Ho nahana ka karolo ea Dopamine ea Tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi (2009)

Maikutlo: E 'ngoe ea litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao le tse ntlehali tsa karolo ea dopamine bokhobeng. Volkow ke e mong oa litsebi tsa pele tsa ho lemalla, le hlooho ea hona joale ea NIDA.

Neuropharmacology. 2009; 56 (Suppl 1): 3-8.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2008 Jun 3. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2008.05.022

ND Volkow,^* JS Fowler, GJ Wang, R. Baler, 'me F. Telang

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Dopamine e kenyelletsoa ts'ebetsong ea lithethefatsi empa karolo ea eona ea ho lemala ha e hlake. Mona re hlalosa lithuto tsa litšoantšo tsa PET tse etsang lipatlisiso tsa ho kenella ha dopamine ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe boko ba motho. Ho batho, liphello tse matlafatsang tsa lithethefatsi li amahanngoa le keketseho e kholo le e potlakileng ea extracellular dopamine, e etsisang batho ba susumetsoang ke lisele tsa 'mele tsa dopamine tse chesang empa li le matla le ho feta. Kaha metsoako ea dopamine ea mollo e itšetlehile ka lintho tse sa sebetseng, ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi ka bongata ho na le phihlelo e matla haholo (ho khanna, ho tsosoa, ho ithuta le ho susumetsa maikutlo) le ka ho sebelisa lithethefatsi khafetsa ho ka etsa hore menyako e hlokahale bakeng sa dopamine cell activation le pontšo. Ha e le hantle, lipatlisiso tsa litšoantšo li bontša hore batho ba hlekefetsang lithethefatsi ba 'nile ba elelloa hore ba fokotsoa ke dopamine D2 receptors le ho lokolloa ha dopamine. Ho fokotseha ha mosebetsi oa dopamine ho amahanngoa le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea libaka sebakeng sa orbitofrontal cortex (ho kenngoa moeeng oa boits'oaro; phello ea eona e bakoang ke boitšoaro bo qobelloang), ho ferekanya ho thibela ho tsuba, ho ferekanya ho etsa hore motho a se ke a tsitsa) mosebetsi; ho ferekanya ha eona ho fella ka molao o senyehileng oa liketso tsa boithatelo). Ka tsela e tšoanang, boemo bo bakoang ke lithethefatsi bo lebisa tlhokomelong ea dopamine ha ho e-na le litokomane tse hlakileng, e leng se susumelletsoang ho fumana lithethefatsi karolo e itseng ka ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa prefrontal le tse hlaselang. Liphuputso tsena li senyeha ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho etsa mesebetsi ea dopamine-e nang le tlhaloso ea prefrontal le ea ho bolaea-ka ho lahleheloa ke taolo le ho noa lithethefatsi ka mokhoa o qobelloang o fellang ha motho ea lemaletseng lithethefatsi a noa meriana kapa a fumaneha lits'ebetsong. Ho fokotseha ha dopamine ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi ho boetse ho fokotsa kutloisiso ea bona ho batlatsi ba tlhaho. Mekhoa ea phekolo e ikemiselitseng ho tsosolosa molumo oa bokooa oa dopaminergic le liketso tsa libaka tse bontšang likorale li ka ntlafatsa li-prefrontal ts'ebetso, ho ntlafatsa taolo ea ho thibela ho thibela tšoaetso le ho kena-kenana le tšusumetso le ho laola lithethefatsi ha li ntse li thusa ho susumetsa motho ea lemaletseng hore a kopanele boitšoarong bo sa amaneng le lithethefatsi.

Keywords: Mokhoa oa positron o hlahisoang ke tomography, Orbitofrontal cortex, Cingulate gyrus, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Dopamine D2 receptors, Meputso, Tlhaloso, Masene, Raclopride, Fluoro-deoxyglucose

1. Selelekela

Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li hlahisa keketseho e kholo ea extracellular dopamine (DA) libakeng tsa limbic (ho akarelletsa le nucleus accumbens; NAc) (Di Chiara le Imperato, 1988; Koob le Bloom, 1988), tse amanang le liphello tsa bona tse matlafatsang. Liphetoho tsena li etsisa empa ho feta DA e phaella ka lehlakoreng le leng ho isa lefapheng la DA sehlahlo se bapala karolo ea 'mele ho ngoliseng bakeng sa ho se ts'oanelehe le moputso (Schultz et al., 2000). Le hoja lithuto tse ling tsa liphoofolo li ipotse hore na DA e eketseha hakae ho NAc e amahanngoa le moputso (Drevets et al., 2001; Letsatsi le al., 2007), lithuto tsa batho tsa ho nahana ka litšoantšo li bontšitse hore ho eketseha ha lithethefatsi ho ts'oaetsanoang ke DA ho statum (ho kenyeletsa le ventral striatum, moo NAc e leng teng) ho amahanngoa le litlhaloso tse ikhethang tsa moputso (phahameng, euphoria) ( Volkow et al., 1996a; Drevets et al., 2001). Leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho totobetse hore tekanyo ea ho thunya ea lisele tsa DA ha e fane ka moputso feela (Tobler et al., 2007) le tebello ea moputso (Volkow et al., 2003b) empa hape le saliency tsa ketsahalo e fanoeng kapa ts'oaetso (Rolls et al., 1984; Williams et al., 1993; Horvitz, 2000; Zink le al., 2003). Boikutlo ba ketsahalo bo bakoa ke ho se lebelloang, ts'ebetsong ea eona, litlhoko tsa eona tse tsitsitseng kapa liphello tsa eona tse matlafatsang (tse ntle le tse mpe) (Volkow et al., 2003, 2006b). Ho thusoa ha lisele tsa DA, ho lumellana le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho tla boela ho tsamaise ho kopanya mekhoa ea mohopolo e amanang le lithethefatsi. Hape, tsena li tla etsa hore lisele tsa DA li hlaseloe ka nakoana nakong ea ho hlaseloa ke lithethefatsi (ka tebello ea moputso) (Waelti et al., 2001). Ka lebaka la karolo ea DA tsusumetsong, ho eketseha ha DA ho amahanngoa le lithethefatsi kapa lithethefatsi ka boeona le tsona li ka 'na tsa fetola sepheo sa ho fumana moputso (McClure le al., 2003).

Keketseho ea tsebo mabapi le mesebetsi e mengata ea DA matsatsing a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e entse hore ho be le mefuta e rarahaneng ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Hona joale ho lumeloa hore lithethefatsi ha li matlafatse hobane feela li le monate empa hobane, ka ho eketseha ha DA, li ntse li nkoa e le tšusumetso e matla e tla susumelletsa tlhahiso ea lithethefatsi tse ngata (ho sa tsotellehe hore na moriana ona o nkoa o le monate kapa che ).

Mekhoa ea ho nahana ka bokooa e tlatsetsa haholo kutloisisong ena e ncha. Ba re lumeletse ho lekanya methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea bokhoni ba motho (Volkow et al., 1997a), ho hlahloba hore na liphetoho tsa DA li bakoa ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso le litlhoko tsa bona tsa boitšoaro, le ho ithuta liphetoho tsa polasetiki bokong ba DA le mesebetsi ea eona ea liphello litabeng tsa lithethefatsi tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Leqephe lena le fana ka tlhahlobo e nchafalitsoeng ea lintho tse fumanehang.

2. Dopamine e bakoang ke lithethefatsi e eketsa boko ba motho le ho matlafatsoa

Tšebeliso ea positron emission tomography (PET) le melaetsa e tobileng ea mahlaseli a D2 DA (mohlala, [¹¹C] raclopride, [¹⁸F]N-methylspiroperidol) e ipakile e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta likamano pakeng tsa matla a lithethefatsi a ho hlophisa DA le ho matlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea eona (ke hore, litlhaselo tse phahameng, ho khahla lithethefatsi, litakatso tsa lithethefatsi) boko ba motho. Mokhoa ona o 'nile oa sebelisoa ka katleho ho hlahloba liphello tsa lithethefatsi tse susumetsang (ke hore, methylphenidate, amphetamine, cocaine) hammoho le tsa nicotine (Barrett et al., 2004; Brody et al., 2004; Montgomery et al., 2007; Takahashi et al., 2007). Tšebeliso ea methylphenidate (0.5 mg / kg), e kang cocaine, e eketsa DA ka ho thibela bajaki ba DA (DAT) hammoho le ea amphetamine (0.3 mg / kg), e kang methamphetamine, e eketsa DA ka ho e lokolla terminal ka DAT, eketsa mohopolo oa extracellular oa DA ka striatum 'me keketseho e joalo e amana le litlaleho tsa "phahameng" le "euphoria" (Hemby et al., 1997; Villemagne et al., 1999). Ho thahasellisang ke hore methylphenidate (0.75-1 mg / kg) e tsamaisoang ka molomo e boetse e eketsa DA empa ha e tsejoe e le ho matlafatsa (Etsa, 1994; Volkow et al., 2001b). Ho tloha ha tsamaiso e kenang ka ntle ho eona e lebisa ho liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa DA athe ho tsamaisoa ha molomo ho eketsa DA butle-butle, ho hlōleha ho boloka "phahameng" ka molomo oa methylphenidate-kapa amphetamine (Stoops et al., 2007) -E na le monyetla oa ho bonahatsa pharmacokinetics e fokolang (Parasrampuria le al., 2007). Ha e le hantle, lebelo leo lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li kenang boko li nkoa e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse amang liphello tsa eona tse matlafatsang (Balster le Schuster, 1973; Volkow et al., 1995, 2000). Ha ho makatse hore ebe DA e eketsa tlhaselo ea ventral ka mor'a ho tsuba, e nang le boemong bo tšoanang ka potlako ba boko bo fumanoang, hape e amahanngoa le liphello tsa eona tse matlafatsang (Brody et al., 2004).

Khokahano ena lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e potlakileng ea boko (e lebisang phetohong e potlakileng ea DA) le thepa e matlafatsang ea sethethefatsi se fanoeng e fana ka maikutlo a ho nka karolo ha ho thunngoa ha DA ka phasic. Ho phatloha ho potlakileng (> 30 Hz) ho hlahisoang ke phasic release ho baka ho fetoha ha tšohanyetso maemong a DA ho tlatsetsang ho totobatsa botsitso ba tšusumetso (Mosa, 2000). Mechine e joalo e fapana le ho chesa setopo sa DAic (e nang le likarolo tse fokolang tsa 5 Hz), e nang le boikarabelo ba ho boloka maemo a DA a tsitsitseng a behang khetho ea tsamaiso ea DA. Ka lebaka lena, re hlahisitse hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li khona ho etsa liphetoho mokhoeng oa DA o etsisang, empa o feta haholo, o hlahisoang ke physiologic phasic DA cell firing. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tsamaiso ea molomo ea lithethefatsi tse tsosang takatso, e leng tsela e sebelisoang bakeng sa phekolo ea meriana e ka 'na ea etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tse fokolang tsa DA tse tšoanang le tse amanang le tonic DA cellfire (Volkow le Swanson, 2003). Hobane lithethefatsi tse hlasimollang li thibela DAT, e leng mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho tlosoa ha DA (Williams le Galli, 2006), ba ka khona-esita leha ba fanoa ka molomo-eketsa bohlokoa ba ho matlafatsa ba bang ba matla (meputso ea tlhaho kapa ea lithethefatsi) (Volkow et al., 2001b). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, nicotine, e thusang setjhaba sa DA ho thunya, hape e eketsa bohlokoa ba ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso eo e kopanetsoeng ka eona. Lekhetleng lena la ho qetela, motsoako oa nikotine le moputso oa tlhaho o ba le kamano e sa tsitsang le liphello tsa eona tse matlafatsang.

3. Karolo ea dopamine liphellong tsa nako e telele tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho DA boko ba motho: ho kenella ho lemalla

Ho eketseha ha li-synaptic ho DA ho etsahala nakong ea tahi ea lithethefatsi ho tse lemalloang hammoho le lihlooho tse sa lemalloang (Di Chiara le Imperato, 1988; Koob le Bloom, 1988). Leha ho le joalo, ke lihlooho tse fokolang feela tsa litaba tse totobetseng-e le karolo ea sebele ea mofuta oa lithethefatsi tse sebelisitsoeng-e hlahisa koloi e qobelloang ho tsoela pele ho noa lithethefatsi (Schuh et al., 1996). Sena se bontša hore keketseho ea DA e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ka boeona feela e ke ke ea hlalosa tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea ho lemala. Hobane ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho hloka ts'ebetso e sa foleng ea lithethefatsi, ho ka etsahala hore e metse batho ba tlokotsing-ka ho senyeha ha nako ea ts'ebetso ea DA, e leng se etsang hore ho be le mekhoa e metle ea lik'hamphani tse fanang ka moputso / saliency, mo susumelletseho / koloi, taolo ea ho thibela litšebeletso / tsamaiso ea boipheliso le mohopolo / boemo lipotoloho, tseo kaofela ha tsona li hloekisitsoeng ke litsela tsa dopaminergic (Volkow et al., 2003a).

Tumellanong le moelelo ona oa ho nahana, ho na le bopaki bo eketsehileng ba hore ho pepeseha li-stimulants, nicotine, kapa opiates ho hlahisa liphetoho tse sa khaotseng molemong oa li-dendrites le li-spin dintritic ho lisele tse likarolong tse kholo tsa boko bo nang le boikarabelo ka ts'usumetso, moputso, kahlolo le taolo ea ho thibela boitšoaro (Robinson le Kolb, 2004). Ka mohlala, ho ikamahanya le maemo a sa foleng ha ho etsoa pontso ea DA ho ka etsa hore likarabo tsa litholoana tsa glutamate tse nang le monyetla oa hore li khone ho ama syntaptic plasticity (Wolf le al., 2003). Taba ea hore DA (Wolf le al., 2003; Liu et al., 2005), empa hape le glutamate, GABA, le li-neurotransmitters tse ling, kaofela ke li-modulator tse nang le mekhoa e metle ea polasetiki, e leng tsela e tobileng ea ho kopanya liphello tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso le liphetoho tse feto-fetohang, eseng feela setsing sa moputso empa le lipakeng tse ling tse ngata, ka ho matlafatsa, ho theha le ho felisa synapses.

Li-radiotracers tse ngata li 'nile tsa sebelisetsoa ho lemoha le ho lekanya mefuta ena ea liphetoho liphethong tsa marang-rang a DA bokong ba motho (Lethathamo 1). U sebelisa [¹⁸F]N-methylspiroperidol kapa [¹¹C] raclopride rona le ba bang (Martinez et al., 2004, 2005, 2007) li bontšitse hore lihlooho tse lemalloang lithethefatsi tse fapa-fapaneng (cocaine, heroin, joala le methamphetamine), li bontša ho fokotseha ha bohlokoa ho fumanoang ha D2 DA sepakapakeng (ho akarelletsa le ventral striatum) e phehelang likhoeli ka mor'a nako e teletsana ea ho tlosoa metsoako (Volkow et al., 2007a). Liphuputso tse tšoanang le tsona li sa tsoa tlalehoa lihloohong tse itšetlehileng ka nicotine (Fehr et al., 2008).

Kakaretso ea lipalo tsa PET ho bapisa lits'ebetso tse sa tšoaneng tse amehang ho ts'oaetsano ea mantlha ea AIDS pakeng tsa lithethefatsi tse nang le lithethefatsi le lihlopha tsa taolo tseo ho tsona ho khetholloang lipalo tse ngata pakeng tsa lihlopha

Ho boetse hoa bohlokoa ho bontša ka taba ena hore ts'oaetso ea DA e ts'oaetsoe ke ho kenngoa ke methylphenidate kapa intravenous amphetamine (e hlahlojoang le [¹¹C] raclopride) ho ba hlekefetsang ka cocaine le lino tse tahang ke bonyane 50% ka tlase ho tse ling tse laolang (Volkow et al., 1997b; Martinez et al., 2007). Ho tloha ha DA e ntse e eketseha e bakoang ke methylphenidate e itšetlehile ka ho lokolloa ha DA-mosebetsi oa sethunya sa DA-ho utloahala ho nahana hore phapang eo e ka 'na ea bontša hore mosebetsi oa seleng oa DA o fokotsehile ho batho ba hlekefetsang lithethefatsi.

Ke habohlokoa ho hopola hore liphello tsa lithuto tsa PET tse entsoeng ka [¹¹C] raclopride, e nang le tlhokomelo ho tlhōlisano le DA e mamellang, e mpa e le pontšo ea li-receptor tse sa fumanehang D2 DA tse fumanehang ho tlamella moetsi. Ka hona, ho fokotseha leha e le efe ho fumaneha ha mokhabo oa D2 DA ha ho lekanyetsoa ka [¹¹C] raclopride e ka bonahala e fokotseha ka litekanyetso tsa li-receptors tsa D2 DA le / kapa ho eketseha ho lokolloa ha DA (ho loantša ho tlamisa le [¹¹C] raclopride bakeng sa li-receptors tsa D2) ka striatum (ho akarelletsa le NAc). Leha ho le joalo, ho hlekefetsoa ha k'hok'heine ha ho fanoe ka MP MP ho bontšitse hore ho fokotsoe ho fokolloa ho itseng (ho bontša hore ho fokotsetsoe ha DA) ho bontša hore ho hlekefetsang ha cocaine ho fokotseha maemong a li-receptor tsa D2 hammoho le ho fokotseha ha DA ho lokolloa ha striatum. E mong le e mong o ne a tla kenya letsoho ho fokolang maikutlo ho batho ba lemaletseng tlhaho (Volkow et al., 2002b). Hobane lithethefatsi li le matla haholo ho susumetsa lipotoloho tsa monehelo oa DA ho feta tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho, lithethefatsi li ntse li ka khona ho etsa hore li-circuits tse feletsoeng maikutlo li tepele maikutlo. Sena se ile sa fokotsa ho ba le kutloisiso, ka lehlakoreng le leng se ka fella ka phaello e fokolisitsoeng bakeng sa tšusumetso ea tikoloho, mohlomong lihlooho tse ka sehloohong tsa ho batla lithethefatsi e le mokhoa oa ho kenyelletsa lipotoloho tsena tsa nakoana ka nakoana. Ha nako e ntse e tsoela pele, tlhaho e sa foleng ea boitšoaro bona e ka hlalosa phetoho ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi e le hore u ikutloe u le "phahameng" ho ba nka hore ba ikutloe ba tloaelehile.

Ke li-correlates tse sebetsang le tse sebetsang tsa nako e telele tse bakoang ke lithethefatsi tse fokolang ka tekanyo ea dopaminergic? Ho sebelisa motlakase oa PET [¹⁸F] fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) e lekanyetsang ts'ebetso ea boko bo kopantsoang metabolism, rōna le ba bang re bontšitse ho fokotseha ha mosebetsi ho orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), cingulate gyrus (CG) le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) litabeng tse sa lebelloang (lino tse tahang, balekane ba marihuana) (London et al., 1990; Galynker et al., 2000; Ersche et al., 2006; Volkow et al., 2007a). Ho feta moo, ka cocaine (Volkow le Fowler, 2000) le methamphetamine (Volkowet al., 2001a) ba lemalletse lihlooho le lino tse tahang (Volkow et al., 2007d), re bontšitse hore mosebetsi o fokotsoang ho OFC, CG le DLPFC o amahanngoa le ho fokotsa ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tsa D2 DA ho striatum (bona Feie. 1 bakeng sa cocaine le liphello tsa methamphetamine). Ho tloha ho OFC, CG le DLPFC ho ameha ka taolo ea ho thibela (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002) le ka ho sebetsana le maikutlo (Phan et al., 2002), re ne re hlokometse hore taolo ea bona e sa tloaelehang ea DA ea batho ba lemaletseng lits'ebeletso e ka etsa hore ba lahleheloe ke taolo ea ho noa lithethefatsi le mekhoa ea bona ea boipheliso ea maikutlo. Ha e le hantle, linoheng tse fokolang, ho fokotseha ha fumaneha ha D2 DA ho fumanoa ka sekhahla sa methapo ho bontšitsoe hore ho amahanngoa le joala ho lakatsa ho ba matla le ho etsa hore ho be le ts'ebetso e kholo ea khetla ea khethollo ea cortex le ea CG, ho hlahlojoa ka fMRI (Heinz et al., 2004). Ho phaella moo, hobane tšenyo ea OFC e fella ka boitšoaro bo tiisetsang (Rolls, 2000) -E leng ho fokola ha batho ho OFC le CG ho amahanngoa le mekhoa e feteletseng ea boitšoaro (Saxena et al., 2002) -U boetse u na le maikutlo a hore tšenyo ea DA ea libaka tsena e ka 'na ea e-ba matla a ho noa lithethefatsi a mangata a khethollang bokhoba (Volkow et al., 2005).

(A) Ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea molumo oa [¹¹C] raclopride e tlamang karolong ea striatum ea cocaine le bahlaseli ba methamphetamine le lihlooho tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi tse bapisang. (B) Ho fumaneha ha likhahla tsa DA ho fumaneha (B_{, max}/K_d) karolong ena ea marang-rang e nang le mehato ea metsoako ...

Leha ho le joalo, mokhatlo ona o ka boela oa hlalosoa ho bontša hore ho se sebetse ha maemo libakeng tsa prefrontal ho ka beha batho kotsing ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le hore hangata ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi hangata ho ka fella ka ho fokotsa li-receptors tsa D2 DA.

DA e boetse e hlophisa mosebetsi oa hippocampus, amygdala le dorsal striatum, e leng libaka tse kenyelletsoang mohopolong, maemo a tloaelehileng,Volkow et al., 2002a). Ho feta moo, ho ikamahanya le maemo libakeng tsena ho ngotsoe ka mehlala ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe (Kauer le Malenka, 2007). Ka sebele, ho na le tlhokomelo e ntseng e eketseha ea bohlokoa le ho kenyelletsoa ha mohopolo le mekhoa ea ho ithuta ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2005). Litholoana tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ka mekhoa ea mohopolo li fana ka maikutlo a hore litsela tseo ho se nke lehlakore ho tsona ho ka matlafatsang mehaho le botsitso bo susumetsang-ke hore, ka thuto e ts'ebetsong ea ts'oaetso. Phuputsong ea ho khutlela morao, ho 'nile ha e-ba habohlokoa haholo ho utloisisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha lithethefatsi tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi li e-na le takatso e matla ea lithethefatsi ha li pepese libakeng tseo li nkile lithethefatsi, ho batho bao pele ho sebelisoang lithethefatsi ho kileng ha e-ba teng, le lits'ebetsong tse neng li sebelisoa ho laola e leng lithethefatsi. Sena ke tsa bohlokoa holima ho tloha ha ho pepesehela maemo a fokolang (sepheo se neng se amana ka matla le phihlelo ea lithethefatsi) ke motsoako oa bohlokoa oa ho khutlela morao. Ho tloha ha DA e ameha ho bolela esale pele ea moputso (Schultz, 2002), DA e boletse esale pele ho kokobetsa likarabo tse nang le maikutlo a etsang hore ho be le takatso. Liphuputso tse entsoeng pele ho tšebetso li tšehetsa khopolo ena: ha lintho tse sa nkeheng lipolotiki li kopane le lithethefatsi, liphoofolo li tla-le mekhatlo e pheta-phetoang-fumana bokhoni ba ho eketsa DA ho NAc le dorsal striatum ha e pepesehela sekheo sa hona joale. Ka ho latellana, likarabo tsena tsa methapo ea mafu li fumanoe li kopantsoe le boitšoaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi (Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2005).

Ho batho, lithuto tsa PET le [¹¹C] raclopride morao tjena o netefalitse khopolo ena ka ho bontša hore li-cocaine tse hlekefetsang lithethefatsi tsa li-drug (li-cocaine-cue video tsa lihlooho tse ntseng li nka cocaine) li eketseha haholo DA ka dorsal striatum, le hore keketseho ena e boetse e amahanngoa le takatso ea cocaine (Volkow et al., 2006c; Wong et al., 2006) ka feshene e itšetlehileng ka eona (Volkow et al., 2008). Hobane ts'ebetso ea ho itšireletsa ka mahlakoreng e amana le ho ithuta mokhoa oa ho itloaetsa mokhoa, mokhatlo ona o ka 'na oa bonahatsa ho matlafatsoa ha mekhoa e le ho lemalla ho lemala. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore likarabo tse hlahisitsoeng ke DA tse hlahisitsoeng ke mekhoa e metle, e leng mekhoa ea pele le mekhoa ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe, li ka 'na tsa bontša hore ho na le methapo e meholo ea phekolo ea meriana ea likokoana-hloko. Ho ka 'na ha etsahala hore likarabo tsena li kenyelelitsoe mekhoa ea ho fetola li-cortico-striatal glutamatergic litsela tse laolang DA ho lokolloa (Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2005).

Ho hlahloba haeba ho eketseha ha DA ho etsoang ke batho ba bang ho bonahatsa boitsebiso bo ka sehloohong kapa bo bobeli bo hlakileng ho etsoa phuputso ea morao tjena ea li-cocaine tse sa lebelloang e hlalositsoeng liphello tsa ts'oaetso ea DA (e finyelitsoeng ke ho tsamaisa molomo oa methylphenidate), le ka ntle ho letho. ho etsa qeto ea hore na ho eketseha ha DA ka bobona ho ka etsa hore motho a lakatse. Liphello tsa phuputso li senola ho khetholla ho hlakileng pakeng tsa lik'hamphani tsa molomo oa methylphenidate-e bakoang ke DA le litakatso tse amanang le tsona (Volkow et al., 2008) ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho eketseha ha DA ho etsoang ka mahlaseli ha ho na lisosa tse ka sehloohong empa ho e-na le hoo ho bonahatsa tšusumetso e fokolang ea lisele tsa DA (litsela tsa cortico-striatal glutamatergic tse laolang ho lokolloa ha DA; Kalivas le Volkow, 2005). Tlhaloso ena e boetse e khantšetsa liphello tse poteletseng tsa lebelo la ho tsuba ha DA ha motho a lemalla ho lemalla, hobane ho hlōleha ha menyetla ea DA ea methylphenidate ho etsa hore takatso e hlahisoe ke setšoantšo sena e ka hlalosoa ka tlhaho e fokolang ea DA e eketseha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fetoha ha DA ka potlako ho bakoang ke ho thunngoa ha seleng ea DA-e le mokhoa oa bobeli oa ho etsa litsela-ho ka 'na ha e-ba le tšusumetso ea litakatso tse atlehang ka ho hlahella. Ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa, hore Martinez le al. ba tlaleha hore ho na le phapang e mpe pakeng tsa DA e bakoang ke amphetamine e kenang ka hare ho bahlaseli ba cocaine le khetho ea bona ea cocaine bakeng sa chelete ha e lekoa pondigm e fapaneng (Martinez et al., 2007). Ke hore, lihlooho tse bontšang hore DA e tlaase e eketseha ha ho fuoa amphetamine e ka ba monyetla oa ho khetha k'hok'heine holim'a chelete ea lichelete. Hobane libokeng tsa bona li boetse li tlaleha hore ho fokotseha ho eketsehileng ha likhahlali tsa cocaine ha li bapisoa le litsamaiso tsena li ka bontša hore bahlaseluoa ba cocaine ba fokolang ka ho fetisisa bokong ba dopaminergic ke bona ba khonang ho khetha k'hok'heine holim'a li-reinforcer tse ling.

4. DA le ts'oaetso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi

Ho utloisisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha batho ba bang ba kotsing ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho feta tse ling e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea lipotso tse thata ka ho fetisisa lipatlisisong tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Ha re le lits'ets'etsing tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi hampe re bonts'itse hore D2 DA e fumanehang habonolo ka statum e ile ea fetola likarabo tsa bona tse ikhethang ho meriana e matlafatsang methylphenidate. Lihlooho tse hlalosang sephihlelo se monate se na le li-receptor tse fokolang haholo ha li bapisoa le tse hlalosang methylphenidate e sa thabiseng (Volkow et al., 1999, 2002c). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore kamano pakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa DA le ho matlafatsa likarabo ho latela potoloho e ka hare-hare: e nyane haholo ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho matlafatsoa empa boholo bo ka 'na ba fetoha maikutlo. Ka hona, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa D2 DA li ka sireletsa khahlanong le lits'ebeletso tsa botho tsa lithethefatsi. Tšehetso bakeng sa sena e fanoa ke lithuto tsa mefuta e mengata, tse bontšitseng hore litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 DA ka NAc li fokotsa haholo ho noa joala liphoofolong tse neng li koetliselitsoe ho itlhahisa joala (Thanos et al., 2001) le tšekamelo ea li-cynomolgus macaques tse nang le lihlopha ho itlhokomela ka cocaine (Morgan et al., 2002), le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka tse bontšang hore bao ho sa tsotellehe hore na ba na le bothata ba ho noa joala ba malapa a mangata hakae, e ne e se lino tse tahang tse nang le li-receptor tse phahameng D2 DA ho feta batho ba se nang litlaleho tsa malapa a joalo (Volkow et al., 2006a). Ha batho ba amohelang litaba tsa D2 DA ba phahame litabeng tsena, ba phahamisa metabolism ea bona ho OFC le CG. Kahoo, re ka ngola hore maemo a phahameng a li-receptor tsa D2 DA a ka sireletsa khahlanong le joala ka ho tsamaisa lipotoloho tse ka pele tse amehang ka ho ba le botsitso le ho laola ho thibela tšoaetso.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng la litekanyetso, re fumane bopaki ba mosebetsi oa dopamine o tepeletseng maikutlo libakeng tse itseng tsa boko ba batho ba baholo ba nang le ADHD ha bapisoa le litsamaiso. Mefokolo e ile ea bonoa boemong ba li-reception ea D2 DA le ho lokolloa ha DA lefats'eng (Volkow et al., 2007b) le ka ventral striatum (Volkow et al., 2007c). Hape, tumellanong le mehlala ea morao-rao, palo ea DNA e tepeletseng maikutlo e ne e amahanngoa le litlaleho tse phahameng ka litlaleho tsa methylphenidate e ratang (Volkow et al., 2007b). Ho thahasellisang ke hore haeba ba sa laoloe, batho ba nang le ADHD ba na le kotsing e kholo ea mathata a ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe (Elkins et al., 2007).

Qetellong, liphapang tsa ho kopanela liphate ha ho e-na le mathata a ho lemala li 'nile tsa hlokomeloa khafetsa,' me e ka ba ho utloahalang ho botsa hore na lithuto tsa litšoantšo li ka tiisa bopaki bo hlakileng bo bontšang hore ho se tšoane ho joalo ho bakoa ke ho se tšoane ha tsamaiso ea DA le ea malapa kapa / libaka tsa prefrontal (Koch et al., 2007). Ha e le hantle, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li ngotsoe ka likamano tsa ho kopanela liphate tse hlahisoang ke amphetamine-e bakoang ke tokoloho ea tokoloho ea DA (Munro le al., 2006; Riccardi et al., 2006) e ka senyang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi hampe ho banna le basali; le hoja boitsebiso bo sa lumelle ntlha ena qeto e hlakileng ea hore na banna kapa basali ba bontša likarabo tse kholo tsa DA. Hape ho ka 'na ha etsahala hore mekhoa e tla ba e utloisisang maemo a liteko, joalo ka moelelo, lilemo le sethaleng sa ho ea khoeling.

Ha li kopantsoe, lintlha tsena li fana ka temohisiso e boima ka ts'ebeliso ea tsamaiso ea DA e hlaselang ea ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemala, ho hlaha ha meriana ea meriana ea mafu a kelello, le mekhoa ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe.

5. Tlhokomelo ea phekolo

Liphuputso tsa litšoantšo li tiisitse karolo ea DA ho kenya ts'ebetsong liphello tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho batho 'me li atolositse maikutlo a setso mabapi le ho kenella ha DA ts'ebetsong ea lithethefatsi. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka litsela tsa mekhoa e mengata bakeng sa phekolo ea lithethefatsi tse tsitsitseng lithethefatsi tse lokelang ho leka (a) ho fokotsa boleng ba moputso oa meriana ea khethollo le ho eketsa bohlokoa ba moputso oa batho bao e seng li-drug-reinforcers; (b) ho fokolisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba lithethefatsi, le ho susumetsa ho susumetsa lithethefatsi; le (c) ho matlafatsa matla a ho thibela le ho laola le ho laola. Ha ho buuoe ka tlhabollo ena ke ho kenella ho hoholo ha lipotoloho tse laolang maikutlo le ho arabela khatello ea kelello (Koob le Le Moal, 1997) hammoho le ba nang le boikarabello ba maikutlo a litsebo le litakatso (Grey le Critchley, 2007), tseo hape e leng tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba le sepheo sa mekhoa ea phekolo ea meriana.

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