Ho hlahloba ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa ERP le lipatlisiso tsa fMRI ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa ho laola mokhoa oa ho thibela likokoana-hloko le ho etsa phoso ho batho ba nang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro (2014)

J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2014 Motšeanong; 39 (3): 149-169.

doi: 10.1503 / jpn.130052

PMCID: PMC3997601

Maartje Luijten, PhD, Marise WJ Machielsen, MD, Dick J. Veltman, MD, PhD, Robert Hester, PhD, Lieuwe de Haan, MD, PhD, le Ingmar HA Franken, PhD

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli ► Sehlooho sa Article ► Tlhahisoleseding ea Copyright le License ►

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

inahaneloang

Background

Likhopolo tse 'maloa tsa hajoale li hatisa karolo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello bokhobeng. Tlhahlobo ea hajoale e lekola likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo libakeng tsa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea lithethefatsi le ho ba bonts'ang boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le joala. Tlhatlhobo e kopantsoeng ea menyetla e amanang le ketsahalo (ERP) le liphetho tse sebetsang tsa imaging resonance imaging (fMRI) tlhahlobisong ea hajoale li fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e ikhethileng mabapi le likhaello tsa neural ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi.

mekhoa

Re khethile lithuto tsa 19 ERP le 22 fMRI re sebelisa stop-signal, go / no-go kapa li-paradigms tsa Flanker tse ipapisitseng le patlo ea PubMed le Embase.

Results

Liphetho tse lumellanang ka ho fetesisa ho batho ba lemaletseng taolo e phelisang hantle e ne e le N2 e tlase, ho se tsotelle ho amanang le phoso le phoso positivity amplitudes hammoho le hypoactivation ho anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), gyrus e ka tlase e ka pele le bokokotlo ba dorsolateral preortal cortex. Likhaello tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo, leha ho le joalo, e ne e se kamehla e amanang le ts'ebetso e mpe ea mosebetsi. Mabapi le litloaelo tsa boitšoaro, bopaki bo bong bo fumanoe bakeng sa likhaello tse tšoanang tsa neural; leha ho le joalo, lithuto li haella mme liphetho ha li e-so felle. Liphapang lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo e meholo ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhekefetso li fumanoe mme li kenyelletsa likarabo tse matla tsa methapo ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala ha ba bapisoa le likarabo tse fokolang tsa methapo ea kutlo liphosong tsa batho ba bang ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi.

sheba mefokolo ea

Moralo oa mesebetsi le mekhoa ea ho e hlahloba e fapana ho latela lithuto, ka hona e fokotsa ho bapisa lipakeng tsa lithuto le bokhoni ba ts'ebeliso ea bongaka ea mehato ena.

fihlela qeto e

Likhopolo tsa hajoale tsa bokhoba li ile tsa ts'ehetsoa ka ho supa ho se ts'oane ho ts'oanang ha ts'ebetso ea boko ba pele ho batho ba nang le tahi. Ho etsoa tlhahiso ea mofuta o kopantseng, o fana ka maikutlo a hore khaello ea methapo ea mokokotlo ea ACC e ka baka khaello e ikhethang ea boits'oaro bo bakoang ke boits'oaro, joalo ka tahlehelo ea taolo.

Selelekela

Karolo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ts'ebetsong ea lithethefatsi e hatisoa mefuteng e mengata ea sejoale-joale ea thuto.¹^-⁶ Batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba khetholloa ka ho se khone ho thibela boits'oaro bo nepahetseng bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, joalo ka ho ila lintho tsa tlhekefetso. Ntle le moo, ho bonahala ho hloleha ho ithuta ka mokhoa o ikhethileng mekhoeng e fetileng e kotsi ho bonahala e le tšobotsi ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.⁷ Taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa 2 tsa taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello tse amanang le li-network tsa neural tse itseng: taolo ea thibelo ea ho kenya tšebetsong thibelo ea boits'oaro bo sa lokelang le ho sebetsana le liphoso ho lekola liphoso tsa ts'ebetso ho thibela liphoso tsa nako e tlang.⁸ Ho ba le temohisiso e kholo mabapi le ho se sebetse ha marang-rang a methapo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e tlasa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa mathata a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka leo, lipalo tse ntseng li eketseha ka potlako li hlahlobile taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea neuroimaging, joalo ka menyetla e amanang le liketsahalo (ERPs) le imaging e sebetsang ea matla a khoheli (fMRI). Tlhatlhobo e kopaneng ea lithuto tsa ERP le fMRI e ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa le le tlatsetsang maemong a nakoana le a sebaka sa karoloana ea mathata a amanang le taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ka hona, sepheo sa mantlha sa tlhahlobo ea hajoale ke ho lekola botsitso ba liphuputso tsa lithuto tsa fMRI le ERP tse batlisisang taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso sehlopheng se seholo sa baahi ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi.

Morero oa bobeli oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho kenya letsoho moqoqong o tsoelang pele mabapi le phapang le ho tšoana lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo bong bo fetelletseng bo hlahisitsoeng hore bo amana le bokhoba ba tahi empa bo sa kenyeletse ho kenella ha lintho.⁹ Mohlala, papali ea chelete e tšoauoa ka boiteko bo sa atleheng ba ho laola, ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa papali ea chelete, joalo ka mathata a laolang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ho ipapisitsoe le tsena le tse ling tse tšoanang,¹⁰^-¹² papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e thathamisitsoe tlasa sehlooho "ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata a ho lemalla" ho DSM-5. Tse ling tsa litlhahiso tsa boitšoaro, tse kang ho ja haholo,¹³ papali ea komporo e bapalang kapa tšebeliso ea inthanete⁹ ha li kenyellelitsoe e le lithethefatsi tse itšoereng hampe ho DSM-5 ka lebaka la khaello ea hajoale ea bopaki bo lekaneng ba mahlale ba likotsi tse tšoanang ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bona le ba nang le ts'epahalo ea lithethefatsi. Ho kenya letsoho puisanong ena e tsoelang pele le ho bona likheo tse ka bang teng libukeng, re ile ra lekola ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng lithuto tse entseng lipatlisiso mabapi le taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le papali ea chelete le ba jang haholo, lipapali kapa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ho pholletsa le pampiri ena, poleloana "temallo" e bolela ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi le litlhahiso tsa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro.

Tlhahlobo ena e qala ka tlhaloso ea lipapatso tsa mosebetsi oa liteko tse sebelisoang khafetsa ho lekanya taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso. Ntle le moo, li-correlates tsa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso li tšohloa ho fana ka moralo oa tlhahlobo ea lithuto tse matlafatsang. Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng e hlophisitsoe ho latela ntho ea mantlha ea tlhekefetso (ke hore, nicotine, joala, hanf, li-stimulants le li-opioid), ka karolo e arohaneng ea boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le joala. Tlhatlhobo ena e tla phetheloa ka puisano ea liphuputso, ho kenyeletsoa le mohlala o kopaneng oa liphetho le lits'oants'o tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Mehato ea liteko le li-neural correlates tsa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso

Taolo ea thibelo

Mehato ea liteko ea taolo ea thibelo

Mesebetsi ea ho ea / ho-ea le ho emisa e sebelisoa haholo ho lekanya taolo ea thibelo.¹⁴^-¹⁶ Mosebetsing oa ho ea / oa ho ea, barupeluoa ba arabela kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ho ea khafetsa ho susumetsa le ho thibela likarabo ho tse sa tloaelehang tsa ho se tsamaee, tse hlokang taolo ea thibelo ho hlola mekhoa e ikemetseng ea karabelo. Karolo ea liteko tse thibetsoeng ka nepo tsa ho se tsamaee e bonts'a bokhoni ba ho thibela boits'oaro bo ikemetseng. Paradigm ea ho emisa¹⁷ e lekanya bokhoni ba ho ba le taolo e thibelang karabo e seng e ntse e qaliloe ka ho kopa bankakarolo ho arabela kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ho molapo o tsoelang pele oa tšitiso. Litekong tse fokolang, ho hlahisoa lets'oao la ho emisa kamora ho qala hoa tšusumetso ea mantlha e bonts'ang karabelo ea ts'usumetso ena e lokela ho hlakoloa. Bokhoni ba ho thibela boits'oaro bo seng bo qalile bo ngolisitsoe ka nako ea ho emisa lets'oao la ho emisa (SSRT), e leng nako e hlokahalang ho hlakola liteko tsa ho emisa tse 50% tse amanang le nako ea ho arabela. Li-SSRTs tse kholo li emela taolo e mpe ea thibelo. Boholo ba li-paradigms tsa li-stop-signal li sebelisa mokhoa oa litepisi, ho bolelang hore palo ea liphoso mosebetsing e bolokiloe ka boomo ho bala SSRT. Leha re lumela hore bobeli ba ho ea / ho-ea le ho emisa lets'oao la ho emisa li hloka ho ts'oaroa ha brake e tloaelehileng ea thibelo, re boetse rea tseba hore lits'ebetso tse akaretsang, joalo ka ho lekola ka hloko le ts'ebetso ea boiphihlelo, li ka bapala karolo mesebetsing ena. .¹⁸^-²⁰ Ntle le mesebetsi ea ho ea / ea ho ea le ea ho emisa, lipono tse ling tsa kutloisiso, joalo ka Stroop²¹ le Eriksen Flanker²² mesebetsi e phehiloe khang ho lekanya matla a thibelo. Leha ho le joalo, mesebetsi ena e boetse e metha lits'ebetso tse ling, joalo ka tharollo ea likhohlano, khetho ea likarabo le tlhokomelo.²³^,²⁴ Ho boloka tlhahlobo ea hajoale e tsepamisitse maikutlo le ho tseba ho bapisa liphetho ka kotloloho, re kenyelelitse lithuto feela re sebelisa li-go / no-go le li-paradigms tsa li-stop-signal.

Mehato e ka bang teng e amanang le ketsahalo ea taolo ea thibelo

Ho tlalehiloe hore likarolo tse peli tsa ERP li bonts'a liphetoho mesebetsing ea boko e amanang le taolo ea thibelo.²⁵ Karolo ea pele, N2, ke leqhubu le tsamaeang hampe le hlahang 200-300 ms kamora ho hlahisa tlhahiso. Lijenereithara tsa neural tsa N2 li hlaha li kenyelletsa anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)²⁵^-²⁷ le gyrus e ka pele e ka tlase e ka pele (IFG).²⁸ N2 ho lumeloa hore e supa mochini o holimo-tlase o hlokahalang ho thibela tloaelo ea ho arabela²⁹^,³⁰ mme e tsamaellana le sephetho sa boits'oaro ba taolo ea thibelo.³¹^-³³ N2 e boetse e amahanngoa le ho sibolla likhohlano nakong ea methati ea pele ea ts'ebetso ea ho thibela.²⁷^,²⁹ Ka lebaka leo, N2 e ka hlalosoa e le lethathamo la lits'ebetso tsa pele tsa kutloisiso tse hlokahalang ho kenya tšebetsong taolo ea thibelo ho fapana le ho robeha ha 'nete. P3, karolo ea bobeli ea ERP e amehang taolong ea thibelo, ke leqhubu le letle le hlahang le hlahisang 300-500 ms kamora ho qala ha tšusumetso. Mohloli oa P3 o fumanoe o le haufi le likoloi tsa koloi le tsa pele ho nako.²⁵^,²⁶^,³⁴ Kahoo, li-amplipse tsa P3 li bonahala li bontša mohato oa morao-rao oa tšebetso e thibelang e amanang haufi-ufi le ts'itiso ea 'nete ea sistimi ea motlakase ka pele ho cortex.²⁵^,³³^,³⁵ Hammoho, bopaki bo bokellanang bo fana ka maikutlo a hore N2 le P3 li bonts'a lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tse amanang le taolo ea thibelo. Ka hona, li-amplople tsa N2 kapa P3 tse sa tsejoeng haholo ho batho ba lemaletseng taolo li ka nkuoa e le matšoao a likhaello tsa neural taolong ea thibelo.

Ts'ebetso ea MRI e sebetsang ea taolo ea thibelo

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba phetseng hantle e amahanngoa le marang-rang a nepahetseng haholo, ho kenyeletsoa IFG, ACC / pre-supplementary motor area (SMA) le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) hammoho le libaka tsa parietal le subcortical, ho kenyeletsoa thalamus le basal ganglia.¹⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷ Boithuto ba liteko bo fane ka leseli mabapi le monehelo o khethehileng oa libaka tsena ho kenya tšebetsong taolo ea thibelo. Khopolo-taba ea morao-rao e fana ka maikutlo a hore IFG e nepahetseng, ka taolo ea thibelo, e fumana boits'oaro bo nepahetseng (mohlala, no-go or stop-signal stimuli) ka ts'ebelisano 'moho le parietal lobe (IPL) le kopano ea nakoana ea parietal (TPJ) ka litlamorao tsa eona ho tlhokomelo e khannoang ke ts'usumetso, e leng karolo ea bohlokoahali mesebetsing ea bobeli ea go / no-go le stop-signal.¹⁸^-²⁰ Ka lebaka la ho atamela ha pre-SMA / dorsal ACC (dACC) libakeng tsa makoloi, ts'ebetso ea sebaka sena e kanna ea ba khetho ea karabelo le ho ntlafatsa meralo ea makoloi.³⁸ Ntle le libaka tse ka pele le tsa parietal, ho nka karolo ha libaka tsa subcortical taolong ea thibelo ho thehiloe hantle ka litheko tsa maikutlo tse hokahanyang libaka tsena le libaka tsa pele le tsa makoloi.¹⁵^,³⁶^,³⁹ E le motheo o pharalletseng oa lithuto tsa fMRI o bonts'itseng khafetsa hore ts'ebetso ho netweke ena ea cortical-striatal-thalamic e hokahane le taolo ea thibelo ho bankakarolo ba phetseng hantle, liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea boko marang-rang ona nakong ea ts'ebetso ea taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le taolo e ka hlalosoa e le boteng ba likhaello tsa methapo ea taolo ea thibelo ho batho bana.

Phoso e sebetsa

Mehato ea liteko ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso

Li-paradigms tse sebelisoang haholo ke Eriksen Flanker le mosebetsi oa go / no-go.⁴⁰^,⁴¹ Mofuteng o tloaelehileng oa mosebetsi oa Flanker, bankakarolo ba pepesetsoa letoto la mangolo. Maemong a kopaneng, litlhaku tse 5 tse lekanang li hlahisoa, ha maemong a sa sebetseng tlhaku e bohareng e fapana le litlhaku tse ling (mohlala, SSHSS / HHSHH). Barupeluoa ba botsoa ho khetholla lengolo le bohareng. Boemo bo phahameng ba likhohlano tse susumetsang maemong a sa tloaelehang hangata bo baka liphoso tsa ts'ebetso. Liphoso tsa bohata tse bonoang ho go / no-go kapa stop-signal paradigms, le tsona li sebelisetsoa ho lekola ho sebetsoa ha liphoso. Ho sa tsotelehe paradigm ea mosebetsi, linako tsa karabelo litekong kamora liphoso tsa ts'ebetso hangata li telele ho feta linako tsa karabelo litekong tse latelang likarabo tse nepahetseng, ts'ebetso e bitsoang ho lieha ho etsa liphoso. Linako tsa karabelo, palo ea liphoso le ho lieha ha phoso kamora liphoso kaofela li nkuoa e le likarolo tsa boits'oaro ba ho lekola liphoso.⁴²^,⁴³

Mehato e ka amanang le ketsahalo ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso

Liphuputso tse ka bang teng kamora ketsahalo ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso li senotse maqhubu a boko a amanang le liphoso a 2 a hlahang khafetsa kamora liphoso tsa ts'ebetso (ke hore, ho se tsotelle ho amanang le liphoso [ERN] le phoso positivity [Pe]). ERN le Pe li bonahala li ikemetse kaha li arabela ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho liteko tsa liteko le phapang ea motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi, mme li bonts'a methati e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso.⁴⁰^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵ ERN e hlaha ka 50-80 ms kamora ho etsa phoso mme e tsejoa e le ho bonts'a phoso ea pele le e iketsang.⁴⁶ Bopaki bo fetolang bo supa hore ACC ke jenereithara ea neural ea ERN.⁸^,⁴⁷^-⁵⁰ ERN e lateloa ke Pe, moelelo o nepahetseng o bonoang ho electroencephalogram (EEG), e hlahang hoo e ka bang 300 ms kamora likarabo tse fosahetseng.⁵¹ Lipatlisiso tse khethollang tšimoloho ea methapo ea Pe li fane ka litholoana tse fapaneng.⁵² Khopolo-taba, Pe e bonahala e amahanngoa le tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ea liphoso, tlhokomeliso ea liphoso,⁴⁰^,⁵² le ka bohlokoa ba ts'usumetso bo lebisitsoeng ho phoso.⁵³ Hammoho, ERN le Pe ba lekola ho nepahala ha boits'oaro bo tsoelang pele (ke hore, sephetho kapa boitšoaro bo itseng bo ne bo le bobe kapa bo le betere ho feta kamoo ho neng ho lebelletsoe), bo sebelisetsoang ho tataisa boits'oaro ba kamoso.⁵⁴ mme e ka sebelisoa e le lets'oao la ho lokisa liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi.

Ts'ebetso ea MRI e sebetsang ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso

Karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ACC ts'ebetsong ea liphoso e hlahisitsoeng ke lithuto tsa ERP e netefalitsoe lithutong tsa fMRI. Haholo-holo, Ridderinkhof le basebetsi-'moho²⁴ fana ka maikutlo a hore DACC / pre-SMA, e ts'oaroe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang nakong ea ho lekola boits'oaro bo tsoelang pele. Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore sebaka sena se lekola likhohlano tsa karabelo kapa monyetla oa liphoso⁵⁵^,⁵⁶ ho fapana le ho sebetsana le phoso ka se. Litlhahlobo tse peli tse ikemetseng tsa meta li bonts'itse hore likhohlano tsa karabelo le phoso ea karabelo li etsa hore DACC e sebetse.⁸^,⁵⁷ Ts'ebetso ea MRI e sebetsang e batlisisa ts'ebetso ea liphoso e bonts'a hape hore marang-rang a maholo a neural a sebetsa le DACC, ho kenyeletsoa insula ea linaha tse peli, DLPFC, thalamus le IPL e nepahetseng.⁵⁷^,⁵⁸ Likamano tse sebetsang hara libaka tsena li tlalehiloe, haholoholo lipakeng tsa DACC le DLPFC.⁵⁹ Liphoso tsa ts'ebetso bokong ba motho li sebetsoa ke potoloho ea methapo e fetang le DACC mme e kenyelletsa libaka tsa insula, DLPFC, thalamus le parietal. Phoso ena e sebetsanang le potoloho ka kakaretso e lekola le ho fetola boitšoaro ha ho hlokahala. Ha karoloana ea neuroanatomical ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso e bonts'itsoe khafetsa lithutong tsa fMRI ho bankakarolo ba phetseng hantle, liphapang tsa ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le lithethefatsi le taolo ea netweke ena e sebetsanang le liphoso li ka hlalosoa e le neural correlate ea likhaello tse amanang le liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi.

Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng

Khetho ea lithuto

Re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa lingoliloeng ho PubMed le Embase re sebelisa lipatlisiso tsa lihlooho tsa bongaka (MeSH) bakeng sa batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi le batho ba nang le mekhoa e metle ea boitšoaro. Mantsoe a MeSH e ne e le "mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi," "mathata a amanang le joala," "mathata a amanang le amphetmine," "mathata a amanang le cocaine," "tšebeliso e mpe ea matekoane," "mathata a amanang le opioid," "papali ea chelete", "botenya , ”“ Bulimia ”le“ mathata a ho ja. ” Re boetse re batlile re sebelisa "key" smokers, "" gaming "," gamers "le" Internet. " Mantsoe a bohlokoa a ho batlisisa batho ba fapaneng ba lemaletseng ho tlameha ho hlaha hammoho le mantsoe a latelang a patlo mabapi le taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso: "taolo ea kutloisiso," "thibelo ea thibelo," "thibelo ea karabelo," "ts'ebetso ea phoso", "ho lekola liphoso , "" Go / no-go, "" stop-signal "kapa" Flanker. " Li boetse li tlameha ho kopana hammoho le mantsoe a latelang a patlo bakeng sa mehato ea neuroimaging: "ho nahana ka matla a khoheli," "ho hlahisitse menyetla" (MeSH terms), "negativity e amanang le phoso," "phoso positivity," "N200," " N2, "" P300 "le" P3. " Patlo e ne e lekanyelitsoe ho lipatlisiso tse entsoeng bathong le lingoliloeng tse ngotsoeng ka Senyesemane Lingoloa tsohle tse kenyellelitsoeng li ne li hlokoa hore li phatlalatsoe likoranteng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka ebe li ngolisitsoe ho PubMed kapa Embase pele ho Phuptjane 2013.

Re hlahlobile kakaretso ea likhetho tse 207 bakeng sa litekanyetso tse latelang tsa kenyelletso: ho kenyeletsoa sehlopha sa batho ba nang le lithethefatsi kapa batho ba bonts'ang boitšoaro bo hlephileng (batho ba noang sechabeng le basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba boithabiso ba ne ba sa kenyelletsoa); Ho kenyelletsoa ha sehlopha sa taolo joalo ka ha hypoactivation kapa hyper-activation hammoho le bofokoli ba boits'oaro bo hlalositsoeng tlhahlobisong ena kamehla bo amana le taolo e phetseng hantle (lithuto tse se nang sehlopha sa taolo li kenyelelitsoe ha feela ba lekola phello ea sephetho sa kalafo kapa ho kenella ha litlhare kahare sehlopha sa lithethefatsi); kenyelletsoa ha barupeluoa ba fetang 10 sehlopheng ka seng; rona ea go / no-go, stop-signal kapa mosebetsi oa Eriksen Flanker e le mohato oa taolo ea thibelo kapa ts'ebetso ea liphoso; le ts'ebeliso ea fMRI kapa li-ERP e le lisebelisoa tsa neuroimaging. Palo ea lithuto tse 36 e phethile litekanyetso tsa rona tsa ho kenyeletsoa. Re batlisitse ka boomo litšupiso ho lingoloa tseo tsa 36, tse hlahisitseng lithuto tse ling tse 5 tse fihletseng litekanyetso tsa rona tsa kenyelletso. Ka kakaretso, re kentse lithuto tsa 41 tlhahlobisong ea rona. Lethathamo 1, E bonts'a litšobotsi tsohle tsa motho ea nkang karolo, joalo ka lilemo, thobalano, ho ithiba, ho hloka taolo le boemo ba kalafo. Liphetho tsa lithuto tsohle li akaretsoe ka Lisebelisoa tsa 2 'me Le3,3, 'me li tšohloa likarolong tse latelang. Re bua ka litafole bakeng sa lintlha tsa ho ithuta, joalo ka litšobotsi tsa bankakarolo le phapano ea kahare ho sehlooho, e sebeliselitsoeng litlhahlobo tse lipakeng tsa sehlooho moqoqong oa rona oa liphetho tsena.

Litšobotsi tsa mamello tsa lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng

Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa ERP le fMRI tse batlisisang taolo ea thibelo ea ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (karolo ea 1 ea 3)

Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa ERP le fMRI tse batlisisang ho sebetsoa ha liphoso ho ts'epahalleng lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boitšoaro

Taolo ea thibelo

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine

Re khethile lithuto tsa 2 ERP sebakeng sa taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine. Evans le basebetsi-'moho⁶⁰ e batlisitse taolo ea thibelo ho bankakarolo ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea nicotine (ho ithiba 0-10.5 h) le taolo ka ho lekola li-amplipsi tsa P3 (empa eseng N2) mosebetsing oa ho ea / ho se tsamaee. Le ha ho-go P3 amplitudes e ne e le tlase ho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho feta taolo, ha ho phapang ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa lihlopha e fumanoeng. Luijten le basebetsi-'moho⁶¹ e batlisitse hore na taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka nicotine ba neng ba tlohetse ho tsuba hora ea 1 e ile ea susumetsoa ke boteng ba lits'oants'o tsa ho tsuba. Ha li bapisoa le taolo, tse nang le ts'epahalo ea nikotine li ne li sa nepahala hanyane mesebetsing ea ho se tsamaee 'me li ne li bontša li-amplitudes tsa N2 tse tlase. Li-amplitudes tsa P3 ha lia ka tsa fapana pakeng tsa lihlopha. Ho khahlisang ke hore bofokoli ba boits'oaro le litla-morao tsa N2 tse tlase ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine li fumanoe nakong ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse amanang le ho tsuba le tse sa nke lehlakore, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore khaello e bonoeng ea taolo ea thibelo e bonts'a bothata bo akaretsang bo sitisang ho senyeha ha ho tsuba hona joale.

Hape re kenyelelitse lithuto tsa 5 fMRI tsa taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba tsubang. E 'ngoe ea libaka tsa bohlokoa tse neng li kenella taolong ea thibelo, DACC, e ne e sa sebetse haholo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho feta taolo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi oa ho emisa, ha li-SSRTs li ne li sa tšoane.⁶² U sebelisa mosebetsi oa go / no-go, Nestor le basebetsi-'moho⁶³ e fumane likhaello tsa boitšoaro bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba sa itšoareng ka ts'epaetso ea nicotine ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle le batho ba neng ba tsuba ba neng ba sa tsube bonyane selemo se le seng. Ntle le moo, ho sibolloa ha ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ha e bapisoa le taolo ea ACC e netefalitsoe thutong ena mme e ile ea lebisoa ho gyrus e ka pele e ka pele e nepahetseng (SFG), gyrus e ka pele e ka pele kahare (MFG) , IPL ea linaha tse peli le bohareng ba nakoana gyrus (MTG). Lihlopha tse itšetlehileng ka nicotine le bao e neng e le batho ba tsubang ka bobeli ba bona ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e nyane ho IFG ea leqele, insula ea linaha tse peli, gyrus ea paracentral, MTG e ka letsohong le letšehali la parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) ho feta taolo. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore likhaello tsa boits'oaro le ts'ebetso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine li ka khutlisoa ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, ha ts'ebetso ea hypo-activation libakeng tse ling e ntse e phehella le kamora nako e telele ea ho ithiba. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka ba hore ho batho ba tsubang haholo ba nang le ts'oaetso ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa bofokoli bo hlakileng ba boits'oaro le ba neural le ho hloleha ho tlohela ho tsuba. Liphuputso tsa boithuto bo amang bacha ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ba ileng ba qoba ho tsuba metsotso e 1-30 pele ba sekena ba tšehetsa khopolo ena.⁶⁴ Le ha bacha ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine le taolo ba na le litekanyetso tse ts'oanang tsa ho nepahala le ts'ebetso ea boko, thuto e fumane hore ho tsuba ho matla ho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho amana le ts'ebetso e tlase libakeng tse amehang haholo taolong ea thibelo (ke hore, ACC, SMA, IFG e letšehali. orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], MFG ea linaha tse peli le SFG e nepahetseng).

Pharmacology ea taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine le taolo e ile ea batlisisoa phuputsong ea fMRI ba sebelisa moralo oa crossover o habeli o sa boneng ka placebo le mohanyetsi oa dopamine haloperidol.⁶⁵ Batho ba itšetlehileng ka nicotine ha baa ka ba tsuba bonyane lihora tse 4 pele ho ts'ebetso ea ho ea / ho se tsamaee. Liphuputso tsa boits'oaro li bonts'itse ho nepahala ho tlase ha ho etsoa nakong ea tlhahlobo ea pele le hypoactivation ho ACC e nepahetseng le MFG le IFG ka ho le letšehali kamora placebo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ha ba bapisoa le taolo. Hyperactivation ho bankakarolo ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine kamora hore placebo e fumanoe ho TPJ e nepahetseng, e ka bang mokhoa oa tlhokomeliso.¹⁸ Kamora ho tsamaisoa ha haloperidol, hypoactivation ho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine e amanang le taolo e fumanoe feela ho ACC e nepahetseng empa ha e sa le ho MFG e nepahetseng le IFG ea leqele. Mekhoa ea ts'ebetso e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea boko bakeng sa batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine le taolo kamora ho tsamaisoa ha haloperidol e kanna ea ba teng ka lebaka la phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho taolo e bakiloeng ke haloperidol. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fokotsa ts'oaetso ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ho ka ba kotsi ho taolo ea thibelo, e ileng ea ts'ehetsoa hape ke liphuputso tsa hore litefiso tsa ho se tsamaee hantle le ts'ebetso ea boko ho netweke ea taolo ea thibelo (ke hore, ACC ka letsohong le letšehali, le letona SFG, le letšehali IFG, ka morao ho cingulate gyrus [PCC] le MTG) li ile tsa fokotsoa ho pholletsa le lihlopha kamora tsamaiso ea haloperidol ha e bapisoa le placebo. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa mabapi le karolo ea dopaminergic neurotransmission ho thibelo ea thibelo mme e fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a fetotsoeng a mantlha a dopamine ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi a ka kenya letsoho mathateng a taolo ea thibelo ho batho bana.

Berkman le basebetsi-'moho⁶⁶ o batlile khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko nakong ea thibelo ea thibelo mosebetsing oa ho ea / ho se tsamaee le thibelo ea lefatše ea takatso. Batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ba tlalehile litakatso le palo ea lisakerete tse tsubang makhetlo a 'maloa nakong ea libeke tsa pele tsa 3 kamora ho leka ho tlohela. Phuputso e fumane hore ts'ebetso e phahameng ea boko e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho IFG, SMA, putamen le left caudate e thibela kamano lipakeng tsa takatso le ho tsuba ha lefatše, ha mokhatlo o fapaneng o fumanoe bakeng sa amygdala. Ho ka etsoa liqeto tse peli tsa bohlokoa thutong ena. Taba ea mantlha, ho ts'oaroa ha boko mosebetsing o sa bonahaleng oa laboratori ho lekanya taolo ea thibelo ho amana le thibelo ea maikutlo a takatso bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Taba ea bobeli, ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko libakeng tse hlokolosi bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo ha e le hantle e kotsi hobane e amahanngoa le khokahano e matla lipakeng tsa takatso le ho tsuba.

Summary

Liphuputso tsa 2 ERP li fana ka bopaki ba bopaki ba hore li-N2 amplitudes li ka ba tlase ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho feta taolo, ha liphetho tsa li-amplitude tsa P3 li hanyetsana. Ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea MRI e bonts'a hypoactivation marang-rang a thibelang ho tsuba a ka amanang le ho tsuba hampe mme a ka khutlisetsoa morao kamora ho khaotsa ho tsuba. Hypoactivation nakong ea taolo ea thibelo e bonts'itsoe e se na thuso bakeng sa boits'oaro ba ho tsuba, kaha e ne e amahanngoa le keketseho ea khokahano lipakeng tsa takatso le ho tsuba kamora ho leka ho tlohela. Haholo-holo, hypoactivation e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine e ne e sa tsamaee kamehla le bofokoli ba boits'oaro, ka hona e thatafatsa tlhaloso ea tse ling tsa liphetho tse hlokometsoeng. Ntle le moo, ho feto-fetoha ha molumo oa dopaminergic ho bonahala ho susumetsa matla a taolo ea thibelo.

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala

Lithuto tsohle tse kenyellelitsoeng karolong ena li kenyelletsa ho qoba batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala bao hajoale ba ngoliselitsoeng mananeong a kalafo. Re khethile lithuto tse 7 tsa ERP bakeng sa ho kenyelletsoa karolong ena, tse 6 tsa tsona li hlahlobile li-amplitude tsa P3 tse amanang le taolo ea thibelo. Kamarajan le basebetsi-'moho⁶⁷ e fumane hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala ba ne ba sa nepahala ho feta taolo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi, athe lithuto tse ling ha li a ka tsa bona phapang e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala le taolo. Lithutong tsa 3, ho ile ha bonoa lipalo tse nyane tsa P3 tse nyane ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala ha ba bapisoa le taolo.⁶⁷^-⁶⁹ Leha ho le joalo, tse ling tsa lithuto tsena le tse ling le tsona li fumane li-amplitude tsa P3 tse tlase bakeng sa liteko,⁶⁷^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁰ ho fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang ea sehlopha lithutong tsena ha e bontše feela phapang ea matla a thibelo empa e kanna ea amana le likhaello tse akaretsang (mohlala, tlhokomelo). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Karch le basebetsi-'moho⁷¹ le Fallgatter le basebetsi-'moho⁷² ha ea ka ea fumana likhaello ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala ho P3 amplitudes. Papiso ea lithuto tsena e sitisoa ke phapang e kholo ea mekhoa. Taba ea mantlha, li-paradigms tsa mosebetsi li ne li fapane haholo lipakeng tsa lithuto: liphuputsong tse ling ho na le menyetla ea ho se tsamaee e fapaneng ho fapana⁷⁰ kapa menyetla ea ho se tsamaee e ne e le holimo, e leng se neng se baka litlhoko tse tlase tsa thibelo.⁶⁷^,⁷² Ntle le moo, lipalo tse ling tsa mosebetsi li ne li kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea meputso⁶⁷ kapa ho labalabela liteko tsa ho ea holimo.⁷² Taba ea bobeli ke hore, litlhahlobo tsa data liphuputsong tse ling li ne li sa shebana le libaka tseo ho tsona ho se nang li-amplitudes hangata ho fihlang sehlohlolong⁶⁸ kapa li ne li tsepamisitsoe molemong oa tikoloho ea P3 ho fapana le amplitudes.⁷² Ka kakaretso, bopaki ba likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo mehatong ea morao-rao ea taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala bo kopane, mohlomong ka lebaka la liphapang tse kholo tsa mekhoa. E 'ngoe ea lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tsa ERP e batlisitse N2 amplitudes ho bankakarolo ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala.⁷³ Thutong ena, ha ho na bofokoli ba boits'oaro bo fumanoeng ka lebaka la ho se tsamaee ka nepo, ha bankakarolo ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala ba ne ba sa nepahala haholo litekong tsa ho ea 'me ba bonts'a maemo a tlase le a sa tsamaeeng N2 amplitudes ha a bapisoa le taolo.

Re supile lithuto tsa 3 fMRI bakeng sa ho kenyeletsoa karolong ena. Haholo-holo, ha ts'ebetso ea boko e ne e lekantsoe ka nako e le 'ngoe le EEG le fMRI, thuto ea fMRI ea Karch le basebetsi-'moho le eena⁷⁴ e kenyelletsa bakuli ba tšoanang le thuto e hlalositsoeng ea ERP ke sehlopha se le seng.⁷¹ Liphuputso tsa fMRI ho bakuli bana li netefatsa liphetho tsa ERP tsa maemo a tšoanang a ts'ebetso ea boko bakeng sa batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala le taolo.⁷⁴ Boithuto ba fMRI bo sebelisang mosebetsi oa ho emisa ho barupeluoa ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala le taolo ha boa ka ba bontša phapang ea sehlopha ho li-SSRTs.⁷⁵^,⁷⁶ Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa e tlase ea ts'ebetso e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la DLPFC ho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e ka bontšoa.⁷⁵ Phuputsong ea ho kenella ha litlhare, litlamorao tsa tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea ts'ebeliso e matlafatsang ea lithethefatsi modafinil mabapi le thibelo ea karabelo le li-neural correlates tse ka tlase li ile tsa batlisisoa thutong ea crossover e laoloang ka tsela e sa sebetseng.⁷⁶ Ha ho na phello e kholo ea modafinil ho SSRT e bonoeng. Leha ho le joalo, khokahano e ntle lipakeng tsa SSRT kamora placebo le ntlafatso ea SSRT kamora modafinil e fana ka maikutlo a hore barupeluoa ba nang le taolo e tlase ea thibelo ea mantlha ba ka una molemo ho modafinil. Phetoho ea SSRT ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala kamora ho tsamaisoa ha modafinil e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho SMA e ka letsohong le letšehali le thalamus e nepahetseng ea ventrolateral, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ena e kanna ea ba neural correlate ea ntlafatso ea taolo ea thibelo kamora tsamaiso ea modafinil ho bakuli ba nang le taolo e mpe ea mantlha ea thibelo.

Summary

Ha e le thuto e le 'ngoe feela e lekotseng li-N1 amplitudes, ha ho liqeto tse tiileng tse ka etsoang mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa pele tsa thibelo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala. Bopaki ba likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo ho li-amplitude tsa P2 tse bonts'ang taolo ea thibelo ho batho bana boa fokola, mohlomong ka lebaka la phapang e kholo ea mekhoa lipakeng tsa lithuto le meeli ea ho ithuta ka kakaretso. Liphuputso tse ling liphuputsong tseo re li hlahlobileng li fana ka maikutlo a hore likhaello tsa P3 ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala nakong ea ts'ebetso e amanang le tšitiso e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la likhaello tse akaretsang tsa kutloisiso, joalo ka tlhokomelo. Likhaello tse ikhethileng tsa boits'oaro bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo ha lia ka tsa bonts'oa ka mokhoa o kholisang ho lithuto tsa ERP kapa tsa fMRI, tse tsamaellanang le liphetho tse hanyetsanang lithutong tsa boitšoaro sebakeng sena.⁷⁷^-⁸⁰ Le ha palo ea lithuto tsa fMRI e lekantsoe, liphetho tsa fMRI tse fumanehang li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ho DLPFC e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e kanna ea se sebetse. Ho feta moo, taolo ea thibelo ho bakuli ba nang le taolo e mpe ea mantlha ea thibelo e ka ntlafatsoa ka ntlafatso ea kelello ea modafinil.

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea kannete

Hajoale, ha ho liphuputso tse phatlalalitsoeng tsa ERP tse amang batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea kannete ba kileng ba lekola li-amplitude tsa N2 kapa P3 maemong a taolo ea thibelo, athe lithuto tsa 2 fMRI li phatlalalitsoe.⁸¹^,⁸² Leha e le phuputso ea fMRI ha ea ka ea fumana likhaello tsa taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea cannabis (ba sebelisa mesebetsi ea go / no-go), e tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa lithuto tse sa reroang ho batho ba tšoanang.⁸³^,⁸⁴ Leha ho le joalo, batho ka bomong ba sebelisang cannabis ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng nakong ea taolo ea thibelo e amanang le taolo ho ACC / pre-SMA, IPL e nepahetseng le putamen.⁸¹ Liphuputso tsena li ka hlalosoa e le mokhoa oa ho lefella methapo ea methapo, hobane batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea kannete ha ba bontše bofokoli ba boits'oaro. Sephetho se ts'oanang se fumanoe hape ka ho tlohela bacha ba nang le ts'oaetso ea cannabis, ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e eketsehileng nakong ea taolo ea thibelo e amanang le taolo marangrang a maholo a libaka tsa boko (Lethathamo 2).⁸² Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea karolo e 'ngoe ea libaka tsena e ne e boetse e phahame ho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea kannete ho feta taolo nakong ea liteko, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ha se liphapang tsohle lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse neng li totobetse bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo.

Summary

Ho hlakile hore ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata ho netefatsa liphuputso tsa pele tsa fMRI tsa hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea kannabis ba hloka ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea methapo libakeng tsa pele le tsa parietal ho etsa mesebetsi ea thibelo maemong a ts'oanang le taolo. Ntle le moo, nako ea likhaello tse ka bang teng tsa methapo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea kannete e lokela ho fuputsoa ka ho metha li-ampl2 tsa N3 le PXNUMX.

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo e matlafatsang

Phuputsong ea 1 ERP, N2 le P3 amplitudes li ile tsa hlahlojoa mosebetsing oa Flanker o kenyelletsang liteko tsa ho se tsamaee hajoale ho sebelisoa batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine.⁸⁵ Phuputso e fumane hore ntlafatso ea li-no-go N2 le li-P3 amplitudes tse amanang le ho ea ho li-amplope li ne li sa bue hakaalo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine ho feta taolo. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa boits'oaro ha li bonts'a liphapang ka nepahalo, joalo ka hore liphetho tsa ERP li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko.

Re kenyelelitse lithuto tsa 6 fMRI karolong ena, tse 5 tsa tsona li kenyelletsa bakuli ba ts'epahallang k'hok'heine 'me 1 e kenyelletsa bakuli ba ts'epahallang methamphetamine. Lithuto tsa Hester le Garavan⁸⁶ le Kaufman le basebetsi-'moho⁸⁷ Ka bobeli ba fumane ho nepahala ho tlase ho batho ba sebelisang hajoale k'hok'heine e tsamaeang le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho ACC / pre-SMA ha e bapisoa le taolo. Ts'ebetso e nyane ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine e amanang le taolo e fumanoe ho gyrus e ka pele e ka pele e nepahetseng⁸⁶ le insula e nepahetseng.⁸⁷ Mosebetsi oa ho ea / ho se ee thutong ea Hester le Garavan⁸⁶ e kentse mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea mojaro oa memori ho leka ho etsisa mohopolo o phahameng o sebetsang o bakoang ke mahlaseli a amanang le lithethefatsi. Boikaketsi bo amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho ACC bo ne bo tsebahala haholo ha mojaro oa mohopolo o sebetsa o le holimo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo ea thibelo e senyeha haholo maemong a hlokang litlhoko tsa mohopolo tse phahameng. Re sebelisa mosebetsi oa lets'oao la ho emisa, Li le basebetsi mmoho⁸⁸ e netefalitse hypoactivation e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho ACC ho thibela batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine e amanang le taolo; ts'ebetso ena ea maiketsetso e ile ea fetisetsoa ho lobe e phahameng ea parietal lobe (SPL) mme ea siea gyrus e tlase ea occipital. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho liphapang tse fumanoeng lipakeng tsa lihlopha mabapi le boits'oaro bo bonts'ang thibelo ea thibelo (SSRTs), e fapaneng le liphuputso tse tsoang liphuputsong tse sebelisang mesebetsi ea go / no-go ho basebelisi ba mafolofolo. Ha ho na kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello e amanang le taolo ea thibelo le likhahla tsa ho khutlela morao kamora likhoeli tsa 3 tse fumanoeng thutong ea ho tlohela batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea cocaine.⁸⁹

Liphuputso tse peli tsa fMRI tse amang bakuli ba nang le ts'epahalo e matlafatsang ba batlisitse maano a teng a ho ntlafatsa taolo ea thibelo. Phuputso ea meriana ea fMRI ea ho qoba bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka cocaine⁹⁰ e bontšitse hore tsamaiso ea methylphenidate e ntlafalitse taolo ea thibelo ho batho bana (ke hore, SSRT e ne e le khuts'oane kamora tsamaiso ea methylphenidate). Ntle le moo, ho fokotseha ho bakoang ke methylphenidate ho SSRT ho ne ho hokahane hantle le ts'ebetso ho MGF e ka letsohong le letšehali mme e hokahantsoe hampe le ts'ebetso ea cortex e nepahetseng ea ventromedial, e fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tsena li ka etsa biomarker bakeng sa keketseho e bakoang ke methylphenidate ea taolo ea thibelo. Ka kakaretso, methylphenidate e eketsehile ts'ebetsong ea boko nakong ea taolo ea thibelo ho striatum ea linaha tse peli, thalamus ea linaha tse peli le cerebellum e nepahetseng le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ho gyrus e nepahetseng ea nakoana (STG). Liphapang tsena tsa ts'ebetso li ka kenya letsoho ka tsela e sa tobang ntlafatsong ea taolo ea thibelo ka lebaka la methylphenidate. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea ho tlohela batho ba nang le ts'ehetso ea methamphetamine e sebelisitseng mosebetsi oa ho ea / ho se ee, ha ea ka ea fumana bopaki ba ts'ebetso e mpe kapa ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho batho bana.⁹¹ Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e fumane hore ho nepahala ha liteko tse sa eeng holimo ho matlafalitsoe ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea methamphetamine (mme eseng litsamaisong) ha liteko tsa ho se tsamaee li etelletsoe pele ke temoso e hlakileng e bontšang tlhokeho ea thibelo nyeoeng e tlang. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea methamphetamine ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho ACC bakeng sa matšoao a tlhokomeliso, a neng a hokahane hantle le ho nepahala ho ntlafalitsoeng. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo ea thibelo e ka ntlafatsoa ke lintlha tse hlakileng tsa tikoloho tse bolelang esale pele tlhoko ea taolo ea thibelo ka ho qala ts'ebetso ea ACC. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea methamphetamine ba ka una molemo litabeng tse ntle ka ho matlafatsa maikutlo a ho se tsamaee. Leha ho le joalo, teko ea pele ea ho hokahanya tšebetso e thibelang taolo e amanang le taolo le ho khutlela morao ha ea ka ea supa libaka tsa boko tse khethollang bakuli ba khutlang hape le ba setseng.⁸⁹

Summary

Ho ka fumanoa liqeto tse 'maloa liphuputsong tsa neuroimaging ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo e matlafatsang. Taba ea mantlha, thuto e le 'ngoe ea ERP ho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine e fana ka maikutlo a hore likhaello tsa methapo li ka ba teng maemong a pele le a morao ho ts'ebetso ea ts'itiso; leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na sena se ka baka likhaello tsa boitšoaro. Taba ea bobeli, hypoactivation ho ACC nakong ea taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea koae e fumanoe, e neng e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso lithutong tsa 2. Taba ea boraro, lintlha tse hlakileng tsa kantle le methylphenidate ka bobeli li ka ntlafatsa taolo ea thibelo ka ho eketsa ts'ebetso e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho medial prefrontal cortex.

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate

Ho fihlela joale, thuto ea 1 ERP e batlile taolo ea thibelo ea ho thibela batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate moo ho se nang liphapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha ka ho nepahala ho sa eeng kapa N2 le P3 amplitudes tse fumanoeng.⁹² Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe, leha ho le joalo, hore litlhokahalo tse thibelang mosebetsi ona li ne li le tlase ka lebaka la menyetla e phahameng ea liteko tsa ho se tsamaee (ke hore, 50% ea liteko e ne e le liteko tsa ho se ee), molemong oa hore mosebetsi o ne o le bonolo haholo ho o senola phapang lipakeng tsa taolo ea thibelo lipakeng tsa ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate le taolo.

Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea fMRI e kenyellelitsoeng karolong ena e sebelisitse mosebetsi oa go / no-go moo maemo a nepahalo a neng a lula a lula ka boomo ho batho ka bomong. Ho thibela batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate ho fumanoe ba na le linako tsa ho arabela butle butle le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea boko ho feta taolo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso libakeng tse ka sehloohong tse amehang taolong ea thibelo, joalo ka ACC, medial PFC, IFG ea linaha tse peli, e siileng MFG, insula le letšehali SPL.⁹³ Hypoactivation ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea opiate e boetse ea fetisetsoa libakeng tse kantle ho netweke ea taolo ea thibelo ho uncus ea leqele, PHG ea leqele, precuneus e nepahetseng le MTG e nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, li-stimuli tsa ho ea le ho se tsamaee thutong ena li hlahisitsoe ka li-block, joalo ka hore litlhoko tsa thibelo li ne li le tlase haholo.

Summary

Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea ERP eo re e kenyellelitseng e ne e sa bontše bofokoli taolong ea thibelo ea thibelo le li-ERP tse amanang le eona ho thibela bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea opiate, athe hypoactivation libakeng tse bohareng, tsa dorsolateral le parietal li fumanoe thutong ea fMRI. Ka kakaretso, lithuto tse fuputsang taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate lia fokola mme, ka ha litlhoko tsa thibelo li ne li le tlase ho lithuto tse hlahlojoang ka bobeli, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka una molemo ntlafatsong ea moralo oa mesebetsi.

Taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro

Re kenyelelitse lithuto tsa 3 ERP tse fuputsang taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi, bao 2 ea bona e ithutileng ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete mme e le 1 ea eona e ithutileng papali e feteletseng. Phuputso ea ERP ea Zhou le basebetsi-'moho⁹⁴ e bontšitse li-amplitudes tsa N2 tse sa tsejoeng haholo le ho fokotsa ho nepahala ha ho-go ka ho feteletseng ha ho bapisoa le basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba Inthanete. Phuputso ha ea ka ea lekola P3 amplitudes. Dong le basebetsi-'moho⁹⁵ e netefalitse li-amplitudes tsa N2 tse sa tsejoeng haholo ho banna ba nang le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea Inthanete ho feta ba nang le tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea Inthanete, athe P3 amplitudes ho ba nang le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea Inthanete e ile ea ntlafatsoa. Ha ho liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro tse fumanoeng thutong ea morao-rao. Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng mohatong oa hoqetela oa taolo ea thibelo e ka be e sebelitse e le puseletso bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse sa sebetseng tsa pele tsa thibelo ho basebelisi ba inthanete ba fetelletseng ho fumana maemo a ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro a lekanang le a basebelisi ba inthanete ba tloaelehileng. Liphuputso thutong ea boraro ea ERP⁹⁶ netefatsa mathata a taolo ea thibelo ho batho ka bomong ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea boits'oaro, joalo ka ha papali e feteletseng thutong ena e fumanoe e amahanngoa le ho nepahala ho tlase ha ho sa tsamaeeng. Liphuputso tsa ERP, leha ho le joalo, li hanana le tsa lithuto tse ling ka ho bonts'a li-amplople tsa N2 tse kholo ho bapalami ba fetelletseng sehlopheng sa parietal ha li bapisoa le taolo. Ho se lumellane liphumanong tsa N2 e kanna ea ba litholoana tsa liphapang tsa palo ea batho ba ithutoang (sehlopha se tsoakaneng sa basebelisi ba inthanete ka mokhoa o fetelletseng ha se bapisoa le sehlopha se nang le boits'oaro bo feteletseng ba papali) kapa liphapang tsa bothata ba mosebetsi (> 91% ha e ea nepahala ho pholletsa le lihlopha tsa lithuto tsa Dong le basebetsi mmoho⁹⁵ le Zhou le basebetsi-'moho⁹⁴ v. 53% phuputsong ea Littel le basebetsi-'moho⁹⁶).

Re kenyelelitse lithuto tsa 4 fMRI karolong ena, 2 ea eona e ne e kenyelletsa batho ba nang le papali ea chelete ea mafu 'me ba 2 ba eona ba ne ba kenyelletsa barupeluoa ba nang le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba ho ja. E 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa fMRI tsa batho ba nang le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete li fokolitse ts'ebetso ho DACC bakeng sa ho emisa ka katleho mosebetsing oa ho emisa mabapi le taolo.⁶² Le ha li-SSRTs li ne li sa holofala sehlopheng sa papali ea chelete ea ho becha, tlhahiso ena e fana ka maikutlo a ho itšireletsa ho DACC e ts'oanang le e fumanoang ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea batho ba nang le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete ba sebelisitseng mosebetsi oa ho ea le ho se tsamaee ka ho se nke lehlakore, papali ea chelete, litšoantšo tse ntle le tse mpe li bonts'a litekanyetso tse ts'oanang tsa ho se tsamaee ha lihlopha tsa papali ea chelete le taolo.⁹⁷ Leha ho le joalo, ba nang le papali ea chelete ea ho becha ba kanna ba sebelisa leano la matšeliso ho etsa mosebetsi ka nepo joalo ka taolo, kaha linako tsa karabelo li ne li le telele hape le ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le taolo ea ho se nke lehlakore ho DLPFC ea linaha tse peli mme ACC e nepahetseng e ne e phahame sehlopheng sa papali ea chelete ho feta sehlopha sa taolo. Taba e amanang le papali ea chelete e bonahala e thusa ho thibela karabelo ho batho ba nang le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e amanang le taolo, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke ho nepahala ho hoholo ha ho pepesetsoa mekhoa ea papali ea chelete le ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko ho DLPFC le ACC ho ba nang le papali ea chelete ho feta taolo.

Liphuputso tse peli tsa fMRI tse fuputsang taolo ea thibelo li entsoe ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo feteletseng (ke hore, bakuli ba batenya kapa ba jang joala). Phuputso e amanang le bakuli ba batenya⁹⁸ o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho emisa. Le ha li-SSRTs tse tšoanang li fumanoe, bakuli ba batenya ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e nyane ea boko ho feta litsamaiso likarolong tse kholo tsa netweke ea taolo ea thibelo (ke hore, SFG e ka letsohong le letšehali, IFG e tlohang, linaha tse kopaneng tsa MFG, insula, IPL, cuneus, libaka tse nepahetseng tsa occipital le MTG). Phuputsong ea Lock le basebetsi-'moho,⁹⁹ maemo a tšoanang a ho nepahala a fumanoe nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho ea / ho se tsamaee, athe barupeluoa ba nang le boits'oaro ba ho itlopa joala ba ne ba na le ts'ebetso e ngata ea boko e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho feta taolo libakeng tsa boko tse amehang haholo taolong ea thibelo, joalo ka DLPFC e nepahetseng, ACC e nepahetseng, precentral ea linaha tse peli gyri, hypothalamus ea linaha tse peli le MTG e nepahetseng.

Summary

Lintho tse ka fumanoang tse amanang le ketsahalo ho basebelisi ba marang-rang ba inthanete li bonts'itse li-ampl2 tsa N2 liphuputsong tsa 2, ho fana ka maikutlo a bofokoli mohatong oa ho lemoha likhohlano molemong oa tšitiso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-amplitudes tsa N2 ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo feteletseng ba lipapali li ile tsa ntlafatsoa sehlopheng sa parietal. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea fMRI ho batho ba nang le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e bonts'itse khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho DACC, ha thuto ea bobeli ea fMRI e bonts'a hore taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso e amanang le boko e ka matlafatsoa ke moelelo o amanang le papali ea chelete. Liphuputso tsa lithuto tsa 1 fMRI ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng li bonahala li hanyetsana. Le ha ho sa ithute letho le bonts'itseng bofokoli ba boits'oaro taolong ea thibelo, thuto ea XNUMX e bonts'itse khatello ea maikutlo ho bakuli athe e 'ngoe e bonts'itse khatello ea maikutlo likarolong tse ngata tsa netweke ea taolo ea thibelo. Ho hlakile hore lithuto tse ling tsa neuroimaging ho baahi ba nang le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng-joalo ka boits'oaro lia hlokahala.

Phoso e sebetsa

Phoso e sebetsana le batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine

Lithuto tse peli tsa ERP le 2 fMRI li hlahlobile ho sebetsana le liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine. Franken le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰⁰ e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea Flanker le li-amplitude tsa ERN bakeng sa liteko tse sa nepahalang li ne li sa senyeha ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine kamora hora ea 1 ea ho tsuba. Leha ho le joalo, Pe amplitudes e ne e le tlase ho batho bana ho feta litaolong. Liphuputso tsena li kanna tsa supa hore ho fumanoa phoso ea pele ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho nepahetse empa hore tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea liphoso e kanna ea fapana hanyane sehlopheng sena. Luijten le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰¹ o sebelisitse mosebetsi o ts'oanang ho ithuta batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea nicotine kamora hora ea 1 ea ho ithiba, empa hape a kenyelletsa ho tsuba. Ka bobeli ERN le Pe amplitudes li ne li le tlase ho tse nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho feta taolo. Ntle le moo, batho ba tsubang ba bonts'a butle butle kamora ho etsa liphoso ho feta taolo. Liphetho tsa boithuto bona le ba Franken le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰⁰ fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fumanoa phoso ea pele ho ka senyeha ka kotloloho ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nikotine ha lisebelisoa tse fokolang tsa kutloisiso li fumaneha bakeng sa ho lekola liphoso (mohlala, nakong ea ho pepesetsoa mekhoa ea ho tsuba) Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebetsana le liphoso ka hloko ho feta hangata ho ka fapana haholo ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine.

Phuputso ea fMRI moo bankakarolo ba entseng mosebetsi oa ho emisa pontšo e bonts'itseng ts'ebetsong e amanang le liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine ho feta taolo ho DACC hammoho le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng sebakeng se ka pele sa dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC).⁶² U sebelisa mosebetsi oa go / no-go, Nestor le basebetsi-'moho⁶³ o fumane hore batho ba sa itširelleng ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine, ha ba bapisoa le taolo, ba entse liphoso tse ngata tse tsamaeang le phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea boko kamora liphoso tsa ts'ebetso ho SFG e nepahetseng le STG, athe ha ho phapang e fumanoeng ho ACC kapa insula. Phuputso ena e boetse e kenyelelitse sehlopha sa batho ba neng ba tsuba ba neng ba sa sebetse bonyane selemo se le seng mme ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng e amanang le liphoso ho ACC, insula e setseng, SFG ea linaha tse peli, MFG ea leqele, cerebellum e tlohetseng, e siile MTG, STG ea linaha tse peli le parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) e amanang le batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine le taolo. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ea liphoso e ka eketsa menyetla ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba kapa hore likhaello tsa batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine lia fetoha.

Summary

Liphetho tse tsoang liphuputsong tsa 2 ERP li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sibolla liphoso tsa mantlha ho ka se sebetse hantle ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine nakong ea maemo a thata a kelello, athe ho lekola liphoso le hona ho ka sekisetsoa maemong a sa nke lehlakore. Hypoactivation ho ACC ka karabelo ea liphoso e fumanoe ho 1 ea lithuto tsa 2 fMRI ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea nicotine. Liphuputso tse ling li lokela ho hlakisa hore na maemo a amanang le ho sebetsana le liphoso a teng maemong afe ho batho bana.

Phoso e sebetsana le batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala

Lithuto tse peli tsa ERP le thuto ea 1 fMRI li batlile ho sebetsoa ha liphoso ho bakuli ba ikhethileng ba itšetlehileng ka joala. Padilla le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰² le Schellekens le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰³ o batlisisitse li-amplitudes tsa ERN (empa eseng Pe) ho qoba batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e hlahisitsoeng ke liphoso mosebetsing oa Flanker. Sehlopha sa batho ba itšetlehileng ka joala thutong ea Padilla le basebetsi-'moho le eena¹⁰² ba entse mosebetsi ka nepo joalo ka sehlopha sa taolo empa ba bonts'a ho eketseha ha li-amplitude tsa ERN, ba fana ka maikutlo a ho ntlafatsa ho lekola liphoso tsa ts'ebetso. Leha ho le joalo, sena se kanna sa se totobetse bakeng sa liphoso thutong ena, hobane sehlopha sa ts'epahallang joala le sona se bonts'itse amplitudes e eketsehileng bakeng sa liteko tse nepahetseng. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea ERP ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e fumanoe e eketsehile li-amplitudes tsa ERN ka kotloloho bakeng sa liphoso ho bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e amanang le taolo.¹⁰³ Ntle le moo, bakuli bana ba itšetlehileng ka joala ba bonts'itse litefiso tse eketsehileng tsa liteko tsa kopano. Ho khahlisang ke hore ha batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala le mathata a ho tšoenyeha ba comorbid ba bapisoa le ba se nang mathata a ho tšoenyeha, li-amplitudes tsa ERN li ne li le kholo sehlopheng sa matšoenyeho. Matlafatso a ntlafalitsoeng a ERN ho batho ba tšoenyehileng haholo a tsamaellana le likhopolo tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho kenella ka hare ho psychopathology ho amana le ho lekola liphoso tsa ts'ebetso.¹⁰⁴ Tumellanong le liphetho tsa ERP, phuputso ea fMRI ea Li le basebetsi-mmoho⁷⁵ e bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea boko bo amanang le liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e amanang le taolo ea mosebetsi oa ho emisa ka ACC e nepahetseng, MFG ea linaha tse peli le SFG ea linaha tse peli le libakeng tse kantle ho netweke ea ts'ebetso ea liphoso (ke hore, MTG, SPL, ea linaha tse peli. culcus e bohareng e nepahetseng le gyrus e phahameng ea occipital e nepahetseng).

Summary

Ho bonahala eka ts'ebetso ea liphoso e ntlafalitsoe ho tlohelleng batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala, joalo ka ha li-amplipens tsa ERN le ts'ebetso e amanang le liphoso ea ACC li eketsehile. Hajoale, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa ERP ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e hlahlobileng Pe amplitudes; ka hona, ha ho na leseli le fumanehang mabapi le ts'ebetso e hlokolosi ea liphoso sehlopheng sena.

Phoso e sebetsana le batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea hanf

Ha ho lithuto tsa ERP mme ho fumanoe lipatlisiso tsa 1 fMRI tse batlisisang liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea hanf.⁸¹ Phuputsong ea fMRI, bankakarolo ba ile ba kopuoa ho tobetsa konopo mosebetsing oa ho ea / ho se tsamaee ha ba hlokomela hore ba entse phoso, joalo ka hore liphoso tsa ho tseba le ho se tsebe li ka hlahlojoa ka thoko. Bakeng sa liphoso tse hlokomelehang, ts'ebetso libakeng tse hlokolosi bakeng sa ho sebetsana le liphoso e ne e ts'oana le ho sa sebeliseng kalafo ho batla batho ba nang le ts'oaetso le taolo ea kannabis, athe batho ba itšetlehileng ka cannabis ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng e amanang le liphoso bokong ba linaha tse peli le li-putamen, caudate le hippocampus. Karolo ea liphoso ho batho le litsamaiso tse itšetlehileng ka hanf e ne e ts'oana; leha ho le joalo, batho ba itšetlehileng ka hanf hangata ba ne ba sa tsebe liphoso tsa bona. Ntle le moo, batho ba itšetlehileng ka hanf, empa e seng litsamaiso, ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e nyane ho ACC e nepahetseng, MFG ea linaha tse peli, putamen e nepahetseng le IPL bakeng sa liphoso tse sa tsebeng ho feta liphoso tse tsebahalang. Phapang ea ts'ebetso ea ACC e amanang le liphoso bakeng sa liphoso tse hlokomeloang le tse sa tsebeng e ne e amahanngoa hantle le phokotso ea tlhokomeliso ea liphoso

Summary

Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tsa fMRI ho netefatsa tlhokomeliso e fokolang ea liphoso ho basebelisi ba cannabis. Hape, lithuto tsa ERP li lokela ho lekola hore na mohato oa pele oa ts'ebetso ea liphoso le oona o ka sekisetsoa mme o lokela ho etsisa tlhokomeliso ea liphoso tse sa khethollang ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea cannabis ka ho lekola Pe amplitudes.

Phoso e sebetsana le batho ba nang le ts'epo e matlafatsang

Lithuto tse tharo tsa ERP li batlisitse ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine.⁷^,⁸⁵^,¹⁰⁵ Ha ho na lithuto ho batho ba sebelisang tse ling tse khothatsang tse fumanoeng. Barupeluoa thutong ea Franken le basebetsi-'moho⁷ o entse mosebetsi oa Flanker. Liphuputso tse ka bang teng kamora ketsahalo li bonts'itse hore ho hlophisoa ha liphoso ka boiketsetso le ho sebetsana le liphoso hamorao ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ho tlohelleng batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea cocaine ho feta taolo, joalo ka ha li-ERN le Pe amplitudes li fokolisitsoe. Ntle le moo, bankakarolo ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea koae ba entse liphoso tse ngata ho feta taolo. Haholo-holo, ba entse liphoso tse ngata kamora phoso ea nyeoeng e fetileng, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho tloaela boits'oaro ho ne ho le tlase. Sokhadze le basebetsi-'moho⁸⁵ le Marhe le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰⁵ e netefalitse sekhahla sa liphoso le liphokotso tsa li-ERN tse fokolitsoeng ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine e amanang le taolo e sebetsang, ka ho latellana, mosebetsi o kopaneng oa Flanker le go / no-go ho basebelisi ba mafolofolo le mosebetsi oa khale oa Flanker ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka cocaine matsatsing a 'maloa a pele a ts'oaetso . Ha ho thuto e batlisisitseng Pe amplitudes. Habohlokoa, liphokotso tsa ERN tse fokolitsoeng le tsona li bontšitsoe e le tse boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea k'hok'heine khoeling e latelang ea likhoeli tse 3.¹⁰⁵

Lithuto tse peli tsa fMRI ho batho ka bomong ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine ba batlisisitse ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le ts'ebetso ea liphoso e sebelisang go / no-go⁸⁷ le mosebetsi oa ho emisa.⁸⁹ Hypoactivation e amanang le liphoso e fumanoe ho ba neng ba sebelisa k'hok'heine ka mafolofolo ha ba bapisoa le taolo ea ACC, MFG e ka letsohong le letšehali, insula le letšehali IFG. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine ba entse liphoso tse ngata nakong ea ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi. Ho latela liphetho tsa ERP, Luo le basebetsi-'moho⁸⁹ e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng e amanang le phoso ea dACC ea ho tlohela batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea cocaine e ne e amahanngoa le ho khutlela morao likhoeli tse 3 hamorao ho banna le basali, ha litlamorao tse amanang le thobalano li fumanoe thalamus le insula ea leqele.

Summary

Ka bobeli lithuto tsa ERP le fMRI li bonts'a ts'ebetso e tlase e amanang le liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea cocaine ho feta taolo, haholo-holo libakeng tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea liphoso, joalo ka ACC, insula le IFG. Maemo a tlase a ERN le Pe ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea koae ha ba bapisoa le taolo a fana ka maikutlo a hore mathata a sebetsanang le liphoso a ka hlaha e le litlamorao tsa likhaello tsa ho sibolla liphoso tsa mantlha le ho tsoa ho likhaello tlhahlobong e hlakileng ea liphoso tsa ts'ebetso. Phokotso ea li-amplitudes tsa ERN le ts'ebetso ea dACC e amanang le liphoso li ne li amahanngoa le ho khutlela morao ha ho latela khoeli ea likhoeli tse 3.

Phoso e sebetsana le batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate

Ha rea tseba lithuto tsa ERP mme ke thuto ea 1 fMRI feela e entseng lipatlisiso tsa ho sebetsana le liphoso ho qoba batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate.¹⁰⁶ Ho fumanoe hore batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate ba entse liphoso tse ngata mosebetsing oa ho ea / ho se tsamaee le hore ts'ebetso e amanang le liphoso ho ACC e fokotsoe ha e bapisoa le ts'ebetso ea taolo. Ntle le moo, kopano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ACC le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate e ne e haella, athe khokahano ena ea boits'oaro ba kelello e ne e le teng taolong.

Summary

Ho haelloa ke li-Neural ts'ebetsong ea boko bo amanang le phoso ho ACC ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea opiate ho fumanoe thutong ea fMRI. Ho hlakile hore ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tsa fMRI le ERP ho netefatsa liphapang ho bakuli bana.

Phoso e sebetsana le batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro

Re hlokometse feela thuto ea 1 ERP sebakeng sa litloaelo tsa boits'oaro tse bonts'itseng litefiso tse eketsehileng tsa liteko tsa ho se tsamaee ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo feteletseng ba papali ha ba bapisoa le taolo.⁹⁶ Ho ile ha fumanoa li-amplitudes tse tlase tsa ERN 'me ha ho na liphapang lipapaling tsa Pe amplitudes tse nkiloeng ho bankakarolo ba nang le papali e fetelletseng bakeng sa liteko tsa liphoso, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea pele ea liphoso ho bapalami ba feteletseng e kanna ea se tsejoe hofeta ho taolo, athe tlhokomeliso ea liphoso e kanna ea se amana le ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa liphoso. Phuputso e le 'ngoe feela ea fMRI e batlileng ho sebetsoa ha liphoso maemong a litloaelo tsa boits'oaro e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e amanang le phoso ho ts'ebetso ea DACC mosebetsing oa ho emisa e ne e le tlase ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro ba papali ea chelete ho feta taolo, athe ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ne e le joalo.⁶² Tlhahiso ena e fana ka maikutlo a ho beha leihlo le sa tsejoeng haholo la liphoso sehlopheng sa papali ea papali ea chelete sebakeng se bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea liphoso.

Summary

Liphuputso ka bobeli tse batlisisang liphoso li bonts'itse liphoso tse fokolang ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le joala, ka hona ba ts'oana le se fumanoeng ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Lithuto tse ling tsa fMRI le ERP lia hlokahala ho pheta liphetho tsena le ho li fetisetsa lihlopheng tse ling tse bonts'ang litlolo tsa boitšoaro.

Puisano

Kakaretso ea liphetho

Tlhahlobo ea hajoale e fana ka kakaretso ea lithuto tsa ERP le fMRI tse rarollotseng taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho batho ba bonts'ang litlhahiso tsa boits'oaro. Lithuto tsa ERP tsa taolo ea thibelo, joalo ka ha li sebelisoa ho sebelisa go / nogo le li-paradigms tsa li-stop-signal, li fumane likhaello ho N2 le P3 amplitudes ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi. Ea lithuto tse hlahlobileng N2 amplitudes (n = 7), boholo (n = 5) e bontšitse li-amplitudes tse tlase tsa N2 ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi ho feta taolo (mohlala, bona Sehlomathiso, Setšoantšo sa S1, ho jpn.ca), Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore khaello ea taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi e ka bakoa ke mathata a lits'ebetso tsa pele tsa kutloisiso, joalo ka ho lemoha likhohlano. Liphetho tsa lithuto ho P3 amplitudes (n = 11) ha li lumellane. Boithuto bo bong ha bo bontše phapang lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le lithethefatsi le taolo (n = 5), athe lithuto tse ling li bonts'a tlase (n = 5) kapa ho feta (n = 1) P3 amplitudes ho ba nang le lithethefatsi. Ka hona ha ho liqeto tse hlakileng tse ka etsoang mabapi le P3. E tlatselletsa liphuputsong tsa li-amplitudes tse sa tsejoeng tsa N2, lithuto tse 'maloa tsa fMRI (n = 13 ea 16) e fumane hypoactivation e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi, haholo-holo ho ACC, IFG le DLPFC, empa hape le ho parietal gyri e tlase le e phahameng (Feie. 1). Ho tsoa liphethong tsena, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore likarolo tse ngata tsa marang-rang tse laolang taolo ea thibelo ha li sebetse ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi. Ha e le hantle, phapang ea ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le taolo ea thibelo e fumanoe hape kantle ho taolo ea thibelo ea methapo ea kutlo, ho bontša hore batho ba nang le lithethefatsi ba ka sebelisa maano a fapaneng ho kenya tšebetsong taolo ea thibelo.

Feie. 1

Kakaretso ea ho se sebetse hantle ka hare ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa taolo ea thibelo. Masakana a emela hypoactivation le lisekoere hyperactivation bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le taolo. Ha e le hantle, lithuto tse 6 ...

Ho itšireletsa ho amanang le liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi ho ACC, sebaka se bohloko ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea liphoso, se fumanoe ho fetisisa (n = 6 ea 7) lithuto tsa fMRI (Feie. 2), Ha hypoactivation e amanang le ts'ebetso ea liphoso e boetse e tlalehiloe libakeng tse ling, joalo ka gyri le insula e ka pele le e tlase. Liphuputso tsa ERP li tiisa le ho tlatselletsa liphetho tsa fMRI. Maemo a tlase a ERN ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le taolo a ile a bonoa (n = 5 ea 8), ka hona ho netefatsa likhaello tsa pele tsa ho fumana liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi (bona Sehlomathiso, Setšoantšo sa S2, mohlala oa se fumanoeng ke ERN le Pe). Kaha ACC ke jenereithara ea ERN,⁸^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹ Liphuputso tse peli tsa ERN le fMRI li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse ha ACC e ka ba biomarker bakeng sa liphoso tsa ho sebetsana le liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi. Habohlokoa, li-amplitudes tse tlase tsa ERN le hypoactivation ho ACC li ne li amahanngoa le ho khutlela morao lithutong tsa 2 longitudinal.⁸⁹^,¹⁰⁵ Liphetho tsa Pe li tlatselletsa liphuputso tsa fMRI ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ka nako ea liphoso tsa ho sebetsana le liphoso. Lower Pe amplitudes ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha e bapisoa le taolo e ile ea bonoa (n = 3 ea 4) mme o fana ka tlhahiso ea hore, ntle le ho sibolla liphoso tsa mantlha, ho sebetsana le liphoso ka mokhoa o hlokolosi le hona ho ka senyeha. Ena ke tlhahiso e khahlisang haholo hobane e kanna ea amahanngoa le temohisiso ea boits'oaro, sehlooho se sa tsoa hohela tlhokomelo e kholo lebaleng la bokhoba ba tahi.¹⁰⁷

Feie. 2

Kakaretso ea ho se sebetse hoa anterior cingate ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa ho sebetsana le liphoso. Masakana a emela hypoactivation le lisekoere hyperactivation bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le taolo. Ha e le hantle, thuto ea 1 e kenyelelitsoe ...

Liphuputso tse peli tlhahlobisong ea hajoale ke khethollo ho liqeto tse tšohliloeng. Taba ea mantlha, liphetho tsa fMRI ho basebelisi ba li-cannabis li bonts'a hyper- sebakeng sa hypoactivation mabapi le taolo ea thibelo libakeng tsa boko tse amehang haholo taolong ea thibelo, ho kenyeletsoa pre-SMA, DLPFC, insula le IPG. Hyperactivation e amanang le taolo ea thibelo ho basebelisi ba li-cannabis e ka hlalosoa e le boiteko bo eketsehileng ba methapo ea kutlo ho fihlela mehlala ea taolo ea boits'oaro (ke hore, ha ho na bofokoli ba boitšoaro bo fumanoeng ho batho bana). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng sena ke lilemo tse batlang li le tlase tsa basebelisi ba kannete lithutong ka bobeli tsa fMRI tse amanang le lithuto tse ling ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.⁸¹^,⁸² Ntle le moo, bankakarolo thutong ea Tapert le basebetsi-'moho⁸² Ho qoba tšebeliso ea li-cannabis matsatsi a 28, e leng nako e telele ho feta liphuputsong tse ling tse ngata, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea boko e ka fetoha joalo ka ts'ebetso ea nako ea ho ithiba.¹⁰⁸

Liphuputso tsa ERP le fMRI mabapi le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea joala ke khethollo ea bobeli ho boikaketsi bo amanang le liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi. Ho fapana le batho ba bang ba lemaletseng joala, ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea liphoso, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke kholo ea ERN amplitudes le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng e amanang le liphoso ho ACC.⁷⁵^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰³ Lintho tse fumanoeng thutong ke Schellekens le basebetsi-'moho¹⁰³ fana ka tlhaloso e ka bang teng bakeng sa ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea liphoso ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka joala, kaha li-amplitude tsa ERN li ne li le kholo ho batho ba tšoenyehileng haholo ho feta batho ba sa tšoenyeheng haholo. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore hangata psychopathology e sebetsanang le tšebelisano 'moho (ke hore, mathata a amanang le matšoenyeho) ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea joala¹⁰⁹^,¹¹⁰ e kanna ea ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea liphoso. Kakaretso ea liphuputso tsa ERN e tiisa hore ho kenella ka hare ho psycho-pathology ho amahanngoa le kholo ea ERN amplitudes, athe kantle ho psychopathology ho amahanngoa le li-amplitudes tse sa tsejoeng tsa ERN.¹⁰⁴

Morero oa bobeli oa tlhahlobo ea rona e ne e le ho lekola liphapang le ho ts'oana ha taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mekhoa e meng e lemalloang. Liphuputso tse ts'oanang le tse bonoang ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li fumanoe ho batho ba nang le papali ea papali ea chelete le ho ja haholo, lipapali le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Mohlala, hypoactivation ho ACC bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso e fumanoe ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro ba papali ea chelete.⁶² e ts'oanang le se fumanoang khafetsa ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse hanyetsanang le tsona li fumanoe ho ba nang le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba papali (mohlala, N2 amplitudes e atolositsoeng) le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba ho ja (ke hore, thuto ea 1 fMRI lefapheng la taolo ea thibelo e bontšitse khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thibelo, athe e 'ngoe e bontšitse khatello ea maikutlo) . Qetellong, ho ile ha fumanoa ho tšoana ho itseng lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ba bonts'ang boits'oaro bo lemalloang; leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho na le lipatlisiso tse sa lekanang tsa neuroimaging ho baahi bana, mme liphetho tsa hajoale ha li na qeto.

Moetso o kopanyang

Khokahano ea liphetho tsa ERP le fMRI bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo le ho sebetsana le liphoso li hlahisa maikutlo a hore liphetho tse sa fetoheng ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi li amana le ho se sebetse ha DACC. Ka bobeli N2 le ERN li simolohile ka har'a methapo ea kutlo ho DACC,¹¹¹ le ho se sebetse ha DACC e ne e le ho fumana fMRI e lumellanang ka ho fetesisa bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse ho arolelanoeng ha DACC ho ka tlatsetsa ho likhaello taolong ea thibelo le phetisong ea liphoso. Khopolo e nang le tšusumetso mabapi le ts'ebetso ea DACC e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho lekola likhohlano ke mosebetsi oa mantlha oa DACC,⁸^,¹¹² ka hona e hlalosa karolo ea eona ea bohlokoa mesebetsing e mengata e fapaneng ea kutloisiso. Khopolo ena e ts'ehetsoa ke ho sibolla hore ts'ebetso e amanang le likhohlano ho DACC e etelletse pele ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho DLPFC nyeoeng e latelang, e bonts'a hore DACC e etella pele phetoho ho ts'ebetsong libakeng tse ling tsa boko tse sebelisang taolo ea kutloisiso.⁵⁹ Mosebetsi ona oa ho lekola likhohlano oa DACC e kanna ea ba mosebetsi o boima bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso. Bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo, khohlano lipakeng tsa tloaelo ea karabelo ka boiketsetso le sepheo sa nako e telele se hloka ho fumanoa ho thibela boits'oaro. Ho sebetsana le liphoso le ho lekola likhohlano ho kanna ha amana haholo, mohlomong ka tsela e ts'oanang. Ho tseba ho sebetsana le liphoso nakong ea boits'oaro bo tsoelang pele, ho lekola likhohlano ho bohlokoa ho bontša phapang lipakeng tsa karabelo ea 'nete le boemeli ba karabo e nepahetseng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebetsa ka nepo liphoso tsa ts'ebetso hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho ithuta le ho lekola likhohlano boits'oarong bo tlang, ka hona ho bontša kamano e ka bang teng pakeng tsa ho lekola likhohlano le ho sebetsana le liphoso. Mokhatlo ona o ikarabellang le ho lekola likhohlano (Feie. 3) e fana ka maikutlo a hore likhaello tsa ho sebetsana le liphoso li ka susumetsa ka mokhoa o sa tobang libaka tse ling tse sebetsang tsa taolo ea kelello, ho kenyeletsoa taolo ea thibelo.¹¹³ Ka kakaretso, re etsa tlhahiso ea hore ho lekola likhohlano ho DACC ho emela khaello ea mantlha ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tse bakiloeng ke likhaello tse sebetsanang le ts'ebetso ea liphoso le taolo ea thibelo (Feie. 3). Haholo-holo, mohopolo ona oa ho lekola likhohlano e le khaello e tloaelehileng ho ts'ebetsong ea DACC ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi e ka akaretsa libaka tse ling tsa taolo ea kelello, ho kenyeletsoa le ho sebetsana le maikutlo, ho shebisisa le ho lemoha boiphihlelo. Tumellanong le mohopolo ona, e meng ea mesebetsi ena, joalo ka ho lemoha masapo e lekantsoeng ka li-paradigms tse sa tloaelehang, e kile ea bontšoa e na le bothata ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi,¹¹⁴ athe mesebetsi e meng, joalo ka ho beha leihlo ka hloko, e etsa karolo ea bohlokoahali ea mesebetsi e mengata ea taolo ea kutloisiso, ho kenyeletsoa taolo ea thibelo. Ha ho fanoa ka karolo e hlahisitsoeng ke IFC ho li-go / no-go le li-stop-signal tsa paradigms, likhaello tse hlokometsoeng tsa IFG ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi nakong ea mesebetsi ena li ka bonts'a bokhoni ba ho lekola tlhokomelo.¹⁹^,²⁰^,¹¹⁵ Ho ipapisitsoe le mohlala o rometsoeng ho ka lebelloa hore ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea DACC, ekaba ka ho otlolla maikutlo ka kotloloho kapa kalafo e sa tobang ea boits'oaro e ka baka taolo e eketsehileng ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang. Khopolo-taba e 'ngoe e ipapisitseng le mofuta oa hajoale e ka ba hore mehato e shebaneng le ho lekola likhohlano kapa ho sebetsana le liphoso e tla fella ka ntlafatso taolong ea thibelo, athe sena se ne se ke ke sa sebetsa ka lehlakoreng le leng.

Feie. 3

Kakaretso le mohlala o kopaneng oa likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo ha ho sebetsoa liphoso le taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo hlephileng. Likarolo tse ka bang teng tse amanang le ketsahalo le libaka tsa boko tse thathamisitsoeng ka har'a mabokose ke tse bonts'ang methapo ea kutlo e lumellanang ka ho fetesisa ...

sheba mefokolo ea

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho se lumellane ha liphuputso kahare le lipakeng tsa lithuto tse kenyelelitsoeng ho ne ho hlakile. Mohlala, liphihlelo tsa boko le boits'oaro e ne e se tse lumellanang khafetsa mme batho ba nang le lithethefatsi ba bontšitse hyper- sebakeng sa ts'ebetso ea boikaketsi e amanang le taolo ea thibelo kapa ts'ebetso ea liphoso lithutong tse ling. Ka kakaretso, tlhaloso ea hypo-versus hyperactivation ho ERP le lithuto tsa fMRI ho baahi ba bongaka ba amanang le taolo e lula e lekana. Lintho tse fumanoeng ke boits'oaro, joalo ka ts'ebetso e sa nepahalang ea mosebetsi kapa phapang ea nako ea karabelo, ke tsa bohlokoa ho tataiseng tlhaloso ea boikaketsi. Le ha e le khopolo-taba, tlhaloso e ka bang teng ea boiketsiso ntle le bofokoli ba boits'oaro ke hore ts'ebetso ea boko e ka ba mohato o thata ho feta oa ho fumana ho sa tloaelehang ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi.⁵^,¹¹⁶ Moelelong ona ho ka ba monate ho etsa lipatlisiso ka mekhatlo e pakeng tsa bongata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa boemo ba ho itšetleha le boholo ba boiketsiso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, hyperactivation e kopaneng le ts'ebetso e ntle ea boits'oaro hangata e hlalosoa e le boiteko bo eketsehang ba methapo kapa ts'ebeliso ea maano a mang a ts'ebeliso ea kelello ho fihlela maemo a tloaelehileng a boits'oaro.¹¹⁷

Ho se lumellane ha liphetho ho ka etsahala ka lebaka la phapang ea mekhoa, joalo ka khetho ea mokuli, litlhaloso tsa lipapatso tsa mosebetsi, ho fumana lintlha le mekhoa ea ho e hlahloba. Le ha re tlaleha litšobotsi tse 'maloa tsa mamello ho Lethathamo 1, ke moeli oa tlhahlobo ea hajoale hore litlamorao tsa litšoaneleho tsena liphethong tsa neuroimaging li ke ke tsa lekoa ka lebaka la phapano e kholo le palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lithuto. Haholo-holo, nako ea ho ithiba e bontšitsoe ho fetola taolo ea kutloisiso le ts'ebetso e amanang ea boko.¹¹⁸ Ka hona, lithuto tsa longitudinal li hlokahala ka ho hlaka ho senola kholo ea kholo ea likhaello tsa kutloisiso kamora nako e telele ea ho ithiba lithethefatsi. Taba e 'ngoe hape ke hore ho ne ho sa hlake lipatlisisong tse ling hore na bafuputsi ba laoloa ka nepo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea nicotine. Ha tlhahlobo ea hajoale e bontša ka ho hlaka phapang ea taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso le ts'ebetso e amanang le boko ho batho ba tsubang le ba sa tsubeng, ts'ebeliso ea nikotine e lokela ho tsotelloa lithutong tsa batho ba bang ba nang le lithethefatsi.

Moeli o mong oa tlhahlobo ea hajoale ke palo e nyane ea lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng bakeng sa lintho tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, tse sitisang liqeto tse tiileng lihlopheng tseo. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling, haholo-holo ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea opiate le cannabis le ho batho ba bonts'ang boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba joala. Ntle le moo, re khothaletsa hore bobeli ba ERN le Pe, kapa N2 le P3 amplitudes li hlahlojoe thutong e le 'ngoe ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng mabapi le nako ea khaello ea taolo ea kelello.

Mabapi le li-paradigms tsa mosebetsi, ke matla a tlhahlobo ea hajoale hore re khethile feela li-paradigms tsa mosebetsi tse bonts'ang taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso (ke hore, go / no-go, stop-signal le Flanker task), ka hona re fokotsa ho fapana liphellong ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso tse hlokahalang molemong oa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tsepamiso e moqotetsane e ka nkuoa e le moeli, kaha liphetho li ke ke tsa akaretsoa libakeng tse ling tsa kutloisiso kapa li-paradigms tsa mosebetsi. Liphuputso tse sebelisang mosebetsi oa Stroop, ka mohlala, li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko hobane mosebetsi oa Stroop o tsejoa ho tsosa lits'ebetso tsa kutloisiso, joalo ka tharollo ea likhohlano, khetho ea likarabo le tlhokomelo²³^,²⁴ ekasitana le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ERP ha li bapisoa le li-go / no-go le li-paradigms tsa li-stop-signal.¹¹⁹^-¹²¹ Leha ho le joalo, tse ling tse fumanoeng lithutong tsa fMRI le positron emission tomography tse sebelisang mofuta oa khale oa 'mala-lentsoe Stroop li tsamaellana le liphetho tsa hajoale.¹²²^-¹²⁴ Le ha ho na le khetho e tiileng ea li-paradigms tsa mosebetsi, ho ntse ho na le phapang liphethong tsa go / no-go le paradigms tsa li-stop-sign, tse tlatsetsang ho se lumellaneng ha liphetho lipatlisisong tsohle. Liphapang tsa mahlale a ho sekaseka li ka tsoela pele ho baka ho se lumellane liphellong. Bakeng sa lithuto tsa fMRI, boko bo felletseng khahlanong le libaka tsa litlhahlobo tse khahlisang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho lokisa lipapiso tse ngata ke mehloli e meholo ea phapang, mme ho joalo le ka tšebeliso ea phapano e fapaneng kahare ho lihlooho bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipakeng tsa sehlooho (mohlala, emisa ho nepahetse ho tlosa v emisa phoso e nepahetseng ea ho emisa). Moralo oa mesebetsi le mekhoa ea ho e hlahloba e lokela ho ba maemong a mangata ho fokotsa ho se lumellane ha liphetho. Hona hape ke tlamo ea mantlha haeba li-paradigms tsena li tla qetella li kenngoe tšebetsong ea bongaka.

Litlamorao tsa kalafo le litsamaiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang

Kalafo ea sejoale-joale ea ho lemalla joala e kenyelletsa pharmacotherapy, kalafo ea boits'oaro le taolo ea maemo a tšohanyetso.¹²⁵^-¹²⁷ Leha ho le joalo, litefiso tsa ho khutlela morao li ntse li le holimo, ka hona ho na le sebaka se lekaneng sa ntlafatso. Mekhatlo e 'maloa ea kalafo e ipapisitseng le se fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ena e hloka lipatlisiso tse ling. Taba ea mantlha, ho bonts'itsoe hore matla a thibelo ea thibelo le marang-rang a marang-rang a ka koetlisetsoa ho eketsa taolo ea boits'oaro.¹²⁸ Monyetla oa bobeli oa ho eketsa taolo ea thibelo ke koetliso e tobileng ea libaka tsa boko tse se nang boikaketsi, joalo ka ACC, IFG le DLPFC, ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo.¹²⁹^-¹³¹ Meriana e ikhethileng ka sepheo sa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e kanna ea ba ts'ebeliso e 'ngoe ea kalafo ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso.¹³² Liphuputso tse ling mabapi le lits'ebetso tsena tsa bongaka li hlokahala ho hlahloba hore na ke a mang a maano ana a kalafo a ka qetellang a sebetsa ho fokotsa boits'oaro bo lemalloang.

Matla a taolo ea kelello a ka sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa bongaka ho tataisa maano a kalafo ho latela litlhoko tsa motho ka mong. Ho bonts'itsoe hore likhaello taolong ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo li amahanngoa le phokotso ea bokhoni ba ho lemoha mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, tšusumetso e tlase ea ho kenella kalafo le ho tlohela sekolo kalafo.¹³³^,¹³⁴ Berkman le basebetsi-'moho⁶⁶ e bonts'itse phapang ea motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ho netweke ea taolo ea thibelo e hokahane le bokhoni ba ho thibela takatso ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ho thibela ho tsuba. Tsena le tse ling tse fumanoeng haufinyane¹³⁵ totobatsa tlhoko ea ho lekola bokhoni ba taolo ea ts'ebeliso nakong ea kalafo mme e ka sebelisoa ho khetholla batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tse kotsing ea ho khutlela morao.

E 'ngoe ea lipotso tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tse setseng ke ea ho baka. Ha ho so tsejoe hore na khaello ea methapo e amanang le taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi e ba beha kotsing ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa hore na ke litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ho khahlisang ke hore phuputso ea haufinyane e fane ka bopaki ba ERN e le mofuta oa endopheno oa ho lemalla,¹³⁶ kaha li-amplitudes tsa ERN li ne li le tlase ho bana ba kotsing e kholo ho feta bacha ba nang le kotsi e tloaelehileng.

fihlela qeto e

Tlhatlhobo ena e ile ea lekola sephetho sa ERP le fMRI mabapi le taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso ho batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea lithethefatsi le batho ba bonts'ang boits'oaro bo joalo ka bokhoba. Tekolo e kopaneng ea ERP le fMRI e fana ka leseli le lecha le litsamaiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Ka kakaretso, liphetho li bonts'a bokhoba bo amanang le likhaello tsa methapo e amanang le taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso. Liphetho tse lumellanang ka ho fetesisa e ne e le N2, ERN le Pe amplitudes tse tlase le hypoactivation ho DACC, IFG le DLPFC ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi ha ba bapisoa le taolo. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore mofuta o kopaneng o fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse ha DACC ho lekoleng lintoa e kanna ea ba sesosa sa mantlha sa boits'oaro bo bakoang ke boits'oaro. Kamora nako, ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le batho ba bonts'ang boits'oaro bo joalo ka bokhoba, empa bopaki ba likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo libakeng tsa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea liphoso sechabeng sa morao ha boa fumaneha ebile ha boa tsebahala.

Liteboho

Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke thuso ea Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO; VIDI grant number 016.08.322). Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lichelete o ne o sena karolo ea ho hlophisa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho kapa qeto ea phatlalatso. Bangoli ha ba na lithahasello tsa tlholisano tseo ba ka li phatlalatsang.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Ha ho letho le boletsoeng.

phehisa: Bangoli bohle ba qapile thuto, ba fumane le ho sekaseka lintlha mme ba amohela mofuta oa hoqetela o lokelang ho phatlalatsoa. M. Luijten le MWJ Machielsen ba ngotse sengoloa, seo DJ Veltman, R. Hester, L. de Haan le IHA Franken ba se hlahlobileng.

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