Tsela ea ho utloisisa mokhoa oa ho laola methapo ea pelo (2013)

Curr Opin Neurobiol. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2014 Aug 1.

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inahaneloang

Mehopolo ea morao-rao ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi (mohlala, cocaine) le tseo eseng lithethefatsi (mohlala, papali ea papali ea chelete) e hlahisitse maikutlo a hore mekhoa ena ke sehlahisoa sa ho se lekane pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse tharo tse arohaneng empa tse sebelisanang: (a) se qholotsang, haholo amygdala- sistimi e ts'ehetsang, ea neural e khothalletsang boits'oarolo, boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo bobe; (b) mokhoa o bonts'ang, o itšetlehileng haholo ka sebopeho sa cortex, sa neural bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto, ho bolela litlamorao tsa boitšoaro le taolo ea thibelo; le (c) mohloli o kenyelletsang linaha tsa kutloisiso lipuisanong le ho etsa liqeto tse kenyang kotsi e sa tsejoeng le moputso. Litsamaiso tsena li ikarabella bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng (ke hore, ho beha pele sephetho sa nakoana sa khetho) ho lebisang kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla le ho oela hape. Sengoliloeng sena se fana ka bopaki ba neural bakeng sa mofuta ona oa mekhoa e meraro ea neural ea ho lemalla.

Selelekela

Hang ha motho a lahlehetsoe ke taolo holim'a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa litloaelo tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho ba le litlamorao tse mpe (mohlala, mathata a lichelete) ha li lebise phetohong e hlokahalang ea boits'oaro (mohlala, laola kapa ho khaotsa ho taoa kapa ho becha) [1]. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ho ba kotsing le / kapa phello e chefo ea lithethefatsi, ho nahanoa hore boemo bona ba 'maemo a tlase' bo sitisa mekhoa ea ho ithuta ea boits'oaro, ho itaola le ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng. Bakeng sa ho kopanya pono ea ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso e kopanyang liteko le liteko tsa bongaka, re fana ka maikutlo a hore litheko tsa lithethefatsi le boits'oaro li amana le litsamaiso tse senyehileng tsa neural forpower, e bolelang bokhoni ba ho khetha ho latela nako e telele, ho fapana le nako e khutšoane. , liphetho. Tšenyo ena e ka hlaha ho eng kapa eng kapa hokahaneng ea litsamaiso tse tharo tsa bohlokoa tsa neural: (a) ts'usumetso e matla, ts'usumetso ea amygdala-striatum, tsamaiso ea neural e khothalletsang liketso tse ikatisang le tse etsahalang; le (b) mokhoa o bonts'ang, o bonts'a Cortex ea pele, ts'ebetso ea neural bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto, ho bolela esale pele litlamorao tsa boitšoaro, taolo ea thibelo, le boitlhaselo; le (c) sistimi e hlophisitsoeng e tsamaeang le methapo, e fetolelang matšoao a maiketsetso, e sebelisang lintho tse ling (mohlala, ho lakatsa), e leng se ka etsang tšebetso ea sistimi e sa tsitsang, le / kapa ea fokolisa kapa ho hira lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomeliso tse tsamaeang le sepheo. e hlokahala bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea sistimi e bonts'ang. Boemong ba ts'ebetso, litšobotsi tsa li-neural tse sa sebetseng le tse bonts'ang seipone li bontša li-account tsa li-process tse peli; E mong o potlakile, a iketsa, 'me ha a tsebe letho' me e mong o lieha, o etsa ka boomo ebile oa tseba [2,3,4]. Insula e talingoa e le mokhoa oa 'heke' o arabelang ho litšila tse tsoang hae [5], le ho fetola liketso tsa litsamaiso tse peli [6]. Morero o ka sehloohong oa sengoloa sena ke ho hlakisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea boikhethelo bokhobeng, le ho hlahisa moralo o hlakileng o kopanyang lipalo tse 'maloa tsa patlisiso mabapi le ho lemalla.

Sistimi e sa susumetseng

Kamora nako ea nts'etsopele ea bokhoba, litloaelo tse amanang le tsona li laoloa butle-butle ke tlhahisoleseling e amanang le bokhoba boo ba bo fumaneng, ka mekhoa ea ho its'ebella ka Pavlovian le lisebelisoa tse matla, thepa ea ho hlahisa liketso le ho ts'oaroa ka boits'oaro [7,8]. Likarabo tsena tse potlakileng le tse entsoeng hampe ka lebaka la mekhoa e metle (mohlala, e ama, botlolo ea biri) e teng tikolohong e atamelane haholo le basal ganglia le likatsetso tsa bona tsa cortical [9]. Ka bomalimabe, mokhoa oa neural oa amygdala-striatal (dopamine) ke sebopeho sa bohlokoa bakeng sa litlamorao tse khothatsang tsa meputso e mengata eo e seng ea tlhaho (mohlala, lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive) le meputso ea tlhaho (mohlala, lijo) [10]. Sistimi ena e susumetsang e thata le e ikemetseng ea ho etsa liqeto, e sa hlokeng mohopolo oa kelello [11], e fetoloa ke lintho tse hlekefelitsoeng ka liphetoho mekhoeng ea phasic ea ts'ebetso ea dopamine ho ho saena hoa moputso le tšebetso ea tonic ea maemo a dopamine ho lumella le ho tsamaisa mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi ea makoloi le ea kelello [12,13]. Ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea dopamine ea mesolimbic, e susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e tiisa phetisetso ea boits'oaro, ho susumetsa ho ithuta, mekhoa ea tlhokomelo, le ho matlafatsoa ha mekhatlo ea litlamorao tsa ho matlafatsa [14,15,16]. Ka ts'ebetso e matla le ts'ebetso ea maemo a sebetsang, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (mohlala, khoele e hatellang lever ho amohela koae) e ka fetoha habonolo ho tsoa mekhatlong ea sephetho e lebisitsoeng ho sepheo, e hlokang tlhahiso ea sepheo e le sepheo, liketsong tse ikemetseng boleng ba hona joale ba sepheo [17], ka tsela eo e tšoaea boemo ba ho qobelloa [18]. Phetoho lipakeng tsa boits'oaro bo tataisitsoeng le bo qobelloang bo ne bo amahanngoa le likarolo tse ikhethang tsa polaniki ea sebopeho ka har'a dorsal ka bobeli [19,20 ••,21] le libaka tse haufi tsa boemo ba leholimo [20 ••] mme ts'ebetso ena e potlakisitsoe ke ho susumetsoa hoa lits'ebetso tsa dopaminergic [22]. Boemong ba ts'ebetso ea kelello, ts'ebeliso e tsoetseng pele ea lithethefatsi e baka tšusumetso ea mehopolo e amanang le "takatso" e amanang le tšusumetso [16], mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba e entsoe ka mokhoa o sa tsitsitseng mme e hapa tlhokomelo ea ba lemaletseng [23] le ho hlahisa mekhoa ea ho itloaetsa [16]. Lintlha tsena tsa kelello li hokahane le mohopolo oa khothatso ea maikutlo [8,24] e fanang ka maikutlo a hore, ka ho pheta-pheta liphihlelo tse khotsofatsang tsa takatso ea lijo, tekanyo eo lintho tse amanang le tšebeliso ea litabatabelo li 'batloang', e lakateloang le phello ea tsona e lebelletsoeng, e eketseha ka bongata ha e bapisoa le tekanyo eo li 'rateloang ka eona' (ke hore, ea nnete phetoho ea maikutlo), le hore karohano ena e ka eketseha butle-butle ka nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba tahi [8,24]. Ntle le tšebeliso e mpe ea sesapo ho litloaelo tse boletseng moputso oa lithethefatsi, ho lemalla ho bonts'oa ke maikutlo a fokotsehileng a meputso ea tlhaho [25,26 ••] joalo ka mohlala ho batho ba hlekefetsang koae bao meputso ea bona e sa amanang le koae e ka hlahisa tlasa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea mesocorticolimbic neural activation, joalo ka karabelo ea moputso oa chelete [27]. Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, sena sohle se fana ka karolo e sebetsang ho "striatum / amygdala complex" ka boits'oaro bo susumetsang le boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi.

Sistimi ea ho Thuisa

Le ha mokhoa (kapa oa ho qobella), oo e leng senotlolo sa ho hlahisa bonyane karolo ea 'ho batla' ho batla moputso, o kanna oa hlalosa karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea boits'oaro bo amanang le boits'oaro ba mekhoa, ho hlakile hore ha e hlalose hore na motho o laola joang boits'oaro ba hae. Ts'ebetso ena e bua ka ketso ea seo ho thoeng ke 'mokhoa oa ho bonahatsa', se hlokahalang ho laola litšusumetso tsena tsa mantlha le ho lumella ho phehella ho phehella ha lipheo tsa nako e telele.

Ketso ea sistimi e bonts'ang e its'epahalla ho ts'epahalla lits'ebetso tse peli tsa lits'ebetso tsa neural: sistimi ea tšebetso ea 'pholile' le e chesang '[28], leha boko bo sebetsa ka tloaelo, ho thata haholo ho arola lintho tse 'pholileng' le tse 'chesa', 'me neng kapa neng ha karohano ena e etsahala, qetello ke boitšoaro bo amanang le tšenyo ea cortex ea ventromedial prefrontal cortex kapa psychopathic / antisocial boitšoaro [29]. Mesebetsi e metle ea "Pholile" e kopantsoe ke marang-rang a boemo bo tlase bo tlase le ba dorsolateral frontostriatal le frontoparietal [30] hape e bua ka ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea memori e sebetsang joalo ka ho hlokomela le ho nchafatsa tlhahisoleseling e nepahetseng ('ntlafatso'), thibelo ea tšusumetso ea tšebetso ('inhibition'), le ho fetoha hoa kelello ('ho fetoha')31]. Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "Hot" e kopantsoe ke likarolo tsa paralimbic orbitomedial le ventromedial frontolimbic tse kenyelletsang ho tsitsitseng linaha tse itseng ho tloha mehopolong, tsebong, le tlhokomelong ea kelello, e lumellang ho kenya likarabo tse ngata tse amanang le maikutlo / maikutlo (tse ling) tse loantšanang; sephetho ke hore ho hlaha letšoao le nepahetseng kapa le fosahetseng ka kakaretso [32]. Kahoo, ho nka liqeto tse lekaneng ho bonts'a ho kopanya lintho tsa "crisitive" (ke hore, tse "pholileng 'mesebetsi), le bokhoni ba ho lekanya melemo ea nako e khuts'oane khahlano le tahlehelo ea nako e telele kapa sephetho se ka bang teng. ea ketso [33].

Ts'ebetso e ferekantsoeng "cortex ea" e bonts'ang pele e ka lebisa ho sitisoeng ha karabelo le tšenyo e sa tloaelehang ka ho lemalla, e fanang ka tlhaloso ea hore na hobaneng ho batla lithethefatsi le ho nka ts'usumetso e kholo ka ho etsa lits'ebetso tse seng tsa lithethefatsi [1]. Ka ho nyenyefatsa melao ea boitšoaro ka litsela tse fapaneng [34], liphokotso tsa mesebetsi e metle ea "pholile" e amang batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete [35] tseo ho nahanoang hore li eketsa lebelo la ho lemalla ka ho tlohela ho tlohela koae [36], papali ea chelete [37], nicotine [38], joala [39], le bothata bo mpefatsang ho becha [40 •], le ka ho eketsa khahleho ho tsoa kalafong [41]. Kameho ea lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa "hot" ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e bontšitsoe qalong lipatlisisong tsa kliniki le baahi ba nang le ts'enyehelo libakeng tsa pele tsa lobe hammoho le lithuto tse nahanang tse hlakisang lebaka le ka bang le neural la e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ena [32,42]. Kamora ho senyeha hoa tikoloho e pharalletseng ea cortex ea pele, batho ba neng ba tloaetse ho ikoetlisa hantle ba se ba sa khone ho boloka likopano tsa boithabiso le ho nka qeto ka litaba tsa bona.43]. Sebopeho sa liphokojoe tsena se senotse hore sebaka sa vmPFC se sebetsa e le khokahano lipakeng tsa (a) karolo e itseng ea ketsahalo e thehiloeng ho lirekoto tsa memori ho li-cortices tse kholo tsa li-cortices ho (b) likarolo tse hlahisang karabelo ea maikutlo [42]. Tšenyo ho lits'ebetso tse amang maikutlo le / kapa memori li beha bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto tse molemo [43]. Mesebetsi ea Papali ea Papali ea Iowa (IGT) [44], e neng e qaliloe ho fuputsa bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto tsa bakuli ba methapo bophelong ba 'nete bo bontšitsoe hore bo kenella likarolo tsa ho etsa liqeto tse susumetsoang ke ho ama maikutlo le maikutlo [42]. IGT e bona ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea liqeto ho batho ba nang le mefuta e mengata ea lithethefatsi ha ba bapisoa le lihlopha tse se nang mathata [taolo]45]. Mohlala, ho bacha ba bang, ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng tse pakiloeng ke IGT ho ka etsa hore mathata a tšebeliso ea joala a qale ho qala.46].

Litsamaiso tsa Neural tse matlafatsang ts'usumetso le ho fokolisa taolo ea boitšoaro: The Insula

Cortex ea insular e sa tsoa hlaha e le sebopeho sa bohlokoa sa neural se phethang karolo ea bohlokoa ho theheng maemeli a kopanyang, a bohlokoa bakeng sa maikutlo a nkehileng maikutlo [5,6,47]. Ho feta moo, haufinyane ho phehisanoa khang ea hore cortex e sa ratoang e ka kenya letsoho ho qaleng le ho boloka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka ho fetolela matšoao a nahanang ho seo motho a le mong a se utloang e le maikutlo a takatso, tebello, kapa khothatso [6,48 ••]. Boithuto ba ho ts'oara bo paka ts'ebetso kahare ho ts'usumetso e lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa lithuto kapa takatso ea koae, koae, joala le heroine [5,6,48 ••]. Marang-rang a lematsang mookotaba hangata a hlakola takatso ea ho tsuba ho batho ba neng ba lemaletse ho tsuba [49]. Phuputsong ena, batho ba tsubang ba nang le ts'enyo ea kelello e amanang le insula ba ne ba na le menyetla e fetang ea 100 ho feta ba tsubang ba nang le ts'enyo ea kelello e sa amaneng le insula e nang le 'pherekano ea ho tsuba', e tsebahalang ka ho khona ho tlohela ho tsuba habonolo le hanghang, ntle le ho khutlela mokhoeng hape , 'me ntle le ho phehella takatso ea ho tsuba [49]. Liphetho tsena li ts'ehetsa conceptualization e ncha ea e 'ngoe ea mekhoa eo moelelo o nkang karolo ho ts'oereng temallo (bona Setšoantšo sa 1).

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Sisteme ea methapo ea methapo e bonts'ang karolo e sebetsang ea lits'ebetso tse tharo tsa bohlokoa tsa neural ka ho lemalla: (1) Sisteme ea amygdala-striatal neural, eo re e bitsitseng "tsamaiso e sa qobelloeng", e thabisa sistimi ea moputso oa moetlo ...

Cortex ea insular ('me hangata e ka ba insula ea ka ntle) e arabela lipontšo tsa ho buisana (ka lebaka la ho se leka-lekane ha homeostatic, boemo ba ho imeloa, khatello ea maikutlo, ho hloka boroko, joalo-joalo). Ntle le phetolelo ea matšoao ana a kopantsoeng ho se ka bang le tsebo e ts'oanang ea ho ba maikutlo a 'ho khothaletsa' kapa 'ho lakatsa', re nahana hore ts'ebetso ea "cortex" e kenelletseng e eketsa ts'ebetso le ts'usumetso ea ho tsuba (kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa ho becha) (a) ka ho susumetsa kapa ho mpefatsa mosebetsi wa tloaelo / tsamaiso e sa tsitsang; le (b) ka ho senya mekgwa ea PFC bakeng sa tlhokomelo, ho beha mabaka, ho rera le ho etsa liqeto, tse hlokahalang ho theha merero ea ts'ebetso ea ho batla le ho fumana koae kapa lithethefatsi [50 •]. Ka mokhoa o fapaneng, lipontšo tsena tse nang le kutloisiso li na le bokhoni ba ho "ts'oara" lisebelisoa tsa kelello tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho fana ka taolo ea ho thibela khatello ea ho tsuba kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ka ho sitisa (kapa 'ho utsoa') ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea pele. Leha bopaki bo matla ba 'mele bo ntse bo hlokahala ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, ho na le lithuto tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello tse tšehetsang pono ena. Taba ea mantlha, "insula ea kahara" e na le likhokahanyo tsa "concyctional" har'a ba bang, amygdala, ventral striatum le orbito-frontal cortex, 'me ho bile le khang ea hore ho se leka-lekane ha lapeng ho amanang le likarolo tse itseng tsa kelello (mohlala, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo) e amohetsoe ke insula, eo le eona e fetisang tšusumetso litsong tse ling tsa neural [51]. Taba ea bobeli, liphuputso tse ling li bonts'itse hore litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi li sitisa taolo ea mantlha ka ho senya likarolo tsa boko tseo e leng likarolo tsa pele-parietal, le li-network tsa cingulate-opercular [52 •], tseo hape e leng likarolo tsa seo re se hlalositseng e le mokhoa oa ho bonts'a maikutlo. Ntle le moo, litheko tsa lithethefatsi li etsa hore ts'ebetso ea boko e eketsehe haholoanyane libakeng tse kenyellelitsoeng molemong oa ho hlohlelletsa (litheko tsa morao-rao tsa mesial orbito-frontal cortex le ventral striatum, e leng karolo ea seo re se hlalositseng e le sistimi e sa tsitsang), le ho se sebetse libakeng tse lipakeng tsa lipakeng. cortex ea pele le tse boletsoeng esale pele li susumetsoa ke tšusumetso ea ho etsa qeto e itseng (e leng likarolo tsa seo re neng re re ke sistimi e bonts'ang)53]. Leha ho le joalo ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na ts'ebetso ena e kopantsoe le takatso kapa takatso ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, hape e kenelletse ka har'a insula [54]. Qetellong, ho tšoana le batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng [55], liketsahalo tse phetoang khafetsa tsa ho lakatsa li boetse li fella ka tlhophiso e hlophisitsoeng ea lipotoloho tsa corticostriatal le hypertrophy ea lipotoloho tse tsamaellanang le sensorimotor striatum), e ka etsang liqeto tse tsamaisoang haholo ke maano a tloaelo. Liphetho tsena kaofela li fana ka tšehetso ea mantlha mochining oa rona o reriloeng mabapi le tšebelisano ea insula ka litsamaiso tse hohelang le tse hlakileng tsa neural. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse matlafatsang li ntse li hlokahala, 'me patlisiso ena e lokela ho fana ka ts'episo e ncha ea ho utloisisa ho etsa liqeto tse mpe ho batho ba lemaletseng.

Litlaleho tsa morao-rao tsa theoretical [26 ••,56] ho nts'etsapele hore ho se sebetse hantle ha mekhoa ea ho hohlola ho ka boela ha sitisa temohisiso, e leng se ka nkang sebopeho sa ho se lemohe bokuli (ke hore, ho hloka temohisiso). Ka sebele, ho tseba hore na ho hlokahala kalafo ho ama batho ba fokolang haholo ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla.57], e ka bonts'ang ho se sebetse hantle lits'ebetsong tsa kelello le lipotoloho tse ka tlase tsa boitlhokomeliso [56]. Ho nyahlatsa ho teba ha bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho ka baka tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tsa batho bana, moo taolo ea tšebeliso e khaoang haholo. Bokhoni ba temohisiso bo sa sebetseng bo ka hakanyetsoa ka tlhahlobo ea bokhoni ba metacognition, bo bolelang bokhoni ba rona ba ho khetholla bo nepahetseng ho tsoa ts'ebetsong e fosahetseng. Likarohano lipakeng tsa boitlhahlobo le boits'oaro ba 'nete bo teng li sebelisitsoe ho basebelisi ba koae [26 ••,58], bathong ba nang le joala [59], ka ts'ehetso ea nicotine [60], lithutong tse itšetlehileng ka methamphetamine [61] le ba hlekefetsang ba bang ba matekoane a matekoane [62], hammoho le ho papali ea papali ea chelete [63 •], mme e fumanoe e na le tšusumetso molemong oa ho lula o sa thijoa, mohlala, joala [64]. Tekanyo ena e sa tloaelehang ea ho ikarola e fumanoang ho batho ba lemaletseng lipakeng tsa boemo ba 'ntho' le boemo ba 'meta' e hlahisitse monyetla oa hore tlhahlobo e mpe ea litaba e lebisa ketsong e mpe le ho etsa liqeto le ho etsa liqeto [65]. Leha ho le joalo, ho sa na le ho hongata ho lokelang ho etsoa ho tseba hore na litsamaiso tsa rostral le dorsal pre mbeleal cortex neural li sebelisana joang le matšoao a ho buisana ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea kahlolo, le ho matlafatsa taolo ea kelello ea ho etsa liqeto, ho hopola, le kutloisiso ea motho ea sebetsang ka har'a barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle [66le litlamong [26 ••]. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, insula ke sebaka sa mantlha sa ho amohela matšoao a maiketsetso, empa ka lehlakoreng le leng moelelo o hokahane le libaka tse pharalletseng tsa cortex ea pele, ka hona tšebelisano ena ea pele-pele e kanna ea kopanngoa le ts'ebetso.26 ••,67].

Qeto le lintlha tsa nako e tlang

Ho sibolloa ha karolo ea bohlokoa ea mochini oa ho kenya ts'ebetsong tlhekefetso ea ho tsuba ha ho nyenyefatse mosebetsi oa semina o hlahisitsoeng ho fihlela joale mabapi le likarolo tsa likarolo tse ling tsa potoloho ea neural e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea tšenyo, le tšusumetso ea mathata a taolo ka kakaretso, haholo-holo tsamaiso ea mesolimbic dopamine (ts'usumetso) mokhoa oa tloaelo), le preortal cortex (tsamaiso ea taolo e phahameng). Ho sebetsana le karolo ea setsi sa polokeho feela ho tlatselletsa mosebetsi ona oa pele, mme e ntšetsa pele maiteko a rona a ho fumana mekhoa e meng ea kalafo ea ho phekola litšitiso tse 'maloa tsa taolo ea tšusumetso, ho kenyelletsa ho khaola moetlo oa ho lemalla. Tse hlakileng ka ho fetesisa ke hore phekolo e fetola ts'ebetso ea boroko, e ka etsa hore ho be bobebe ho hlola temallo ea motho le mathata a mang a taolo a susumetsang [48 ••,68]. Sena se ka etsoa ka ho qapa mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo ea meriana e lebisang li-receptor kahare, mekhoa e hlaselang e joalo ka ts'usumetso e matla ea bokong, kapa mekhoa e sa hlaseleng e joalo ka tšusumetso ea matla a khoheli a pheta-phetang [69,70 •]. Khetho e 'ngoe empa e lumellanang ke ho sebelisa litlhare tse etselitsoeng ho ntlafatsa tlhokomeliso ea' mele, joalo ka thupelo ea biofeedback kapa ho thuisa ho tsepameng 'meleng [48 ••]. Sena se ka sebetsa hantle ho batho ba lemaletseng ba nang le boikoetliso bo fokolang ba 'mele kapa pono e fosahetseng ea leseli lena (temohisiso e fosahetseng) [56] le ba itšetlehang ka mehloli e seng ea maikutlo ho tsamaisa lits'ebetso tsa ho etsa liqeto [48 ••], mohlomong ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea neural e kenyelletsang insula le medial prefrontal cortex [71]. Mekhoa ea boithuto ea kelello e shebileng ho fetoleloa ka mokhoa o lekaneng oa ho kenya maikutlo e ka ba molemo ho ba lemaletseng bao polelo e tlase le pono e fokolang ba itšetlehileng ka pontšo e khotsofatsang ea linaha tse ntle tsa 'mele, ketso eo ka boits'oaro e sebetsang ka ts'ebetso ea insula / striatal / amygdala net [68].

​ 

Lintlha-khōlō Tsa

  • -
    Ho etsa liqeto tse sa sebetseng ke tšobotsi ea boitšoaro bo lematsang.
  • -
    Lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa neural li tsamaisa boitšoaro bo lematsang.
  • -
    "Striatum," cortex ea pele le tšubuhlellano ke likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa neural.
  • -
    Litloaelo tse tlatsetsang li bonts'a ho leka-lekana ha ts'ebetso ho li-system tsena tsa bohlokoa tsa neural.
  • -
    Insula e ka ba senotlolo sa bohloeki ba ho kenella ho phekola bokhoba.

Ho ananela

Patlisiso ea mantlha e tšehetsang moralo oa 'nete o hlalositsoeng sengoloa sena e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso ho Antoine Bechara oa Setsi sa Naha sa Tsireletso ea Lithethefatsi (R01 DA023051), Setsi sa Naha sa Neurological Disorder and Stroke (P50 NS19632), le Setsi sa Naha sa Kankere ( R01CA152062). Ngaka Xavier Noël ke Mokhatlo oa Lipatlisiso oa Letlole la Mahlale la Belgium (FRS / FNRS). Damien Brevers ke Mofumahali oa Lipatlisiso oa Letlole la Mahlale la Belgium (FRS / FNRS).

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

Likarabo le ho bala ho khothalletsoang

Lingoloang tsa lithahasello tse khethehileng, tse phatlalalitsoeng nakong ea tlhahlobo, li hlakisitsoe e le:

• ea lithahasello tse khethehileng

• • ea khahlisang

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