bohlokoa.

Attention-Deficit / Bohloko bo Ferekanyang kelello

ADHD ke boloetse bo atileng haholo ba bongoana, bo amang lipakeng tsa 5% le 10% ea bana ba lilemong tsa sekolo le 4.4% ea batho ba baholo (Kessler et al., 2005). Ho sa ntse ho na le ngangisano ka bokuli bona ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaho ea tlhaho, khafetsa matšoao a ikhethang (ho se tsotelle, ho hloka botsitso le ho ts'oenyeha) ho bongata ka kakaretso, sephetho se setle sa nako e telele bakeng sa halofo ea linyeoe tsa bongoana, le monyetla oa ho etsahala tšebeliso e feteletseng ea kalafo e matlafatsang ea lithethefatsi.

Lithuto tsa ho nahana ka litšoantšo tsa ADHD tse arohaneng le linako li supa ho nka karolo ha li-lobes tse ka pele (Castellanos et al., 2002), lobes tsa parietal (Sowell et al., 2003), basal ganglia (Castellanos le Giedd, 1994), Corpus callosum (Giedd et al., 1994), le cerebellum (Berquin et al., 1998). Boithuto bo kenyelletsang ba physology ea boko bo boetse bo ts'ehetsa ho kenya letsoho ha li-circal-basal ganglia circry tse nang le tšusumetso e matla ea phetisetso ho tsoa ho cerebellum (bona Giedd et al., 2001, bakeng sa tlhahlobo).

Ka lebaka la mefuta e mengata ea liphetho tsa bongaka tse bonoang ho ADHD, lithuto tse telele li bile tsa mofuta o ikhethang. Lithuto tse joalo li bonts'a ho lieha hoa ntlafatso ea li-trailingories tsa botenya tsa cortical haholo haholo bakeng sa lobes ea pele (Shaw et al., 2007a) (bona Setšoantšo sa 3). Mokhoa o akaretsang oa libaka tsa mantlha tsa kutlo tse fihletseng bokima ba cortical pele ho polymodal, libaka tse hloahloa tsa litumelo tse phahameng li etsahetse ho ba nang le ADHD le ba se nang eona. Leha ho le joalo, nako ea Median eo 50% ea lintlha tsa cortical e fumaneng botenya ba lilemo tsa 10.5 bakeng sa lilemo tsa ADHD le 7.5 bakeng sa taolo. Sebaka se nang le phapang e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lilemo e ne e le cortex e bohareng ea pele, e fihlang botenya ba lilemo tsa 10.9 ho ba nang le ADHD le 5.9 lilemo tsa taolo.

Setšoantšo sa 3 

Ho lieha ha nts'etsopele ea khatello ea maikutlo ho Cortical Thickness ho ADHD

Sehlooho sa lithuto tsa rona tsa ADHD ke hore ntlafatso ea bongaka hangata e bonts'oa ke ho hokahana ha li-trajectories tsa nts'etsopele ho nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng le hore ho phehella ha ADHD ho tsamaisana le ho kheloha hole le nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng. Re bontšitse sena bakeng sa cortex, moo ho nepahetseng ho loketseng ha parietal cortical kawaida ho tsamaeang le ntlafatso ea tleliniki (Shaw et al., 2006b) - le bakeng sa "cerebellum", moo litheko tse tlase tsa bokapele bo tlase bo bonts'a ho phehella ha ADHD (Mackie et al., 2007). Ho ka sebelisoa molao-motheo o tšoanang bakeng sa hippocampus: bana ba nang le ADHD ba tlohang ba bontša mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa kholo e ts'oanang, athe ADHD e phehellang e tsamaisana le tahlehelo e ntseng e tsoela pele ea molumo oa hippocampal (Shaw et al., 2007b). Liphetho tsena tsa bohlokoa li etsahala ka boits'oaro, 'me kahoo motho a ke ke a bona feela ADHD e le "nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea pele." Hape ho lokela ho hlakisoa hore, ho fihlela joale, mehato ena e le' ngoe kapa e kopantsoe ha e na thuso ea bongaka bakeng sa tlhahlobo kapa sephetho sa bongaka.

Li-stimulants e lula e le kalafo e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa le e sebelisoang haholo ho tsoa ho ADHD, e ntlafalla ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi le ho fokotsa matšoao a bohloko. Boithuto ba pejana bo bonts'ang hore li-stimulants li na le ts'usumetso ea ho holisa nts'etsopele ea subcortical and white taba (Castellanos et al., 2002) e atolositsoe ho nts'etsopele ea cortical (Shaw le al., 2009) le ho thalamus (Logvinov et al., 2009). Hore na mokhoa ona o tloaelehileng o emetse liphetoho tse amanang le kalafo kapa tse amanang le kalafo kapa mokhoa o tobileng o tobileng oa neural oa meriana o lula o sa tsejoe.

Ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore lefu la ADHD le nkoa e le la maemo a holimo, le atametse ho fetisoa hoa matšoao le ho sitisoa hoa kelello. Kahoo re ile ra botsa hore na kholiso ea boko ea cortical ea ho holisa bana ka tloaelo e nang le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le ho se tsitse e tšoana le e fumanoang ka har'a lefu lena. Ka ho khetheha, re fumane hore sekhahla se fokolisang sa ho fokola ha cortical nakong ea bongoana le bohlankana, boo re neng re bo fumana ho ADHD hape, se amana le ho teba ha matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le ho se tsitse ha motho ka tloaelo ho hola bana, ho fana ka bopaki ba methapo ea kutlo bakeng sa bophahamo ba lefu lena.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia e nkoa e le phokotso ea neurodevelopmental (Weinberger, 1987; Rapoport et al., 2005). Boithuto ba COS bo fana ka monyetla o motle oa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho kheloha ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo (1) e ka fumanehang ka linako tse matlahali le tse nepahetseng tsa nts'etsopele ea boko le (2) lihanyetsi tsa ho qala ha bongoana tsa mafu a tloaelehileng a ho qala ho ba le batho ba baholo hangata li bonts'a mofuta o matla oa phenotype o ka fokotsoang ke tšusumetso ea maemo a tikoloho mme o khona ho bonts'a litšusumetso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Boithuto ba COS bo ntse bo tsoela pele NIMH ho tloha 1990. Tlhahlobo eo e etsoa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e sa reroang ea DSM-III-R / IV mme hangata maemong a mangata, kamora tlhahlobo e senang lithethefatsi ntle le lithethefatsi. Le ha e sa tloaelehe, e etsahalang ~ 1 / 500th khafetsa joalo ka batho ba baholo ba-schtophrenia (AOS), linyeoe tsa COS (n = 102 ho fihlela joale) ka bongaka li tšoana le linyeoe tse mpe tsa AOS, hobane lithuto tsohle tse makatsang, tsa lelapa le tsa neurobiological ho COS li bonts'a liphumano tse ts'oanang le tsa AOS, li fana ka maikutlo a ho tsoela pele lipakeng tsa mefuta ena e 'meli ea bokuli (Gogtay le Rapoport, 2008).

Liphumano tse fumanehang ho COS cohort li lumellana le lingoliloeng tsa AOS tse bonts'ang palo ea li-motor tsa morao-rao tse fokotsehileng, li fokotsehile ka palo le li-regorte tsa cortical GM, li fokotse likhahla tsa hippocampal le amygdala, le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa basal ganglia tse tsoetseng pele nakong ea bocha. Gogtay le Rapoport, 2008, bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Tse senotsoeng haholo ka datha tse telele ke ho lahleheloa ha tlhaho ha GM nakong ea bocha (Thompson et al., 2001) le ho liehisa ntšetso-pele ea litaba tse tšoeu (Gogtay et al., 2008). Phokotso ea cortical GM e fetoha e kholoanyane ka lilemo (ha sehlopha se phetseng hantle sa "catchical thinning" se "fihlela" ka mokhoa o potlakileng oa tahlehelo ea cortical GM e bonoang ho COS). Tahlehelo ea cortical GM ho schizophrenia e bontšitsoe e le ka lebaka la tahlehelo ea "neuropil," e nang le glia, synaptic le dendritic arbor, le vasculature (Selemon le Goldman-Rakic, 1999). Lithuto tsa Postmortem ha li bontše tahlehelo e atileng ea neuronal ho schizophrenia kapa karabelo ea glial ho tsoa likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa neuronal. Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tsena le tse ling tse fetolelang, meetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea tšebetso e sa tloaelehang ea synaptic kapa sebopeho li entsoe esale pele (Weinberger et al., 1992).

autism

Autism e hlalosoa ke boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang maemong a puisano, likamano tse amanang le sechaba le boits'oaro bo bobe nakong ea lilemo tsa pele tsa bophelo tsa 3. Ho bana ba nang le autism, ho na le leqhubu la ho potlakisa kholo ea boko, bo fetang boholo bo tloaelehileng, bo lebisang katolosong ea nakoana ea mokelikeli (Courchesne et al., 2007). Ho nahana ka Brain le lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa COS ho fane ka lihokela tse sa lebelloang ho autism mabapi le "phetoho e ka lehlakoreng le letona" kholisong ea bongoaneng ea pele (kholo e potlakileng ea bongoana nakong ea lilemo tsa pele tsa bophelo ho autism le ho fokotseha ho sa lekana ha boteng ba cortical nakong ea bocha bakeng sa COS) . Mofuta oa bohareng oa nako o ka fetotsoeng oa nako ea liketsahalo tsa ntlafatso ea boko (Rapoport et al., 2009) kapa tsela tse ling tsa "polar" tsa kelello li se li hlahisitsoe (Crespi et al., 2010). Re bolela esale pele hore patlisiso ea kalafo ea kamoso e tla shebisisa basebeletsi ba nang le "litlamorao tse tloaelehileng" kholisong ea boko. Ho fihla joale, ho na le bopaki bo fokolang ba hore lithethefatsi tse khothalletsang li ka ba le phello e joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ka holimo (Sobel et al., 2010).

Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsa tleliniki li bonts'a phapang e ikhethang ea sehlopha sa anatomic ea bongaka le hoja e se tlhahlobo ea mafu e qala ho hlakisa nako le tlholeho ea phallo e tloaelehileng. Ho sebelisa li-trajectories (ke hore, mehato ea morphometric ka lilemo) joalo ka mofuta oa endophenot e ka fana ka matla a khethollo moo mehato ea metheo e sa sebetseng (Giedd et al., 2008). Ho ntse ho hlaka le ho feta hore kotsi e tšoanang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka amahanngoa le mefuta e fapaneng ea kelello, ho kenyelletsa autism, ho ferekana kelellong, schizophrenia, khatello ea kelello le lefu la ho akheha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mofuta o tšoanang oa kelello o ka bonts'a mefuta e mengata e sa tloaelehang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e kang mefuta ea likopi (Bassett et al., 2010; McClellan le King, 2010). Ho hlahloba karolo ea phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso mabapi le nako ea kholo ea kholo ea boko ho ka hlakisa tse ling tsa litaba tsena tsa kutloelo-bohloko le ho hlaka.

Phapang e Phahameng ea Mehato ea Brain ho Batho ka Bophara

Lintlha tsohle tse hlahisitsoeng ka holimo li tlameha ho hlalosoa ka ho hlakileng ka ho fapana haholo ha mehato ea boholo ba boko ho batho ka bomong (Lange et al., 1997). Phapang ena e phahameng e fihla le mehatong ea likhopolo tsa boko hape. Phapang e phahameng le phallo e kholo ea mehato e mengata bakeng sa lihlopha tse ngata ha e bapisoa e na le litlamorao tse kholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ea kelello le tlhalohanyo / ho tsebahala ha ho sebelisa neuroimaging ho etsa liqeto mabapi le boits'oaro kapa bokhoni ho motho ea itseng. Mohlala, le ha ho khethollotsoe karohano ea MRI ea sehlopha sa maqhubu a mafu ohle a mantlha a mafu a kelello, MRI ha e sa bontšoa tlhahlobisong ea leha e le efe ea tloaelo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, leha ho le joalo ka karolelano ea sehlopha ho na le phapang e matla lipalo lipakeng tsa masapo a banna le a basali, ha ho na letho le ka bonoang ka leihlo le le leng la boko ba MRI ho tseba ka kholiseho hore na ke la monna kapa mosali. Ka papiso, bolelele ba banna ba baholo bo boholo haholo ho feta bophahamo bakeng sa basali ba baholo. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le basali ba bangata haholo ho feta banna ba bangata hoo bophahamo bo le bong e ke keng ea ba mokhoa o motle haholo oa ho khetholla thobalano ea motho e mong. Phapang pakeng tsa banna le basali ka bolelele e batla e le habeli boholo ba litekanyetso tsa methapo kapa methapo ea methapo.

Ho tloha phapang pakeng tsa sehlopha ho ea ho ts'ebeliso ea motho a le mong ke e 'ngoe ea liqholotso tse tlang pele. Boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea neuroimaging e its'etleha ho fihlela phephetso ena e ka fihlella, accounting bakeng sa phapang e bohlokoa haholo. Karolong e latelang, re tla hlahloba tse ling tsa litekanyetso tse tsejoang ho susumetsa phapang ea kholo ea kholo ea bokong.

Litšusumetso ho likarolo tse ntlafatsang tsa Brain Anatomy nakong ea bongoaneng le bongoaneng

Tsoalo le Tikoloho

Ka ho bapisa ho tšoana pakeng tsa mafahla a monozygotic (MZ), a arolelanang ~ 100% ea mafahla a tšoanang, le ma-dizygotic (DZ), ba arolelanang ~ 50% ea mefuta e ts'oanang, re ka hakanyetsa liphallelo tse amanang le tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tseo e seng tsa tlhaho ho li-trajectories tsa kholo ea bokong. Ho phehella potso ena, re etsa lipatlisiso tse telele tsa mafahla mme hajoale re fumane scans ea 600 ho 90 MZ le li-twine tsa 60 DZ. Sekethara ea lits'oants'o tsa moralo (SEM) e sebelisoa ho lekola tšebelisano ea tikoloho ea lilemo le lipehelo tsa tikoloho le liketsahalo tse ling tse qholotsang ho fetoleloa hoa boitsebiso ba mafahla. SEM e hlalosa litlamorao tse hokahanang e le (A) liphatsa tsa lefutso, (C) tse arolelanoang tikoloho, kapa (E) lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa tikoloho (Neale le Cardon, 1992). Bakeng sa likarolo tse ngata tsa boko tse hlahlobiloeng, litlamorao tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso (ke hore, "heritility") li phahameng mme litlamorao tse arolelanoang tikolohong li tlase (Wallace et al., 2006). Litlamorao tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa likatse tse akaretsang tsa khoele le li-lobar (ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tse tlase tsa GM le WM) tse tsoang ho 0.77 ho 0.88; bakeng sa caudate, 0.80; bakeng sa Corpus callosum, 0.85. Cerebellum e na le profil e ikhethang e amanang le lefutso le kenyelletso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea 0.49 feela, leha likhakanyo tse ngata li hloka ho hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlokolosi. Mehato e ntlafalitsoeng ea bongo ea morphometric e fana ka matšoao a biologic bakeng sa litšobotsi tse futsitsoeng, 'me e ka ba lipheo tsa kamano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le lithuto tsa mokhatlo (Gottesman le Gould, 2003).

Litlhatlhobo tsa Multivariate li lumella tlhahlobo ea tekanyo eo lintlha tse tšoanang tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa tikoloho e kentseng letsoho ka har'a meetso e mengata ea neuroanatomic. Joalo ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa, lihokahanyo tsena tsa karohano li ka aroloa likamanong tsa tlhaho kapa tikoloho. Tsebo ena e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho toloka boholo ba data ea mafahla, ho kenyelletsa ho utloisisa litšusumetso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka amang marang-rang a neural a fetisitsoeng, hammoho le ho kenella ho ka bang le tšusumetso ea bokong ba lefatše. Liphetho tse arolelanoang li baka karohano e ngata ho feta litlamorao tse ikhethang ka sebopeho, ka lebaka le le leng la liphatsa tsa lefutso le 60% ea phapang e batsi ea cortical (Schmitt et al., 2007). Lintho tse tšeletseng li ikarabella bakeng sa 58% ea phapang e setseng, ka lihlopha tse hlano tsa meaho tse susumetsoang ka matla ke mabaka a tšoanang a liphatsa tsa lefutso. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le radial unit hypothesis ea neocortical katoloso e reriloeng ke Rakic ​​(Rakic, 1995) mme ka maikutlo a kholo a hore phapang ea bokahohle e arotsoeng lipakeng tsa karohano ea lisele e ne e le sesosa sa likamano tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa bokhutšoanyane ba boko (Darlington et al., 1999; Finlay le Darlington, 1995; Fishell, 1997). Ho holisa kelello eohle ha ho ka khethoa mesebetsi e khethehileng feela ka theko e phahameng, empa palo ea liphetoho tse hlokahalang ho ama karohano ea lisele e tla fokola haholo ho feta kamoo ho hlokahalang ho fetola mokhatlo ka botlalo.

Liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo ho heritability li ka amana le nako ea polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le amanang le lilemo tsa ho qala ha mathata. Ka kakaretso, heritability e eketseha ka lilemo tsa WM mme e fokotseha ka lipalo tsa GM (Wallace et al., 2006), athe heritability e eketseha bakeng sa botenya ba cortical libakeng tse ka hare ho cortex ea pele, parietal, le lobes tsa nakoana (Lenroot et al., 2009). Tsebo ea ha methapo e meng ea boko e amehile haholo ka ts'usumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa tikoloho nakong ea ntlafatso e ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa thuto le / kapa tsa kalafo.

Pharologano ya banna / Basadi

Ka lebaka la hore hoo e batlang e le mathata ohle a amanang le methapo ea kutlo a na le phapang e fapaneng, lilemo tsa ho qaleha, le matšoao a lipakeng tsa banna le basali, liphapang tsa botona le botšehali ho li-trajectories tsa bongoana tsa nts'etsopele li bohlokoa haholo lithutong tsa pathology. Phapang e totobetseng ea thobalano e matla lithutong tsa tsoelo-pele e hlokomeloa hoo e batlang e le meaho eohle, ka litheko tsa bophahamo ba li-GM hangata li hlaha 1-3 lilemo pejana ho basali (Lenroot et al., 2007). Ho hlahloba liphallelo tse amanang le li-chromoshene tsa botona le botšehali, sehlopha sa rona se ithuta lithuto ka ho fapana ka mokhoa o sa khahliseng oa thobalano (mohlala, XXY, XXX, XXXY, XYY) (Giedd et al., 2007), hammoho le lithuto tse nang le li-hormone tse sa rateheng (mohlala, tlhaho ea adrenal hyperplasia, ho ba le ngoana ka boomo ba botona kapa botšehali, Cushing syndrome) (Merke et al., 2003, 2005).

Genetic e ikhethang

Joalo ka mokhoa o fe kapa o fe oa boits'oaro bo hlakileng, batho ka bomong ba ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse thehiloeng ho genotype. Litšoantšo tsa Brain tsa batho ba lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa genotype li ka fetoloa le ho bapisoa ka lipalo. Ho batho ba baholo, mofuta o mong o ithutoang khafetsa e bile apolipoprotein E (apoE), e emisang kotsi ea lefu la Alzheimer's. Bakuli ba 4 allele ea apoE ba na le menyetla e eketsehileng, athe bajari ba 2 allele ba ka ba kotsing e fokotsehileng. Ho fumana hore na li-akhaE tsaEE li na le li-signuro tse hlakileng tsa neuroanatomic tse tsebahalang bongoaneng le bohlankeng, re ile ra hlahloba lintlha tsa 529 ho tsoa lihloohong tsa 239 tse phetseng hantle tsa lilemo tsa 4-20 (Shaw et al., 2007c). Le ha ho ne ho se na litšebelisano tsa bohlokoa tsa IQ-genotype, ho bile le phello ea mohato ka botebo ba cortical libakeng tse kenang kahare le ka ho le letona tsa li-hippocampal, sehlopha sa 4 se bonts'a li-thinnest, 3 homozygotes bohareng, le sehlopha sa 2 se tebileng. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ka letsatsi le leng liteko tsa bana li ka ba tsa ruta mafu a ho qala ho ba motho e moholo.

Kakaretso / Puisano

Litaba tsa thuto e amanang le bophelo bo botle le bokuli li kenyelletsa bohlokoa ba ho nahana ka lits'ebetso tsa ntlafatso le phapang e kholo ea mehato ho batho ka bomong. Leha ho e-na le phapang e ngata e fapaneng le ea motho ka mong, mekhoa e mengata ea liphetoho tse shebahalang e le lipalo e bonahala. Haholo-holo, likhahla tsa WM li eketseha le lipalo tsa GM li latela mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa tsoelo-pele e nang le litlhoro tse phahameng tsa morao-rao libakeng tse hloahloa tse kang dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Liphetoho tsena tsa anatomiki li tsamaisana le li-electroencephalographic, MRI e sebetsang, postmortem le lithuto tsa neuropsychological tse bontšang "khokahano" e ntseng e eketseha bokong bo ntseng bo hola. "Khokahano" e na le lintlha tse ngata tsa "neuroscience". Lithutong tsa anatomic, khokahano e ka bolela khokahano ea 'mele pakeng tsa likarolo tsa boko tse arolelanang li-trajectories tse tloaelehileng tsa nts'etsopele. Boithuto ba tšebetso ea boko, khokahano e hlalosa kamano lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boko tse sebetsang hammoho nakong ea mosebetsi. Lithutong tsa lefutso, e bua ka libaka tse fapaneng tse susumetsoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa tikoloho. Mefuta ena eohle ea khokahano e eketseha nakong ea bohlankana. Ho tšoaea ho ntšetsopele ea neural circry le likamano tse fetohang lipakeng tsa likarolo tse arohaneng tsa bokong ke e 'ngoe ea libaka tse sebetsang haholo tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa neuroimaging joalo ka ha li hlalositsoe ke Matla et al. (2010) (makasine ena ea Neuron).

Leha libaka tse ling tsa mekhatlo e phahameng le tsona li holile hanyane ka hanyane, sebaka sa nts'etsopele sa dorsolateral preortal cortex se atlehile haholo puong e amang tikoloho e amang sechaba, melao, boahloli, botsoali le thuto ka lebaka la ho nka karolo ha ho ahlola, ho etsa liqeto le taolo ea tšusumetso. E boetse e tsamaisana le sehlopha se eketsehang sa lingoliloeng se bonts'ang phetoho e lekanang lipakeng tsa marang-rang a methapo ea methapo ea methapo (e leng setsi sa maikutlo, le likhokahano tsa morao-rao tsa mathule a morao-rao) le litsamaiso tsa pele tsa mathule (Casey et al., 2010a [makasine ena ea Neuron]). Kamano ea bokapele / ea maoto e matla haholo. Ho ananela puisano lipakeng tsa litsamaiso tsa maoto le kelello ho bohlokoa bakeng sa kutloisiso ea ho etsa liqeto nakong ea bocha.

Hangata liteko tsa kelello li etsoa tlas'a maemo a “hlokofatsang” - maemo a tlase, a maikutlo a tlase. Leha ho le joalo, ho etsa liqeto tsa lefats'e khafetsa ho etsahala hangata tlasa maemo a "boitsoaro bo chesang" - bo tsosa, ka khatello ea lithaka le litlamorao tsa nnete. Patlisiso e khahlisang e ntse e tsoela pele ho lemoha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho tse amehang mohopolong o chesang le o batang 'me li se li qalile ho supa kamoo likarolo tsa boko li kenyang letsoho liqetong tsa ho etsa liqeto. Mohlala, bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea "nucleus" e fetelletseng ea ts'ebetso ho phahamisa moputso ha e bapisoa le bana empa eseng phapang ts'ebetsong ea pele ea orbital (Galvan et al., 2006). Phetoho ea nako e telele ea PFC e boetse e bonts'itsoe e amana le ntlafatso e amanang le lilemo molemong oa lintlha tsa boiphihlelo (ho fapana le meetso ea nakoana ea mekoloto ea nama ea nama ea moea e sa bolokang mehopolo e sa utloisiseheng) (Ofen et al., 2007).

"Eto le sebaka seo u eang ho sona "se totobatsa sebopeho sa kelello sa kholo ea kholo le tšebetso ho bana. Nako ea bocha ke bohato bo bohlokoa haholo ba nts'etsopele ea neural, le kamano pakeng tsa liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa kholo le ho qala ha psychopathology sehlopheng sena sa lilemo ke sebaka sa lipatlisiso tse sebetsang. Ho qala hoa lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa mafu a kelello lilemong tsa bocha (mohlala, ho tšoenyeha le mathata a maikutlo, kelello, mathata a ho ja, le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi) (Kessler et al., 2005) e kanna ea amana le liphetoho tse ngata tsa boko tse etsahalang nakong ena (Paus et al., 2008). Ka ho hlaka, ho utloisisa methapo le tšusumetso ho ntlafatsong ea bokong le tšebetsong ea bongoana ho ka re thusa ho sebelisa bokhabane ba kelello ba boko ho thusa ho tataisa mehato ea likoluoa ​​tsa bongaka le ho hlakisa tsela ea ho phahamisa nts'etsopele e phetseng hantle.

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

Tlatsetso ea Tlatsetso

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

TLHOKOMELISO TLALI

Boitsebiso bo tlatsetso e kenyelletsa ho nahanoa ka mekhoa ea mekhoa mme e ka fumanoa le sengoloa sena inthaneteng ho doi: 10.1016 / j.neuron.2010.08.040.

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