Litlhahlobo tsa Neuroscience le Biobehaisheral
E fumaneha Inthaneteng 11 ka May 2015
- J. Schomakera,, ,
- M. Meeterb, 1,
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
- Pale ea Stimulus e ntlafatsa pono le ho thusa likarabo.
- Bosholu ba puo ea khale bo eketsa tšusumetso 'me bo ntlafatsa ho ithuta le ho hopola.
- Litlamorao tsa ho lemoha li ka tsamaisoa ke libaka tse maoto.
- Litlamorao ho likarabo li phela ha nakoana 'me li ka amana le likarabo tsa LC-NE.
- Litlamorao tsa ho ithuta li tšoarella ebile li amana le likarabo tsa SN / VTA.
inahaneloang
Ha motho a thulana le tšusumetso ea lipale, sena se etsa hore boko bo arabe, e leng ho etsang hore ho be le litsamaiso tse 'maloa tsa methapo ea kutlo. Ka lebaka leo ponahalo e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho ts'ebeliso ea kelello; ho ntlafatsa temoho le liketso, ho eketsa tšusumetso, ho hlohlelletsa boits'oaro ba tlhahlobo, le ho khothaletsa ho ithuta. Mona, re lekola melemo ena le hore na e ka hlaha joang bokong. Re etsa tlhahiso ea moralo o hlophisang litlamorao tsa popo bokong le ts'oaetsong ka lihlopha tse tharo.
Taba ea pele, ho qala bocha ho ka matlafatsa pono ea nako le nako. Morero ona o khothaletsoa hore o kopantsoe le tšusumetso ea lipale tse ncha tse matlafatsang Amygdala le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea methapo ea pele.
Taba ea bobeli, ho susumetsoa ke nalane ho ka eketsa ho tsosa, ho lebisa ho litlamorao tse khuts'oane tsa ts'ebetso ho li-millisecond tse makholo a pele ka mor'a tlhahiso. Re pheha khang ea hore litlamorao tsena li amana le ho kheloha, ho e-na le ho phela ka boiphihlelo ka seqo, 'me li li hokahanya le ts'ebetso ea locus-coeruleus norepinephrine system.
Taba ea boraro, ho ba le maikutlo a manyane ka nakoana ho ka baka ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic mesolimbic, ho khothaletsa tokollo ea dopamine ka hippocampus, ho ba le litlamorao tsa nako e telele, ho fihlela metsotso e mashome, ho susumetsa, ts'ebetso ea moputso, le ho ithuta le ho hopola.
LITLHAKISO TSA HO ITHUTA
Ho thahasella tse ncha ka hona ho ka ba molemo, hape ho ka hlokahala hore u fumane litšokelo le ho qoba kotsi. Ho fetolela boits'oaro bo nepahetseng maemong a hona joale boko bo tlameha ho etsa khoebo pakeng tsa ho sebelisa meputso e tsebahalang ka lehlakoreng le leng, le ho hlahloba lintho tse ncha le maemo ka lehlakoreng le leng a ka bonts'a phaello e ntle haholo, kapa mohloli o sa tsejoeng oa ts'okelo.
Ho bontšitsoe ke likhopolo tsa khomphutha ea ho matlafatsa thuto ea hore li-novelty li ka khothaletsa boits'oaro bo bobe ka ho hlahisa 'bonase ea ho hlahloba' (kapa bonto e sa tloaelehang), bo susumetsang boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso (Düzel et al., 2010; pele le Dayan, 2002 ; Knutson le Cooper, 2006). Mohopolo ona o sebelisitsoe khopolo-taba: Ho susumetsoa ke ts'usumetso ea NOvelty e amanang le Tabatabelo le tlhahlobo ea Dopamine kapa NOMAD (Düzel et al., 2010) .NOMAD e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fumana tšusumetso ea nalane ho fella ka ho phatloha ho hoholo ha nakoana ka DA, e leng ho eketsang polasetiki ka bobeli bakeng sa ho boloka buka ea ho hlasimolla le ho e susumetsa, le keketseho ea boemo ba DA ba tonic. Ho feta moo, tebello feela ea bohlanya e tla be e se e lebisitse keketsong ea litekanyetso tsa DA tsa tonic. Keketseho ena ea ts'ebetso ea tonic e tla etsa hore tebello ea moputso e ntlafatse le ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo botle.
Bopaki bo hlakileng ba khopolo ena bo bonts'itse hore tšusumetso ea nalane le ho lebella mohopolo oa lipale tse nyane li ka etsa hore tšebetso ea moputso oa dopa-minergic e ntlafatse likarabo tsa tlhahiso ea moputso (Bunzeck et al., 2012; Wittmann et al., 2007), le ho netefatsa hore menyetla ea nalane. ea hlahlojoa mme likotsi tse ka bang teng li hlahlojoa ho fihlela sephetho se tsebahala (Krebs et al., 2009). Ho feta moo, li-nov-elty li eketsa ho lokolloa ha phasic DA ka har'a striatum ho putsa (Bunzecket al., 2007; Guitart-Masip et al., 2010; Krebs et al., 2011; Lismanand Grace, 2005). Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso ea VTA e bakiloeng ke tebello ea moputso e fumanoe e lumellana le mohopolo o motle oa episodic, a fana ka maikutlo a hore ho lokolloa ha DA ka sebele ho ka matlafatsa mohopolo (Murty le Adcock, 2014). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, moputso o ka potlakisa ts'ebetso ea boqapi (Bunzeck et al., 2009), ke ts'ebetso eo ho lumeloang hore e laoloa ke DA, eo hape e fetolang ts'ebetso ea ho khutlisa mohopolo (Apitz le Bunzeck, 2013; Eckart le Bunzeck, 2013; bakeng sa tlhahlobo khokahanong pakeng tsa dopamine le memori bona Shohamy le Adcock, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, khokahano lipakeng tsa bocha le ho ithuta le tsona li amahantsoe le litsamaiso tse ling tsa neuromodulatory.
Leha ho le joalo, khokahano lipakeng tsa bocha le ho ithuta le tsona li amahantsoe le litsamaiso tse ling tsa neuromodulatory. Haholo-holo, NE e boetse e kenelletse melemong ea ho ithuta e tsoetseng pele e hlahisitsoeng ka boqhetseke, haholo-holo ho liphoofolo tseo e seng batho (Straube et al., 2003b; Sara, 2009; Harley, 2007; Madison le Nicoll, 1986). NE e eketsa nyakallo ea li-neurons ka har'a meno ea meno ebile e khothaletsa bokhoni ba nako e telele (LTP; Kitchigina et al., 1997; Kemp le Manahan-Vaughn, 2008; Klukowski le Harley, 1994) (Cooke le Bliss, 2006).
Tsamaiso e 'maloa ea li-neuromodulatory e khothalelitsoe ho tlatsa litla-morao tsa ho ithuta tse ncha ho ithuta, joalo ka ho kenella ha dopaminergic (Lemon le Manahan-Vaughan, 2006; Li et al., 2003; Lisman le Mohau, 2005; Roggenhofer et al., 2010; Sajikumar le Frey, 2004), ho kenella ka mokhoa oa noradrenergic (Kitchigina et al., 1997; Straube et al., 2003a; Uzakov et al., 2005; Vankov et al., 1995) ka beta-adrenoreceptors (Kemp le Manahan-Vaughan, 2008), le ho kenngoa ha cholinergic (Barry et al., 2012; Bergado et al., 2007; Hasselmo, 1999; Meeter et al., 2004). Mekhoa ea dopaminergic le noradrenergic le eona e khothalelitsoe ho kopanya litlamorao ho konsarete, ho sebetsa ka likhokahano tsa bona tsa phetisetso (Briand et al., 2007; Harley, 2004; Sara, 2009). Li-neurotransmitters tsohle tse tharo li tsejoa li lokollotsoe ho latela ts'usumetso ea nalane, hape li hokahane le polasetiki bokong.
Lebaka le leng hape la ho lumela hore NE kapa ACh e bohlokoa bakeng sa litlamorao tsa bocha mohopolong ke nako eo litlamorao li bang teng ka eona. Litlamorao tsa tokollo ea ACh ho phehisanoe khang ea hore li ka ba metsotso e 'meli ka mor'a ho lokolloa (Hasselmo le Fehlau, 2001), ha litlamorao tsa ho lokolloa ha NE li ka sebetsa maemong a makhuts'oane a nako
Ka sebele, litlamorao tsa tikoloho ea nova ho kenyelletsoa ho hong ha PDP ho phehiloe khang ho latela ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic D1 / D5 receptors (Li et al., 2003).
Litlamorao tse joalo tsa nako e telele tsa bocha li tsamaellana haholo le mohopolo oa hore DA e fetola melemo e hlahisitsoeng ka boqhetseke bakeng sa ho hopola, joalo ka ha e hlahisitsoe ke, hara ba bang, Lisman le Mohau (2005). Hape bopaki bo bong bo bokelletse karolo ea bohlokoa ea DA ho eketsa polasetiki ho hippocampus (Jay, 2003; Lemon le Manahan-Vaughan, 2006; Li et al., 2003; Lisman le Grace, 2005; Roggenhofer et al., 2010; Sajikumar le Frey, 2004). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore mochine o ts'oanang o theha melemo ea lithuto tse ncha tsa ho ithuta, le bonase ea tlhahlobo (Düzel et al., 2010; Blumenfeld et al., 2006; Lisman and Grace, 2005).
Sesebelisoa sa ho hlophisa litlamorao ho boits'oaro bo botle
Ka bokhutšoanyane, lipale tse ncha li hlahisa likarabo tse matla likarolong tse ngata tsa bokong, hape li susumetsa lits'ebetso tse 'maloa tsa methapo, tse amang likarolo tse ngata tsa tlhahlobo ea kelello. Mona, re pheha khang ea hore likarabo tsa methapo ea kutlo ho bonyatsi li bapala sekaleng sa nako e fapaneng, le hore sena se ka hlalosa ho se tšoane ha nako ea litlamorao ho tse sa tloaelehang lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa kelello. Patlisiso e ntlafalitsoeng mona e fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse tharo tse atlehileng. Liphetho tsa pele tse peli li na le litlamorao tse hlahang horton ka mor'a hore ho kopitsoe tlhahiso ea maikutlo. Ea boraro e na le litlamorao tsa nako e telele.
Taba ea pele, li-amygdala, tse tsebahalang haholo ka karolo ea lona ea ho sebetsana le maikutlo, le eona e arabela ka matla ho bocha (Zald, 2003; Blackford et al., 2010). Ho hlohlelletsa maikutlo ho susumetsa ho ntlafatsa pono ka ho etsa hore ho be le karabelo ea tlhokomelo ka ho kenya tšebetsong amygdala le khokahano ea eona le libaka tsa pono tsa pele tsa cortical (Vuilleumier, 2005). Kaha tšusumetso ea nalane e ka matlafatsa tšebetso ea boko e tšoanang le tsusumetso ea maikutlo, bocha bo ka ntlafatsa mekhoa ea pono ka tsela tse ts'oanang. Litlamorao tse utsoang ho tsona ponong e bonoang e potlakile haholo; leha nako ea tlhahlobo ea nako ea litlamorao tsena e e-so tsejoe, litlatsetso li tlaleha ho etsahala ka li-millisecond tse makholo a seng makae kamora ho hlahisoa ke ts'usumetso ea maikutlo (Sellinger et al., 2013). Maikutlo a novel a bontšitsoe hore a na le litlamorao tse tšoanang ho ntlafatseng (Schomaker le Meeter, 2012). Le ha ho sa tsejoe hantle, re pheha khang ea hore ho lebisa tlhokomelo ho sepheo sa nalane, ho tsoa ho ts'ebetso ea amygdalar, e amang likarolo tsa mantlha tsa kutlo.
Taba ea bobeli, tšusumetso ea nalane e ka kenya tšebetsong LC (sebaka sa lesapo la boko le fanang ka tumellano e ikhethang ea NE phatleng), ea hlahisang phasic NE ho lokolla ho potoloha 200 ms kamora tlhahiso ea tlhahiso-leseling (Aston-Jones le Cohen, 2005b; Mongeau et al., 1997). Sisteme ena ea LC-NE e amahantsoe le ho tsosa, empa e ka ama le boitšoaro ka mokhoa o ikhethileng. Khopolo-taba ea ho feto-fetoha ha litaba (Aston-Jonesand Cohen (2005a) e tiisa hore phasic NE e tsoa ho LC e etsa filthara ea nakoana, e nolofalletsang boits'oaro bo amanang le mosebetsi ka ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto le ho hatella tšebetso e sa amanang le sepheo. litheko tsa morao-rao li bonts'itse hore "li-activican" tse ncha li hlile li tsamaisa likarabo, empa litlamorao li itšetleha ka lintlha tse ling. Ha e le hantle, ho potlaka ha likarabo ho bonahala e le ho feta ka lebaka la ho kheloha ho feta ho boiphihlelo ka seng. andMeeter, 2014a) Ho ts'oeroe joalo ka taba ea hore ho ka ba joalo ka karolo ea morao-rao ea P3 ERP (Schomaker et al., 2014c), e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka etsahala mochine o tloaelehileng.
Taba ea boraro, tsamaiso ea mesolimbic dopaminergic e ka butsoa ka boiphihlelo. Ho fapana le karabelo ea nakoana ea LC-NE, likarabo tsa dopaminergic tse hlahisitsoeng ke bocha li ka sebetsa ho fihlela kamora metsotso hamorao. (Li et al., 2003). Kamora ho sibolla ho hongata, ho lokolloa ha DA ho SN / VTA ho lumeloa hore ho bakiloe ke leseli le sa tloaelehang ho tsoa ho hippocampus (Lisman le Grace, 2005). Behaviorally, especiall yspatial novelty e bontšitsoe hore e na le litlamorao tse ntlafatsang mohopolo ho liphoofolo (Davis et al., 2004; McGaugh, 2005; Uzakov et al., 2005; Straube et al., 2003b), le batho (Fenker et al. , 2008; Schomaker et al., 2014b)
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