J Behav Addict. 2016 Dec; 5 (4): 614-622. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.5.2016.079. Epub 2016 Pherekhong 10.
Konkolÿ Thege B1,2, Hodgins DC1, TC e hlaha3.
inahaneloang
Ka morao le sepheo
Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le (a) ho hlalosa ho ata ha mathata a masoha le a mangata a ho lemalla joala ka sampole e kholo ea baemeli le (b) ho khetholla lihlotšoana tse fapaneng tsa batho ba nang le mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro.
Mohlala o sa reroang oa ba arabelitsoeng ba 6,000 ba tsoang Alberta, Canada, ba qetile lintlha tsa lipatlisiso tse lekolang mathata a boithati a ileng a ba teng selemong se fetileng ka lintho tse 'ne (joala, koae, matekoane le k'hok'heine) le boits'oaro bo tšeletseng (papali ea chelete, ho ja, ho ea mabenkeleng, thobalano, video dipapadi, le mosebetsi). Liphuputso tsa sehlopha sa mehleng ea khale li ne li sebelisetsoa ho arola mefuta ea mathata a bakoang ke ho lemalla joala ho tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea batho ba 2,728 ba arabileng (basali ba 1,696 le banna ba 1032; Mdilemo = Lilemo tse 45.1, SDdilemo = Lilemo tse 13.5) ea tlalehileng mathata ka e le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa tsa boitšoaro bo lemalloang selemong se fetileng.
Mo sampoleng e felletseng, 49.2% ea ba arabelitsoeng ba tlalehile zero, 29.8% e tlalehile e le 'ngoe, 13.1% e tlalehile tse peli, mme 7.9% e tlalehile mathata a mararo kapa ho feta a selemo se fetileng. Liphetho tsa Cluster-analytic li hlahisitse tharollo ea sehlopha sa 7. Litho tsa lihlopha tse ngata li ne li khetholloa ka mathata a mangata a ho lemalla lithethefatsi; palo e tloaelehileng ea boitšoaro bo lemalloang selemong se fetileng ho litho tsa sehlopha e ne e le lipakeng tsa 1 (Cluster II: ho ja haholo) le 2.5 (Cluster VII: papali e fetelletseng ea video e bapalang le ketsahalo e ts'oanang ea ho tsuba, ho ja haholo le mosebetsi).
Liphuputso tsa rona li pheta liphetho tse fetileng tse bonts'ang hore halofo ea batho ba baholo ba loana le bonyane boitšoaro bo le bong bo feteletseng selemong se fanoeng; leha ho le joalo, litlhahlobo tsa rona li senotse palo e phahameng ea lihlopha tse lemalloang tse kopaneng ho feta tse fumanoang lithutong tse fetileng.
Selelekela
Lithethefatsi ke maemo a bophelo bo sa feleng a bophelo bo amanang le litlamorao tse ngata tse mpe maemong a motho ka mong le a baahi. Tsena li kenyelletsa, empa ha li felle feela, sekhahla se phahameng sa ho kula le ho shoa ha motho ea lemaletseng lithethefatsi, likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle le tsa lichelete bakeng sa litho tsa lelapa kapa tsa sechaba, le litjeo tse eketsehileng tsa moruo le sechaba sechabeng ka kakaretso (Boiteko le Mann, 2013; McGinnis le Foege, 1999; Ke masoha, Robson, Xie, & Rehm, 1998). Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ke tse ling tsa mafu a kelello a atileng haholo, haholo ha ho nahanoa hore ho lemalla boitšoaro (Sussman, Lisha, & Griffiths, 2011). Le ha likhopolo, likhakanyo le mekhahlelo ea litloaelo tsa boitšoaro li phehisanoe ka matla, ho na le tumellano e hlahang ea hore e ts'oana le mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi ha a ntse a hlahisa meputso ea nako e khuts'oane e khothalletsang boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, leha ho na le tsebo ea litlamorao tse mpe (Demetrovics & Griffiths, 2012; Grant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010; Karim le Chaudhri, 2012; Mudry et al., 2011).
Palo e ntseng e eketseha ea boits'oaro e nahanoa e le lithethefatsi ha tšimo e fetoha. Tsena li fapana le boits'oaro boo hona joale bo nkoang e le lithethefatsi tse molaong [mohl., Papali ea chelete le bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete (Hellman, Schoenmaker, Nordstrom, & van Holst, 2013; Wong & Hodgins, 2014)] ka boitšoaro bo tsekisano [mohlala, thelevishene, thobalano le lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa (Clarkson & Kopaczewski, 2013; Garcia & Thibaut, 2010; Sussman le Moran, 2013)], ho “lemalla” lintho tse inahaneloang haholo (mohlala, lerato, ho qhibilihisa letlalo, kapa ho lemalla ho utsoa mabenkeleng (Kourosh, Harrington, le Adinoff, 2010; Shulman, 2003; Sussman, 2010)]. Ho latela pono ea bongaka, tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a boits'oaro bona e ka lebisa ho hlokomoloheng boikarabello ba boikarabello le boits'oaro bo sireletsang bophelo bo botle hammoho le likhohlano tsa batho le / kapa likotsi tse tobileng 'meleng. Ketsahalo ea boits'oaro bo fokotsehileng leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe ke e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tse kopanyang mohopolo ona o pharaletseng, e leng ho etsang hore ho be bonolo ho talima mesebetsi ena e fapaneng e le makhoba a boitšoaro (kapa ts'ebetso)Mudry et al., 2011).
Bokhoba ha se hangata bo hlahang bo le bong. Lingaka li hlokometse hore lithethefatsi li etsahala hangata ho motho a le mong le hore ho ka ba le tsoelo-pele e hlophisehileng ho tloha ho ba le mathata le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ho ea ho loana le e mong (Gossop, 2001; Haylett, Stephenson, & Lefever, 2004). Ho feta moo, ha ho bapisoa le batho ba nang le bothata bo le bong ba boitšoaro bo lemalloang, batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea kotsi ba kotsing e kholo ea liphetho tse mpe - ho kenyeletsoa ho hlekefetsoa, boemo bo futsanehileng ba bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, kapa le ho ipolaea (Rush, Urbanoski, Bassani, Castel, & Wild, 2010). Ntle le moo, ha lithethefatsi li etsahala, li ka sebelisana, tsa thatafatsa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng le kalafo e sebetsang; mohlala, boits'oaro bo bong bo fetelletseng bo ka koahela bokhoba bo bong kapa bokhoba bo bong bo ka fapanyetsana (Freimuth et al., 2008).
Leha ho na le lintlha tsena, bafani le kalafo ea kalafo ea bokhoba ba tahi hangata ha ba hlahlobe litaba tsa comorbidity (haholo-holo tse amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro) mme ka lebaka leo ha li fane ka lits'ebetso tse kopaneng ho sa natsoe monyetla oa tsona o hlakileng ho feta litšebeletso tse fanoang ka tatellano kapa ka tatellano (Rush et al., 2010). Ho feta moo, leha litefiso tse phahameng tsa ts'ebeliso e kopaneng li builoe ka lingoliloeng tse matlafatsang, boholo ba mosebetsi ona bo hatisa mathata a kopanang le lintho tse ling mme hangata ha bo kenyeletse litloaelo tsa boitšoaro.
Ke sehlopha se fokolang feela sa lipatlisiso se rarollotseng litlatsetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro. Ho sebelisa mokhoa o sa fetoheng (ke hore, factor-analytic), Stephenson, Maggi, Lefever, le Morojele (1995) e hlahlobile liketsahalo tse kopaneng lipakeng tsa boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba sampole ea bongaka. Bangoli ba supile ntlha ea "kholiso" (mohlala, ho ja haholo, ho ea mabenkeleng, ho ikoetlisa, ho sebetsa kapa ho sebelisa k'hafeine) le "hedonism" (mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea joala, nicotine, lithethefatsi tsa boithabiso, kapa papali ea chelete le boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba thobalano). Haylett et al. (2004) o lekile ho pheta liphuputso tsena a sebelisa mokhoa o ts'oanang oa boits'oaro mme a tlaleha lihlopha tse 'ne: "boitlhokomelo mabapi le boitlhokomelo" (mohlala, ho ja haholo, ho ea mabenkeleng kapa ts'ebeliso ea caffeine), "boitlhokomelo bo bong" le ho thusa ka qobello), "hedonism e batlang maikutlo" (mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa boithabiso, lithethefatsi tse fanoang ke ngaka le nicotine), le "hedonism e amanang le puso" (mohlala, boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba thobalano le papali ea chelete). Lochner et al. (2005) o batlisitse mefuta e meng ea boits'oaro / mathata setsing sa bongaka mme a supa lihlopha tse tharo tse khetholloang ke "khaello ea moputso" (mohlala, trichotillomania, papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete, le lefu la hypersexual), "ho se tsotelle" (mohlala, ho qobella ho ea mabenkeleng, kleptomania le ho ja haholo) , le mathata a "somatic" (ho kenyeletsoa mathata a somatoform). Ba bang ba supile lihlopha tse peli feela mecheng ea bacha eo e seng ea bongaka ha ba sekaseka ketsahalo e kopaneng ea boits'oaro bo fetelletseng: sehlopha "se sa lemalloang" le sehlopha se "sebetsang ka thata, bapala ka thata" (mohlala, boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba thobalano, boikoetliso, kapa tšebeliso ea inthanete) (Sussman et al., 2014).
Patlisiso e felletseng sebakeng sena e na le moeli ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea mehlala e menyenyane le / kapa ea lilemo tse itseng (Sussman et al., 2014; Villella et al., 2011; Ka ho hlakileng, Chalmers, & Busseri, 2004), Thibelo e thibetsoeng ea mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro (Freimuth et al., 2008; Sussman et al., 2011), 'me e tsepamisitse maikutlo (ke hore, factor-analytic) ho fapana le mekhoa ea motho (mohlala, cluster analytic). Ho sebetsana le mefokolo ena, sepheo sa pele sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho hlalosa ho ata ha mathata a le mong khahlanong le a mangata a ho lemalla ho sebelisa sampole e kholo, e emelang le boits'oaro bo fapaneng le boits'oaro. Ka ho etsa joalo, re amohetse beha mafu a seoa mokhoa oa ho itšoara ka tsela e lemalloang (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). Lay epidemiology e sisinya hore "… likarolo tsa matšoao a matšoao, thuto ea maikutlo, thuto ea bongaka, le lefu la seoa li na le likarolo tse khethollang mehopolong le mesebetsing ea batho ba kantle ho sechaba sa bongaka".Davison, Smith, & Frankel, 1991, leq. 6). Ho latela pono ena, lipatlisiso tse hlophisitsoeng tsa litšitiso tse entsoeng ke sechaba ka maemo a bophelo li ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le hore na li baka likotsi joang le mokhoa oa ho qapa mekhoa ea ho kenella (Lawlor, Frankel, Shaw, Ebrahim, & Smith, 2003). Morero oa bobeli oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho khetholla lihlotšoana tse ikhethileng tsa batho ba nang le bothata bo le bong kapa a mang a amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro le ho hlahloba hore na litho tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa tahi li fapana joang le litšobotsi tsa sechaba le bophelo ba kelello.
mekhoa
Barupeluoa le tsamaiso
Phuputso ea 2009 Alberta Addiction e kentse likarolo tse peli, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsamaisa lintho tse tšoanang tsa phuputso. Taba ea mantlha, patlisiso ea inthaneteng ea litho tsa batho ba baholo ba 4,000 Alberta (Canada) (ba lilemo li 18+) tsa sehlopha se hlophisitsoeng sa lipatlisiso (Ipsos Canada Online Panel) se ile sa hiroa. Khothaletso e lebisitsoeng, e ipapisitse le tlhaiso-leseling ea Census ea Canada ea 2006, e ne e behiloe bakeng sa lilemo, tekano le sebaka, mme sampole e emelang, e emetseng ea litho tsa phanele e ile ea romelloa limemo tsa ho nka karolo phuputsong. Ho holisa pokello ea nalane ea mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng, le ho leka-lekanya leeme le ka bang teng ho hlahisitsoe ke pokello ea lintlha tsa inthanete (Granello & Wheaton, 2004), tlhahlobo ea mohala e thusitsoeng ka khomphutha ea sampole e eketsehileng ea batho ba baholo ba 2,000 Alberta le eona e entsoe ka 2010. Lintlha tse ling tsa mokhoa oa phuputso li hlalositsoe libakeng tse ling (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015).
Ho sebetsana le sepheo sa rona sa pele sa lipatlisiso, pokello ea lihlahisoa tsa marang-rang tse kopaneng tsa inthanete le tsa mohala (N = 6,000) e sebelisitsoe. Lits'ebeletso tsa mantlha tsa data tsa pele li ne li imeloa ka boikemelo ho netefatsa hore tikoloho, lilemo, le bong li bonts'a batho ba Alberta ba lilemo li 18 kapa ho feta ho latela data ea 2006 Census. Leha litšobotsi tsa sechabeng (ntle le thobalano le lekeno) le ketsahalo ea boits'oaro bo nang le mathata (ntle le ho reka haholo le mosebetsi) li ne li fapana ka har'a li-data tse peli, boholo ba liphapang tsena bo ile ba oela maemong a sa tsotelleng; mokhelo feela e ne e le boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba thobalano moo Cramer's V (0.11) e ne e le kaholimo ho moeli oa boholo bo sa tsotelleng le bo bonyenyane. Tlhatlhobo e qaqileng ea phapang ea mokhoa oa phuputso ea mehlala ena e tlalehiloe kae kapa kae (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015).
Ho sebetsana le sepheo sa rona sa bobeli sa lipatlisiso, re thehile tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e nang le ba arabelitsoeng ba tlalehileng mathata a le mong kapa a fetang a lemallo selemong se fetileng. Mohlala o felletseng (N = 6,000) le sampole e sebelisetsoang ho kopanya (n = 2,728; 45.5%) e ne e fapane ho fapana le litšobotsi tsohle tsa maemo a bophelo; leha ho le joalo, boholo ba litlamorao tsa liphapang li oele hape ka bongata bo sa tsotelleng kapa bo nyane (Tafole 1). Ntle le moo, ho sub-sampling ea analytic, batho ba 1,850 (67.8% ea subsample) ba ile ba hiroa e le karolo ea patlisiso ea marang-rang mme batho ba 878 (32.2% ea sampole) e ne e le barupeluoa ba patlisiso ea mohala, e neng e nahana ka boholo ba mehlala ea pele tsa mohala (n = 2,000, 33.3%) le inthaneteng (n = 4,000, 66.6%) disampole - hape e supa hore mehlala ea mohala le ea inthanete ka kakaretso e ne e ka bapisoa le bongata ba bokhoba ba tahi. Litšobotsi tsa sociodemographic tsa sampole e felletseng le sampole ea analytic e sebeliselitsoeng tlhahlobo ea sehlopha li akaretsoe ho Lethathamo 1.
|
Tafole ea 1. Litšoaneleho tsa sechaba tsa mehlala
| Kakaretso ea sampole (e boima) | Mohlala o nang le bothata bo le bong ba bokhoba ba tahi (bo sa imeloang) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) /M (SD) | N (%) /M (SD) | ||
| N | 6,000 (100.0) | 2,728 (100.0) | |
| Sex | χ2 = 123.6, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.12 | ||
| Male | 2,994 (49.9) | 1,032 (37.8) | |
| Female | 3,006 (50.1) | 1,696 (62.2) | |
| Age | 44.5 (15.1) | 44.1 (13.5) | U = 8741865.5, p = .679, r <.01 |
| Phumano ea thuto | U = 8468646.5, p <.001, r = .04 | ||
| Sehlopha sa 9 kapa tlase (1) | 63 (1.1) | 30 (1.1) | |
| Sekolo se seng se phahameng (2) | 309 (5.2) | 160 (5.9) | |
| Diploma ea sekolo se phahameng (3) | 915 (15.3) | 454 (16.6) | |
| Tse ling tsa khoebo ea univesithi, ea koleche kapa ea morao-rao / botekgeniki (4) | 1,358 (22.7) | 660 (24.2) | |
| Khoebo ea koleche kapa ea morao-rao / diploma ea tekheniki (5) | 1,537 (25.6) | 731 (26.8) | |
| Sekolo sa undergarduate se phethetsoeng (6) | 1,110 (18.5) | 427 (15.7) | |
| Liithuti tse phethetsoeng univesithi kapa degree ea profeshenale (7) | 701 (11.7) | 265 (9.7) | |
| boemo lenyalo | χ2 = 25.5, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.05 | ||
| Lenyalo / molao o tloaelehileng | 3,995 (66.9) | 1,773 (65.2) | |
| Arohane (a-cha) / hlalane | 624 (10.5) | 378 (13.9) | |
| Mohlolohali | 192 (3.2) | 87 (3.2) | |
| Ha a nyale / ha a nyaloe | 1,155 (19.4) | 480 (17.7) | |
| Boemo ba mosebetsi | χ2 = 49.4, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.07 | ||
| Ke hiriloe 30 hr ka beke kapa ho feta | 3,285 (55.1) | 1,474 (54.2) | |
| Ke hiriloe ka tlase ho 30 hr ka beke | 637 (10.7) | 308 (11.3) | |
| Ha ba sebetse | 355 (5.9) | 187 (6.9) | |
| seithuti se | 246 (4.1) | 91 (3.3) | |
| pensheneng | 782 (13.1) | 287 (10.6) | |
| Ho se sebetse ka lebaka la bokooa | 242 (4.1) | 184 (6.8) | |
| Other | 417 (7.0) | 188 (6.9) | |
| Chelete ea selemo le selemo ea lelapa pele ho lekhetho | U = 6340414.5, p = .067, r = .02 | ||
| Tlas'a $ 20,000 (1) | 302 (5.9) | 148 (6.3) | |
| $ 20,000- $ 29,999 (2) | 318 (6.2) | 160 (6.8) | |
| $ 30,000- $ 39,999 (3) | 421 (8.2) | 200 (8.6) | |
| $ 40,000- $ 49,999 (4) | 485 (9.4) | 230 (9.8) | |
| $ 50,000- $ 59,999 (5) | 504 (9.8) | 235 (10.1) | |
| $ 60,000- $ 69,999 (6) | 416 (8.1) | 176 (7.5) | |
| $ 70,000- $ 79,999 (7) | 417 (8.1) | 185 (7.9) | |
| $ 80,000- $ 89,999 (8) | 406 (7.9) | 194 (8.3) | |
| $ 90,000- $ 99,999 (9) | 406 (7.9) | 174 (7.4) | |
| $ 100,000 kapa ho feta (10) | 1,459 (28.4) | 636 (27.2) |
Phuputso e kenyellelitse lintho tse lekolang bong ba bankakarolo, lilemo, boemo ba thuto, boemo ba lenyalo, mosebetsi le lekeno (Tafole 1 e hlalosa likhetho tsa karabelo bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintho tsena tsa sechaba). Ho tse ling tsa litlhahlobo, mefuta-futa ea maemo a bophelo e ile ea hlophisoa ka mekhahlelo e fokolang ho ntlafatsa ho hlaka (Tafole 3). Phuputso e boetse e kenyelelitse lipotso mabapi le lintho tse 'ne (joala, koae, matekoane le tšebeliso ea k'hok'heine) le boits'oaro bo tšeletseng (bothata ba papali ea chelete, ho ja, ho ea mabenkeleng, boits'oaro ba thobalano, papali ea video le mosebetsi) tse hlahisitsoeng ka tatellano ho motho e mong le e mong ea arabang, ho sa tsotelehe ea mokhoa oa phuputso. Tumellanong le ho hatisa ha rona mafu a seoa, ke hore, maikutlo a sechaba ka mathata a tahi ho fapana le matšoao le matšoao a fumanoang ke litsebi (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015), Tlhaloso e fanoe bakeng sa boits'oaro bo bong le bo bong ba mathata (Tafole 2), e neng e reretsoe ho hlalosa ka botebo "mathata" a ikhethileng bakeng sa lintho le boits'oaro ntle le ho sebelisa lentsoe "ho lemalla" ho qoba ho arabela hape. Ho lekola ketsahalo ea boits'oaro bo fetelletseng bo kenyellelitsoeng, potso e le 'ngoe ("Ha re nahana ka bophelo ba hau, na o kile oa ba le bothata ka [boits'oaro ba mathata]?") E sebelisitsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro ea likarabo tse fumanehang ("Che"; "Ee , empa eseng likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng ”; le“ E, likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng ”). Kaha, thutong ena re ile ra tsepamisa mohopolo ketsahalong e kopaneng ea boits'oaro ba selemo se fetileng feela, likhetho tsa pele tse peli tsa karabelo li ile tsa putlama.
|
Tafole ea 2. Tlhaloso ea boits'oaro ba mathata e fuoeng ba arabelitsoeng
| Boitšoaro ba bothata | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| ho noa joala | "Bothata ba joala" bo bolela tšebeliso e mpe ea biri, veine le / kapa joala bo thata. |
| Taba | “Bothata ba koae” bo bolela tšebeliso e mpe ea lisakerete, li-cigar, ho hlafuna, li-cigarillos le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa koae. |
| Masholu | Bothata ba "matekoane" bo bolela tšebeliso e mpe ea hanf, hashish, hash oil, mahola, joang kapa pitsa. |
| Cocaine | Bothata ba "Cocaine" bo bolela tšebeliso e mpe ea crack, powder cocaine, blow, lehloa kapa snort. |
| becha | Bothata ba "papali ea chelete" bo bolela ho bapala mechini ea slot, papali ea chelete inthaneteng, lipapali tsa casino, lothari, litekete tsa mengoapo le ho becha hofe kapa hofe ho ka bakang mathata bophelong. |
| Eating | Bothata ba "ho ja" bo bolela mathata afe kapa afe a amanang le ho ja, ekaba a mangata haholo kapa a manyane haholo. |
| Shopping | "Bothata ba ho reka" bo bolela ho reka ka tsela e bakang mathata bophelong. |
| Sex | "Bothata ba thobalano" bo bolela ho etsa thobalano ka tsela e bakang mathata bophelong, le / kapa ts'ebeliso e sa lokelang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ekaba inthaneteng kapa inthaneteng. |
| Papali ea video | A "Bothata ba ho bapala lipapali tsa video" ho bolela ho bapala lipapali tsa video tse kang X-Box, Wii, PlayStation, le lipapali tse ling tsa inthanete kapa tse fumanehang kantle ho naha ka tsela e bakang mathata bophelong. |
| Sebetsa | "Bothata ba mosebetsi" bo bolela ho sebetsa ka tsela e bakang mathata bophelong. |
|
Tafole ea 3. Litšobotsi tsa maemo a bophelo mabapi le palo ea mathata a itlalehang a bokhoba selemong se fetileng (N = 6,000)
| None | One | 'meli | Tse tharo kapa ho feta | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thobalano, N (%) | |||||
| Male | 1,306 (48.6) | 791 (48.1) | 358 (50.6) | 228 (55.3) | χ2 = 8.0, p = .047, Cramer V = 0.04 |
| Female | 1,382 (51.4) | 854 (51.9) | 350 (49.4) | 184 (44.7) | |
| Lilemo, M (SD) | 46.7 (15.9) | 44.5 (14.3) | 41.7 (13.2) | 36.9 (12.4) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 195.6, p <.001 |
| Maemo a lenyalo, N (%) | |||||
| E kopanetsoe | 1,925 (72.0) | 1,071 (65.4) | 442 (62.6) | 245 (59.5) | χ2 = 60.7, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.08 |
| A arohane kapa a hlalane | 318 (11.9) | 257 (15.7) | 107 (15.2) | 52 (12.6) | |
| Single | 432 (16.1) | 309 (18.9) | 157 (22.2) | 115 (27.9) | |
| Thuto, N (%) | |||||
| Sekolo se phahameng kapa ka tlase | 521 (19.4) | 363 (22.1) | 157 (22.2) | 132 (32.0) | χ2 = 34.7, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.08 |
| College kapa ho feta | 2,167 (80.6) | 1,283 (77.9) | 551 (77.8) | 280 (68.0) | |
| Mosebetsi, N (%) | |||||
| Nako e felletseng kapa nako ea nakoana | 1,709 (63.8) | 1,092 (66.6) | 470 (66.6) | 297 (71.9) | χ2 = 12.0, p = .007, Cramer V = 0.05 |
| Tse ling kaofela | 968 (36.2) | 547 (33.4) | 236 (33.4) | 116 (28.1) | |
| Chelete e kenang, M (SD) | 6.8 (2.9) | 6.5 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.1) | 5.9 (3.2) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 49.1, p <.001 |
| Boiketlo, M (SD) | 60.8 (11.2) | 55.6 (12.4) | 52.2 (12.7) | 48.0 (14.4) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 623.8, p <.001 |
Ho lekola boiketlo bo akaretsang ba ba arabelitsoeng, Index ea Boiketlo ba Botho ea lintlha tse robeli (Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Boiketlo ba Batho, 2006) e ne e tsamaisoa. Sekala se na le libaka tse robeli tsa khotsofalo, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e lekantsoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse 11 (0 = ha e khotsofale ka botlalo, 5 = ha e nke lehlakore, 10 = e khotsofetse ka botlalo): maemo a bophelo, bophelo bo botle, katleho bophelong, likamano, polokeho, khokahano ea sechaba, polokeho ea nako e tlang, le bomoea. Boemo ba kahare ba sekala bo ne bo le botle haholo sampoleng ea hajoale (Cronbach's α = 0.88).
Tlhahlobo ea statistical
Liphuputso tsa lipalo-palo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa SPSS 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Liteko tsa Chi-square li sebelisitsoe ho bapisa ba arabelitsoeng ba tlaleha boits'oaro ba ha ho na, e le 'ngoe, tse peli, kapa tse tharo kapa ho feta tsa boits'oaro ba selemo se fetileng ho mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo a sechaba (mohlala, thobalano le boemo ba lenyalo) ba sebelisa Cramer's V ho lekanya boholo ba phello. Litšoaneleho tse tloaelehileng le tse sa tloaelehang tse ajoang sechabeng (mohlala, lilemo le chelete) le likarolo tsa boiketlo ba lihlopha li ile tsa bapisoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea Kruskal-Wallis eo e seng ea parametric. Tlhatlhobo ea taolo ea thepa ea linaha tse ngata e boetse e sebelisetsoa mekhatlo ea mohlala lipakeng tsa maemo a sociodemographic le lintlha tsa boiketlo le setho sa sehlopha.
Tlhatlhobo ea sehlopha sa mehleng ea khale e sebelisa mokhoa oa Ward o nang le sebaka se lekanang sa Euclidean ha metric e tsamaeang e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola mekhoa ea likamano tse etsahalang. Ho kenyellelitsoe tlhahlobisong ena e bile mefuta e 10 e bonts'ang boteng ba selemo se fetileng khahlano le ho ba sieo ha boitsoaro bo bong le bo bong ba mathata bo fupulitsoeng. Palo ea lihlopha tse lokelang ho bolokoa e ne e ipapisitse le mokhoa oa ho batla phetoho e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-coefficients tsa kemiso ea lipuisano [cf. "Ho emisa melao" (Clatworthy, Buick, Hankins, Weinman le Horne, 2005)]. Litho tsa Cluster le tsona li ile tsa bapisoa le litšobotsi tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le boiketlo li sebelisa liteko tsa chi-square le Kruskal – Wallis.
Ethics
Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e ne e etsoa ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Boto ea Boitšoaro ea Patlisiso ea Bophelo ea Univesithi ea Alberta e amohetse thuto. Lihlooho tsohle li ile tsa tsebisoa ka thuto mme tsohle tsa fana ka tumello e nang le tsebo.
Results
Ho ata le likamano tsa mathata a mangata a ho lemalla lithethefatsi
Ba fetang halofo (50.8%) ea bankakarolo ho sampole e felletseng ea ba arabelitsoeng ba tlalehile ba na le bothata ka e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tsa lintho le boits'oaro bo hlahlobiloeng likhoeling tse 6,000 tse fetileng tsa thuto (sekhahla sa bongata ba boitšoaro bo lemalloang ka har'a sampole ena bo na le e hlalositsoe kae kae, ua bona Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro (29.8%) e tlalehile bothata ba ntho kapa boitšoaro bo le bong feela selemong se fetileng, ha 13.1% e tlalehile mathata a mabeli, mme 7.9% e tlalehile mathata a nang le lintho tse tharo kapa ho feta le boits'oaro selemong se fetileng pele ho thuto. Litho tsa lihlopha tsena li ne li fapane hofeta ka litsobotsi tsohle tsa kahisano le maemo a bophelo (Lethathamo 3).
Ha o kena mefuteng ea maemo a bophelo le boiketlo ba batho ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea taolo ea lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele hore na ba arabelitsoeng ba tlalehile mathata a le mong, a mabeli kapa a mararo kapa ho feta (sehlopha sa litšupiso = ba arabelitsoeng ba sa tlaleheng mathata a ho lemalla selemong se fetileng), lilemo le boiketlo e ne e le tsona ke li-predictors tsa bohlokoa feela (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e amanang le menyetla e fokotsehileng ea boits'oaro bo fetelletseng); Thobalano, phihlello ea thuto, le boemo ba lenyalo li ne li amahanngoa le ho ba setho sa sehlopha nako le nako, ha chelete le boemo ba mosebetsi li ne li sa bonahale li na le karolo ea ho khetholla lipakeng tsa batho ba se nang mathata a tahi, a le mong, a mabeli, le a mararo kapa ho feta (Tafole 4).
|
Tafole ea 4. Litholoana tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea linaha tse ngata e batlileng li-correlate tsa ho tlaleha ha ho bapisoa le mathata a le mong, a mabeli, kapa a mararo kapa ho feta (ho fapana le likhaohano tsa 95%)
| Bothata bo le bong ba bokhoba | Mathata a mabeli a tahi | Mathata a mararo kapa ho feta | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 0.97 (0.84 - 1.12)a | 1.17 (0.97 - 1.41)a | 1.34 (0.97-1.41) * |
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) *** | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) *** | 0.95 (0.94-0.96) *** |
| boemo lenyalo | |||
| E kopanetsoe | 1.09 (0.88 - 1.34)a | 1.07 (0.82 - 1.39)a | 1.30 (0.95 - 1.78)a |
| A arohane kapa a hlalane | 1.50 (1.14-1.96) ** | 1.32 (0.93 - 1.87)a | 1.36 (0.86 - 2.14)a |
| Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | |||
| Sekolo se phahameng kapa ka tlase | 1.04 (0.87 - 1.25)a | 1.10 (0.87 - 1.38)a | 1.67 (1.28-2.19) *** |
| College kapa ho feta | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| mosebetsi | |||
| Nako e felletseng kapa nako ea nakoana | 1.10 (0.94 - 1.29)a | 1.05 (0.85 - 1.30)a | 1.25 (0.95 - 1.64)a |
| Tse ling kaofela | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| chelete e kenang | 1.00 (0.97 - 1.03)a | 0.98 (0.95 - 1.02)a | 0.98 (0.93 - 1.02)a |
| Boiketlo | 0.96 (0.96-0.97) *** | 0.94 (0.94-0.95) *** | 0.92 (0.91-0.93) *** |
aE seng ea bohlokoa.
*p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa li khothalelitse tharollo ea lihlopha tse supileng. Joalokaha ho bontšoa Lethathamong 5, lesihla la pele (26.0% ea sampole e sebelisitsoeng ha ho etsoa sehlopha) le emetse batho ba tsubang e le boits'oaro ba bona bo arolelanoeng. Sehlopha sa bobeli (21.8%) se ne se e-na le barupeluoa ba tlalehang ho ja ho feteletseng e le bona feela bothata ba boits'oaro. Sehlopha sa boraro (16.2%) se ne se emela batho ba nang le mathata a mosebetsi, ha sehlopha sa bone (13.0%) se ne se na le bankakarolo ba khetholloang ke mathata a mangata a fapaneng ntle le boits'oaro bo hlakileng. Sehlopha sa bohlano (9.5%) se ne se emela haholo batho ba tlalehang boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba thobalano, athe oa botšelela (8.9%) le oa bosupa (4.7%) e ne e le bankakarolo ba bapalang le ho bapala lipapali tsa video e le bothata ba bona ba boits'oaro bo arolelanoeng. Palo e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ea boits'oaro ba selemo se fetileng e ile ea bonoa har'a libapali tsa papali ea video tse fetelletseng (Cluster VII), ha tse tlase li ne li fumanoa har'a batho ba jang haholo (Cluster II). Lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le litšoaneleho tsa bokhoba ba sehlopheng ka seng li hlalositsoe Lethathamong 5.
|
Tafole ea 5. Ho ata (%) ea boits'oaro bo bong le bo bong sehlopheng sa lithethefatsi (n = 2,728)
| Alc | Tob | Mar | Coc | Ho becha | Shop | Video | Ja | Sex | Sebetsa | Palo ea boitšoaro bo lemalloanga | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sehlopha sa I (n = 708) | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.1 | 0.0 | 17.7 | 1.4 (0.6) |
| Sehlopha II (n = 596) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (0.0) |
| Sehlopha sa III (n = 441) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 1.3 (0.4) |
| Sehlopha sa IV (n = 354) | 54.7 | 42.2 | 28.9 | 7.8 | 23.2 | 9.4 | 4.9 | 26.0 | 6.2 | 24.5 | 2.3 (1.1) |
| Sehlopha sa V (n = 259) | 13.6 | 22.9 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 15.3 | 4.4 | 35.4 | 99.7 | 38.6 | 2.3 (1.6) |
| Sehlopha VI (n = 243) | 0.9 | 20.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 100.0 | 7.3 | 50.9 | 2.2 | 31.9 | 2.1 (1.0) |
| Sehlopha VII (n = 127) | 1.2 | 31.1 | 13.5 | 0.6 | 12.3 | 4.9 | 100.0 | 36.6 | 14.0 | 37.2 | 2.5 (1.3) |
Hlokomela. Alc: ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala, Tob: ts'ebeliso ea koae, Mar: mathata a ts'ebeliso ea matekoane, Coc: ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba cocaine, Gamble: mathata a papali ea chelete, Lebenkele: mabenkeleng a feteletseng, Video: Ho bapala lipapali tsa video, ja: Ho ja ka bothata, Thobalano: Thobalano e feteletseng boitšoaro, le Mosebetsi: mosebetsi o feteletseng.
aPalo ea boits'oaro ba selemo se fetileng e fanoang e le M (SD).
Litšobotsi tse qaqileng tsa maemo a bophelo ba sehlopha ka seng li hlalositsoe ho Tafole 6. Botho ba Cluster bo ne bo amahanngoa haholo le thobalano: karolo ea banna e ne e le 34.9%, 27.7%, 40.6%, 47.7%, 64.1%, 20.6%, le 44.1% lihlopheng tse supileng, ka ho latellana. Mosebetsi le boemo ba lenyalo le tsona li ne li amana le setho sa sehlopha. Boemo bohle ba li-ordinal (phihlello ea thuto) kapa mefuta e sa tloaelehang e ajoang ea maemo a bophelo (lilemo le chelete) le tsona li ne li amahanngoa le setho sa sehlopha. Kamora nako, litho tsa sehlopha li ne li fapane haholo ntlheng ea boiketlo le bona: litho tsa "moreki ea fetelletseng," "ea tsubang," "ea lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate" le "polyaddict" lihlopha li bontšitse ka ho hlaka (ho bonts'oa ka linako tse sa feteng tsa boits'epo) tlase hantle ho ba bangata ho feta "ba sebetsang ka thata" le "ba jang haholo" (Setšoantšo 1).
|
Tafole ea 6. Litšobotsi tsa maemo a bophelo mabapi le setho sa sehlopha (n = 2,728)
| Sehlopha sa I | Sehlopha sa II | Sehlopha sa III | Sehlopha sa IV | Sehlopha sa V | Sehlopha sa VI | Sehlopha VII | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thobalano, N (%) | ||||||||
| Male | 247 (34.9) | 165 (27.7) | 179 (40.6) | 169 (47.7) | 166 (64.1) | 50 (20.6) | 56 (44.1) | χ2 = 153.7, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.24 |
| Female | 461 (65.1) | 431 (72.3) | 262 (59.4) | 185 (52.3) | 93 (35.9) | 193 (79.4) | 71 (55.9) | |
| Lilemo, M (SD) | 45.9 (12.5) | 49.4 (13.4) | 42.9 (12.1) | 42.8 (13.8) | 46.9 (13.6) | 41.1 (14.1) | 38.1 (14.3) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 130.0, p <.001 |
| Maemo a lenyalo, N (%) | ||||||||
| E kopanetsoe | 465 (65.9) | 413 (69.5) | 283 (64.5) | 197 (56.1) | 181 (69.9) | 157 (64.6) | 77 (61.1) | χ2 = 50.6, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.10 |
| A arohane kapa a hlalane | 138 (19.5) | 99 (16.7) | 77 (17.5) | 72 (20.5) | 37 (14.3) | 30 (12.3) | 12 (9.5) | |
| Single | 103 (14.6) | 82 (13.8) | 79 (18.0) | 82 (23.4) | 41 (15.8) | 56 (23.0) | 37 (29.4) | |
| Thuto, N (%) | ||||||||
| Sekolo se phahameng kapa ka tlase | 204 (28.8) | 128 (21.5) | 66 (15.0) | 114 (32.2) | 55 (21.2) | 44 (18.1) | 33 (26.0) | χ2 = 50.2, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.14 |
| College kapa ho feta | 504 (71.2) | 468 (78.5) | 375 (85.0) | 240 (67.8) | 204 (78.8) | 199 (81.9) | 94 (74.0) | |
| Mosebetsi, N (%) | ||||||||
| Nako e felletseng kapa nako ea nakoana | 459 (64.9) | 350 (59.0) | 354 (80.8) | 239 (67.5) | 171 (66.0) | 145 (59.7) | 64 (51.2) | χ2 = 72.3, p <.001, Cramer V = 0.16 |
| Tse ling kaofela | 248 (35.1) | 243 (41.0) | 84 (19.2) | 115 (32.5) | 88 (34.0) | 98 (40.3) | 61 (48.8) | |
| Chelete e kenang, M (SD)a | 6.1 (2.9) | 6.6 (3.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.2) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.4 (3.2) | 5.6 (3.0) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 33.8, p <.001 |
| Boiketlo, M (SD) | 52.7 (12.8) | 56.7 (13.1) | 55.5 (11.8) | 49.7 (13.9) | 52.0 (14.6) | 50.9 (14.9) | 52.4 (12.5) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 96.0, p <.001 |
aLintlha tse mabapi le tekanyo ea lekeno li ka fumanoa Lethathamong 1.
Setšoantšo sa 1. Mefuta le 95% ea likhaohano tsa boits'ireletso ba "Personal Wellbe Index" lihlopheng tse supileng
Puisano le Liphetho
Kalafo e kopaneng ea mathata a mangata a lemalloang e bohlokoa hobane ho hloleha ho khetholla le ho sebetsana le mathata a comorbid a lemalloang ho amana le litholoana tse futsanehileng (Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso ea Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo ba kelello, 2009). Ka bomalimabe, bafani ba kalafo ba tloaetse ho lemoha mathata a lumellanang le sepheo sa koetliso ea bona, e sa kenyelletseng litlolo tsa boitšoaro (Freimuth et al., 2008). Ka hona, sepheo sa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka moo palo e batlang e le kholo ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo hlahang ho thusa ho tsebisa bafani ba kalafo le ba rerang litšebeletso ka mefuta e meng ea litlolo.
Seo re se fumaneng mabapi le ho ata ha mathata a lemalloang se ne se lumellana le tlhaiso-leseling ea Amerika e bonts'a hore halofo ea batho ba baholo ba loana le boits'oaro bo le bong ka mokhoa o fetelletseng selemong se fanoeng (Sussman et al., 2011). Liphetho tsa phuputso ea hajoale li boetse li bonts'a hore liperesente tse 30 tsa batho ba baholo ba na le mathata ka boits'oaro bo le bong, ha 21% e eketsehileng e tlalehile mathata a nang le boits'oaro bo habeli kapa ho feta le / kapa lintho. Le ha ba bangata ba pheha khang ea hore ketsahalo e etsahalang khafetsa ea mefuta e meng ea tahi e fana ka maikutlo a boteng ba semelo se ikhethileng sa ho se lemalle se ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'epahalo (Shaffer et al., 2004Boitsebiso bo teng hona joale - bo bonts'a hore hoo e ka bang 60% ea ba tlaleha mathata a lemalloang ba na le mathata feela ka boits'oaro bo le bong - ha e fane ka tšehetso e hlakileng ea mofuta ona oa lefu la tahi. Leha ho le joalo, ho kanna ha etsahala hore batho ba bangata ba tlalehang boitšoaro bo le bong feela bo fetelletseng selemong se fetileng ba bile le mathata kapa ba tla ba le mathata libakeng tse ling empa ka tatellano ho fapana le ka nako e le 'ngoe (cf. Johnson, 1999).
Ntle le moo, tlhaiso-leseling ea rona e senotse hore sebopeho sa boits'oaro bo fetelletseng se ithutoang se tšoaneleha hantle ka tharollo ea lihlopha tse supileng, e kholo ho feta palo ea lihlopha kapa litekanyo (2-4) tse tlalehiloeng lithutong tse fetileng (Haylett et al., 2004; Lochner et al., 2005; MacLaren & Best, 2010; Stephenson et al., 1995; Sussman et al., 2014). Leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hlokomela hore papiso e otlolohileng ea liphetho lipatlisisong tsohle e na le mathata ka lebaka la phapano e kholo mokhoeng oa ho ithuta ho kenyeletsoa palo le mofuta oa litlatsetso tse hlahlojoang le mekhoa ea lipalo e sebelisitsoeng (tlhahlobo ea lintlha, tlhahlobo ea sehlopha, tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa morao-rao, le likamano lipakeng tsa sekala se lekanyang bokhoba).
Matla a mang a thuto ena ke ts'ebeliso ea moemeli oa batho ba baholo ba ikemetseng, ba bangata ba Canada ba batho ba baholo ba Alberta ho ea ka bong, lilemo le sebaka. Matla a mang ke tlhahlobo ea nako e le 'ngoe ea palo e batlang e le kholo ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro, e fanang ka monyetla oa ho shebisisa lebala lohle la tahi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ne ho na le meeli e mengata ea lipatlisiso tsa hajoale tse lokelang ho totobatsoa. Taba ea mantlha, sekhahla sa karabelo se ne se le tlase mefuteng ka bobeli ea lipatlisiso, e fokolisang kakaretso ea liphetho tsa rona (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). Ntle le moo, leha mokhoa o le mong oa lipotso oa ho lekola boits'oaro bo nang le bothata o sebelisoa khafetsa lipatlisisong tsa lefu la seoa (Bowling, 2005; Cook, 1987), ts'epahalo ea sekala sa ntho e le ngoe ka kakaretso e fokola ho feta ea sekala sa lintho tse ngata. Hape, leha lipatlisiso tsa pejana li bontšitse hore ho itsebahatsa ka potso e le 'ngoe bakeng sa boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ke sesebelisoa se ka tšeptjoang hape se nang le moelelo oa bongaka ho khetholla batho ba nang le mathata a lemalloang, lithuto tsena li shebane le ho lemalla lithethefatsi, papali ea chelete le papali ea video (Cook, 1987; Morena, Delfabbro, & Griffiths, 2013; Widyanto, Griffiths, le Brunsden, 2011). Boemo bo akaretsang ba mokhoa o nepahetseng oa mokhoa ona oa ho lekola lits'oants'o tsohle tsa boits'oaro, ka hona, hoa belaetsa.
Bonnete ba mantsoe a lintho tse se nang molekane le ona ha oa hlaka. Morero oa rona e ne e le ho fana ka tlhaloso e khuts'oane ea boits'oaro ba boitsoaro bo bong le bo bong bo totobatsang ho senyeha le ho qoba tšebeliso ea mantsoe a kang ho lemalla ho fokotsa ho arabela hoa ba arabang. Hore na bankakarolo ba hlalositse lintho tsena hantle ha lia ka tsa hlahlojoa thutong ena, mme ho ka etsahala hore bofokoli bo hlalosoe ka mokhoa o pharalletseng maemong a mang. Mohlala, "ho ja ka bothata" joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ba arabelitsoeng, ho ka kenyelletsa eseng feela ho ja haholo batho ba lemaletseng lijo empa hape le mekhoa e thibelang boitšoaro ea anorexics, eo leha e le tšenyo e sa khetholloang e le bokhoba litsamaisong tsa hajoale tsa nalolo.
Leha ho na le meeli ena, phuputso ena e lebisa tlhokomelo ea rona ho palo e kholo ea batho ba nang le mathata a mangata a lemalloang ka nako e le ngoe ba hlokang tlhokomelo e khethehileng le ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea kalafo e kopaneng ha ba fumana litšebeletso tsa bophelo ba kelello. Re ts'epa hore mosebetsi ona o tla thusa tlhahlobong e nepahetseng le kalafo ea bakuli ba hlahisang matšoao a bokhoba, ho khothaletsa litsebi ho nahana ka monyetla oa likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo kaholimo ho tse hatisitsoeng qalong ke bareki ba bona.
Menehelo ea bangoli
TCW le DCH ba thehile thuto mme ba ngola protocol. BKT e ile ea phenyekolla lingoliloeng mme ea fana ka kakaretso ea lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tse fetileng, ea etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo, mme ea ngola moralo oa pele oa sengoloa. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho mme ba amohetse sengoloa sa ho qetela. Bangoli bohle ba ne ba na le phihlello e felletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling eohle thutong mme ba nka boikarabello ba botshepehi ba data le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea lintlha.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
References
| Bowling, A. (2005). Potso e le 'ngoe feela: Haeba potso e le' ngoe e sebetsa, hobaneng u botsa e 'maloa? Leqephe la Epidemiology le Bophelo ba Sechaba, 59 (5), 342-345. doi: 10.1136 / jech.2004.021204 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Clarkson, J., & Kopaczewski, S. (2013). Ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le kalafo ea puo ea mahala. Journal ea Amerika ea Clinical Pathology, 37 (2), 128-148. doi: 10.1177 / 0196859913482330 | |
| Clatworthy, J., Buick, D., Hankins, M., Weinman, J., & Horne, R. (2005). Ts'ebeliso le tlaleho ea tlhatlhobo ea lesihla ho psychology ea bophelo bo botle: Tlhahlobo. Koranta ea Brithani ea Psychology ea Bophelo, 10 (3), 329-358. doi: 10.1348 / 135910705X25697 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Cook, D. R. (1987). Lithethefatsi tse ikhethileng le pherekano ea maikutlo ho sampole ea baithuti ba koleche. Psychology ea Likhathatso tse Eketsang, 1 (1), 55-61. doi: 10.1037 / h0080429 CrossRef | |
| Davison, C., Smith, G. D., & Frankel, S. (1991). Rala mafu a seoa le khanyetso ea thibelo: Litlamorao tsa ho ipapisa le maemo a thuto ea bophelo bo botle. Sociology of Health le bokuli, 13 (1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111 / 1467-9566.ep11340301 CrossRef | |
| Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. (2012). Lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro: Tse fetileng, tsa joale le tse tlang. Tlaleho ea Lithethefatsi tsa Boitšoaro, 1 (1), 1-2. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.1.2012.1.0 Link | |
| Boiteko ba Effertz, T., & Mann, K. (2013). Moroalo le litšenyehelo tsa mathata a boko Europe ka ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala le bokhoba ba nicotine. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23 (7), 742-748. doi: 10.1016 / j.euroneuro.2012.07.010 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Freimuth, M., Waddell, M., Stannard, J., Kelley, S., Kipper, A., Richardson, A., & Szuromi, ke (2008). Ho holisa pharalla ea ho hlahlojoa habeli le li-co-drug: Litloaelo tsa boits'oaro. Tlaleho ea Lihlopha ho Lekhoba le Pholiso, 3 (3-4), 137-160. doi: 10.1080 / 15560350802424944 CrossRef | |
| Garcia, F. D., & Thibaut, F. (2010). Lithethefatsi tsa thobalano. Journal ea Amerika ea Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi le Joala, 36 (5), 254-260. doi: 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.503823 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Lesebo, M. (2001). Webosaete ea ho itšetleha. Bokhoba, 96 (5), 677-678. doi: 10.1046 / j.1360-0443.2001.9656771.x CrossRef, Medline | |
| Granello, D.H, & Wheaton, J. E. (2004). Pokello ea lintlha inthaneteng: Maano a lipatlisiso. Tlaleho ea Tlhabollo le Nts'etsopele, 82 (4), 387-393. doi: 10.1002 / j.1556-6678.2004.tb00325.x CrossRef | |
| Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Kenyelletso ea lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro. Journal ea Amerika ea Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi le Joala, 36 (5), 233-241. doi: 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.491884 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Haylett, S. A., Stephenson, G. M., & Lefever, R. M. H. (2004). Covariation mekhoeng e lemalloang: Phuputso ea litloaelo tse lemalloang u sebelisa Potso e Khuts'oane ea PROMIS. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng, 29 (1), 61-71. doi: 10.1016 / S0306-4603 (03) 00083-2 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Hellman, M., Schoenmaker, T. M., Nordstrom, B. R., & van Holst, R. J. (2013). Na ho na le ntho e kang bokhoba ba papali ea video inthaneteng? Tlhahlobo e fapaneng ea taeo. Patlisiso ea Lithethefatsi le Khopolo, 21 (2), 102-112. doi: 10.3109 / 16066359.2012.693222 CrossRef | |
| Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Boiketlo. (2006). Index ea bophelo bo botle ea motho ka mong (4th ed.) E nkiloe ho http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing-index/pwi-a-english.pdf | |
| Johnson, M. C. (1999). Bokhoba ba sefapano: Kotsi e ipatileng ea likhathatso tse ngata. New York, NY: Sehlopha sa Rosen Publishing. | |
| Karim, R., & Chaudhri, P. (2012). Lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro: Kakaretso. Tlaleho ea Lithethefatsi tsa Psychoactive, 44 (1), 5-17. doi: 10.1080 / 02791072.2012.662859 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Morena, D. L., Delfabbro, H.H, & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Lits'oants'o tsa mathata a lipapali tsa video har'a batho ba baholo ba bapalang khafetsa: Thuto ea nako e telele ea likhoeli tse 18. Cyberpsychology, boits'oaro le marang-rang a sechaba, 16 (1), 72-76. doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2012.0062 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Konkolÿ Thege, B., Colman, I., El-guebaly, N., Hodgins, D. C., Patten, S. B., Schopflocher, D., Wolfe, J., & Cameron Wild, T. (2015). Mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro: Lipatlisiso tse peli tsa batho ba baholo ba Canada. Patlisiso ea Lithethefatsi le Khopolo, 23 (1), 34-42. doi: 10.3109 / 16066359.2014.923408 CrossRef | |
| Kourosh, S. S., Harrington, C. R., & Adinoff, B. (2010). Ho itšoara joaloka ho lemalla boitšoaro. Journal ea Amerika ea Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi le Joala, 36 (5), 284-290. doi: 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.491883 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Lawlor, D.A, Frankel, S., Shaw, M., Ebrahim, S., & Smith, G. D. (2003). Ho tsuba le ho kula: Na lefu la lefu la seoa le hlalosa ho hloleha ha mananeo a ho khaotsa ho tsuba har'a batho ba hlokang? Journal ea Amerika ea Bophelo ba Sechaba, 93 (2), 266-270. doi: 10.2105 / AJPH.93.2.266 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Lochner, C., Hemmings, S. M. J., Kinnear, C. J., Niehaus, D. J. H., Nel, D. G., Corfield, V. A., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. J. (2005). Tlhatlhobo ea sehlopha sa mathata a ho qobella ho qobella ho qhekella ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho qobelloa ho etsa lintho tse ngata: Clinical and genetic correlates. Psychiatry e felletseng, 46 (1), 14-19. doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2004.07.020 CrossRef, Medline | |
| MacLaren, V. V., & Molemo ka ho fetisisa, L. A. (2010). Mekhoa e mengata ea ho lemalla bacha ba baholo: Mekhoa ea baithuti bakeng sa Potso e Khuts'oane ea PROMIS. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng, 35 (3), 252-255. doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2009.09.023 CrossRef, Medline | |
| McGinnis, J. M., & Foege, W. H. (1999). Ho shoa le ho kula ho bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang United States. Ts'ebetso ea Mokhatlo oa Lingaka tsa Amerika, 111 (2), 109-118. doi: 10.1046 / j.1525-1381.1999.09256.x CrossRef, Medline | |
| Mudry, T. E., Hodgins, D. C., el-Guebaly, N., Cameron, W. T., Colman, I., Patten, S. B., & Schopflocher, D. (2011). Ho nahana ka li-syndromes tsa boitšoaro bo feteletseng: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Litlhahlobo tsa hajoale tsa Psychiatry, 7 (2), 138-151. doi: 10.2174 / 157340011796391201 CrossRef | |
| Rush, B., Urbanoski, K., Bassani, D., Castel, S., & Wild, T. (2010). Lefu la seoa la ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le mathata a mang a kelello Canada: Ho ata, ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeletso le litlhoko tse sa fihlelloang. Ho J. Cairney & D. L. Streiner (Eds.), Boloetse ba kelello Canada: Pono ea mafu a seoa (maq. 170-204). Toronto, Canada: Univesithi ea Toronto Press. | |
| Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Ho ea ka mofuta oa lefu la tahi: Lipolelo tse ngata, etiology e tloaelehileng. Tlhahlobo ea Harvard ea Psychiatry, 12 (6), 367-374. doi: 10.1080 / 10673220490905705 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Shulman, T. D. (2003). Ho hang: Ho lemalla ho utsoa mabenkeleng le ho hlaphoheloa. Haverford, PA: Khatiso ea Infinity. | |
| Ea masoha, E., Robson, L., Xie, X., & Rehm, J. (1998). Litsenyehelo tsa moruo tsa joala, koae le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong Canada, 1992. Bokhoba, 93 (7), 991-1006. doi: 10.1046 / j.1360-0443.1998.9379914.x CrossRef, Medline | |
| Stephenson, G. M., Maggi, P., Lefever, R. M. H., & Morojele, N. K. (1995). Boitšoaro bo fetelletseng: Boithuto bo bolokiloeng ka nalane ba boits'oaro bo tlalehiloeng ke bakuli ba 471 ba amoheloang setsing sa kalafo sa tahi. Patlisiso ea Lithethefatsi le Khopolo, 3 (3), 245-265. doi: 10.3109 / 16066359509005241 CrossRef | |
| Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi le Tsamaiso ea Ts'ebeletso ea Bophelo ba kelello. (2009). Ho aha lenaneo la hau. Kalafo e kopaneng bakeng sa mathata a kopaneng. Rockville, MD: Lefapha la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho la Amerika, Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lithethefatsi le Tsamaiso ea Ts'ebeletso ea Bophelo ba kelello, Setsi sa Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo ba kelello. E nkiloe ho https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA08-4367/BuildingYourProgram-ITC.pdf | |
| Sussman, S. (2010). Ho lemalla lerato: Tlhaloso, etiology, kalafo. Ho lemalla thobalano le ho qobella, 17 (1), 31-45. doi: 10.1080 / 10720161003604095 CrossRef | |
| Sussman, S., Arpawong, T., Sun, P., Tsai, J., Rohrbach, L., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2014). Ho ata le ho kopana ha boitšoaro bo lemalloang har'a bacha ba mehleng ea sekolo se phahameng. Leqephe la Lithethefatsi tsa Boitšoaro, 3 (1), 33-40. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.005 Link | |
| Sussman, S., Lisha, N., & Griffiths, M. (2011). Ho ata ha lithethefatsi: Bothata ba ba bangata kapa ba fokolang? Tlhatlhobo le Litsebi tsa Bophelo, 34 (1), 3-56. doi: 10.1177 / 0163278710380124 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Sussman, S., & Moran, M. (2013). Bokhoba bo patiloeng: Thelevishene. Tlaleho ea Lithethefatsi tsa Boitšoaro, 2 (3), 125-132. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.2.2013.008 Link | |
| Villella, C., Martinotti, G., Di Nicola, M., Cassano, M., La Torre, G., Gliubizzi, M., Messeri, I., Petruccelli, F., Bria, P., Janiri, L ., & Conte, G. (2011). Lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo lilemong: Litholoana tsa thuto e atileng. Tlaleho ea Lithuto tsa Papali ea chelete, 27 (2), 203-214. doi: 10.1007 / s10899-010-9206-0 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Widyanto, L., Griffiths, M. D., & Brunsden, V. (2011). Papiso ea psychometric ea Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang, Mathata a amanang le Marang-rang le ho itlhahloba. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro le Liwebsaete tsa kahisano, 14 (3), 141-149. doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2010.0151 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Willoughby, T., Chalmers, H., & Busseri, M. A. (2004). Lefu le hokae? Ho lekola ketsahalo e kopaneng har'a mathata a mangata a boits'oaro bocheng. Journal ea Boeletsi le Clinical Psychology, 72 (6), 1022-1037. doi: 10.1037 / 0022-006x.72.6.1022 CrossRef, Medline | |
| Wong, U., & Hodgins, D. C. (2014). Nts'etsopele ea lethathamo la lithethefatsi tsa papali bakeng sa batho ba baholo (GAIA). Patlisiso ea Lithethefatsi le Khopolo, 22 (3), 195-209. doi: 10.3109 / 16066359.2013.824565 CrossRef |
;
