Mofuputsi oa ho hlahloba: Khopolo ea ho kopanya ea karolo ea dopamine botho (2013)

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Dopamine ea neuromodulator e kenella lipakeng tsa moputso, boits'oaro ba mokhoa, ho phenyekolla, le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa kelello. Phapang e teng tšebetsong ea dopaminergic e bonahala e amana le ho fapana ka botho, empa hantlentle mekhoa eo e susumetsoang ke dopamine e lula e le potso e bulehileng. Pampiri ena e fana ka maikutlo a karolo ea karolo ea dopamine ho motho ea hlophisang le ho hlalosa phapang ea lintho tse fumanoeng, a sebelisa karohano ea sisteme ea dopaminergic ho li-coding le salience coding neurons (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010). Sistimi ea boleng ba ho fana ka likhakanyo e khothalletsoa hore e amana haholo le Extraversion le sistimi ea likhoutu ho Openness / Intellect. Maemo a lefats'e a dopamine a susumetsa sebopeho se phahameng sa maemo, Plasticity, e nang le phapano e arolelanoang ea Extraversion le Openness / Intelli. Mekhoa eohle e amanang le dopamine e hokahane le Plasticity kapa subtraits ea eona. Ts'ebetso e akaretsang ea dopamine ke ho khothaletsa phuputso, ka ho nolofalletsa ho kenya letsoho le likhakanyo tsa moputso o itseng (boleng) le litheko tsa boleng ba moputso oa tlhahisoleseling (sesose). Khopolo ena e kenyelletsa mofuta oa mofuta oa entropy oa ho hloka botsitso (EMU; Hirsh et al., 2012), ho nolofalletsa EMU ho ikarabella bakeng sa taba ea hore ho hloka botsitso ke moputso oa ts'usumetso ea kahare le tšokelo ea kahare. Taba ea khopolo ea ho hokahana le dopamine e na le litšobotsi tse tsoang ho maikutlo le botaki, ho susumetsa maikutlo le ho ba mabifi, ho fihlela katleho ea ho loanela, bokhoni ba ho iqapela, le bokhoni ba ho lemoha lintho, ho fihlela monahanong o ikhethang oa thuto ea kelello.

Ho hlahloba, entropy, le cybernetics

Pele o fana ka bopaki ba hore bonngoe bona bo sebetsang bo bonts'a mofuputsi, tlhaloso ea phuputso e le "boitšoaro bo bong kapa boiketsetso bo susumetsoang ke boleng ba moputso bo sa tsitsitseng" e tlameha ho hlalosoa. Ho etsa lipatlisiso ke ho fetola tse sa tsejoeng hore li tsejoe kapa li tsejoe tse sa tsejoeng (Peterson, 1999). Ka semmuso, tse sa tsejoeng ke tse sa tsejoeng kapa tse sa reroang, 'me se sa tsitsang kapa se sa lebelloang se ka hlalosoa ho latela boemo ba kelello ba ho enta². Khopolo eo ke e hlahisang mona ke katoloso ea mofuta oa entropy oa ho hloka botsitso (EMU), o fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho tšoenyeha ke karabelo ho entropy ea kelello (Hirsh et al., 2012). Entropy ke mokhoa oa ho hloka taolo, o qalileng ho hlalosa litsamaiso tsa 'mele (Clausius, 1865; Boltzmann, 1877) empa hamorao ea akaretsoa ho litsamaiso tsohle tsa tlhahisoleseling (Shannon, 1948). E ka hlalosoa habonolo feela e le palo ea li-micostate tse ka khonehang ka macrostate e fanoeng. Mohlala, ho kenella ha karete e sutumetsoeng ke likarete ke ts'ebetso ea palo ea tatellano ea likarete tse tafoleng; ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohloli oa likarete tse ncha, o sa qhekelloang o tlase haholo, hobane mekhahlelo ea likarete li tsamaea le sutu ea tsona ka tatellano ea lipalo. Entropy, ka hona, e hlalosa tekanyo ea ho hloka botsitso kapa ho se sebetse pele ts'ebetsong ea tlhahisoleseling. Batho ke litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa tlhahisoleseling, 'me, ka ho khetheha, ke sistimi ea cybernetic-ke hore, litsamaiso tse tataisoang ke sepheo, tse itaolang (Carver le Scheier, 1998; Peterson le Flanders, 2002; Grey, 2004; Van Egeren, 2009; DeYoung, 2010c). Wiener (1961), mothehi oa cybernetics, o hlokometse hore ho kenella hoa sistimi ea cybernetic ho bonts'a ho hloka botsitso ha matla a eona a ho ea merero ea hae ka nako efe kapa efe.

Joalo ka ts'ebetso ea cybernetic, boko ba motho bo tlameha ho kenyelletsa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le (1) e lakatsang pheletso kapa lipheo, (2) boemo ba hajoale, bo kenyelletsang litlhahlobo le lipontšo tsa lefats'e kaha li amana le lipheo tseo, le (3) sete ea bagwebi e nang le bokhoni ba ho fetola maemo a hona joale hore a be maemong a sepheo; basebetsi ke litsebo, maano le merero e thusang motho ho fihlela sepheo sa hae (Newell le Simon, 1972; DeYoung, 2010c). (Tsena tsohle li ka kopitsoa ka letsoalo le ho se tsebe. Bohlaleng ba kelello, lentsoe "sepheo" ka linako tse ling le bolokiloe molemong oa litlatsetso tse hlakileng, tse hlakileng, empa tse ling li sebelisoa mona ka mokhoa o pharaletseng, cybernetic.) Palo ea ho hloka botsitso linthong tsena tse tharo tsa cybernetic tsa motho entropy ea kelello, e bonts'a palo ea likhetho tse hlakileng kapa bokhoni bo fumanehang ho motho ka mong bakeng sa boemeli (ka bobeli le ka mokhoa o hlakileng) le bakeng sa boits'oaro, ka nako efe kapa efe (Hirsh et al., 2012). Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ba thata le ho feta hore boko ba arabe lipotso tse reng, "Ho etsahalang?" Le "Ke lokela ho etsa eng?" Boemo bo phahameng ba kelello. Hape, boko bo araba lipotso tsena ka letsoalo le ka boomo; ka hona, ha ho hlokahale hore ba thathamisoe ka ho hlaka puong hore e be tšobotsi e sebetsang ea kelello ea motho.

Ha a hlahisa EMU, Hirsh et al. (2012) o hlalositse matšoenyeho e le karabelo ea kahare ho keketseho ea mokoetla a kelello. Entropy ehlile e sistela tsamaiso ea cybernetic hobane e fana ka ts'ebetso ea sistimi eo (tsoelo-pele ho fihlela lipakaneng tsa eona) ho thata le ho feta. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho hloka botsitso ho tšosa. Katoloso ea bohlokoa ea EMU e ntlafalitsoeng khopolong ea hona joale ke hore, le ha entropy e le phoqa ka boits'oaro, e na le moputso o mongata ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. Ebile, se sa tsejoeng kapa se sa boleloang esale pele se ikhethile e le sehlopha sa ts'usumetso ea ho ts'osa le ho ts'episa ka nako e ts'oanang (Peterson, 1999; Peterson le Flanders, 2002). Sebaka sena se sa tloaelehang, se kopantsoeng sa tšusumetso kapa lipale tse iqapetsoeng se thehiloe hantle lipatlisisong mabapi le ho matlafatsa thuto (Dollard le Miller, 1950; Grey le McNaughton, 2000), hape e ka utloisisoa ka ho nepahala ka ho nahana ka maemo ao ho ona batho ba batlang ho hloka botsitso bakeng sa thabo eo e fanang ka eona, leha ho le joalo ka kotsi ea mosebeletsi kapa tebello ea hore tahlehelo e ka ba teng ho feta phaello (mohlala, papali ea chelete).

Ka mantsoe a cybernetic, meputso ke tšusumetso efe kapa efe e bonts'ang tsoelo-pele e fihlellang kapa ho fihlela sepheo, athe likotlo ke lintho life kapa life tse sitisang tsoelo-pele ho fihlela sepheo. Litlhaloso tsena ka kakaretso li tsamaellana le tlhaloso ea boits'oaro ea meputso le likotlo e le tšusumetso e eketsang kapa e fokotsehang, ka tatellano, makhetlo a boits'oaro a lebisang ho bona. Ho ka khetholloa mekhahlelo e 'meli ea moputso: meputso e felletseng, e emelang ho fihlella sepheo, le meputso ea khothatso, eo hape e bitsoang meputso kapa litšepiso, tse bonts'ang keketseho ea monyetla oa ho fihlela sepheo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, motho a ka khetholla lipakeng tsa likotlo, tse emelang ho se khone ho fihlela sepheo, le litšokelo, kapa lintlha tsa kotlo, tse bonts'ang ho fokotseha ha monyetla oa ho fihlela sepheo. (Hlokomela hore lipheo li ka ba boemong bofe kapa bofe ba ho ikhula, ho tloha lipakaneng tsa konkreite tse kang ho qoba bohloko ho isa lipakaneng tse sa hlakang joalo ka ho atleha khoebong, ho oela leratong kapa ho utloisisa Joyce Ulysses.) Haholo-holo, ka lebaka la sebopeho sa merero, eo lipheo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa li fihlelletsoeng ka ho phethahatsoa ha maemo a potlakileng, khothatso e le 'ngoe e ka ba kotlo le tšoso (ea kotlo e ngoe hape) kapa ka nako e ts'oanang moputso o phethahetseng (ho fihlella moputso o tlase) le moputso oa khothatso (e latelang monyetla oa ho fihlela sepheo se fetisisang).

Lebaka le eketsang keketseho ea kelello e ts'osang le batla le totobetse, athe lebaka leo ka lona ba ts'episang mohlomong ha ho joalo. Keketseho ea entropy ka nako e le ngoe e ka supa menyetla e fokotsehileng le e eketsehileng ea ho fihlela lipheo tsa hau? Karabo ea mantlha ebile e akaretsang ke hore ketsahalo e sa lebelloang e supa ho se ts'oane ka monyetla oa ho fihlela lipheo tsa hau. Monyetla ona o ka eketsoa kapa oa fokotseha ho ipapisitsoe le litlamorao tsa ketsahalo e sa tsejoeng esale pele. (Hopola hape hore batho ba na le lipheo tse ngata, 'me ketsahalo e sa lebelloang e ka eketsa menyetla ea ho fihlela sepheo se seng le ha se fokotsa menyetla ea ho fihlella se seng.) Tsela e' ngoe ea ho bua sena ke hore tsohle tse ntle le tse mpe li tsoa qalong ea tse sa tsejoeng, hore ketsahalo e sa lebelloang e kanna ea supa tšitiso kapa monyetla (kapa e kanna ea se nke lehlakore, e sa bontše letho le amanang le sepheo sefe kapa sefe), mme hore na ke efe ea menyetla ena e tšoailoeng hangata ha e bonahale hanghang (Peterson, 1999). Se se bolelang ke hore sebopuoa se lokela ho ba le likarabo tse peli tse hanyetsanang tsa ketsahalo e sa lebelloang-tlhokomeliso le tlhahlobo-mme ke sona se bonts'itsoeng (Gray le McNaughton, 2000). (Mona ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore "ea sa lebelloang" a ka supa karolo efe kapa efe ea ketsahalo, joalo ka hore ketsahalo e khahlisang e ka se tsejoe esale pele, leha e lebelletsoe ka matla, ha feela nako ea eona e sa boleloa esale pele hantle). Liphoofolo li fetohile lethathamo la boitšoaro bo nang le thuso maemong ao li sa tsebeng hantle hore na li etseng kapa ho nahana eng-ka mantsoe a mang, ha ho noha ho sa phethahale. E meng ea boitšoaro bona ea itšireletsa, joalo ka seo u sa se tsebeng ka li u utloisitse bohloko, 'me tse ling lia hlahloba, ha boemo bo sa tsitsang bo ka lula bo kenyelletsa moputso o e-so fihle.

Mefuta ea ho hloka botsitso le boleng ba moputso oa tlhaiso

Liketsahalo tse sa boleloang esale pele li kopantsoe ka mokhoa o sebetsang ke taba ea hore li eketsa entropy ea kelello. Le ha ho le joalo, li fapana ka tekanyo le ka tsela eo li etsang joalo, 'me phapang ena e thusa ho tseba hore na tlhokomeliso kapa tlhahlobo-leseling e tla ba teng pele ho arabela mangolo o itseng. Bakeng sa litabatabelo tse ngata tse sa lebelloang, ho tla bonahala ka potlako hore ba tšoaea moputso kapa kotlo e itseng (kapa ntho e itseng e sa nke lehlakore, e sa hlokeng karabelo ho feta ho ithuta ho se ts'oanelehe). Tabeng ea moputso, entropy ea kelello e ka eketsoa hanyane, 'me karabelo e nepahetseng hangata e otlolohile: Pele, maemong ohle a moputso o sa lebelloang, ho ithuta ho lokela ho etsahala, ka bobeli hore boitšoaro bo lebisitseng moputsong bo matlafatsoe joalo joalo. hore litakatso tsa tikoloho tse ka bolelang esale pele moputso li hopoloe. Boithuto bona ke mofuta oa mantlha oa tlhahlobo ea kelello, e fetolang tse sa tsejoeng ho tse tsejoang le tse sa lebelloang ho tse ka boleloang esale pele. Taba ea bobeli, haeba ts'usumetso e sa lebelloang e le moputso oa tšusumetso ho e-na le moputso o phethahetseng, hangata ho tla hlokahala mekhoa e meng ea ho leka ho fumana moputso o emisitsoeng. Boiteko bo hlalositsoeng boitekong bona ke ba ho hlahloba (mme bo tsamaisana le ho lokolloa ha dopamine) ho isa tekanyong ea hore moputso o lula o sa tsejoe kamora ho bona (Schultz, 2007). Boemo bo le bong — ketsahalo e tloaelehileng — e etsang hore moputso o eketsehang o tsamaeang le moputso o sa lebelloang o fetang o nyane ke ha ho hahamalla moputso ho ka sitisa ho phehella sepheo se seng sa tšebetso se seng sa tšebetso. Joalokaha ho tšohliloe karolong e latelang, karolo e le 'ngoe ea sisteme ea dopaminergic e bonahala e ka matlafatsa thuto ea boitšoaro le tšebeliso ea mokhoa oa karabo ho arabela moputsong o sa boletsoeng.

Boemong ba tšusumetso e sa lebelloang e bonts'a kotlo e itseng, boikemisetso ba ho etsa bo thata haholo, haholo hobane likotlo kapa lipheo tse mpe ke tse nyarosang ho fapana le ho hohela (Carver le Scheier, 1998). Lintho tse hohelang ke lipheo tse hlokang hore tsamaiso ea cybernetic e fokotse sekhahla lipakeng tsa mmuso oa hona joale le naha eo o e batlang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-repulsers li hloka ho eketsa sebaka sa boemo ba hona joale ho tloha boemong bo sa batleheng, empa ha bo hlalose ka tlhaho se hohelang se ka ts'oanang se ka tataisang boitšoaro. Ka hona, entropy ea kelello e atisoa ka kotlo e sa lebelloang ho feta ka moputso o sa lebelloang. Ka mokhoa o akaretsang, ha keketseho e kholo ea ba entropy, ho hobe le ho feta ke ho atisang ho hlahloba pele (Peterson, 1999; Grey le McNaughton, 2000). Leha ho le joalo, mohopolo oa hona joale o pheha khang ea hore ho se tsitsinyehe hohle ho na le boleng ba tšusumetso, mme ts'okelo kapa kotlo e sa lebelloang ke eona nyeoe ea bohlokoa ea teko. Ke boleng bofe ba tšusumetso ea ketsahalo e sa lebelloang e bontšang ka ho hlaka kotlo e itseng? Ka mantsoe a mang, moputso o le mong o ka 'nang oa senoloa oa ketsahalo efe kapa efe e sa lebelloang ke tlhahisoleseling, e tšoanang le ho fokotseha ha matla a kelello. Ho hlahloba ho na le molemo, leha motho a fuoa kotlo e sa lebelloang, hobane ho ka lebisa hoketseho ea tlhahisoleseling, e tla lumella motho eo ho emela lefats'e hantle kapa ho khetha boitšoaro nakong e tlang, e leng se tla eketsa monyetla oa ho fihlela sepheo (le sepheo se amehang e kanna ea ba ho qoba kotlo e botsoang). Ka mantsoe a mang, ketsahalo efe kapa efe e sa lebelloang, ho kenyelletsa tšokelo kapa kotlo e sa lebelloang, e bonts'a monyetla oa hore tlhahlobo e ka lebisa ho fokotseha ho khotsofatsang ha entropy ea kelello. Tabeng ea ts'okelo, tlhahlobo ea kelello (ho batla mekhoa e nepahetseng mohopolong le mohopolong) e kanna ea fetoha habonolo ho feta lipatlisiso tsa boitšoaro bo atamelaneng hobane hangata kotlo e tsebahalang e lokela ho qojoa ho fapana le ho atameloa. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka tlase, karolo e 'ngoe e kholo ea sisteme ea dopaminergic e bonahala e khona ho fuputsa ka lebaka la boleng ba ts'usumetso ea ho fumana leseli-ke hore, e tsosa thahasello kapa takatso ea tlhaiso-leseling.

Tlhahisoleseling e na le bohlokoa bakeng sa phetoho e nepahetseng ea litekanyetso tsa sistimi ea cybernetic ka nepo e na le boleng ba moputso bakeng sa sistimi eo. Bopaki ba matla bo lumellana le polelo ena. Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010) fana ka lithuto tse 'maloa tse bonts'itseng batho le mefuta e meng ea mefuta-futa hore na ba ka rata tikoloho eo meputso, likotlo, esita le liketsahalo tse sa nke lehlakore li ka bolelang esale pele-ka mantsoe a mang, tikoloho e nang le tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang (Badia et al., 1979; Daly, 1992; Chew le Ho, 1994; Herry et al., 2007). Ho feta moo, ba bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e latela thato ea litšoene (Bromberg-Martin le Hikosaka, 2009). Khetho ena e sebetsa ho sistimi efe kapa efe ea cybernetic e ka sebelisang tlhahisoleseling mabapi le tikoloho ea eona ho bolela esale pele ketsahalo e sebetsang maemong a fe kapa a fe. Taba ea hore khetho e teng leha liketsahalo tsa ho se nke lehlakore li ka ba teng esale pele ke ea bohlokoa hobane e bontša taba ea hore tlhahisoleseling e na le moputso le haeba e sa hanoe hanghang ho moputso kapa kotlo e tsebahalang. Sena sea utloahala hobane, tikolohong efe kapa efe e rarahaneng ea tlhaho, se sa jeleng paate kapa se sa nepahalang ha joale se ka sebetsa ka sepheo sa bokamoso. Kahoo, tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le boemo ba hona joale bo bolokiloeng ke sistimi ea cybernetic e kanna ea kenyelletsa lintlha tse ling tse ka bang teng ntle le kahare ho sepheo sa ts'ebetso. Pontšo e 'ngoe ea boleng ba moputso oa tlhaiso e tsoa ho lithuto tse peli tsa bohelehele, ho sebelisoa lipotso tsa trivia (Kang et al., 2009). Phuputso e sebetsang ea ho ipapisa le matla a khoheli (fMRI) e bonts'itse hore matšoao a moputso oa neural ho dorsal striatum, ha a bona karabo ea lipotso tsa trivia, a ne a amana le bongata ba bohelehele mabapi le karabo. Kahoo, tlhaiso-leseling e lakatsehang e baka tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko ka tsela e ts'oanang le meputso ea lichelete, ea sechaba kapa ea lijo. Phuputso ea bobeli e bonts'itse hore batho ba ikemiselitse ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse lekanyelitsoeng ho fumana likarabo tsa lipotso tsa trivia, joalo ka ha ba batla ho fumana meputso e mengata ea konkreite.

Mokhahlelo oa boraro oa bohlokoa oa mohopolo o sa lebelloang o boetse o amana hantle le boleng ba moputso oa tlhaiso; Tsena ke lintho tse susumetsang tseo ho saennoeng ha ho na bonnete. Hore na baa tšosa, baa ts'episa, kapa ha ba nke lehlakore ha ho makatse, bonyane qalong. Ha lintho tse joalo li susumetsa kapa li le bohlasoa haholo (mohlala, lerata le phahameng, le sa lebelloang haufi), ba baka karabelo e lemosang kapa e lebisang tlhokomelong ea boithati, e le ho thusa ho tseba bohlokoa ba eona (Bromberg- Martin et al., 2010). Ona ke mokhoa o bonts'itsoeng oa ho fuputsa, o reretsoeng ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling (le ho ka hapa moputso o felletseng). Ho hlakile hore tšusumetso e sa lebelloang ea boleng bo makatsang ha se karolo ea maemo empa e teng ka tšohanyetso le sepheo se sa lebelloang (se hlalositsoeng kaholimo) se bonts'ang ka kotloloho le ka ho hlakileng likotlo tse itseng. Ha e le matla a susumetsang a susumetsang a sa lebelloang, e lokela ho tebisa tlhahlobo e lemohileng le ea boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, ha e le boholo ba eona bo le boholo joalo ka mokhoa o sa nepahalang — ka mantsoe a mang, e ba le ts'ebetso ea kelello le ho feta, e leng ts'ebetso eo lipehelo le lipontšo li e sitisang — ka matla le ho feta e tla lebisa likarabo tsa ho itšireletsa, ho kenyelletsa tlhokomeliso, ho tšoenyeha, tšabo, esita le ho tšoha (Peterson, 1999; Grey le McNaughton, 2000). Liketsahalo tse sa thabiseng tse ngata, tse nang le moelelo o sa tsejoeng haholo, ke tse ling tsa tse susumetsang haholo empa hape li hlahisang lintoa, ebile li hatella maikutlo. Ba baka ho lokolloa ha li-neuromodulator, ho kenyeletsa le dopamine, ho khanna lipatlisiso, le noradrenaline (eo hape e bitsoang "norepinephrine"), ho khanna moea o matla le ho qobella ho hlahloba (Robbins le Arnsten, 2009; Hirsh et al., 2012).

Le ha dopamine e le mohopolo oa thuto ea hona joale, ho tla hlokahala hore ho buuoe ka linako tse ling ho Noradrenaline, e hlahisoang ke EMU e le neuromodulator e kholo ea matšoenyeho (Hirsh et al., 2012). Noradrenaline e hlalositsoe e le karabelo ea "ho hloka botsitso ho sa lebelloang" e sebetsang e le "ho kenella" kapa "ho emisa" letšoao le latelang ho eketseha ha entropy ea kelello (Aston-Jones le Cohen, 2005; Yu le Dayan, 2005). Ho lokolloa ha noradrenaline ho araba ho hloka botsitso ho lebisa ho nyakalleng le ho falimeha le ho lieha kapa ho sitisoa hoa mosebetsi o lebisitsoeng o phehellang. Noradrenaline e tsoa ka mekhoa ea ho thunya ka bobeli ba phasic le tonic. Ho phatloha ho khuts'oane ha phasic ea Noradrenaline ho hlokahala bakeng sa phetoho e nepahetseng mosebetsing, ho lumella ho fetoha lipakeng tsa maano a fapaneng le maemelo ha ho hlaha tlhokahalo (Robbins le Roberts, 2007). Ho phahamisoa ha tonic ho noradrenaline, leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala ho bonts'a keketseho e phehellang ea ho kenella kelellong le ho eketsa monyetla oa hore ts'ebetso mosebetsing o tla fokotsoa kapa o sitisoe, hangata ka matšoenyeho a tšoanang (Aston-Jones le Cohen, 2005; Hirsh et al., 2012). Le ha dopamine e hlahisoa ho bontša boleng ba ts'usumetso ea ho hloka botsitso, Noradrenaline e supa boleng bo makatsang ba ho hloka bonnete (boo, ka sebopeho sa cybernetic, bo lekanang le tekanyo eo ho hloka bonnete ho lokelang ho senya ts'ebetso e lebisitsoeng ho sepheo). Kahoo, mohopolo oa hona joale o tiisa hore dopamine le noradrenaline li etsa tlholisano ka lebaka la ho hloka botsitso, e leng ho behang botsitso lipakeng tsa ho phenyekolla le ho hanyetsa.

Neuroanatomy e sebetsang ea dopaminergic system

Sisteme ea dopaminergic e bonahala e hlophisehile haholo mekhahlelong e 'meli ea sepheo sa tšusumetso: boleng ba moputso bo khothalletsang monyetla oa monyetla oa ho fihlella lipheo tse itseng, le boleng ba moputso bo khothatsang ba monyetla oa ho fumana katleho tsebong. Khopolo-taba e hlahisitsoeng mona e thehiloe haholo mohlaleng oa tsamaiso ea dopaminergic e buelloang ke Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010), ea ileng a sekaseka le ho kopanya karolo e ngata ea tse tsejoang ka dopamine mohlaleng o kopanetsoeng a beha mefuta e 'meli e ikhethileng ea neuron ea dopaminergic, e arabang mefuta e meraro e fapaneng ea kenyelletso. Mefuta e 'meli ea "dopaminergic neuron" eo ba e tšoaeang boleng ba ho beha 'me ho sebelisa sesishene. Li-neurons tsa boleng ba boleng li hlahisoa ka moputso o sa lebelloang mme o thibeloa ke tšusumetso e mpe e sa lebelloang (ho kenyelletsa le ho siea ha moputso o lebelletsoeng). Boholo ba ts'ebetso ea bona bo bonts'a tekanyo eo boleng ba ts'usumetso e fetang kapa e tlase-ea sisinya litebello. Kahoo li fana ka letšoao la boleng ba tšusumetso e sa lebelloang. Salience coding neurons e susumetsoa ke likotlo tse sa lebelloang hammoho le meputso e sa lebelloang 'me ka hona e fana ka index ea boits'oaro, kapa boemo ba bohlokoa ba susumetso. Ntle le matšoao a boleng le sesapo, mofuta oa boraro oa ho kenya, o kenyelletsa tsebiso, e thabisa ka bobeli li-coding le li-salience coding neurons (ha ho bonahale ho na le "li-neurons tse khethollang"). Matšoao a lemosang ke likarabo ho "menahano ea kutlo e sa lebelloang e lebisang tlhokomelo ho latela tlhahlobo e potlakileng ea bohlokoa ba eona" (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010, p 821) mme e tsamaellana le karolo ea boraro ea maikutlo a boletsoeng esale pele a boletsoeng ka holimo, moo boleng ba ts'usumetso ho tloha qalong bo sa hlakileng.

Moo khopolo-taba ea hona joale e eketsang mohopolo oa Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010) e ho positing ea hore boleng ba li-coding le li-salience coding dopaminergic neurons li khannoa ke litheko tse sa lebelloang ka kotloloho, le hore dopamine tsohle tse hlahisang phuputso ea tlhahiso ea dopamine li etselitsoe ho fumana meputso e tšoaetsoeng ke litsusumetso tseo. Motsoako oo tsamaiso ea dopaminergic e arabelang meputsong ea litheko tse sa lebelloang ha o ncha (mohlala, Schultz et al., 1997; Depue le Collins, 1999); leha ho le joalo, likhopolo tsa pejana tsa moputso oa ts'usumetso li sebelisitsoe feela ho boleng ba "coding dopaminergic neurons". Ho ea ka khopolo ea hona joale, li-neurons tsa cassing neurons li arabela likhakaneng tsa tšusumetso bakeng sa boleng ba tlhahisoleseling bo ka fumanehang ka mor'a keketseho efe kapa efe ea entropy ea kelello, ho sa tsotelehe hore keketseho ena e hlaha ho tsoa moputsong o sa lebelloang, kotlo e sa lebelloang, kapa ts'usumetso ea se sa tsejoeng. boleng. Kamohelo ea hore tlhahisoleseling ka boeona e na le boleng ba ts'usumetso bakeng sa sistimi ea cybernetic e lumella ho kopantsoe ha likarolo tse peli tsa sisteme ea dopaminergic ho sebopeho se kopaneng sa thuto, moo ts'ebetso e akaretsang ea sisteme eohle ea dopaminergic e ka khetholloang e le sesosa sa ho hlahloba. Ho sa tsotelehe tšebetso ena e sa tloaelehang e sebetsang, leha ho le joalo, liphapang tse pakeng tsa boleng le litšitiso tsa ho khetholla lisistimi tsa dopaminergic li atile ebile li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa mosebetsi oa dopaminergic le karolo ea ona ho botho. Kahoo, ke akaretsa kakaretso e sebetsang ea neuroanatomy ea likarolo tse peli tsa tsamaiso ea dopaminergic, joalo ka ha e hlalositsoe ke Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010).

Li-neuron tsa dopaminergic li tsepamisitsoe haholo-holo libakeng tse haufi tsa mpa ea bohareng, sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) le substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). (Bokong ba khale, "dopaminergic neurons" haufinyane li fumanoe projeke eo ho isa libakeng tse 'maloa ntle le VTA le SNc, empa ha ho tsejoe haholo ka tsena; Sánchez-González et al., 2005.) Phepelo ea li-neurod tsa boleng ba boleng le li-solis coding neurons li theha lekhalo lipakeng tsa VTA le SNc, ka boleng ba li-coding neurons ho VTA le li-neurons tsa coding tse eketsehileng ho SNc. Leha ho le joalo, palo ea mefuta ea li-neuron ka bobeli e teng libakeng tseo ka bobeli. Ho tsoa ho VTA le SNc, li-neuron tsa dopaminergic li romela li-axon ho lokolla dopamine libakeng tse ngata tsa boko, ho kenyelletsa le basal ganglia, frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, le hypothalamus. Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010) fana ka bopaki bo bontšang hore morero oa li-neurons tsa "coding neurons" o batla ka ho khetheha mokokotlong oa "nucleus accumbens" (NAcc) le ts'ebetso ea li-neurons tsa previralial prefrontaltially pele ho motheo oa NAcc le dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC). Li-neurons tsa boleng ba boleng le li-salience tsa ho boloka li thusa ho dorsal striatum (caudate le putamen). Bakeng sa likarolo tse ling tsa boko, hajoale ha ho hlake hore na li ngotsoe ka boleng ba li-neurons tsa boleng bo phahameng kapa ba sesose. Ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a amygdala ho eketseha nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo (ho ba teng ha maikutlo a susumetsang), a ka reng a bonts'a ts'ebetso ea sisiteme system (Pezze and Feldon, 2004). Tsamaiso ea anatomical ea li-projection ho tloha boleng vs. salience neurons e fana ka mofuta o mong le o mong oa neuron e loketseng ho hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea karabelo ho se tsitsitseng, e ka hlalosoang e le mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo. Sena se bonahala haholo kamanong le sebopeho sa neuroanatomical hona joale se tsejoang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka mofuta o mong le o mong oa neurop ea dopaminergic.

Li-neurons tsa boleng ba boleng ba boleng li hlalositsoe ke Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010) joalo ka tšehetso ea methapo ea boko bakeng sa ho fihlela sepheo, ho sekaseka sephetho le ho ithuta boleng ba liketso. Lits'ebetso tsena li kenyelletsa ho phenyekolla bakeng sa moputso o khethehileng. VMPFC e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka boleng ba tšusumetso e rarahaneng, 'me khetla ea NAcc e bohlokoa ho kenyeletsong boits'oaro ba tloaelo le ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea moputso. Ntle le moo, dorsal striatum, ho na le setšoantšo se qaqileng se hlalosang tsela eo boleng ba boleng ba boleng bo sebetsang ka ho nepahala ho feta kamoo bo neng bo boletsoe esale pele. Dopaminergic neurons li na le mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho thunya: mokhoa oa tonic, oo, joalo ka ha o sa lekanyetsoang, ba tuka ka lebelo le sa lekanyetsoang, le boemo bo tlase, boo ka bona bo phatlohang ka sekhahla se phahameng haholo ho arabela se ikhethileng hlohlelletsa. Lisebelisoa tsa boleng ba "coding dopaminergic neurons" li boetse li bontšitsoe ho bonts'a phokotso ea phasic ka ho thunya, ka tlase ho motheo oa tonic, ho arabela liphetho tse mpe ho feta tse boletsoeng esale pele (joalo ka moputso oa moputso o lebelletsoeng), o ba nolofalletsang ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse mpe le litekanyetso tse ntle. Le ha likarabo tsa phasic ho sistimi ea boleng li bonts'a boleng ba tšusumetso e sa lebelloang, liphetoho lipakeng tsa tonic li hlahisitsoe ka sepheo sa ho lekola menyetla ea nako e telele ea moputso maemong a fuoeng le ho laola mahlahahlaha kapa matla ao motho a etsang lintho ka 'ona (Niv et al ., 2007); ka khopolo ea hona joale, tekanyetso ea tonic e ne e tla tsamaisana le matla a akaretsang a tšekamelo ea ho hlahloba, ho fapana le likarabo tsa tlhahlobo ea sepheo se ikhethileng se hlahisoang ke phasic bur burs tsa dopamine. Phasic e eketseha le ho fokotseha ha ho thunngoa ke sistimi ea boleng e kenella le li-subtypes tse peli tse fapaneng tsa dopal striatum ho fetola letšoao la boleng ho ba ho tsamaisa kapa ho hatella mokhoa oa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba, ho latela ho ba teng ha meputso kapa likotlo tse sa lebelloang (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010; Frank le Fossella, 2011).

Li-neurons tsa salience li hlalosoa ke Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010) joalo ka ts'ehetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello mabapi le ts'usumetso ea bohlokoa ea ts'usumetso, ts'ebetso ea kelello, le ho eketsa sepheo se akaretsang sa boits'oaro bofe kapa bofe bo amanang le ona, lits'ebetso tse amehang tlhahlobisong ea tlhahisoleseling. DLPFC e bohlokoa bakeng sa mohopolo o sebetsang, o kenyelletsang ho boloka le ho boloka tsebo ka hloko mme ka hona e bohareng ba ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea temohisiso. Dopamine e lekaneng ho DLPFC e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho boloka litlhahiso mohopolong oa ho sebetsa (Robbins le Arnsten, 2009). Bohlokoa ba NAcc bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlola litšenyehelo tsa boiteko, bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa ts'usumetso e akaretsang, le bakeng sa mefuta e meng ea ho feto-fetoha ha kelello (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010). Khopolo-taba e hlahisitsoeng mona e ts'oarelletsa mohopolo oa hore, ha sistimi ea boleng e etselitsoe ho lekola boits'oaro bakeng sa meputso e itseng, sisteme e etselitsoe ho ithuisa ka tlhaiso-leseling bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling.

Ha ke nahana ka liphapang tse amanang le sebopeho sa dopaminergic, ke re phapang ea bohlokoa ke pakeng tsa boleng ba boleng ba methapo ea methapo ea methapo. Ho joalo, sisteme ea dopaminergic e na le mathata a mang a mangata a ka bang le litlamorao tsa phapang e fapaneng ea boitšoaro, tšusumetso, maikutlo le kutloisiso. Tsena li kenyelletsa phapang lipakeng tsa mokhoa oa ho thunya oa tonic le phasic, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-receptor, le phapang ea mekhoa ea ho khutlisa le ho hlakisoa ha synaptic libakeng tse fapaneng tsa boko, hara ba bang ba bangata. Mabapi le hore liphapang tsena li ama litšobotsi tse ikhethang joang, ha ho na bopaki bo bongata bo ka sebelisoang haholo. Boemong ba qeto eo neuroscience e ithutileng eona ho fihlela joale, phapang pakeng tsa boleng le litsamaiso tsa coding e bonahala e lekane ho theha tlaleho e kopaneng ea kamoo dopamine e kenelletseng mothong. Rea tšepa hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li tla tiisa sebopeho se bontšitsoeng mona ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlakileng ea hore na liphapang tse tebileng haholo tsa karohano ea dopaminergic li susumetsa botho joang.

Ho hlahloba: tšusumetso le maikutlo a amanang le dopamine

Ka kutloisiso ea mantlha ea dopaminergic neuroanatomy, joale re ka khutlela ho potso ea hore na ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e bonahala joang ka boits'oaro ba motho le boiphihlelo. Ho re e bonahala ka ho phenya ho ka etsahala hore e khelose ntle le kutlwisiso e phethahetseng ea tšusumetso e atileng ea tšekamelo ea ho phatloha. Ba bang ba ka pheha khang ea hore tšebeliso ea ka ea “ho phenyekolla” ho hlalosa kelello eohle le boits'oaro ho arabela boleng ba moputso bo sa tsitsitseng bo pharalletse ka bothata, empa bophara bona ke ba bohlokoa khopolo. Polelo ea hore ts'ebetso eohle ea dopaminergic e ts'ebetsong ea lipatlisiso e itšetlehile ka tlhokomeliso ea hore dopamine ha e lokolloe ho latela tsusumetso eohle e khothalletsoang (mohlala, litheko tsohle tsa moputso), empa ho feela tse sa tsejoeng kapa tse sa tsitsang. Kahoo, dopamine ha se feela tšusumetso ea boitšoaro bohle. Ho joalo, Ikemoto le Panksepp (1999, p 24) e pheha khang ea hore "litlamorao tsa [dopamine] agonists li ka tšoauoa hamolemonyana joaloka ho phahamisoa ha bohlahlobo ka kakaretso ho fapana le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea makoloi."

Ho latela Peterson (1999), Ke pheha khang ea hore ts'ebetso eohle ea kelello e kenelletse ho tse sa tsejoeng (ho ikamahanya le maemo ho eketseha ha kelello ea kelello ka tlhahlobo), kapa e amehile ka ho tsitsisa sepheo sa ho phehella (ho etsa lintho tse etselitsoeng ho thibela ho eketseha ha tšebetso ea kelello)³. Tlhahlobo ena e hlakisa tlhokeho ea tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele, kaha ho hloka botsitso ho hlaha khafetsa mefuteng e mengata ea moelelo bakeng sa boemeli le boits'oaro. Bakeng sa ho hloka botsitso bo fokolang, lits'ebetso tsa lipatlisiso ha li na monyetla oa ho lemoha kapa ho hlakisoa ka ho hlaka li sebelisa mantsoe a matle a "ho phenyekolla", empa leha ho le joalo e le lipatlisiso tsa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tsona. Mohlala, mekhoa e mengata ea ho ithuta e ka nkuoa e le ho ithuta. (Ho lekanya lits'ebetso tsohle tsa ho ithuta le lits'ebetso tsa ho hlahloba tse hlahisitsoeng ke dopamine li ka ba ngata haholo, leha ho le joalo. Ho ithuta ho tsoa ka kotlo, mohlala, hangata ho kenyelletsa ho senyeha ha tsamaiso ea cybernetic, ho tlohela sepheo se itseng kapa subgoal le ho e qoba nakong e tlang. Mofuta ona oa mofuta oa ho ithuta joalo ka ha ho rongoa ha morero oa sepheo ho amana ka kotlolloho ka kotloloho mme mohlomong ho tsamaisoa ke noradrenaline ho fapana le dopamine.) Mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa ho atoloha ho e-na le thuto ea maiketsetso, eo ho eona ho thehoang mekhatlo e mecha, e ntseng e hlahlojoa ebile mohlomong e tsamaisoa ke dopamine (Knecht et al ., 2004; Robbins le Roberts, 2007).

Nyeoe e 'ngoe eo ho eona ba bang ba ka nkang ts'ebeliso ea ka ea polelo ea "ho sibolla" e pharaletseng e fihla maemong a ha ho hlahlojoa ho bapisoa le ho tlatlapuoa (Cohen et al., 2007; Frank et al., 2009). Tsena ke maemo ao motho ka mong a lokelang ho khetha pakeng tsa ho tsoela pele ho latela leano le boleng ba moputso boo bonyane bo ka hlalosoang (ho sebelisoa hampe), kapa ho fetolela leano le leng ka boleng ba moputso o sa tsejoeng bo ka bang kholoanyane (empa e ka ba tlase) ho fapana le leano la hona joale (tlhahlobo). Hona ke phapang ea bohlokoa, empa nka pheha khang ea hore, leha e le ka mokhoa oa ho hlekefetsoa, ​​mefuta e meng ea lipatlisiso tse kopanetsoeng ka dopaminergally e etsahala ntle le haeba moputso o buuoang le litloaelo tse amanang le ona o ka boleloa ka botlalo, maemong ao ho ke keng ha etsoa ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic. Phuputso ena ha e kenyeletse ho ithuta feela ka moputso le lintho tse u lokelang ho li etsa empa le boiteko bofe kapa bofe bo entsoeng ho netefatsa ho tsamaisoa ha moputso, ha feela thupelo e sa netefatsoe. Taba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa mabapi le sisteme ea dopaminergic ke hore ts'ebetso ea eona ea tonic e eketseha kamora tefo ea moputso, ka tekanyo e kholo ea hore phallo eo ea moputso e lula e sa tsejoe,' me keketseho ena e fapana le phasic e tsamaeang le moputso o sa lebelloang kapa meputso ea meputso ( Schultz, 2007). Ho phahamisoa hona ha tonic ho bonahala ho ka etsahala hore ho be le boiteko bo matla bo ka eketsang monyetla oa ho fumana meputso e sa tsitsang, 'me, ka lebaka la mohopolo oa hore dopamine e lula e le lipatlisiso, e ts'ehetsa ho ba teng ha lits'ebetso tsa tlhahlobo nakong ea linyeoe tse ngata tsa "tlatlapo." Qetellong, leha ho fetoha ho tloha mokhoa oa ho sebelisa tlholeho ho fihlela mokhoa oa ho phenyekolla ho ka phethoa ka ho sitisoa ke mosebetsi oa hau oa sepheo (Cohen et al., 2007), hang ha motho a le maemong a ho phenyekolla, ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ka boleng ba bobeli le litsamaiso tsa sesapo li lokela ho eketseha ho nolofalletsa boitšoaro bo hlalosang (Frank et al., 2009).

Ke lipehelo life tse khothatsang tse tsamaeang le tlhahlobo eo? Ts'ebetso ho "coding system" ea boleng e lokela ho tsamaea le tšusumetso (e tsebang kapa e sa tsebeng letho) ho ithuta hore na ketso le liketso li bonts'a moputso joang le ho ikitlaelletsa ho fihlela lipheo. Ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea ho sebelisa likhalase tsa mahlo e lokela ho tsamaea le tšusumetso ea ho ithuta se bolelang moputso kapa kotlo le ho etsa boiteko ba kelello ba ho utloisisa sebopeho se lumellanang le sephetho sa mabaka a susumetsang. Ha litsamaiso ka bobeli li sebetsa hammoho ka tšusumetso e lemosang, li lokela ho hlahisa tšusumetso e matla ea ho ithuta se sa tsoa etsahala le ho fana ka boiqapelo le boikitlaetso ba ho khetholla ketsahalo eo e sa reroang.

Hlokomela hore maemong a moputso o sa lebelloang, boleng ba boleng le li-salience coding dopaminergic neurons ka tloaelo li tla sebetsoa. Sena sea utloahala ka lebaka la monyetla o ka bang teng oa ho fumana moputso o tobileng (o saenneng ke li-neurons tsa boleng bo botle) ​​le monyetla oa ho fumana tlhahisoleseling mabapi le moputso le maemo a teng (a saenneng ke li-neurons tsa salience). Tabeng ea kotlo e sa lebelloang, leha ho le joalo, li-neurons tsa salience li tla sebetsoa, ​​athe li-neurons tsa boleng li tla hatelloa. Sena se lokela ho tataisa tšusumetso e akaretsang ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le tšokelo le tlhaiso-leseling ea ho bona maemo, ha e ntse e hatella tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro e ka bang kotsi. Khothatso e akaretsang e hlahisoang ke sisteme ea sesapo e kanna ea ba teng, ha e le teng ea e tsosang takatso, ea ho thusa ho hlola litšenyehelo tsa ho lekola maano a ho sebetsana le ts'okelo. Ho hlola litšenyehelo tsa boiteko ho bonahala e le ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea dopamine, mohlomong e hlahisoa ke sisteme ea boleng hammoho le sisteme ea salience. Sena se bontšitsoe ke phuputso ea morao-rao e bonts'ang liphapang tsa motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ea dopaminergic ho striatum mme VMPFC e boletse esale pele boikemisetso ba ho etsa boiteko ho batla moputso, haholoholo ha monyetla oa ho amohela moputso o le tlase (Treadway et al., 2012).

Dopamine e hlahisa tšusumetso ea ho ikitlaelletsa ho batla moputso kapa tlhaiso-leseling, empa sena ha se hlakise ka botlalo hore na ke maikutlo afe a tsamaeang le ho lokolloa ha dopamine. Ka lebaka la karolo ea eona ho arabeloeng moputsong, hangata dopamine e 'nile ea hlalosoa ka phoso e le lik'hemik'hale tse "utloang hantle". Ha ho na pelaelo hore dopamine e ka thabisa batho; Lithethefatsi tse eketsang tšebetso ea dopaminergic, joalo ka cocaine kapa amphetamine, li hlekefetsoa ka karolo hobane li hlahisa maikutlo a nyakallo, a thabo le a thabo. Lithutong tse entsoeng ka neuroimaging, tekanyo ea ho itlaleha ka lebaka la cocaine e ne e amana le karabelo ea dopaminergic le maemo a mesebetsi ea neural ho striatum (Breiter et al., 1997; Volkow et al., 1997). Ho ntse ho eketseha, leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso li bontša hore molumo o monate oa hedon, thabo kapa ho rata moputso, ha li hlahisoe ka kotloloho ka lebaka la dopamine, empa ho fapana le li-neurotransmitters, ho kenyelletsa li-opiates tsa nako ea morao-rao, 'me ho bile le phapang e tebileng lipakeng tsa ho batla e hlahisoang ke mosebetsi oa dopaminergic le rata e hlahisoang ke sistimi ea opioid (Berridge, 2007). Phapang ena e bonts'itsoe haholo ka ho qhekella ho latela lithethefatsi ho litoeba, empa lithuto tsa batho tse loketseng le tsona li teng. Mohlala, ho tsamaisa mohanyetsi oa opiate hammoho le amphetamine ho felisitse thabo e neng e amana le amphetamine (Jayaram-Lindström et al., 2004).

Dopamine e bonahala e hlahisa takatso ea ho batla moputso (ke hore, ho fihlela sepheo se itseng) kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling. Takatso ena ha e hlile ha e monate. Ha o sebetsa ka thata bakeng sa moputso o sa tsitsang haholo, ho etsa mohlala, kapa ha tsoelo-pele e sa tsamaee butle, takatso e tsamaisoang ke dopamine e ka kenyelletsa ho ithabisa le ho ithaopa, 'me e kanna ea ba le boiphihlelo e se monate. Sena ke 'nete le takatso ea tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le tsamaiso ea methapo. Ka linako tse ling batho ba itlhalosa e le “ho shoa ka lebaka la bohelehele” kapa “ho shoa” ho fihlela sepheo se itseng — ho bolokehile ho nahana hore ts'ebeliso ea "ho shoa" joalo ka papiso ha se hangata e bonts'a ho natefeloa ho otlolohileng. Ho ba le tjantjello e kholo haholo ho ka re utloisa bohloko. Ho joalo, takatso ea moputso o khethehileng kapa tlhahisoleseling e ka tsamaisana le thabo e kholo ha tsoelo-pele e lebisang pakong e khotsofatsa (cf. Carver le Scheier, 1998), empa mofuta oo o itseng oa monyaka o kanna oa bakoa ke ho kopana ha dopamine ka sistimi ea coding ea boleng le tokollo ea li-opiates tsa nako e telele.

Karolo ea sistimi ea opioid ka thabo ha e bolele hore menyaka e phahameng ea thabo e joalo ka thabo le thabo ha ea lokela ho nkuoa e le maikutlo a dopaminergic, hobane mohlomong ha ho mohla li kileng tsa ba le boiphihlelo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea opioid bo le bong empa li hloka ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic. (Monate o amanang le Opiate ntle le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic o kanna oa natefeloa joalo ka thabo e khathollohileng haholoanyane, e kenyelletsang khotsofalo kapa thabo e kholo.) Leha ho le joalo, bohlokoa ba sistimi ea opioid bakeng sa monyaka ha e totobatse taba ea hore maikutlo a dopaminergic ha se feela maikutlo e monate ebile e bontša hore ba batla ka kotloloho ho feta ho rata. Ho kanna ha kenyelletsa maikutlo a fapaneng a shebaneng le ho fumana moputso kapa tlhahisoleseling nakong e tlang: takatso, boikemisetso, cheseho, thahasello, thabo, tšepo, bohelehele (cf. Silvia, 2008). (Lethathamo lena ha lea etsetsoa ho ba le khatholoho.) Hona joale, re ka hakanya feela ka phapang lipakeng tsa maikutlo a amanang ka kotloloho le sistimi ea boleng Maikutlo a amanang le meputso e khethehileng, joalo ka ho ruruha kapa ho lakatsa, ho bonahala a tsamaisoa haholo ke sistimi ea boleng, athe ho rata ho tsebahala ho ho tsamaisoa haholoholo ke tsamaiso ea bohlanya. Ho makatsa ho bonahala e kanna ea ba maikutlo a khomaretsoeng ke lets'oao la tlhokomeliso (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010). Mefuta e felletseng ea maikutlo a amanang le dopamine e lokela ho ba sehlooho se behang litholoana bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Sebopeho sa botho: dopamine karolong e kholo ea maemo a mahlano

Ntho ea mantlha ea mohopolo oa hona joale ke hore boemo ba tšebetso tsamaisong ea boleng bo bontšoa ho Tlhaloso, boemo ba ts'ebetso tsamaisong ea mesifa bo bontšoa ho Openness / Bohlale, le maemo a lefats'e a dopamine a bonahala ho metatrait Plasticity, e emelang phapang e arolelanoeng ea Extraversion and Openness / Intellect (DeYoung, 2006). Litšobotsi tse ling tsohle tse susumetsoang ke dopamine li nkoa li amana le litšobotsi tsena tse tharo kapa e 'ngoe ea lintho tseo ba li entseng (le hoja e se tšobotsi e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e amanang le litšobotsi tsena tse tharo e nkoang e susumetsoa ke dopamine). Ho utloisisa hore na hobaneng ana e le litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa khahleho ho hloka puisano e itseng ka sebopeho sa botho. Morero oa mohopolo oa hona joale ke ho hokahanya khopolo ea dopamine le se se ntse se tsebahala ka sebopeho sa botho ka kakaretso. Motho a kanna a hlokomoloha nalane ea lipatlisiso ka sebopeho sa botho mme a bonts'a mokhoa oa ho hlahloba, kapa khahleho, kapa bohelehele, kapa ho kopanela, 'me a ntan'o hlaolela sekhechana sa lipotso se shebileng haholo moelelo oo (mohlala, Kashdan et al., 2004). Ho joalo, haeba khopolo-taba ea hona joale e nepahetse, tekanyo e joalo e kanna ea lumellana hantle le ponahatso ea ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ka botho, empa, ho feta moo, e lokela ho amana haholo le Plasticity, ka lebaka la botlalo ba Big tano joalo ka lekhetho.

Extraversion and Openness / Intelli ke a mabeli a libopeho tse kholo tsa Big tano, tse kenyelletsang ho ba le letsoalo, Agreeableness, le Neuroticism (John et al., 2008). Sistimi e kholo ea bohlano (e tsejoang hape e le Mohlala oa Metso e Mehlano) e ntlafalitsoe ka mokhoa o matla, ka tlhahlobo ea lintlha pakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa botho ka ho sebelisa litlhaloso tsa tšobotsi tse nkiloeng ho lexicon (Goldberg, 1990). Litharollo tse tšoanang haholo tsa lintlha tse hlano li fumanoe lipuong tse ngata⁴. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore, Big tano ha e hlahe feela lipatlisisong tsa mabaka, empa hape le tlhahlobisong ea lipotso tse ngata tse teng tsa botho, leha lipotso tseo li ne li sa etselitsoe ho lekanya Big hlano (Markon et al., 2005). Ho feta moo, lintlha tse tšoanang hantle le Big tano li hlaha tlhahlobisong ea matšoao a bosholu ba botho (Krueger et al., 2012; De Fruyt et al., 2013).

Mabaka a mantlha a Big Five e le taxonomy ke hore lintlha tse tšoanang tse hlano tsa morao li teng pokellong efe kapa efe e lekaneng ea litlhahlobo tsa botho. Hona ho bolela hore likarolo tse hlano tse kholo tse tlasa phapang ea boholo ba botho, le "neuroscience" ea botho li lokela ho shebana le ho hlalosa mekhoa le paramente tse ikarabellang bakeng sa tšebelisano ea likarolo tsena. Ho fetisa mohlala, mohlala, ho emela phapang e fapaneng e arolelanoang ea mekhoa e fapaneng e kenyelletsang ho ratana, ho ba le boikemisetso, ho ba le maikutlo a matle, le ho batla thabo. Bokobohi ba botho bo hloka ho hlalosa hore na litšobotsi tsena li tšoana ka eng tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo. Kaha boko bo laola liketso tsohle, litšobotsi tsa botho li tlameha ho hlahisoa haholo ke phapang ea ts'ebetso ea boko, ho sa tsotelehe mehloli ea bona ea tšusumetso ho liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho (DeYoung, 2010b). Hobane boko ke ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe e kopaneng ea cybernetic, likhopolo tsa baeloji bakeng sa litšobotsi tsohle tse ikhethang li lokela ho lumellana' me qetellong li momahane. Kahoo, mehopolo ea litšobotsi tse ikhethileng, tse thehiloeng botebong ba motho (mohlala, tlhahlobo kapa bohelehele) ha ea lokela ho ema e le 'ngoe, empa e lokela ho hokahana le likhopolo tse thehiloeng ho Big tano.

Taba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa mabapi le sebopeho sa sebopeho sa thuto ea hona joale ke hore litšobotsi li hlophisitsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng (setšoantšo (Figure1) .1). Litšobotsi tse haufi le bokaholimo ba sebopeho sa botho li emela lintho tse ngata tšebetsong ea kelello, e kenyeletsang mefuta e mengata ea boits'oaro le boiphihlelo bo atisang ho fapana mmoho. Litšobotsi tse tlase li tlase maemong a phahameng a emetse mekhoa e mengata le boiphihlelo bo atisang ho fapana mmoho. Litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa li teng kaholimo le tlase ho Big tano maemong a boloi (Markon et al., 2005; DeYoung, 2006; DeYoung et al., 2007). Le ha pele Big 5 e ne e nkuoa e le ea mantlha ebile e le maemong a holimolimo a sebopeho sa batho, ba bontšitsoe hore ba na le mokhoa oa ho ts'oarana o bonts'a ho ba le lintlha tse peli tsa maemo a holimo (Digman, 1997; DeYoung, 2006; Chang et al., 2012), le lintlha tsena tsa tatellano e holimo kapa metatraits li boetse li bonahala ka ho amanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse nkiloeng ho sampole ea mafahla (McCrae et al., 2008). Re re joetse metatraits Ho tsitsa (phapanyetsano e arolelanoeng ea Conscience, Agreeableness, le Neuroticism) le Plasticity le hypothesised hore li bonts'a liponahatso tsa mantlha ka botho ba diphapang tsa serotonergic le dopaminergic, ka tatellano (DeYoung et al., 2002; DeYoung le Grey, 2009).

  

Setšoantšo sa 1

Mokhahlelo o moholo oa botho bo Supileng (DeYoung, 2006, 2010b; DeYoung et al., 2007). Litšobotsi tse boletsoeng ka mongolo o motenya li tšelisoa hore li susumetsoe ke dopamine.

Ka tlase ho Big Hlano maemong a sebopeho sa litšobotsi tsa motho ke maemo a mang a mabeli a sebopeho. Boemo ba maemo a tlase a sehlopha se hlalosoa e le bo nang le likarolo, litsobotsi tse ngata tse moqotetsane tse bonoang likarolo tsa likarolo tsohle tse pharaletseng. Ha ho tumellano e teng mabapi le palo le likarolo tsa likarolo, 'me lisebelisoa tse fapaneng li lekola pokello ea likarolo tse fapaneng. Haufinyane, boemo ba sebopeho sa botho bo fumanoe lipakeng tsa likarolo tse ngata le likarolo tse kholo tsa Big tano, tse hlahang pele lipatlisisong tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho mafahla, tse fumanoeng hore lintlha tse peli tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ne li hlokahala ho hlalosa ts'ebetso ea likarolo pakeng tsa likarolo tse tšeletseng sebakeng se seng le se seng sa Big tano joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke NEO Personality Inventory-Revised e tsebahalang (NEO PI-R; Costa le McCrae, 1992b; Jang et al., 2002). Haeba Big tano e ne e le karolo e latelang ea sebopeho sa botho ka holim'a likarolo, ho tla hlokahala feela karolo e le 'ngoe ea lefutso bakeng sa sebaka ka seng. Phumano ena e ile ea eketsoa ke tlhahlobo ea non-genetic factor ea 15 facet sekaleng ka seng sa Big tano e ileng ea fumana bopaki ba ho ba teng hoa lintlha tse peli ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea Big Five (DeYoung et al., 2007). Lintlha tsena li ne li tsamaisana hantle le lintlha tsa peo tse tlalehiloeng pejana ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lithuto tsena ka bobeli li kanna tsa hlalosa boemo bo bohareng ba sebopeho kahare ho sehloho sa Big tano. Litšobotsi tse boemong bona li hlalositsoe e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tseo, ka e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea Big tano e na le likarolo tse peli, 'me lintlha tsa karolo li ile tsa tšoauoa ka ho li kopanya le lintho tse fetang tsa 2000 tse tsoang Lethathamong la Botho la Machaba la Batho. Ts'ebetso ena e thusitse kaho ea sesebelisoa ho lekanya likarolo, Big tano Aspect Scales (BFAS; DeYoung et al., 2007).

Karolo ea sebopeho sa botho e bohlokoa ka karolo hobane e thehiloe ka mokhoa o matla, athe lethathamo la likarolo le entsoe ka mokhoa oa setso. Likarolo tsa 10 tsa Big Five li fana ka mokhoa o sa tsitsitseng oa litšitiso ho feta likarolo tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa litšobotsi tsa botho ka tlase ho Big Five, mme li bonahala li emela phapang ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea khethollo ea nnete ho e 'ngoe ea tse hlano tse kholo (mohlala, DeYoung et al. , 2013a). Hape le ho bua ka bopaki ba kamano ea dopamine le Extraversion, Openness / Intellect, le Plasticity, ke pheha khang ea hore boemo ba bolaoli ba botho bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa boholo ba tšusumetso ea dopamine ho botho, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ho Setšoantšo. Figure1.1. Ka bomalimabe, litsobotsi tse maemong a tlase a maemo a phahameng a puso li na le phapang e ikhethang e sa arolelanoeng le litšobotsi tse maemong a holimo (Jang et al., 2002). Kahoo, dopamine e ka susumetsa litšobotsi tsa boemo ntle le ho susumetsa litšobotsi tse kaholimo ho bona maemong a hloahloa.

Tlhaloso

Bophahamo bo khethiloeng e le Extraversion ho Big tano bo emela phapano e arolelanoang lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tse kenyelletsang ho bua, ho phela ka bonngoe, boetapele, ho busa, boemo ba tšebetso, maikutlo a monate, le ho batla thabo. Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sehlopha sa Extraversion ka likarolo tse peli tse amanang empa li ka arohana, Ho tiisa 'me Cheseho, ka tšebeliso e akaretsang ea litšobotsi tse kang boetapele, bophahamo le ho susumetsa, le cheseho e kenyelletsang botsoalle kapa ho ratana le maikutlo a matle. Litšobotsi tse ling, joalo ka ho bua, li arolelanoa ke Boikemisetso le Cheseho. Karolo e le 'ngoe ea Extraversion e sa lumellaneng hantle le karolo efe kapa efe ea mokha ke ho batla thabo, e tla tšohloa karolong ena. Ho Ts'oarana le Ho Batla Tlhahlobo e na le likarolo tse amanang tse kang ho tsilatsila ho batla le ho batla ntho e ncha (DeYoung et al., 2007; Quilty et al., 2013).

Extraversion ke tšobotsi e atamelaneng haholo le dopamine ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa botho tse seng li ntse li le teng, 'me ho lumeloa hore extraversion e bonahatsa ponahatso ea mantlha ea botho ba maikutlo a ho fumana moputso (Depue le Collins, 1999; Lucas le Baird, 2004; Smillie, 2013). Boithuto bo 'maloa bo fumane bopaki ba khokahano pakeng tsa Extraversion le dopamine ba sebelisa mananeo a fokotsehile a meriana (dopaminergic system) (Depue et al., 1994; Rammsayer, 1998; Wacker le Stemmler, 2006; Wacker et al., 2006, 2013; Depue le Fu, 2013). Le ha extraversion hangata e talingoa e le mokhoa oa sechaba, e akaretsa se fetang feela boits'oaro sechabeng, ho kenyelletsa boemo ba ts'ebetso ea 'mele le maikutlo a monate esita le maemong a seng setjhabeng. Ho feta moo, karolo ea eona ea sechaba e ka bonoa e le sephetho se tobileng sa hore meputso e mengata ea batho ke ea kahisano; Har'a meputso e meholohali eo motho a e filoeng ke boemo ba sechaba kapa bophahamo le kamano e kopaneng. Boikutlo bo mabapi le boleng ba moputso oa maemo bo bonahala bo amana le Boikemisetso, athe ho natefeloa ke boleng ba moputso ho bonahala ho amana le ho kenella ka matla (DeYoung et al., 2013a).

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Depue le basebetsi mmoho (Depue le Collins, 1999; Depue le Morrone-Strupinsky, 2005) li khetholle lipakeng Khatello ea Maikutlo 'me Keketseho e Kopaneng, e tsamaellanang hantle le Boikemisetso le Kholiseho, ka ho latellana. Leha ho le joalo, ba tloaetse ho latela litšobotsi tse amanang le Agreeableness hammoho le Affiliative Extraversion, e ka u khelosang hobane Kholiseho e bonahala e kenyelletsa ho fumana kopanyo e putsa, athe Agreeableness e bonahala e amana le kopanelo ka mabaka a mang (joalo ka bokhoni ba ho utloisisa bohloko). Agreeableness e bontša phapang ea mefuta e fapaneng ea boitsoaro bo bobe ba sechaba. Kamano pakeng tsa Extraversion le Agreeableness e ka hlakisoa ka ho hlokomela hore mekhoa ena e 'meli e hlalosa motho e mong le e mong ea tsamaeang le mokokotlo (DeCo et al.,). 2013a). Likarolo tse peli tsa Agreeableness ke Kutloelo-bohloko, e hlalosang kutloelo-bohloko le ho tsotella maikutlo le litakatso tsa ba bang, le Kameho, ho hlalosa khatello ea boitšoaro bo mabifi kapa bo mabifi. Assertiveness le Compassion li tsamaisana le li-IPC tse otlolohileng le tse otlolohileng, 'me Kholiseho le Politeness li tsamaisana le li-axg tsa li-X tsa 45 le 315 ° (Setšoantšo. (Figure2) .2). Hobane ho kenella le qenehelo ke mabota a potapotileng, li amana haufi haholo joalo ka karolo e 'ngoe ea tšobotsi ea bona e mehlano e mehlano,' me sena se lebisitse bafuputsi ba bang ho etsa phapang lipakeng tsa Qenehelo le Kholiseho. Ho soabisa ho joalo ho kanna ha ba bothata ho li-neuroscience tsa botho, ha ho fanoa ka maikutlo a hore Kholiseho e amana le maikutlo a moputso empa Qenehelo ha e (DeYoung et al., 2013a).

  

Setšoantšo sa 2

Likamano tse fapaneng pakeng tsa likarolo tsa Extraversion le Agreeableness li tsamaellana le li-circumpal circumplex (DeYoung et al., 2013a). Phallo e tšoaea palo e tlase ea Politeness. Litšobotsi tse ngotsoeng ka mongolo o motenya li tšelisoa hore li susumetsoe ke dopamine. ...

Mosebetsing o fetileng, re na le maikutlo a hlakileng a hore Boikemisetso le cheseho li bonts'a ho batla 'me rata ka ho latellana, ho ka fanang ka maikutlo a hore ke Asserticy feela e lokelang ho amana ka kotloloho le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic (DeYoung, 2010b; Corr et al., 2013; DeYoung et al., 2013a). Sena se ka tsamaellana le mohopolo oa Depue and Collins (1999) hore Agentic Extraversion, ka ho khetheha, e amana le dopamine. Phapang ena mohlomong e bonolo haholo. E ipapisitse le litaba tsa maikutlo tse amanang le ho kenella le thuto eo smillie et al. (2013Khopolo ea hajoale e hlahisa hore Cheseho e bonts'a ho kopana le ho rata, athe Assertiveness ke ponahatso e hlakileng ea ho batla. Lintho tse hlakileng ka ho fetesisa tlhahlobisong ea BFAS ea Cheseho ke hore, "Ke ka seoelo re ka ts'oaroang ke thabo," "Ha ke motho ea chesehang haholo" le "Bontša maikutlo a ka ha ke thabile" (DeYoung et al., 2007). Tsena ke mofuta oa likarabo tse chesehang, tse matla tsa maikutlo tse khothaletsang ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ho arabela ts'episong kapa phumants'o ea moputso. Ho joalo, ba boetse ba fana ka maikutlo a thabo ea hedonic ho kamohelo kapa mohopolo oa moputso, mme mohopolo oa hona joale o boloka khopolo-taba eo phapang ea ho kenella e bontshang phapang tsamaisong ea opioid empa o fana ka maikutlo a hore e susumetsoa ke mokhoa oa boleng ba dopaminergic. Hona ho tla tsamaellana le ho fumana hore Boikemisetso le Cheseho ka mokhoa o tšoanang li ile tsa bolela maemo a phahameng a ts'usumetso e ntle (mohlala, ho ikutloa ka "mahlahahlaha" le "mafolofolo") ha a araba papali ea filimi e bonts'ang boitšoaro bo tataisang bo tataisoang ke sepheo (Smillie et al. , 2013). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore Boikemisetso le Kholiseho li bolela esale pele karohano ea karabelo ea maikutlo ho mofuta oa likhothaletso tse susumetsang ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic tsamaisong ea boleng. Leha ho le joalo, hobane ho kenella ho nahanoa ho bonts'a ho rata le ho batla, ho fapana hoa Assertiveness ho nahanoa hore ho amana ka matla le dopamine ho feta ho fapana ho kenang ka bongata (cf. Wacker et al., 2012).

Ha ho puisano mabapi le kamano ea Extraversion ho dopamine e ka phethehang ntle le ho bua ka mosebetsi oa Jeffrey Gray, eo e neng e le e mong oa bafuputsi ba pele ba ho hlahisa sebopeho sa tlhaho sa tlhaho se ipapisitseng le maikutlo a hore litšobotsi li emela ho fapana ho fapaneng ha likarabo ho lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lithuto stimuli (Gray, 1982). Gray o thehile "conceptual nervous system" e kenyelletsang Behaeveal Activation kapa Approach System (BAS) ho araba mekhoa ea moputso le Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) le Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) ho arabela litšokelo (Gray le McNaughton, 2000). Mekhoa ea botho e khothalletsoa hore e hlahisoe ke phapang e fapaneng le kutloisiso ea litsamaiso tsena. Sebaka sa tlhaho ea BAS ha se so ka se hlakisoa hantle joalo ka sa BIS le FFFS, empa mantlha ea eona e ne e lula e nkuoa e le dopaminergic system le merero ea eona ho striatum (Pickering le Grey, 1999). Panksepp (1998) e hlahisitse sistimi e ts'oanang e tsepame ho potoloha dopaminergic function, eo a ileng a reha Sisteme SEEKING.

Grey (1982) pele o ne a nka hore tšobotsi e amanang le maikutlo a BAS e fapana le Extraversion mme a fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka tšoantšoa le Ho se tsitsisehe. Leha ho le joalo lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a hore mehato ea kutlo ea BAS e lekola tšobotsi e tšoanang ea khale le mehato ea ho fetelletsa le mokhoa o ikhethileng (Zelenski le Larsen, 1999; Elliot le Thrash, 2002; Selena 2004; Smillie et al., 2006; Wacker et al., 2012). E 'ngoe ea mehato e tsebahalang haholo ea ho hlasimoloha ha BAS e kenyelletsa subscales tse tharo, Drive, Reward Sensitivity, and Fun kutafuta (Carver and White, 1994). Drive e bonahala e le sesupo se setle sa Assertivere, athe Reward Sensitivity e kanna ea amana haholo le Mokhathala (Quidence et al., 2013), leha phuputso e le 'ngoe e fumane hore e jaretse drive ho Agentic Extraversion factor (Wacker et al., 2012). Ho Batla Monate ho tšoana le ho Batla Monate mme ho tla tšohloa ka tlase karolong ena Ho Ts'oarana le Ho Batla Tlhahlobo. Lintlha tsohle tsa kutlo tsa BAS ka kakaretso li tsoa ho sesebelisoa sena li bonts'itsoe ho bolela likarabo tsa pharmacological ho moriana oa dopaminergic (Wacker et al., 2013).

Haeba Extraversion e le ponahatso ea mantlha ea kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso boteng, motho ea kenyang letsoho haholo ho eona kutloisiso eo ho bonahala e ka ba tloaelo ea ho batla le ho ithuta ka meputso e ka bang teng, e tsamaisoang ke boleng ba ho boloka li-dopaminergic system. Boholo ba boits'oaro bo amanang le ts'ebetso ea Extraversion e le mefuta ea boitšoaro bo hlalosang bo etselitsoeng ho phehella meputso. (Hlokomela hore puo ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa boitšoaro lipuisanong tsa sechaba, tse atisang ho sebelisoa ho lelekisa meputso e amanang le maemo le kopanelo.) Ho fetotsoe ho fetotsoe ho bolela ho ithuta pele maemong a moputso ho matlafatsong ea ho ithuta ho ithuta. 2004; Smillie, 2013), hammoho le ho bolela esale pele ho tsamaisoa ha linako tsa karabelo le ho nepahala ho latelang ho khothaletsa moputso (Robinson et al., 2010). Phuputso ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore Extraversion e boletse esale pele tšekamelo ea boemo ba Pavlovian e tla etsahala ha lithuto li fuoa dopamine agonist eseng sebaka sa placebo (Depue le Fu, 2013).

Ntle le lithuto tsa dopamine tsa dopamine tse boletsoeng ka holimo, lithuto tsa neuroimaging li fana ka bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa Extraversion le lits'ebetso tsa boko tse kenyelletsang moputsong. Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa MRI tsa sebopeho li fumane hore Extraversion e amahanngoa le bophahamo bo boholo ba VMPFC, sebaka se tsejoang e le sa bohlokoa ka mokhoa oa boleng ba li-coding dopaminergic system mme o kentse letsoho ho boloka boleng ba meputso (Omura et al., 2005; Rauch et al., 2005; DeYoung et al., 2010; empa bona Kapogiannis et al., 2012, bakeng sa ho sitoa ho ikatisa). Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa FMRI li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea boko ho arabela meputsong ea chelete kapa takatso e ntle ea maikutlo e amana le Extraversion, empa boholo ba mehlala ea bona e ne e le nyane haholo (N <20), ho fana ka liphetho tsa bona ho sa tsejoe (Canli et al., 2001, 2002; Cohen et al., 2005; Mobbs et al., 2005). Leha ho le joalo, ka kakaretso, sehlopha se matla sa bopaki se fana ka maikutlo a hore Extraversion e ka bonts'a ponahatso ea mantlha ea liphapang tsa motho ka mong ho boleng ba coding dopaminergic system kaha e sebelisana le likarolo tse ling tsa sistimi ea moputso ea boko. Extraversion e hlalositsoe maemong a cybernetic e le se matlafatsang boits'oaro (Van Egeren, 2009), hantle karolo e boletsoeng ho litekanyetso tsa tonic tsa dopamine (Niv et al., 2007). Tlhaloso ena e lumellana le mohopolo oa hona joale, ha motho a supa hore ke boitšoaro bo bonts'ang ka kotloloho bo matlafatsoang ke dopamine, le hore boitsoaro bo matlafatsoang ke sistimi ea boleng ba kh'outo bo lumellana haholo le Extraversion, athe boitsoaro bo matlafalitsoeng ke tsamaiso ea masene bo tsamaisana haholo le ho pepeseha / Bohlale.

Ho buleha / kelello

Openness / Intellect e hlalosa tloaelo e akaretsang ea ho nahana, ho rata ho tseba, ho lemoha, ho qapa, ho etsa bonono, ho nahana, le ho ba le kelello. Ts'ebetso ea kelello e kopanyang litšobotsi tsena e khethiloe e le "tlhahlobo ea kelello" e nang le kelello e kenyellelitsoeng ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa ho beha mabaka le kutloisiso (DeYoung et al., 2012; DeYoung, mochine oa khatiso)⁵. Letšoao le kopaneng la semelo sena le tsoa puisanong ea khale, mme bafuputsi ba bang ba rata "Openness to Experience" 'me ba bang "Intellect" 1990; Costa le McCrae, 1992a). Ebile, mabitso ana a mabeli a tšoaea likarolo tse peli tse ikhethileng (empa e le tsa bohlokoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang), ka bohlale bo bonts'ang karohano le tlhaiso-leseling e senang mohopolo le mehopolo le Openness e bonts'ang boitlamo bo nang le tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le maikutlo le maikutlo (Saucier, 1992; Johnson, 1994; DeYoung et al., 2007). Ha ke bua ka “Openness / Intelli,” ke bua ka karolo e kholo ea bohlano; ha ke bua ka “Intellect” kapa “Openness” ke le mong, ke bua feela ka subtrait e le 'ngoe ka Openness / Intelli. Litšobotsi tse kahare ho Intellile li kenyelletsa bohlale, bohlale bo bonojoang kapa ho ba le tsebo ea kelello, le ho etsa lintho ka kelello, empa mekhoa e ka hare ho Bonolo e kenyelletsa lithahasello tsa botaki le botle, ho iphumanela boiphihlelo ba maiketsetso, ho bua ka mokhoa o makatsang, le apophenia kapa mokhoa o ikhethang oa ho khetholla (DeYoung et al., 2012; DeYoung, mochine oa khatiso). (Kenyelletso ea bohlale ka har'a Intelli ea phehisana ebile e tla tšohloa ka tlase.) Taba ea hona joale e fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang ho Openness / Intelli e bonts'a karohano tsamaisong ea dopaminergic system.

Bopaki ba ho kenyelletsa dopamine ho Openness / Intelli bo boholo ho feta bopaki ba Extraversion, ntle le lithuto tse peli tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse bonts'ang setsoalle le DRD4 (dopamine D4 receptor) le COMT liphatsa tsa lefutso ka mehlala e meraro (Harris et al., 2005; DeYoung et al., 2011). COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) ke enzyme e nyenyefatsang dopamine mme e bohlokoa bakeng sa tumello ea synaptic. Hobane li-receptor tsa D4 li fumaneha sebakeng sa mantlha cortex (Meador-Woodruff et al., 1996; Lahti et al., 1998), hape hobane ho lumeloa hore COMT e na le tšusumetso ho feta maemong a dopaminergic ho cortex ho feta ho striatum (Tunbridge et al., 2006), litloaelano tsena li bonahala li amana haholo le tlhahlobo ea kelello le tsamaiso ea ho hlapolla lisele tsa "salience coding dopaminergic". Le ha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li tsebahala ka ho pheta-pheta, 'me ka hona, bohloka bo matla ke ba bohlokoa.

Pele re ne re nahana hore dopamine e kenyelletsa karolo ea tlhaho ea Openness / Intelli e thehiloeng melaong e mene ea bopaki (DeYoung et al., 2002, 2005). Taba ea pele, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ho nka karolo ha dopamine boitakatsong le boits'oarong bo hlophisitsoe hantle. Ka lebaka la bohareng ba bohelehele ho Tsebo ea Openness / Intelli, le kamano ea eona le litšobotsi tse hlahlobang tse kang ho batla lintho tse ncha le ho batla maikutlo (Costa le McCrae, 1992a; Aluja et al., 2003), khokahano ea khopolo ea dopamine e hlakile. Taba ea bobeli, dopamine e kenella mekhoeng e tšehetsang tlhahlobo ea kelello ka ho khetheha, kaha e hlokahala bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho hopola lintlha hape e kenya letsoho ho ithuteng. Openness / Intellect ke eona feela tšobotsi e kholo ea Big tano e amanang le bokhoni ba ho hopola, 'me karolo ea eona ea Bohlale e bontšitsoe ho bolela liketsahalo tsa neural ho PFC tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea memori e sebetsang (DeYoung et al., 2005, 2009). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang ea ts'ebetso ea dodaminergic function ho PFC e kanna ea ikarabella ho likarolo tsa kelello tse amanang le Openness / Intelli. Taba ea boraro, ho ba le bolokolohi / kelello bo bonahala bo amahanngoa le ho fokotsoa hoa thibelo ea morao-rao (Peterson le Carson, 2000; Peterson et al., 2002). Latent inhibition ke boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo bo thibelang maiketsetso ao pele a neng a arotsoe e le a sa lokelang ho kena tlhokomelong. Dopamine e bonahala e le "neuromodulator" ea mantlha ea thibelo ea morao-rao, ka ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea dopaminergic e etsa tlhahiso e fokotsitsoeng ea latent inhibition (Kumari et al., 1999). Kamora nako, khokahano ea Openness / Intellect le Extraversion, e senolang metatrait Plasticity, ka boeona e fana ka maikutlo a hore dopamine e kanna ea ba sesosa se seng sa covariance ea bona, ha ho fanoa ka bopaki ba ho nka karolo ha dopamine ho Extraversion.

Ho totobatsa 'nete ea hore karohano ea sisteme ea dopaminergic ho sistimi le boleng ba likhoutu li kopane, le hore ts'ebetso e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le li-subcompriers tse ngata, tsamaiso ea dopaminergic ea salience e bonahala e ka bapala likarolo tse fapaneng ho Intellect vs. Ho buleha. Bohlale ho e-na le ho bula pepenene bo amana ka tsela e ikhethang le bohlale ba kakaretso le mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (DeYoung et al., 2009, 2013b; Kaufman et al., 2010) mme ho bonahala e kanna ea bonts'a ts'ebetso ea dopamine ka bobeli ba lits'ebetso tsa boithatelo tse itšetlehileng ka DLPFC le ts'usumetso ea ho beha mabaka ka boiphihlelo. Ho buleha, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho bonahala ho ka bonts'a ho nolofatsa ha dopamine ho sibolla mekhoa ea boiphihlelo ba maikutlo (Wilkinson le Jahanshahi, 2007). Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane ho arohana ka makhetlo a mabeli moo Intelli a boletseng memori ea ts'ebetso, empa Openness e boletse esale pele ho ithuta ka mokhoa o hlakileng, ho ipata ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa lipaterone (Kaufman et al., 2010). Ho tsebahala ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho kanna ha hlophisoa ke ketso ea dopamine ho striatum ho fapana le preortal cortex, le makala a fapaneng a projeke ea sisteme ho libaka tsena tse peli tsa boko. Ntle le moo, Openness e ka susumetsoa haholo-holo ke likhakanyo tsa dopaminergic ho thalamus, tse ka bang le karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola phallo ea tlhaiso-leseling e utloahalang ho cortex le basal ganglia (Sánchez-González et al., 2005). Kamora nako, Openness, joalo ka Ho Ts'oenyeha, e bonahala e ka susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea opioid hammoho le dopamine, hobane monate oa botle (thabo ea mekhoa ea maikutlo) ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa eona tsa bohlokoa (DeYoung, mochine oa khatiso). Ka kakaretso, ho bonahala kelello e ka hokahana le dopamine ka matla ho feta ho buloa.

Plasticity

Plasticity, phapano e arolelanoeng ea Extraversion and Openness / Intelli, ka kutloisiso e bopa motheo oa khopolo ea joale. Mokhoa ona o pharalletseng haholo o lokela ho susumetsoa ke matla a fetolang molumo oa lefatše oa dopaminergic mme ka hona a eketse kapa a fokotse ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsa boleng le tsa mahlanya. Bakeng sa hona joale bopaki feela ba khopolo ena ke bopaki, bo hlalositsoeng ka holimo hore dopamine e kenelletse ho Extraversion and Openness / Intellect. Nakong e tlang, khopolo-taba ea hore Plasticity e lokela ho bolela esale pele maemo a lefatše a dopamine e ka lekoa ka kotloloho.

Lebitso "Plasticity" le na le monyetla oa ho ferekanya hobane poleloana e sebelisoa hangata ho ts'ebetso ea boko ho fapana le botho. Litsebi tsa kelello li tloaelane le eona haholo ho latela poleloana e reng "neural plasticity," e bolelang bokhoni ba kelello ba ho fetola likarolo tse ngata tsa boqapi ba eona ba tlhaho ho arabela boiphihlelo. Plasticity, joalo ka tšobotsi ea botho, ha e reretsoe ho hokahana le "polasetiki ea neural," ho sa tsotelehe hore na neuralical polasetiki e bapala karolo efe lits'ebetsong tsa ho hlahloba tse amanang le Plasticity. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang Ho tsitsa, joalo ka tšobotsi ea botho, ha e tsamaisane le "botsitso ba neural." Ho fapana le moo, mantsoe ana a bua ka botsitso le polasetiki ea li-cybernetic element tse etsang motho ka boeena kelellong (DeYoung, 2010c). Hopola hore ts'ebetso ea cybernetic e akaretsa (1) e lakatsang libaka tsa pheletso kapa sepheo, (2) tsebo le litekanyetso tsa mmuso oa hona joale, le (3) basebetsi ba nang le monyetla oa ho fetola mmuso oa hona joale sebakeng sa sepheo. E le paramente ea sistimi ena, methapo ea metatrait e anngoe ho bontša tekanyo eo motho ka mong a hanang ho sitisoa ha ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele ea sepheo ka ho sitisa litšitiso, ho boloka lipono tse tsitsitseng tsa sepheo le litekolo tse loketseng tsa hajoale, le ho khetha lits'ebetso tse nepahetseng⁶. Plasticity e kopantsoe ho bonts'a tekanyo eo sisteme ea cybernetic e atamelehang ho hlahisa lipheo tse ncha, litlhaloso tse ncha tsa mmuso oa hona joale, le maano a macha a ho phehella lipheo tse teng (hona ke tlhaloso ea ho phenya mantsoe ka cybernetic). Ha litšobotsi tsa botho, botsitso le polasetiki li bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa motho lits'ebetsong tse phethisang litlhoko tse peli tsa mantlha tsa sistimi efe kapa efe ea cybernetic tikolohong e sa lebelloang ka botlalo: pele, ho khona ho boloka botsitso ba ts'ebetso ea eona e le hore merero e ka ho phethoa, 'me ea bobeli, ho tseba ho hlahloba maemo a rarahaneng, a fetohang le a sa lebelloang, ka hona a eketsa katleho e ts'oanang ea sepheo sa hae sa ho phehella.

Ho tsitsa le polasetiki li ka utloahala li hanyetsanoa, empa ho ne ho tla nepahala ho li hlalosa e le tsa tsitsipano. Ho joalo, Plasticity e phahamisitsoeng e ka etsa hore Ts'ebetso e be phephetso, empa ntle le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho lekaneng ho etsoang ke Plasticity, motho a ke ke a lula a le maemong a fetohang a sa fetoheng. Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa tlasa bohlophisi kahara lipheo, lits'ebetso tse amanang le Plasticity li ka hlahisa mekotla e mecha ts'ebetsong ea sepheo se phahameng haholo se ntseng se bolokoa ke lits'ebetso tse amanang le botsitso. Ho feta moo, ntle le botsitso bo lekaneng, boholo ba tšebetso ea kelello bo ka ba boholo bo lekaneng hoo ho kheloha ho hohelang ntle le ho phenyekolla, ho lebisang ho Plasticity e fokotseng. Ha Big tano e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa likhakanyo ho tsoa ho tsebiso tse ngata, Ho tsitsa le polasetiki ho bonahala li sa lumellane (DeYoung, 2006; Chang et al., 2012). Se fapaneng le "botsitso" ke "ho hloka botsitso" eseng "polasetiki", mme se fapaneng le "polasetiki" ke "ho hloka botsitso" kapa "ho fetoha habonolo" eseng "botsitso." Sisteme e sebetsang hantle ea cybernetic e tlameha ho ba e tsitsitseng le polasetiki.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, ts'ebetso e amanang le Plasticity e hlahisoa e le sona hantle seo se e tsamaisang: ho hlahloba le ho fumana meputso e fumanehang ka bokhoni ba ho hloka botsitso. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo tšehelitse likhakanyo tse thehiloeng khopolong ena. (Bakeng sa sephetho se ka nkuoang se amana le Plasticity, e lokela ho amahanngoa le bobeli le ho ba pepeneneng / kelello le boholo bo ts'oanang, e le hore kannete ke phapano ea bona e arolelanoang, ho fapana le phapang e kholo ea Bohlano.) Bakeng sa mohlala, Plasticity e fumanoe e le ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro bo botle bo tlalehiloeng ka mokhoa o seng monate, ho ipapisitse le taba ea hore ba lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro ba sechaba ha ba na monyetla oa ho ba lipatlisiso kapa ho itšetleha ka matla a bona a ho feto-fetoha (DeYoung et al., 2002). Plasticity e boetse e fumanoe e le ho bolela esale pele Externalizing (ntho e bonts'ang tloaelo e akaretsang ea ho susumetsoa, ​​bosholu, boits'oaro, le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi), kamora hore ho na le boitšoaro bo kantle bo susumetsoang ke karolo ea tšusumetso ea ho hlahloba boits'oaro bo sa amoheleheng sechabeng, le 'nete (e tšohliloeng ka tlase) hore boits'oaro bo kantle bo amanang le dopamine (DeYoung et al., 2008). Ho ba le botsitso ho boetse ho reroa ho lumellana le ho ba kantle ho naha, ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng le Plasticity. Ebile, botsitso e ne e le konokono ea mantlha ea litšobotsi tsena ka bobeli, 'me setsoalle le Plasticity se ne se sa bonahale ntle le haeba e le' ngoe e laoloang bakeng sa Ts'ireletso⁷.

Hoa thahasellisa haholo ho khetholla boits'oaro bo amanang haholo le Plasticity ho fapana le botsitso. Tloaelo e akaretsang ea ho fuputsa e kanna ea se bonahale ka boits'oaro bo amanang le litloaelo tse tloaelehileng tsa "ho phenya," joalo ka ho phehella liphihlelo tse sa tloaelehang ho motho ka mong kapa ho sa tloaelehang kapa ho tsebahala sechabeng ka kakaretso. Mefuta e joalo e makatsang ea phuputso, haholo ha e sa khethoe sechabeng, e ka se boletsoe esale pele ke Plasticity feela, empa hape le ka ho tsitsa ho tlase, joalo ka ha ho supiloe ke lithuto tsa ho ikamahanya le boitšoaro bo kantle bo boletsoeng ka holimo.

Joale matšoao a hlakileng a Plasticity ho bongata ka kakaretso ke afe? Mohlaleng o mong o moholo, o lilemo li mahareng, oa maemo a mahareng (DeYoung, 2010c), libopeho tse bonts'ang Plasticity ka kotloloho li ne li laoloa ke litaba tse bonts'ang boetapele, boiphihlelo, le ho bua ka mokhoa o hlakileng maemong a boiketlo (mohlala, "Ho ba le talenta ea tlhaho ea ho susumetsa batho," "Ho ba le mokhoa o monate oa ho bua ka lintho") le Lintho tse ling hape li bontša ka mokhoa o hlakileng le bohelehele (mohlala, "Ke khona ho tla ka mehopolo e ncha le e fapaneng," "Lebella monyetla oa ho ithuta le ho hola"). Mohlaleng o le mong, re ile ra hlahloba hore na Plasticity le Stability li ile tsa bolela esale pele joang boits'oaro bo itlalehileng, selemong se fetileng, sa boits'oaro ba 400 (Hirsh et al., 2009). Re fumane hore polasetiki e batla e fana ka maikutlo a nepahetseng a maqhubu a boits'oaro, a lumellanang le karolo ea dopamine e le se khothatsang, mme boits'oaro boo bo neng bo bo boletse esale pele e ne e le pokello e khahlisang, e neng e kenyelletsa ho rala moketjana, ho ea puong ea phatlalatsa, ho ea lekhotleng la toropo ho kopana, ho fana ka puo e lokiselitsoeng kapa polelo ea sechaba, ho ngola lengolo la lerato, ho ea tantša le ho etsa motsoalle e mocha, har'a ba bang. Mona re bona ponahatso ea tloaelo e akaretsang ea ho hlahloba har'a batho ba mahareng ba Amerika, ba maemo a mahareng. (Ka lehlakoreng le leng, botsitso e ne e le ponelopele e mpe ea boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, bo nang le litlamorao tse matla ho boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba boits'oaro kapa bo sitisang.) Thutong ea hajoale, boits'oaro bona bohle bo amanang le polasetiki e lokela ho ba tse ling tsa tse nolofalitsoeng haholo ke ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ho boleng le boits'oaro ka bobeli ka nako e le ngoe.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ho fanoa ka litlhaloso tse ling le mabitso bakeng sa lebaka leo re reng ke Plasticity. Digman (1997), ea sibolotseng metatraits, o ile a li ngola habonolo feela Alpha (Ho tsitsa) le Beta (Plasticity) 'me a etsa tlhahiso ea hore e qetelle e bonts'a tloaelo ea kholo ea motho. Olson (2005, p 1692) e thathamisitse ntlha ea Plasticity lebeletsana mme a re e bonts'a "boholo ba batho ka bo mong ba kenang kahare ho tsa bona tsa ka hare le kantle ho naha." Ho feta moo, metatra ea Big tano e tšoana le tharollo ea lintlha tse peli tse tlalehiloeng lithutong tse matla, moo tšobotsi e nang le litaba tsa tsona ka bobeli Extraversion and Openness / Intellie e ngotsoe Matla (Saucier et al., 2013). Litlhaloso tsena kaofela li utloahala li lumellana. Tloaelo e akaretsang ea ho hlahloba e tla lebisa ho kenelletseng ho kenngoeng monahanong ka nalane le liketsahalo tse khahlisang mme e lokela ho hlahisa boitšoaro boo ba bang ba bo fumanang bo matla mme bo ka lebisang kholong ea bona.

Boiphetetso le maikutlo a ho batla

Joale re fetohela litloaelong tse amanang le dopamine tse seng ntle le ho amana hantle le letsoalo, mme kaofela li amana le kantle ho naha. Le ha ho le joalo, kaofela li amana hantle le Extraversion, mme ka linako tse ling le Openness / Intellect hape. Tlhaloso ea mantsoe le litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa litšobotsi tsena e bile pherekano ka mashome a lilemo, li utloisoa bohloko ke ho se utloane ka mekhoa e fapaneng (litšobotsi tse fapaneng tse bitsoang ka lebitso le tšoanang) le taba ea falliso ea lebitso la tšabo (tšobotsi e tšoanang e bitsitsoeng ka mabitso a fapaneng). Mohlomong pherekano e kholo e hlahisitsoe ke ts'ebeliso ea lentsoe "ho hloka lerato" ho bolela litšobotsi tse 'maloa tse amanang empa e le tsa bohlokoa haholo. Li-construants tse amanang le impulsivity li hlakisitsoe haholo ke nts'etsopele ea mohlala oa UPPS (Whiteside le Lynam, 2001; Smith et al., 2007), e bonts'ang mefuta e mene e ikhethileng ea ho se ts'oenyehe: Ho potlaka, ho hloka mamello, ho se tsebe boitokiso, le ho ts'oarella. Ho potlaka, tšekamelo ea ho etsa lintho ntle le tšitiso ka mekhoa e nang le litlamorao tse mpe tlasa maemo a mofuthu oa maikutlo, hajoale ho bonahala e sa sebetse ho dopamine; sehokelo sa eona se ka sehlohlolong sehlopheng sa Big tano ke boemo bo tlase ba botsitso (DeYoung, 2010a). Mamello e ts'oana hantle le ho sebetsa ka thata (ho tšohliloe kaholimo), 'me ka hona mohopolo oa hona joale o ka bolela hore ho hloka mamello ho bakoa ke karolo ea lipalo tse tlase tsa lefats'e (leha ho le joalo ho ka etsahala hore boemo bo ikhethileng ba karabelo ea dopaminergic tsamaisong ea boleng ho mekhoa ea moputso o potlakileng ho fapana le mekhoa ea moputso o hole haholo e kanna ea ikarabella bakeng sa ho hloka mamello). Bopaki bo hlakileng bo hokahanya ho haella ha boitlhakiso le maikutlo a ho batla mosebetsi oa dopaminergic.

Boitokisetso bo bolela "tloaelo ea ho nahana le ho nahana ka litlamorao tsa ketso pele u etsa ketso eo" (Whiteside le Lynam, 2001, p 685). E amana haholo le letsoalo, ho Big tano, empa e amana haholo le tšobotsi eo ho fapana le ho sebetsa ka thata / tiisetso mme ho bonahala e amana hantle le ho hloka matla le ho hloka tumelo le letsoalo (DeYoung, 2010a). Ho haella pele ho boitelo ho bonts'a ts'ebetso e potlakileng ntle le ho nahana ka litlamorao tse mpe tse ka bang teng, eo mohlomong e leng moelelo o atileng oa "ho hloka kelello" thutong ea kelello. Khokahano ea eona ho Extraversion e fana ka maikutlo a hore na Extraversion e matlafatsa boitšoaro bo joang, mohlomong ka mekhoa ea dopaminergic (Niv et al., 2007; Van Egeren, 2009). Batho ba sa rateng ho itokisetsa esale pele ba tloaetse ho nka bohato kapele ho susumetsang, ho e-na le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea litlamorao tsa liketso tseo. Kahoo, ho haella ha boitokisetso ba pele ho ka bonts'a ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng tsamaisong ea methapo ea methapo, ka nako e ts'oanang e bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng tsamaisong ea boleng.

Mokhatlo o seng molaong oa ts'ebetso ea sesosa ka ho hloka mokhoa oa ho itokisa esale pele o ka utloahala ka lebaka la kamano e mpe ea bohlale ka ho susumetsoa (Kuntsi et al., 2004). Ntle le moo, phapang ho DRD4 gene e fumanoe e leka ho leka-lekanya kamano e mpe pakeng tsa bohlale le ntho e akaretsang ea kantle ho naha, eo ho qobelloa ke karolo ea eona (DeYoung et al., 2006). Ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea boleng le litšebeletso tsa sesapo e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo ho hlahiseng matšoao a tlhokomelo-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), e bonts'ang mathata a ho hloka botsitso, ka sebopeho sa ho hloka taolo pele (ho ts'oaroa ke matšoao le khatello ea maikutlo) le ho hloka mamello. (matšoao a ho se tsotelle). ADHD e tšoaroa hangata ke lingaka tsa dopamine agonists, joalo ka methylphenidate, 'me li bonahala li na le litlamorao tsa eona ka ho eketsa dopamine ho DLPFC - ke hore, tsamaisong ea salience (Arnsten, 2006).

Ho batla ho bontša ho "ikemisetsa ho beha likotsi molemong oa monyaka kapa liphihlelo tse ncha" (Zuckerman et al., 1993, p 759). Le haesale e 'nile ea nkuoa e le mokhoa oa ho qhekella ebile e amana le boits'oaro ba kantle ka kakaretso (Krueger et al., 2007), nyeoe e nang le kahlolo e molemo e ka etsoa hore ho batla maikutlo ha ho hlokahale hore ho se qobelloe. Ho ka kenyelletsa ho rera, tiisetso, teko e nepahetseng ea likotsi, le mehato e nkiloeng ho boloka kotsi e le ka tlase ho boemo bo lakatsehang (nahana ka ho hloa thaba kapa ho fofa ka mohlala, mohlala). Ehlile, le ha maikutlo a ho batla a bonts'a khafetsa ea boits'oaro bo joalo ka papali ea chelete le joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ha ho bonahale eka a tlaleha maemo a mathata a ho nka karolo mekhoeng eo, athe ho potlaka le ho haella ha boitokisetso pele (Smith et al., 2007).

Le hoja Ho batla, Ho Batla Novelty, Ho Batla Ho Thabisang, 'me Ho Batla Monate Tsohle li bonahala li bonahatsa tšobotsi e tšoanang e patiloeng, likala tse ling tse nang le mabitso ana li pharaletse ho feta tse ling. Zuckerman (1979) Mohlala oa ho batla sekala, mohlala, ha o na feela mekoloto ea boithabiso ea boithabiso le ea boits'oaro, empa o fana ka lipehelo tsa Disinhibition le Boredom Susceptibility, tse fumanoeng li bonts'a ho hloka mamello ho feta maikutlo a batang tsamaisong ea UPPS ( Whiteside le Lynam, 2001). Ea Cloninger (1987) Sekhahla sa ho Batla Novelty se pharalletse ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, se nang le lipapatso tse ngotsoeng tse hlalosoang Tsoelo-pele e Ntle, ho Utloisisa Bohloko, ho Tepella, le ho Hloka Ts'oaetso. Mehato e hloekileng ka ho fetelletseng ea Sveryweringing e kenyelletsa mofuta oa sekala sa UPPS (Whiteside le Lynam, 2001), Ho Batla Monate ho NEO PI-R (Costa le McCrae, 1992b) le ho Batla ho Monate ho tsoa ho likala tsa BIS / BAS (Carver le White, 1994). Ho sa tsotelehe hore na bophara ba bona ke bofe, mehato ena kaofela e na le moo e amanang teng le ho eketsa mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha le maikutlo le letsoalo, leha ho le joalo tekano e fetisetsoa ho Extraversion sekala se hloekileng (DeYoung le Grey, 2009; Quilty et al., 2013). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke Depue le Collins (1999), phapang ea litšobotsi tse amanang le ho qobelloa e ka ba sephetho sa ho fetoha feela ka matla a tšusumetso ea ho ea ho meputso (e amanang le Extraversion), empa le phapang ea matla a litsamaiso tsa taolo e holimo-tlase tse qobellang litšusumetso tseo ( e amanang le letsoalo).

Ho sebelisa PET ho lekola bokhoni bo tlamang ba li-autoreceptor tsa dopamine D2 ho SNc le VTA, Zald le basebetsi-'moho ba hlahisitse bopaki bo matla ba bohlokoa ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke boikemisetso le ho batla maikutlo. Ba bonts'itse boholo ba Cloninger's Novelty Seeking Scale le Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (eo haholo-holo e lekanyetsang khaello ea maikemisetso; Whiteside le Lynam, 2001) bolela esale pele ho fokotsa D2 e tlamang ka mpeng, e leng se bolelang esale pele hore e tla lokolla dopaminergic ka har'a striatum ho arabela amphetamine (Zald et al., 2008; Buckholtz et al., 2010b). Hobane D2 autoreceptors ka har'a midbrain inhibit dopaminergic neurons, e fokotse matla a tlamang a fetolelang mosebetsing o moholo oa dopaminergic. Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ka takatso ea maikutlo le sepheo sa ho batla (Zuckerman, 2005).

Hore na mokhoa oa ho se sebetse hantle, hammoho le sistimi ea boleng, o ameha ho ts'oenyeheng ha maikutlo ho bonahala ho ka latela hore na ho batloa mofuta ofe oa maikutlo. Haeba maikutlo a ho batla a kenyelletsa ho rera le ho nahanisisa esale pele (mohlala, ho hloa thaba, ho fofa habonolo), ho ka amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng tsamaisong ea salience, athe maikutlo a ikemetseng a batlang a sa bonahale a amana haholo le ho se sebetse. Kameho ea dopamine ka boits'oaro e kanna ea tsamaisa sepheo sa nako e telele kapa ea e sitisa, ho latela lintlha tse ling tse ka kenyelletsang eseng feela bokhoni ba DLPFC ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo lipakaneng tsa nako e telele empa hape le tšusumetso ea likarolo tse fapaneng ea tsamaiso ea dopaminergic (boleng le vsseence, striatal vs. cortical, tonic vs. phasic). Ho bona sena ho ka baka lebaka la hore litloaelo tse ling tse amanang le Extraversion li amana hantle le letsoalo, athe tse ling li amana hampe.

Khahlano

Ho ts'oenyeha ke tšobotsi e 'ngoe, joalo ka ho haella ha litokisetso tsa pele, tse ka susumetsoang ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng ke boleng le litsamaiso tsa sesepa. Bofokoli ba sistimi ea salience bo hlahisoa ke mokhatlo o mobe oa ho hopola litaba le bohlale ka mabifi (Seguin et al., 1995; Koenen et al., 2006; DeYoung et al., 2008; DeYoung, 2011). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le bopaki bo tobileng haholoanyane bakeng sa botsoalle bo nepahetseng ba sistimi ea boleng ka mabifi. Buckholtz et al. (2010a) e fumane hore mokhoa oa ho susumetsa motho ea utloisisang (ho kopanya borabele, ho qhekella, mabifi le ho arohana) o ne o amahanngoa le karabelo ea dopaminergic ho amphetamine, le kamora ho laola ho susumetsoa, ​​ho batla bocha, le ho eketsa (haholo-holo, ena e ne e le sampole e ts'oanang eo ba leng ho eona e boetse e bonts'itse mekhatlo ea tšebetso ea dopaminergic le ho batla ho hongata. Liphetho tsena li kopane ka nepo le lithuto tsa liphoofolo tse hokahanyang dopamine le mabifi (Seo et al., 2008), le ho lithuto tse tlalehang litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa dopaminergic metabolites (le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa serotonin metabolites) ka bongata bo mabifi (Soderstrom et al., 2001, 2003). Joalo ka boits'oaro bo bongata ba kantle le ho batla ho natefeloa, mabifi mohlomong a amana haholo le serotonergic ho feta mosebetsi oa dopaminergic, empa ho sa le joalo, ho bonahala dopamine e le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ea bobeli.

Aggression ke sesupo se setle sa poleiti e tlase ea Agreeableness, mme ka kotloloho karolo ea Politeness ea Agreeableness e amanang hampe le Assertivere, e le hore ba theha li-axes tse haufi le circumplex, joalo ka ha li bontsitsoe ho Setšoantšo. Figure22 (DeYoung et al., 2013b). Khokahano ena ea Assertiful e fana ka maikutlo a hore bompoli bo tsamaisoa ke tšebetso tsamaisong ea dodaminergic ea boleng. Batho ba tshepehang ba kanna ba ikemisetsa ho nka bohato bo mabifi ho hahamalla meputso. Khopolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ho kopaneng ea dopamine e nang le maemo a boloi ke phapang pakeng tsa mabifi a sebetsang hape, a nang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho (Lopez-Duran et al., 2009; Corr et al., 2013). Boferekanyi bo sebetsang kapa bo itšireletsang bo etselitsoe ho felisa tšitiso, hangata e hlaha ka tšabo, 'me e laoloa ke lits'ireletso tse tlase-tlase bokong bo thibelitsoeng ke serotonin (Grey le McNaughton, 2000). Bofetoheli bo potlakileng kapa bo khopisang bo etselitsoe ho fumana lisebelisoa, maemo a phahameng, kapa boiphetetso mme ho bonahala e le monyetla oa ho susumetsoa ke dopamine. (Ho joalo, liketso tse mabifi tsa batho ka bomong li ka bonts'a motsoako oa maiketsetso le ho se sebetsane ho leng thata ho o latola.) Phuputso e bapisang likhoto tse fuoang e le tse phahameng kapa tse tlase maemong a tšoso li fumane hore lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ne li le bohale ho feta likhoto tse tloaelehileng, empa hore bahanyetsi ba dopaminergic ba sebelisitsoeng ho NAcc e fokolitse mabifi feela ho litekanyetso tse tlase tsa tšitiso-kutloelo-bohloko eo mabifi a eona a shebahalang a khopisa ho e-na le ho itšireletsa (Beiderbeck et al., 2012).

Ho tepella maikutlo le matšoenyeho

Litšobotsi tse latelang tse nkuoang ke tseo e kanna ea ba tse amanang hampe le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic litsamaisong tsohle tsa boleng le tsa masapo. Tsena li oela kahare ho sebopeho sa Neuroticism se bitsoang Withdrawal, e leng e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse peli tse hokahaneng haholo le Plasticity e oelang ka ntle ho Extraversion and Openness / Intellect in the Big Five hierarky (e' ngoe e le Corpriousness). Ho hlophisoa ha khatello ea maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha ka mokhoa o le mong ho lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka tse bonts'ang hore menyetla ea ho khetholla khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo e atileng haholo e phahama haholo, e ba ntho ea kakaretso e ngotsoeng "Matšoenyeho" (Wright et al., 2013). Mokhahlelong o moholo oa ba bahlano, Matšoenyeho a lekana le ho tlohela. (Hlokomela hore, ho PID-5, ntho e fapaneng hanyane e bitsitsoe Withdrawal, e emelang boiketlong ba sechaba ho ikhula ka ho khetheha, ho fapana le ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo; De Fruyt et al., 2013.) Khokahano ea karolo ea Withdrawal ea Neuroticism e nang le Plasticity e tlase e lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa lexical, moo lintlha tsa Dynamism tse hlahang ha lintlha tse peli feela li nts'itsoeng li amana le Withdrawal (Saucier et al., 2013). Ho ba sieo ha ho tepella maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyeha ho ama ho bonahala e le ntho ea bohlokoa e amanang le Plasticity.

Neuroticism e nkuoa e bonts'a ponahalo ea mantlha ho semelo sa kutloisiso ea ts'okelo le kotlo. Tsamaisong ea Grey, Neuroticism ke phello ea maikutlo a kopaneng a BIS le FFFS (Grey le McNaughton, 2000; Corr et al., 2013). FFFS e fana ka tšireletso e sebetsang (ho tšoha, ho itšireletsa bohale le ho fofa) ho arabela litšoso moo sepheo se le seng feela ke ho qoba. Ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a FFFS ha ho khothalelitsoe ho amanang le dopamine. BIS e etsa hore motho a qoqe, a sitise boitšoaro le ho lula a falimehile ha ho e-na le khohlano lipakeng tsa sepheo kapa maikemelo a mangata — ka mantsoe a mang, ka lebaka la keketseho ea ho kenella ha kelello. Mohlohlelletsi oa "BIS" ke ntoa ea ho qoba maemo, moo monyetla oa moputso o itseng o ka hlakoloang ka monyetla oa kotlo (mohlala, ha takatso ea ho kopana le motho eo e tla ba molekane e hanana le tšabo ea ho khesoa). BIS e sebetsa ka ho thibela mokhoa oa ho fihlella sepheo se botsoang. Ka mantsoe a mang, ke ho hanyetsa ho BAS, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore BIS sensitivity e kanna ea amahanngoa hampe le ts'ebetso tsamaisong ea dopaminergic. BAS e thibetsoe ke BIS e le hore e hlahise tlhokomeliso e ka thibelang ho kopana le kotsi e ka 'nang ea amahanngoa le sepheo sa hona joale (Gray le McNaughton, 2000). Thutong e kholo ea Big tano, kutloisiso ea BIS e bonahala e tsamaisana le Withdrawal (DeYoung et al., 2007; Corr et al., 2013). Grey le McNaughton (2000) arola libaka tsa ho qoba lintho tse amanang le BIS ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo, tse ipapisitseng le hore na kotsi e teng e ka bonoa e ka qojoa kapa ea qojoa. Ho qoba ntho e akaretsang ka kakaretso ke karabelo ea likotsi tse tlamehang ho atameloa ho fihlela sepheo se itseng. Ha motho a tšoenyehile, mokhoa oa ho lieha oa lieha, tlhokomeliso le ho falimeha lia eketseha, 'me ho eketseha ka thabo ho itokisetsa phetoho ea ho fofa kapa ho tšoha ho laoloang ke FFFS, haeba kotsi e le kholo haholo. Ho tšoenyeha ke boemo boo ho bona monyetla oa kotlo o sa kang oa hlola monyetla oa moputso, hoo sepheo seo ho buuoang ka sona se ntse se ka fihlella. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khatello ea maikutlo ke boemo boo kotlo e nkuoang e le e ke keng ea qojoa, e ka hlalosoang e le setsi se etsahalang moo morero (mme ka hona moputso) o nkoang o sa fumanehe. Matšoenyeho a ka fokotsoa ka ho fumana hore ha ho na tšoso ea 'nete e teng kapa ka ho etsa lintho ka tsela e tla felisa ts'abo kapa bonyane ho fokotsa monyetla oa kotlo. Ntle le moo, matšoenyeho a ka fokotsoa ka ho tlohela sepheo sa ts'ebetso le ho fetohela sepheo se seng (cf. Nash et al., 2011). Haeba sepheo sa ts'ebetso sa pele se sa nkeloe sebaka ke sepheo se seng, ho tlohela hona ho tšoana le ho kena boemong ba khatello ea maikutlo. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho bonahala hangata ha naha ena e ntse e phehella maemong ohle mme e fihla ho sepheo se fapaneng. Ha khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisoa ho hlalosa boemo ba bongaka, joale ho tlohela lipheo ho ntlafalitsoe ka mokhoa o sa lokelang. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho hlalositsoe e le "ho hloka thuso" ho bontša 'nete ea hore tšusumetso e felisitsoe ha ho sokeloa le bothata bo fumanoeng ba ho fihlella lipheo ka kakaretso (Miller le Norman, 1979).

Phapang ea tšusumetso ea ho hlahloba menyetla ea ho fihlela sepheo, nakong ea ho qoba kapa ea ka mor'a ho itšireletsa, e kanna ea ba tlatsetso ea mantlha ea ho fapana ha dopamine ho tepelletseng maikutlong. Ts'ebetso eo ea dopaminergic e fokotseha ho tepella maikutlong e thehiloe hantle (Dunlop le Nemeroff, 2007). Letšoao la khatello ea maikutlo hangata le amanang le dopamine ke anhedonia, Ho felloa ke thahasello kapa ho ithabisa mesebetsing e tloaelehileng ea motho, 'me hona ke tšobotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo e hlakileng e amanang hampe le Extraversion (mohlala, De Fruyt et al., 2013). Hobane Extraversion ke tšobotsi e bonts'ang phapang lipakeng tsa ho natefeloa ka matla le ho lelekisa meputso, anhedonia ha e le hantle e ka lekana le Extraversion e tlase (kapa mohlomong Plasticity e tlase) ka kopanelo le Neuroticism e phahameng. Joalo ka Extraversion, khatello ea maikutlo e amana le maikutlo a moputso, leha e le hantle ka mokhoa o seng joalo eseng ka mokhoa o nepahetseng (Pizzagalli et al., 2009; Bress et al., 2012). Tahlehelo ea thahasello e amanang le anhedonia e kanna ea amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e fokolitsoeng (Treadway le Zald, 2013). Ho lahleheloa ke thahasello ho ka hlalosoa hamolemohali Amotivation, ho boloka "anhedonia" ho hlalosa tahlehelo ea thabo, eo ho bonahala e amana haholo le sistimi ea ho rata opioid ho fapana le dopamine. Ka khopolo ea hona joale, maikutlo a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo a bontša phokotso ea lipatlisiso tse tsamaeang ka mokhoa oa dopaminergically oa menyetla e ka bang ea moputso kapa tlhaiso-leseling e ka lumellang ho thehoa hoa lipheo kapa maano a macha a sebetsang. Ka bobeli lits'ebetso tsa boleng le sesose kahoo li bonahala li na le tšusumetso ho tepelletseng maikutlo. Mabapi le boreleli, khatello ea maikutlo ha e amahanngoe le ts'usumetso e fokotsehileng ka kakaretso feela empa e boetse e amana le bofokoli ba kelello bo ka bakoang ke molumo o fokotsoeng oa dopaminergic ho DLPFC (Murrough et al., 2011).

Ho tšoenyeha ho kanna ha amana le noradrenaline empa eseng dopamine

Momahano ea ho tšoenyeha ka ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ha e na bonnete bo fetang ba khatello ea maikutlo, mme likamano leha e le life tse fumanoang pakeng tsa matšoenyeho le dopamine li ka ba ka lebaka la kamano e phahameng lipakeng tsa matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e hloka ho hlakola litšobotsi tsena tse amanang ka hloko (cf. Weinberg et al., 2012). Bopaki bo bonyane bo hokahanya dopamine ho latela khatello ea maikutlo kapa mathata a ho tšoenyeha ka ho khetheha. Lithuto tse 'maloa tsa likhetho tsa gene li tlalehile mekhatlo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea dopaminergic ka matšoenyeho kapa mokhoa o pharaletseng oa Neuroticism, empa, ntle le taba ea hore ba ne ba sa laole khatello ea maikutlo, e ka ba liphoso tsa leshano, ka lebaka la ho haella ha bopaki ba mofuta oa genome Lithuto tsa mokhatlo kaofela (mohlala, de Moor et al., 2010). Amotivation, e fanang ka bopaki bo hlakileng ba ho nka karolo ha dopamine ho tepella maikutlong, ha se karolo ea mantlha ea matšoenyeho. Khopolo ea hajoale e nka hore ho tšoenyeha, joalo ka tšobotsi e fapaneng le khatello ea maikutlo, ho ka etsahala hore e se ke ea amana le phapang ea motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ea dopaminergic.

Jwalo ka bopaki ba pele le bo sa tobang bakeng sa tšibollo ena, Tafole Lethathamo11 e hlahisa lipapatso tsa litloaelano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho le litšobotsi tse tsoang ho sehlopha se phahameng sa ba bahlano se bontšitsoeng ho setšoantšo Figure1,1, e lekiloe ho litho tsa 481 tsa ESCS. Matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo li ile tsa lekanngoa ho sebelisoa NEO PI-R, e se nang lintho tse ts'oanang le tse ka har'a lipampiri tsa lipotso tse sebelisitsoeng ho lekanya Big Five le likarolo tsa bona (BFAS) kapa metatraits, tse ileng tsa hlahlojoa li sebelisa lintho tsa 40 pejana li neng li tšoailoe e le matšoao a ikhethang Botsitso kapa Plasticity (DeYoung, 2010c). Le ha zero zero e ne e kopantsoe le maikutlo a mangata a susumetsoang ke tšusumetso ea dopamine, sena se ne se bakoa ke phapang e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo. Kamora ho laola khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho ha a ka a lumellana haholo le tšobotsi efe kapa efe eo ho buuoang ka eona (ntle le hore Withdrawal, eo e leng tšobotsi). Ho sithabela maikutlo, ho fapana le hoo, ho lula ho hokahane le mekhoa eo ka mor'a ho laola ho tšoenyeha. (Mekhetho e le 'ngoe feela ea khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le Openness / Int akili le Openness, tse lokelang ho lebelloa hobane Openness e amana hantle le Neuroticism, leha e le taba ea hore Intelli e amana hampe; DeYoung et al., 2012). Seo mohlala ona o fanang ka sona ke hore, le ha ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e kanna ea amahanngoa hampe le Withdrawal, e emelang tšekamelo e akaretsang ea ho qoba ho itšireletsa feela, khatello ea maikutlo feela e ka amahanngoa le dopamine hang ha motho a hlahloba phapang e ikhethang mabapi le matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Haeba motho a nka ho tšoenyeha ntle le ho laola khatello ea maikutlo, leha ho le joalo, matšoenyeho a ka hlaha hampe a amanang le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic.

  

Lethathamo 1

Mekhatlo ea NEO PI-R Ho tšoenyeha le ho sithabela maikutlo (Costa le McCrae, 1992b) le sekala se seholo sa Big tano (DeYoung et al., 2007) le sekala sa Plasticity and Stability (DeYoung, 2010c) mohlaleng oa sechaba oa Eugene-Springfield.

Ha re se re fumane boemo ba hore ho tšoenyeha ka tšebeliso ha bo amanang le dopamine, ntle le hobane e amana le khatello ea maikutlo, joale ke bua ka bopaki bo ka khahlano le boemo bona, ka lebaka la hore ke tsoa lipatlisisong tse ngata, kahoo kakaretso ho batho ha e na bonnete. Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse ho fokotseha ha ho hlahlojoa le ho bonts'a matšoao a morao-rao a ho tšoenyeha ka likhoto ka mor'a ho fokotseha ha dopamine ho lingaka tsa lefutso (Espejo, 1997). Phuputso ea morao-rao ea litoeba e fana ka bopaki ba hore ts'ebetso ea masapo ka ho khetheha e ka ba le tšusumetso ho ts'oenyehong ea sebopeho: Mokhoa o thetsitsoeng oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho arabela liketsahalong tse nyarosang o fumanoe o lebisa ho se khone ho ithuta ka litšokelo tse ikhethang, tse ileng tsa lebisa ho tsona le ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea tšabo e nang le ts'oaetso ho analog e akaretsang ho tšoenyeha ka kakaretso (Zweifel et al., 2011). Kahoo, ho sitoa ho ithuta, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea sisteme e fokotsehileng, ho ka lebisa ho tšoenyeha ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha kelello ea kelello (ke hore, ho hloka botsitso ho eketsehileng).

Le ha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ts'ebetsong ea ho se sebetse tlas'a maemo a hlohlontšang litsebe ke ntho e tloaelehileng ho tšoenyeha haeba e nkoa e le ntle le khatello ea maikutlo (e leng ho tla ba thata ho e phethahatsa ka litoeba). Maemong ana, ho fetoha hoa sistimi ea sesapo ka lebaka la ts'okelo ho ka baka menyetla ea hore motho ea arabelang ka matšoenyeho a be le seabo sa ho sebetsana ka katleho le “ho tsepamisa maikutlo” (cf. Carver le Connor-Smith, 2010). Batho ba phahameng ba nang le matšoenyeho a nang le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa dopamine ba lokela ho khona ho hlola litšitiso tse tsamaeang le matšoenyeho, ho hlahloba tšitiso e teng, ho fumana tharollo ea bothata bo hlahisoang ke ts'okelo, le ho qala ka potlako ho atamela tse ling. sepheo haeba matšoenyeho a bona a le maholo hoo a ka hlahisang sepheo se setle sa morero. Ka kakaretso, ba lokela ho ba le liphetho tse ntle tse latelang khatello ea maikutlo 'me ba tlameha ho ba tlase ho fetohang ho tloha ho tšoenyeha ho ea ho khatello ea maikutlo, empa ha baa lokela ho ikutloa ba sa tšoenyehe haholo ka tšokelo. Ka bobeli Noradrenaline le dopamine li lokolloa ho arabela khatello ea maikutlo (Schultz, 2007;; Robbins le Arnsten, 2009), mme mohopolo oa hajoale o fana ka maikutlo a hore phello ea ho tšoenyeha tlasa khatello ea maikutlo e amana le phapang ea ts'ebetso ea noradrenergic, athe tumello ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo e amana le phapang ea ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic. Tlas'a hypothesis ena, maemo a phahameng a ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic a ke ke a etsa hore batho ba tšoenyehe haholo empa e tla etsa hore ba be le monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho ho sebetsana ka katleho (e leng se ka lebisang liphetho tse ntle mme ka hona, ka tsela e sa tobang, ho se fokotsehe ha nako e telele).

Paleng e fetileng, ke khothalelitse hore patlisiso e amanang le Plasticity "e fapane le mofuta oa ho phenyekolla, e bakoa ke ts'oso e nang le falimehile le litaba tsa maiketsetso tse etselitsoeng ho hlahlobisisa bakeng sa ts'okelo e ngoe" (DeYoung, 2010c, p 27), empa joale ke belaela hore polelo ena e hloka ho tšoaneleha. Leha e kanna ea ba noradrenaline e amanang le ho tšoenyeha e hlohlelletsang ho falimeha le ho ruruha, mofuta oa ho hlahloba o amanang le Plasticity leha ho le joalo o ka tsosoa ke tšoso, kaha ts'ebetso ea ho hlohlona ha dopaminergic e kentsoe tšebetsong. Ebile, e kanna ea ba hantle haholo ba maemong a phahameng a Plasticity ba ka bang le botsitso ha ba tobane le ts'okelo hobane ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea dopaminergic e tla ba susumetsa hore ba kopanele ho phehelleng ho sebetsa. Ntle le moo, haeba boinehelo ba lisebelisoa tsa kelello ho fumaneng bothata (mohlomong bo tsamaisoa ke tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo) bo etsahalloa ke rum rum, ketsahalo ea sisteme e ka amanang hantle le rum rum ka kotloloho. Ho tšoenyeha ka sebele ho kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tse phahameng tsa tlhokomeliso tse tsamaisoang ke sisteme ea coding system, empa seo ha se bolele hore se ba thibela (Fales et al., 2008). E ka ba fetisetsa feela hore ba nahane ka ts'okelo, e tla tsamaellana le taba ea hore ts'ebetso ea ho seta ea lisele e hlohlelletsoa ke boiphetetso bo sa reroang.

Hypomania

Ha u ntse u nahana ka karolo ea dopamine ka ho tepella maikutlo, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka hypomania, e leng tšobotsi e amanang ka ho khetheha le khatello ea maikutlo kapa ea maikutlo. Boholo ba “khatello ea maikutlo” bo ka sebelisoa ho hlalosa litšobotsi tsa botho le likarolo tse tebileng le tse sa hlokeng nako tse ngata tse fanang ka tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo, "hypomania" e ka sebelisoa ho hlalosa tšobotsi e bonolo le e tsitsitseng ea botho. seo se beha kotsi bakeng sa mananeo a mania (prefix "hypo" e bonts'a boits'oaro bo se bobebe ho feta mania e tletseng moea). Mania e hokahane le boits'oaro bo ntlafalitsoeng ba boithuto (Perry et al., 2010), maikutlo a monate (Gruber, 2011), le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic (Park le Kang, 2012), mme batho ka bomong ba hlalosoang e le hypomanic ba bonts'a matšoao a boits'oaro ba ts'ebetso e atisang ho hlaha ea lits'ebetso tsa boleng le sesepa, tse bonts'itsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng ke lintho tse tsoang ho Hypomanic Personality Scale (Eckblad le Chapman, 1986): “Khafetsa ke ne ke thabile haholo ka projeke e kenyelletsang hoo ke neng ke sa tsotelle ho ja kapa ho robala” (boleng); "Ka linako tse ling mehopolo le leseli li tla ho nna kapele hoo ke sitoang ho li hlahisa kaofela" (salience).

E lumellana le karolo ea likarolo tse peli tsa tsamaiso ea dopaminergic, hypitania e amanang ka kotloloho e tsamaellana le bobeli ba Extraversion and Openness / Intellect (Meyer, 2002; Schalet et al., 2011). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'oaetso ea lefu la ho ferekana e amahanngoa le boemo bo phahameng ba 'mele le ho pepeseha / kelello, mokhoa o sa tloaelehang har'a mafu a kelello (Tackett et al., 2008). Khokahano ea ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ka kakaretso e lumellana le taba ea hore mania e hokahantsoe le ho phehella (Johnson, 2005). Kamora nako, hore sisteme e sa sebetseng hantle ho hypomania e ka tsamaellana le karolo eo e neng e bonahala e le teng ho schizotypy e ntle, ka lebaka la hore mafu a bipolar le schizophrenia-spectrum a arolelana kotsi e kholo ea lefutso (Craddock le Owen, 2010). Le ha maikutlo a sithabetsang le khatello ea maikutlo e le tšobotsi ea botho li hlahisoa ho amahanngoa le phokotso e akaretsang ea mosebetsi oa dopaminergic, mania le hypomania li hlahisoa ho bonts'a keketseho e matla ea kakaretso ea dopaminergic. Matla a methapo ea kutlo a hlahisang likarolo tse ling tsa tšebetso ea dopaminergic tse fokotsehileng le tse matlafatsang li hlahisa sehlooho sa bohlokoahali bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ka lefu la ho ferekanya le litšobotsi tse ling tse amanang le tsona.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Sengoli se phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso li entsoe kamora ho se be le kamano efe kapa efe ea khoebo kapa ea lichelete e ka nkuoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng ea phaello.

Ke leboha batho ba 'maloa ba ileng ba nthusa ka methati e fapaneng ea ho theha sengoloa sena: Oliver Schultheiss ka ho ntsebisa mofuta oa boleng ba semousu, Jacob Hirsh le James Lee bakeng sa lipuisano tsa pele mabapi le khopolo, le Jordan Peterson, Jacob Hirsh, Alex Rautu, Daniel Hawes, le Steve DeYoung bakeng sa litlatsetso mabapi le ho qopitsoa hoa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Ke leboha hape le Lew Goldberg ka ho fana ha hae ka seatla se bulehileng ho etsa hore tlhahiso-leseling e fumanehe ho Sampuli ea Eugene-Springfield Community.

¹Kopo ena e ka phahamisa folakha e khubelu ho ba tloaelaneng le phapang e hlakileng pakeng tsa morolo 'me ho hlekefetsoa (mohlala, Frank et al., 2009). Karolong eo Tlhatlhobo: Ho susumetsa le ho khothatsa tse amanang le Dopamine, Ke pheha khang ea hore lits'ebetso tsa ho ahlola, tse tataisoang ke dopamine, li etsahala nakong ea boitšoaro bo hlalosoang e le "tlatlapo."

²Ho lingoliloeng tse nkang liqeto, ho hloka botsitso ka linako tse ling ho khetholloa ho ho fetoha ha maikutlo, moo ho hloka botsitso ho hlalosang phello efe kapa efe ka monyetla o tsejoang ka tlase ho 100% mme ho hlaka ho hlalosang liketsahalo tseo ho sa tsejoeng hore na ho ka etsahala sephetho se itseng hakae. Mosebetsing oa hona joale, ha ke khetholle ho hloka botsitso le ho hlaka; maemo ao menyetla e sa tsejoeng e sa tsejoeng haholo ho feta maemo ao ho tsebahalang hore ona a fumanehang. Ho feta moo, ho tloha ponong ea ho kenella kelellong, boemo bo ka ba le ho se tsebe ho hlakileng kapa pherekano e nkoang e sa nke lehlakore kapa e sa nepahala, ka hona, eseng ho se ts'oanehe ho latela pono ea sistimi ea cybernetic hobane e boletsoe esale pele. Mohlala, motho a ka hlokomela hore ketsahalo e itseng e se nang litlamorao e etsahala khafetsa. Ketsahalo eo hangata e ne e tla nkuoa joalo ka ha e sa lebelloa (haeba ho joalo). (Nahana, ka mohlala, phapang ea melumo e entsoeng ke sehatsetsi sa motho).

³Li-dopamine tsa neuromodulators, noradrenaline le acetylcholine kaofela li bonahala li laola likarolo tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo ho eketseha ha entropy ea kelello (Yu le Dayan, 2005; Hirsh et al., 2012), athe serotonin e bonahala e laola botsitso ba boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo bo lumellang ho qoba ho eketseha ha entropy; ea morao-rao e etsoa ke khatello ea serotonin ea litšitiso tse sitisang le ho tsamaisa boits'oaro ba tumellano (Grey le McNaughton, 2000, Sehlomathiso 10; Karol et al., 2008; DeYoung, 2010a,b; Spoont, 1992).

⁴Tharollo ea lintlha tse tšeletseng e ka ba e ka etsahalang haholoanyane lipuong (Ashton et al., 2004), empa sisteme ena ha e fapana haholo le Big tano hobane phetoho e kholo ke feela ho arola Agreeableness ka lintlha tse peli (DeYoung et al., 2007; McCrae et al., 2008; De Raad et al., 2010). Leha ho le joalo, lithahasello tsa mantlha molemong oa mohopolo oa hona joale, Extraversion and Openness / Intelli, li ntse li le joalo ka tharollo ea lintlha tse tšeletseng.

⁵Hlokomela hore thuto ea moputso e amanang le sisteme ea boleng ba dopaminergic, eo mohopolo oa hona joale o amanang le eona le Extraversion, e ka nkoa e le mofuta oa "tlhahlobo ea kelello." Leha ho le joalo, moelelo oa ho fuputsa o ka nkoang e le "tlhalohanyo" e akaretsang ho batloa ha lipaterone tse lumellanang kapa tse bakiloeng ke ho hlaka le ho hopola, ho hlahisoa e le ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea sesosa kahoo e amanang le Openness / Intellect.

⁶Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhaloso ena ea moelelo oa kelello oa botsitso, motho a ka lebella hore e tla susumetsoa ke dopamine, ha a fuoa karolo ea dopamine ho boloka botsitso ba boemeli ba sepheo ho DLPFC. Dopamine ho DLPFC ehlile e bohlokoa bakeng sa botsitso ba methapo ea boemeli mohopolong oa ho sebetsa (Robbins le Arnsten, 2009). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na bopaki bo tobileng kapa bo sa tobang ba mofuta o boletsoeng bakeng sa litšobotsi tse ling khopolong ea hona joale e teng ho fana ka maikutlo a hore dopamine e susumetsa tšobotsi ea Botho. Litšobotsi tse tsoang ho Openness / Intellect domain ke tsona feela litšobotsi mokhahlelong oa Big Five tse amanang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ts'ebetso ea memori e sebetsang (DeYoung et al., 2005, 2009). Ho kanna ha ba hore lipontšo tsa memori e sebetsang (leha li ts'oeroe hantle ke dopamine) li teng ka nako e khuts'oane haholo ho ba tsa mofuta oa botsitso bo bonts'itsoeng ke tšobotsi e pharaletseng ea Ts'ireletso. Ke tlhaiso-leseling e teng hona joale lebaleng la tlhokomeliso e bolokiloeng le ho qhekelloa ka ho hopola lintlha. Ntle le moo, liphokotso tse hatisitsoeng ho Stability ke litšusumetso tse amanang le moputso kapa kotlo 'me ka hona ha li tšoane le litšitiso tse lemohileng tse lokelang ho hatelloa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho hopola.

⁷Tsela e tsoang ho Plasticity to Externalizing e tlalehiloe ke DeYoung et al. (2008) e ne e hlile e le kholoanyane ho feta tsela e tlohang ho Tsitsitseng. Leha ho le joalo, sena e kanna ea ba quirk ea sampole ena mme e seke ea akaretsa, hobane boitšoaro bo kantle bo fumaneha bo amanang ka matla le Neuroticism, Agreeableness e tlase, le letsoalo le tlase ho feta ka ho eketsa kapa ho bula mahlo kapa kelello.

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