Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali Litakong Tsa Basona (2007)

Elaine M. Hull le Juan M. Dominguez

Sephiri.

Lintho tse amanang le li-hormone le ho potoloha ha methapo e laolang ho kopitsoa hoa tšoana ho mefuta ea litoeba, leha ho na le phapang lipapatsong tse ikhethang tsa boits'oaro. Ka bobeli li-estradiol (E) le dihydrotestosterone (DHT) li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea ho emoloa, leha E e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho kopitsoa le DHT, bakeng sa botšehali. Li-activation tsa Hormonal tsa sebaka sa medial preoptic (MPOA) li sebetsa hantle haholo, leha ho kenella ka har'a medial amygdala (MeA) le hona ho ka susumetsa ho hloa li-castrate. Likenyelletso tsa Chemosensory tse tsoang lits'ebetsong tse kholo le tse fumanehang tsa boqapi ke tsona lisosa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa ho ikatisa ka litoeba, haholoholo ka li-hamsters, leha ho le joalo genitosensory input le eona e kenya letsoho. Li-agonists tsa Dopamine li tsamaisa boitšoaro ba thobalano, mme serotonin (5-HT) hangata ha e thibele, le ha e le li-subtypes tse ling tsa 5-HT tse ling tse tataisang erection kapa ejaculation. Li-agonists le li-oporete tsa Norepinephrine li na le litlamorao tse tlatselletsang ho litekanyetso, ka litekanyetso tse tlase li nolofalletsa le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa thibelo ea boitšoaro.

Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Likhoto, litoeba, li-hamsters, likolobe tsa Guinea, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, sebaka se nang le pheko sa kalafo, amygdala ea medial, Reflex ea genital

Selelekela.

Boitšoaro ba ho ba le bana le melao ea bona ea tlhaho le ea li-hormone li fapana haholo ho mefuta. Leha ho le joalo lipatlisiso tse ngata li shebile liphoofolo tse fokolang. Re hlalosa boits'oaro ba litoeba tsa banna le melaoana ea tsona ea tlhaho, ea lihormone le ea boiphihlelo. Re qala ka likhoto, lithuto tse atileng haholo tsa lipatlisiso tsa laboratori. Ka mor'a moo re hlalosa boits'oaro ba litoeba tse tona, li-hamsters, le likolobe tsa Guinea, re hlokomela ho tšoana le phapang lipakeng tsa mefuta. Boitšoaro ba thobalano bo kopane haholo; mona re tsepamisa maikutlo ho tse tona, re ntse re hopola hore menehelo ea basali le eona e bohlokoa. Ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tse ngata haholo mabapi le litoeba, le meeli ea leqephe bakeng sa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho, re ka qotsa karolo e nyane feela ea eona. Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling, ka kopo ikopanye le Hull et al. (2006) kapa Hull et al. (2002).

Tlhaloso ea boits'oaro ba banna ba ho kopitsa likhoto le litlatsetso tsa nakong e fetileng.

Hangata litoeba tse tona li qala ho kopana ka thobalano ka ho hlahloba sefahleho sa mosali le boemo ba hae ba botšehali. Ka bobeli balekane ba ka emisa ka bobeli bo tsosang 50 kHz melumoations ea maqhubu. E tona e atoloha ka morao ho mosali, e nyoloha, 'me e akhela makhetlo a' maloa kapele (19-23 Hz) ka pelvis ea hae; haeba a bona karolo ea botšehali ba mosali, o tebela habohloko, a kenya botoneng ba hae ka hara botshehadi ba hae bakeng sa 200-300 msec (Beyer et al., 1981). Eaba o khutlela morao ka potlako 'me o koetlisa litho tsa hae tsa botona. Kamora ho qeta 7 ho kenella 10, 1 ho isa 2 metsotso, o tla tlohla. Ejaculation e tšoauoa ke ts'ebetso e telele, e tebileng (750-2000 msec) le ho theoha butle butle (Beyer et al., 1981). E tsamaisana le meketjana ea 'mino oa bulbospongiosus le mesifa ea ischiocavernosus botoneng ba botoneng, le mesifa ea anal sphincter le ea skeletal (Holmes et al., 1991). Kamora ho phahama, o a ikoetlisa ebe o phomola nakong ea nakoana ea nakoana ea nakoana ea nakoana (PEI), e ka tšoarellang 6 ho isa ho 10 metsotso pele a qala ho rupella. Nakong ea 50 ea pele - 75% ea PEI, e tona e ke ke ea kopitsa hape mme e ntša 22 kHz li-audiocations tsa ultrasonic. Nakong ea 25 ea morao-rao, a ka qala ho qopitsa haeba a hlahisoa ke mosali oa noino kapa tšusumetso e bohloko e bohloko. Kamora hore banna ba 7-8 ejusionsations ba fihlele satiety mme hangata ba ke ke ba qobella hape bakeng sa 1 ho isa matsatsing a 3. Boiphihlelo ba nakong e fetileng ba thobalano bo fana ka "katleho" e kholo le ho hanyetsa ho eketsehileng litlamorao tsa ho ruruha ho fapaneng, ho tsamaisoa le khatello ea maikutlo (e hlahlojoe ho Hull et al., 2006).

Bokhoni ba ho kopitsa bo fumanoa pakeng tsa matsatsi a 45 le 75 ea lilemo (bo hlahlojoa ho Meisel le Sachs, 1994). Prepubertal castration e thibetse ho qala hoa boitšoaro ba mating, le testosterone ea khale (T) kapa estradiol (E2) e potlakisitse nts'etsopele ea eona. Likhoto tsa banna tse tsofetseng li lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba ho feto-fetoha, bo sa khutlisoang ke exo native T (Chambers et al., 1991). Ho theoha hoa li-estrogen receptors (ER) (Roselli et al., 1993), empa eseng li-androgen receptors (AR) (Chambers et al., 1991), ho ka bakela bofokoli ho banna ba baholo.

Exquula ea Exquula e ka bonoa maemong a 'maloa. Hangata, ho na le lintho tse etsahalang ka tšohanyetso kapa tse susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi. Monko o sa fetoheng o tsoang ho beng ba mosali oa khale, e ka 'nang ea e-ba mohlala ho li-erections tsa psychogenic bathong. Likarolong tsa "lithebetso" tsa likhoto li ka hlahisoa ka ho thibela e tona mokokotlong oa hae le ho khutlisetsa sheile ea penile. Li-erections tsena li hlahisoa ke ho kenyelletsoa ha Corpus spongiosum, e hlahisang tumescence ea glans penis (e hlahlojoe ho Hull et al., 2006; Meisel le Sachs, 1994). Liphetoho le tsona li etsahala; tsena li hlaha ka lebaka la mokokotlo oa mesifa ea ischiocavernosus le erection ea corpus cavernosum, e etsang hore botoneng bo tsohe boemong ba bona bo tloaelehileng ba morao. Nako le nako, ho tsoa seminal ho hlaha maemong ana. Khatello e ntseng e tsoela pele ea sheath e khutliselitsoeng botoneng e fana ka tšusumetso ho maikutlo ana a thehiloeng holim'a botona. Kamora nako, urethrogenital Reflex e ithutoe ka likhoto tsa banna le tsa basali tse sa anngoeng e le mohlala oa li-orgasm ho batho (McKenna et al., 1991). E totobatsoa ke karohanyo ea urethral, ​​e lateloe ke tokollo; e na le likarolo tsa mesifa ea mokokotlo.

Lintho tsa Hormonal ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoni ba matona a monna.

Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali ba monna hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea li-vertebrate bo itšetlehile ka T, e bolokiloe ke lisele tsa Leydig tsa liteko le ho li kenya ka har'a lisele tse reretsoeng ho E2 (ka aromatization) kapa dihydrotestosterone (DHT, ka 5cy-fokotsa). Plasma T ha e bonahale nakong ea lihora tsa 24 tsa ho lelekoa (Krey le McGinnis 1990); leha ho le joalo, bokhoni ba ho kopitsa bo fokotseha butle butle ka matsatsi kapa libeke. Matsatsi a mahlano ho isa ho 10 a T hangata ho hlokahala ho khutlisetsa mating (McGinnis et al., 1989). Leha ho le joalo, E2 e ile ea eketsa patlisiso ea chemo le ho hloa ke li-castrate ka hare ho 35 min (Cross le Roselli 1999). Ka hona, litlamorao tse potlakileng, mohlomong tsa membrane, li-hormonal li ka kenya letsoho tšusumetsong ea thobalano, empa litlamorao tsa genomic tsa nako e telele lia hlokahala bakeng sa ho khutlisetsa ka botlalo mofetsong.

Hormone e ka sehloohong ea ho kenya tšebetsong boitšoaro ba thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna ke E2, joalo ka ha ho khothaletsoa ke "aromatization hypothesis" (e hlahlojoa ho Hull et al., 2006). DHT, e ke keng ea raroloha ebile e na le tumellano e kholo ho li-AR ho feta T, ha e sebetse ha e fanoa feela. Leha ho le joalo, E2 ha e boloke ka botlalo boits'oaro ba botona ba botona le botšehali (McGinnis le Dreifuss, 1989; Putnam et al., 2003) kapa khetho ea molekane (Vagell le McGinnis, 1997). Ka hona, androgens e kenya letsoho ho susumetsa le ts'ebetsong mme e boetse e hlokahala ebile e lekane ho boloka li-exopula genital reflexes (Cooke et al., 2003; Manzo et al., 1999; Meisel et al., 1984). Le ha E2 e ne e sa sebetse hantle ho boloka litlatsetso tsa nakong e fetileng, e bolokile ho kenella kahare ho setho sa botšehali ho copula (O'Hanlon, 1981). Sachs (1983) e khothalelitse E hore e nke ts'ebetso ea "boits'oaro bo bobe" bo ka etsang hore motho a be le bofokoli ba semolao liphuthelong, empa a sitoa ho li thibela.

Litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse tsamaisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba banna.

Hangata li-transmit li sebetsa ka tsela e kopaneng libakeng tsa libaka tse ngata, 'me sebaka sa ts'ebetso hangata ha se tsejoe. Ka hona, tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi tse rarahaneng e ka ba molemo. Lethathamo la 1 le akaretsa litla-morao tsa boitšoaro ba botona ba botona le botšehali ba lithethefatsi le kalafo tse amang ts'ebetso ea li-neurotransmitter libakeng tse fetang bokong bo le bong.

Lethathamo la 1- Liphello tsa lithethefatsi tse tsamaisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba banna.

Boloka libaka tse laolang boitšoaro ba thobalano ea banna.

Khemelo ea Chemosensory e tsoang litsamaisong tse kholo le tsa ho hlatsa e kanna ea ba eona tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ba banna. Bilateral olildory bulbectomy, e tlosang tsela ea mantlha le ea ho hlapa, e hlahisitse ts'enyehelo e fapaneng ea litumellano le litumellano tse sa sebetseng, banna ba nang le thobalano ba nang le ts'oaetso ea ho senyeha (e hlahlojoa ho Hull et al., 2006). Leseli le tsoang lits'ebetsong tse kholo le tse fumanehang tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso li sebetsoa ho medial amygdala (MeA), hammoho le tlhahiso ea somatosensory ho tsoa ho liphatsa tsa lefutso, li fetisoa ka karolo ea parvocellular ea subparafascicular nucleus (SPFp), eo hape e leng karolo ea potoloho ea kemolo ho mefuta e 'maloa. (e shebiloe ho Hull et al., 2006). Ho kenya letsoho ho tsoa ho MeA, ka kotloloho le ka mohala oa "stria terminalis" (BNST), ho ea sebakeng sa medial preoptic (MPOA) ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho qopitsoa ho likhoto tsa banna (Kondo le Arai, 1995).

MPOA ke sebaka sa bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa sa ho hlophisa bohlola ba banna. E amohela ho kenella ha maikutlo ka mokhoa o sa tobang ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tsohle tsa methapo ebe e romela likhokahano tse khutlisetsang mehloling eo, ka hona e nolofalletsa MPOA ho susumetsa mohopolo oo e o fumanang (Simerly and Swanson, 1986). E boetse e romela tlhahiso ho hypothalamic, midbrain, and brain stem nuclei e laolang liphatlalatso tsa kemiso ea boikemelo le somatomotor le linaha tse susumetsang (Simerly and Swanson, 1988). Boithuto bo bongata bo tlalehile ho senyeha ho matla ha nako e telele le ho tšoarella ha likompo ka mor'a maqeba a MPOA (a hlahlojoa ho Hull et al., 2006). Leha ho le joalo, likhoto tsa banna tse nang le marapo a MPOA li ile tsa tsoela pele ho bonts'a li-erections tse sa sebetseng (Liu et al., 1997) le mochine oa khatiso oa bar bakeng sa lebone le neng le pentiloe ka phihlello ea mosali (Everitt, 1990). Everitt (1990) o khothalelitse hore MPOA e bohlokoa feela molemong oa ho qopitsoa, ​​eseng sepheo sa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, mabala a MPOA a sitisitse takatso ea thobalano maemong a mang, ho kenyelletsa khetho ea molekane oa mosali (Edward le Einhorn, 1986; Paredes et al., 1998) le ho lelekisa mosali (Paredes et al., 1993).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'usumetso ea MPOA e thusitse ho qopitsoa, ​​empa ha ea ka ea etsa hore batho ba baholo e be banna (Rodriguez-Manzo et al., 2000). Ho hlohlelletsa ho boetse ho eketse khatello ea methapo ea kutlo ho ba batona ba sa anngoeng (Giuliano et al., 1996) mme ea phahamisa maikutlo a urethrogenital ntle le ts'usumetso ea urethral (Marson le McKenna, 1994). MPOA ha e kenelle ka kotloloho mokokotlong oa mokokotlo o ka tlase, moo maqhubu a emong le a seminal a laoloang; ka hona, e tlameha ho kenya tšebetsong libaka tse ling tse tla etsa hore likhanyetsano tseo li boheloe.

MPOA ke sebaka se sebetsang ka ho fetisisa sa ho khothaletsa li-hormone ho ratseng ea likhoele; leha ho le joalo, li-implants tsa T kapa E2 ho MPOA ha lia ka tsa khutlisa ho qopitsa ka botlalo, mme li-implants tsa DHT li ne li sa sebetse (li hlahlojoe ho Hull et al., 2006). Ka hona, bobeli ba ER le AR ho MPOA ba kenya letsoho ho bokhoni ba ho kopitsa ba likhoto tsa banna; leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa li-hormone kae kae li hlokahala bakeng sa ts'ebetso e felletseng ea boitšoaro.

Li-microinjection tsa MPOA tsa agonist apomorphine ea khale e nolofalletsa ho sebetsana le likhoto tse nang le li-gonadally tse tiileng le tse hahiloeng 'me li eketsehile ho ipapisa le maikutlo (e hlahlojoang ho Dominguez & Hull, 2005; Hull et al., 2006). MPOA apomorphine e boetse e khutliselitse khatello ho banna ba nang le liso tse kholo tsa amygdala (Dominguez et al., 2001). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohanyetsi oa DA o ile a thibela ho sebetsana le maikutlo a thetsitsoeng le ho theola maikutlo le ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea thobalano ntle le ho ama tšebetso ea makoloi (e hlahlojoang ho Dominguez le Hull, 2005; Hull et al., 2006). Litlamorao tsena li ne li ikhethile ka tsela eo li sebetsoang ka eona.

DA e lokollotsoe ho MPOA pele le nakong ea ho qopitso (Hull et al., 1995; Sato et al., 1995). Hape hape, ho ne ho e-na le boitšoaro bo ikhethang le bo ikhethang ba sebopeho. Haufinyane, empa eseng ka nako e le 'ngoe, T e ne e hlokahala bakeng sa keketseho ea DA le ho qopitsoa (Hull et al., 1995). Ntho e ka sehloohong e khothalletsang tokollo ea MPOA DA ke nitric oxide (NO), maemong a bobeli a a hlasimollang a basali (a hlahlojoa ho Dominguez le Hull, 2005; Hull et al., 2006). NO synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-ir) e laoloa ka nepo ke T le E2 ka bobeli (Du le Hull, 1999; Putnam et al., 2005). NO e bohlokoa hape bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa, joalo ka NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) ho MPOA e thibetse ho kopitsa ho banna ba naïve, ho senyeha ha matona ho banna ba nang le boiphihlelo, le ho thibela ts'ehetso e hlahisoang ho banna ba tšoaroang ke letsoai ke 7 pele ho pepesoa ho estrous. e tšehali (Lagoda et al., 2004). Ho kenya letsoho ho tsoa ho MeA hoa hlokahala bakeng sa karabo ea DA ho mosali, empa eseng bakeng sa maemo a DA a basal (Dominguez et al., 2001). Ho susumetsoa ke lik'hemik'hale tsa MeA ho hlahisitse keketseho ea DA ea kantle ho MPOA e bapisoa le e hlahisoang ke mosali (Dominguez le Hull, 2001). Ha ho na li-neuron tse nang le DA ho amygdala ea likhoto tsa banna; leha ho le joalo, li-efferents tse ling tse tsoang ho MeA ho ea MPOA, esita le ho feta BNST, li ne li bonahala li le glutamatergic (Dominguez et al., 2003). Revers-dialysis ea glutamate ho MPOA e eketse tokollo ea DA, phello e thibetsoeng ke NOS inhibitor (Dominguez et al., 2004). Ntle le moo, glutamate ea extracellular e eketsehile nakong ea ho kopitsoa mme ea nyolohela ho 300% ea maemo a basal mohlaleng oa metsotso e 'meli e bokelletsoeng nakong ea kemolo; ho feto-fetoha hape ha dialysis tsa glutamate reuptake inhibitors ho nolofalelitse mehato e mengata ea ho qopitsa (Dominguez et al., 2006). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, glutamate microinjected ho MPOA e ile ea eketsa khatello ea maqhubu (Giuliano et al., 1996) le urethrogenital Reflex (Marson le McKenna, 1994) ka likhoto tse sa sebetseng. Ka hona, ho hlaha setšoantšo se ts'oanang, seo glutamate, bonyane ka karolo ho tsoa ho MeA le BNST, se tataisang ho kopitsa le maikutlo a botona, ka kotloloho le ka keketseho ea NO-Mediated ho DA, le eona e tlatsetsang ho qaleng le tsoelo-peleng ea papiso. Li-neurotransmitters tse ling ho MPOA tse ka tataisang boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali ke norepinephrine, acetylcholine, prostaglandin E2, le hypocretin / orexin (hcrt / orx), athe GABA le 5-HT e kanna ea ba thibelo. Methapo e tlase ea li-opioids e ka nolofatsa, le tekanyetso e phahameng ea litekanyetso (e hlahlojoa ho Hull et al., 2006).

Lirekoto tsa electrophysiological li senotse hore li-neuron tse fapaneng tsa MPOA li kenya letsoho ho susumetseng takatso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa (Shimura et al., 1994). Ho tsofala ho eketsa Fos-ir ho MPOA (e hlahliloe ho Hull et al., 2006), ka keketseho e kholo ho ba batona ba nang le thobalano, ha ba bapisoa le ba naveve, leha banna ba nang le boiphihlelo ba ne ba e-na le liphihlelo tse fokolang pele ho ejaculation (Lumley le Hull, 1999). Ka hona, boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea maikutlo a amanang le thobalano.

Pampitšana ea mesocorticolimbic DA, e nyoloha ho tloha sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) ho ea bokong ba li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) le preortal cortex, e bohlokoa bakeng sa boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba takatso. E fumana ho tsoa ho MPOA (Simerly and Swanson, 1988) le mehloli e meng e mengata. Mabala a VTA kapa NAc a ile a eketsa li-PEI mme a fokotsa li-erections tse sa amaneng, empa ha a ka a ama ho qopitsoa (ho hlahlojoa ho Hull et al., 2006). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'usumetso ea motlakase ea VTA e thusitseng ho kopitsoa (Markowski le Hull, 1995). Likopo tsa lithethefatsi ho VTA kapa NAc li amme ts'ebetso ka kakaretso, ho fapana le boitšoaro ba thobalano (bo hlahlobetsoeng ho Hull et al., 2006). Ho kenya letsoho Fos-ir ho NAc le VTA, le keketseho e makatsang ea basali e matlafalitsoe ke boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano (Lopez le Ettenberg, 2002a). Ho qopitsa le / kapa ho pepeseha monko oa mosali oa mosoeu ho eketsoe ho nts'oa ha DA ho NAc (e hlahliloe ho Hull et al., 2006). Reverse dialysis ea 5-HT sebakeng sa anterior lateral hypothalamic (LHA) e fokotsehile basal DA ho NAc mme e thibele ho phahama hoo ho ileng ha etsahala ka tsela e 'ngoe ka ho hlahisoa ha mosali (Lorrain et al., 1999). Hobane 5-HT e eketseha ho LHA ​​ka nako ea ejaculation (Lorrain et al., 1997), ho fokotseha ho bakoang ke NAc DA ho ka kenya letsoho ho PEI.

Neroase ea "patventricular nucleus" (PVN) ea hypothalamus e na le karolo e kholo, e ntšang oxytocin le vasopressin ka har'a phallo ea mali ho tsoa mokokotlong oa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, le karohano ea methapo, e sebetsang libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo. Liso tse ntle tsa karolo ea parvocellular li fokolitse li-erections tse sa sebetseng empa ha lia ka tsa senya ho kopitsoa (Liu et al., 1997). Liso tse tšoanang li fokolitse palo ea semen e omisitsoeng le palo ea likhoele tse nang le oxytocin mokokotlong oa lesapo la mokokotlo, empa hape ha ea ka ea ama ho kopitsa (Ackerman et al., 1997). Mekha e neng e akaretsa likarohano tsena ka bobeli e ile ea senya ho qopitsoa, ​​hammoho le li-erections tse thehiloeng ho tse amanang le litaba tse sa ameheng (Liu et al., 1997). Argiolas le Melis ba fane ka setšoantšo se setle moo DA, oxytocin, le glutamate (Melis et al., 2004) ba eketsang tlhahiso ea NO liseleng tsa oxytocinergic ho PVN, e ntan'o lokolla oxytocin ka hippocampus (Melis et al., 1992) , lesapo la lesapo la mokokotlo (Ackerman et al., 1997), le libakeng tse ling, ka ho etsa joalo e eketsa maiketsetso le ho tsoa seminal mme mohlomong le ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso (e hlahlojoa ho Argiolas le Melis, 2004). GABA le opioids li thibela mekhoa ena. Lab ena e boetse e bontšitse hore DA (Melis et al., 2003), glutamate, (Melis et al., 2004), le NO (Melis et al., 1998) li lokollotsoe ka PVN nakong ea ho qopitsoa.

Libaka tse 'maloa tse eketsehileng tsa boko li ama boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano. 5-HT e lokolloa ho LHA ​​ka nako ea ejaculation, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ka holimo, le microinjection ea SSRI ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea LHA e thibelitsoeng (Lorrain et al., 1997). Ka hona, ena e ka ba setsi se le seng moo bahanyetsi ba SSRI ba etsang lintho tse sitisang thobalano. Ntle le moo, li-neuron tsa "hypocretin / orexin" (hcrt / orx) li lula ho LHA ​​'me li kenngoa ts'ebetsong (Fos-ir) kamora ho latela, mme lipalo tsa li-neurons tsa hcrt / orx li fokotsehile kamora ho lahleloa (Muschamp et al., E tsamaisitsoe). Ho feta moo, 5-HT inhibits hcrt / orx neurons ho LHA ​​(Li et al., 2002). Ka hona, mokhoa o ka khonehang oo LHA ​​5-HT e thibelang boitšoaro ba thobalano ka ho thibela li-neurons tsa hcrt / orx, tse ka tlosang phello ea bona ea ts'usumetso ho thunya ea cell cell ea VTA (Muschamp et al., E tsamaisitsoeng).

Nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) ea medulla ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa thibelo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ea banna. Lesions e nolofalletsa ho kopitsa le ho liehisa ho satiety ka thobalano (Yell et al., 1992). Liso tse tšoanang li thusitse li-reflexes tse amanang le ho ama (Holmes et al., 2002; Marson et al., 1992) mme e lumelle hore urethrogenital Reflex e hlahelle ntle le lesapo la mokokotlo (Marson le McKenna, 1990). Boholo ba axons bo ntseng bo qala ho tloha nPGi ho ea mokokotlong oa mokokotlo oa lumbosacral bo na 5-HT (Marson le McKenna, 1992). A 5-HT neurotoxin e fokotsehile thibelo e ntseng e theoha ea urethrogenital Reflex, le ts'ebeliso ea 5-HT mokokotlong oa lesapo la mokokotlo e hatelletse Reflex maemong a spinal-transected (Marson le McKenna, 1994). Kahoo, 5-HT e tsoang ho nPGi ke ntho e thibelang maikutlo haholo ka botšehaling.

Jenereithara ea ejaculation mokokotlong oa mokokotlo oa lumbar e na le "galanin-" le cholecystokinin (CCK) -containon neurons, e bonts'itseng Fos-ir feela kamora ho ejaculating (Truitt le Coolen, 2002; Truitt et al., 2003). Manonyeletso a methapo ena ea kutlo a senyehile haholo; ka hona, ha ba na ho kenya feela maikutlo a khethehileng a bokong, empa hape ba eletsa kutloisiso ea kelello (Truitt le Coolen, 2003).

Tlhaloso ea boits'oaro ba litoeba tsa banna le linoko tsa penile.

Panya e tumme bakeng sa lithuto tsa boitšoaro, haholo-holo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba rona ba ho hlahisa li-transgenics, li-knockout, le li-knockdowns (bona Burns-Cusato et al., 2004, bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ntle). Tonki e tona e qala ho kopana ka ho batlisisa boemo ba mosali ba ho tlotsoa, ​​hangata e mo phahamisa kapa e mo sutumelletsa ka nko. E tona ebe e tobetsa pontso ea 'mele ea hae mapheong a eona,' me e etsa masoba a sephara a sa tebang. Ha botoneng ba hae bo kena ka hara botshehadi ba mosali, ho hlasimoloha ha hae ho ea butle ho ea butle ebile ho tebile. Kamora ho kenella ka bongata, e tona e thunya, ka nako eo e ka ts'oaroa ke metsotsoana ea 25 pele e theoha kapa e oa mosali. Ho na le liphapang tse ngata tsa ho ikatisa ha panya. Mohlala, li-latic latency li qalile ho 594 ho isa ho metsotsoana ea 6943, 'me linomoro tsa ts'ebetso e fetileng li tsoa ho 5 ho isa 142. Li-PEI li ne li tloha ho 17 ho isa ho 60 metsotso, leha ho hlahisoa ha mosali oa palepa ho theotse PeI, mme banna ba bang ba hlolang moqoqong oa pele le mosali e mocha (Mosig le Dewsbury, 1976). Litekong tsa likhetho tsa sebakeng seo ho ile ha bontšoa hore hoa putsa (Kudwa et al., 2005).

Li-reflexes tse thehiloeng ho touch li boetse li bonoe ke litoeba. Ho fapana le likhoto, litoeba tse tona tse tona ha lia ka tsa bonala li itšireletsa ha li ntse li thibetsoe ka penile sheath ea tsona; leha ho le joalo, khatello ea ka mpeng e ile ea phahamisa maqhubu, empa eseng li-anteroflexion (Sachs, 1980). Mesifa ea bulbospongiosus e kenya letsoho ho kopeng nakong ea ho kenella mme haholo-holo ho likopi (li-erections tse matla tse ts'oereng semen khahlano le letsoele la mosali), tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho kenya mosali (Elmore le Sachs, 1988).

Lintho tsa Hormonal ts'ebetsong ea boiphihlelo ba matona a banna.

T e sebetsa hantle ho feta DHT kapa E2 ho khutlisetsa boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng le litšoene ho litoeba tse fetisitsoeng, ka kutloisiso ea DHT le E2 e fapane haholo hara li-strains (e hlahlobetsoe ho Burns-Cusato et al., 2004). T e ka ba le litlamorao tse potlakileng, kaha e thusitse ho nyoloha ka hare ho metsotso ea 60 ho li-castrate (James le Nyby, 2002). Synthetic androgens (5α-androstanediols) e ka aroloang ho E, empa eseng 5cy-e fokotsoe ho DHT, e ne e sebetsa hantle ho feta T ho khutlisetsa boits'oaro ba thobalano (Ogawa et al., 1996). Mofuta o mong, e leng mofuta oa B6D2F1, o ile a fumana bokhoni ba ho kopitsa hoo e ka bang libeke tse tharo kamora ho lelekoa ntle le lihormone tse tsoang (McGill le Manning, 1976). Tsena tse "tsoelang pele" li itšetleha ka E2; leha mohloli oa E2 o sa hlakile, e kanna ea hlahisoa bokong (Sinchak et al., 1996).

Likarolo tsa li-hormone libakeng tse itseng tsa boko ba litoeba tsa banna.

Ho kenyelletsoa ha T ho MPOA ho khutlisetsoa ka ho hlaka ha molumo ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, ho tšoaea mochine ka mokhoa o khutlileng, mme ho bile le phello e nyane ho honyeng kapa ho ratoang ha urine (Sipos and Nyby, 1996) Leha ho le joalo, mats'oaro a tlatsetso a T ho VTA, a neng a sa sebetse a le mong, a hlahisa litlamorao tsa ho eketseha le ho ratwa ke urine. Li-implants tsa E2 ho MPOA li ne li sebetsa joalo ka T (Nyby et al., 1992).

Steroid receptor mutants.

Testicular feminization (Tfm, kapa androgen insensitivity) ho litoeba, hammoho le liphoofolo tse ling, e hlahisoa ke ho tlosoa hoa motheo o le mong ho mofuta oa AR (ho hlahlojoa ho Burns-Cusato et al., 2004). Banna ba Tfm ba hlaha e le basali ka mokhoa o hlakileng, ha ba na thari, 'me ha ba kopanele liketsong tsa thobalano haeba ba lekoa ntle le lihormone tsa kantle ho naha. Liteko tse nyane tsa sephiri tse tlase tsa T le DHT. Leha ho le joalo, haeba banna bana ba theotsoe 'me ba phekoloa ka liente tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa DHT, T, E, kapa E + DHT, ba qala ho bonts'a litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho kenyelletsa le linako tse ling tsa boipheliso (Olsen, 1992). Lits'ila tse haelloang ke ERISI (ERcyKO) li bonts'a boitšoaro bo nyane ba thobalano, leha e lelekiloe 'me e nkiloe sebaka ke T (Rissman et al., 1999; Wersinger le Rissman, 2000a). Sena ha se bakoe ke khaello ea lihormone, joalo ka ha malinyane a ERcyKO a patela T ho feta litoeu tsa mofuta o hlaha, ka lebaka la karabelo e mpe ea ER-mediated negative (Wersinger et al., 1997). Ho tsamaisoa ha banna ba ERcyKO le ho nkeloa sebaka ke maemo a tloaelehileng a T (Wersinger et al., 1997) kapa a phahame ho feta maemo a tloaelehileng a DHT (Ogawa et al., 1998) e nyolohile, empa ha ea ka ea khutlisetsa morao. Li-injection tsa systemic tsa DA agonist apomistphine li khutlisitse ho ruruha le khethollo ea molekane oa banna ba ERcyKO ho tloaelehileng (Wersinger le Rissman, 2000b). Leha ho le joalo, icom ea apomorphine e khutlisitse likhase tse ngata le tse kenang (tse hlalositsoeng ho Burns-Cusato et al., 2004). Banna ba Pubertal ba haelloang ke ERβ (ERβKO) ba bile le bokhoni ba ho ikatisa hamorao ho feta banna ba WT, empa ho ne ho se joalo ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng (Temple et al., 2003). Ba batona ba haelloang ke li-ER ka bobeli ha baa ka ba iqapela ho hang ha ba tsitsitse gonadally (Ogawa et al., 2000). Leha ho le joalo, apomorphine e ile ea khona ho tsosa ho ata ha liphoofolo tse ngata le ho kenella kahare; ha ho motho ea omisitsoeng (e hlalositsoeng ho Burns-Cusato et al., 2004). Ba batona ba tlisoang ke lefutso ba neng ba haelloa ke AR le Ercy ha baa ka ba etsisa, esita le ka mor'a ho fallisoa le ho khutlisoa ka T; leha ho le joalo, ho kopanngoa ha phetoho ea E2 le apomorphine ea systemic ho ile ha tsosa ho eketseha hoa liphoofolo tse ling (ho hlalositsoe ho Burns-Cusato et al., 2004). Ba batona ba haelloang ke aromatase (ArKO) ha ba khone ho kopanya E empa ba na le li-receptor tse tloaelehileng. Ba batona ba ArKO ba fokolang ba ile ba hloa, ba kenella kahare, 'me ba emisoa,' me ba bile le maeto a maleletsana ha ba etsa joalo; leha ho le joalo, hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea bona e ile ea khona ho qhekella litšila ha e beoa le mosali nako e telele (Bakker et al., 2002; Matsumoto et al., 2003).

Litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse tsamaisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba monna.

Ka kopo bona Tafole 2 bakeng sa kakaretso ea litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ho litoeba tsa banna le hamsters.

Boikarabello ba libaka tse fapaneng tsa bokaholimo ho boitšoaro ba thobalano ba banna.

Lik'hemik'hale tsa Chemosensory li bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho litoeba tsa banna (e hlahlojoe ho Hull et al., 2006). Leha ho le joalo, Sisteme ea ho hlatsa e kanna ea ba le karolo ea bohlokoa, empa eseng e bohlokoa, ho tlohelleng. Litho tsa MPOA li senyehile haholo ho kopitsa ho litoeba tsa banna, joalo ka mefuta e meng (e hlahlojoe ho Hull et al., 2006). ERcyKO e ne e na le nNOS-ir e fokolang ho MPOA ho feta litoeba tsa WT kapa Tfm; ka hona, E up-e laola li-nNOS-ir ka litoeba (Scordalakes et al., 2002) hammoho le ho litoeba.

Tlhaloso ea boitšoaro ba monna ba likamano tsa hamster

Boitšoaro ba ho nyalana ha li-hamsters bo fapana ka litsela tse fapaneng le ba likhoto le litoeba (e hlahlojoang ho Dewsbury, 1979). Hamster e tšehali ea khauta ea Syria e lula e le maemong a Lordosis khafetsa ka likopi tse latellanang. Ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo ho tsoela pele ka potlako ho feta likhoto, ka linako tse ling tsa metsotsoana e 10 feela 'me li-PE li nyoloha ho tloha ho ~ 35 sec kamora ho emisoa pele ho isa ho ~ 90 sec kamora ea borobong. Li-intuction le li-ejaculations li telele ho feta ~ 2.4 le 3.4 sec, ka ho latellana. Hamsters e boetse e na le li-ejaculations tse ngata ho feta likhoto, hangata 9 kapa 10, e lateloa ke letoto la "li-intromissions tse telele," tse nang le ho tsubella ka hare ho mpa le ho se fetise peō ea botona, pele ho ho khotsofala. Tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea paterone ea hamster mating, e sebelisang mokhoa oa accelerometric le polygraphic, e senotse hore literene tsa noka tse hulang ka karolelano e ka ba 1 sec, leha literene tse amanang le mounts li le telele ho feta tse nang le li-intromissions le ejaculations (Arteaga & Moralí, 1997). Maqhubu a ho sututsa pelvic ka karolelano ea makhetlo a 15 ka motsotsoana, leha literene nakong ea lithaba li ne li tsamaea butle. Nakong ea li-intromissions ho ne ho e-na le nako e sa tsitsinyeheng, athe nakong ea ho khaoha, ho sutumetsoa ho ne ho e-na le maqhubu a phahameng (16.4 / sec) le matla a fokolang. Lits'oants'o tse telele li ne li khetholloa ka ~ 6 ho isa ho 25 sec ea butle ho kenella ka hare ho mmele (1 ho 2 ka motsotsoana). Nako ea ho kenngoa ha penile e ne e le telele ho ejaculations ho feta ho intromissions, empa e ne e le khutšoanyane ho feta li-intromissions tse telele.

Lihormone.

Ho haelloa ke T nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ho qobella ho kena bohlankaneng ka mor'a ho ba motho e moholo, ha ho bapisoa le li-castrate tse nang le T nakong ea bongoaneng (Schultz et al., 2004). Liphihlelo tse pheta-phetoang tsa thobalano ha lia ka tsa koahela bofokoli bona. Monko oa mosali ea nang le kutloelo-bohloko ea sebetsang Fos-ir ho MPOA le pele a kena bohlankaneng (Romeo et al., 1998), empa ha a ka a eketsa DA metabolite DOPAC (tekanyo ea ketsahalo ea DA) ho fihlela kamora ho kena bohlankaneng (Schultz et al., 2003 ). Ka hona, ho kena bohlankaneng e ka ba nako ea bobeli ea tlhophiso eo ho eona lihormone tsa gonadal li fetolang tšebetso ea neural ka ho sa feleng libakeng tse laolang boitšoaro ba thobalano (Romeo et al., 2002; Schultz et al., 2004).

Litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse tsamaisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ho li-hamsters tsa banna.

Ka kopo bona Tafole 2 bakeng sa kakaretso ea litla-morao tsa lithethefatsi ho litoeba le hamsters.

Karolo ea libaka tse fapaneng tsa bokaholimo ho boitsoaro ba botona ba monna.

Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy kapa ho se utloisehe ho sa utloisiseng ha mekhoa e ka sehloohong e fumanehang le e fumanehang ea boitšoaro bo felisang ruri (e lekantsoeng ho Hull et al., 2006). Ho se utloisisehe ha sistimi ea lihlahisoa tsa tlatsetso ho bile le litlamorao tse fapaneng, mme banna ba nang le boiphihlelo ba sa ameha hanyane (Meredith, 1986). Keketseho e bakiloeng ke ho tsofala ho Fos-ir ka har'a li-bulbs tsa maiketsetso tse ka sehloohong le tse fumanehang li ne li tobisitsoe ho susumetso ea chemosensory, ho fapana le ho nyalana (e hlahlojoa ho Hull et al., 2006).

Ekaba T kapa E, empa eseng DHT, lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng ho MeA boitšoaro bo kopantsoeng ba MeA ho li-hamsters tsa banna tse betliloeng (Wood, 1996). Ka hona, ts'ebetso ea li-hormonal ea MeA e lekane ho bontša boitšoaro ba thobalano ho hamsters e tona. Morero o tsoang ho MeA o tsamaea ka tsela ea stria terminalis le ventral amygdalofugal tsela e isang BNST, MPOA, le libakeng tse ling. Ho khaola stria terminalis e liehang le ho khutsufatsa ho kopitsa, le ho kopanya ho kopaneng ha litsela tse peli ho felisitsoe ho qopitsa (Lehman et al., 1983).

Joalo ka mefuta e meng e mengata, MPOA e bohlokoa bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho hamsters e tona. Leha ho le joalo, li-implement tsa li-steroid ka li-castrate li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ebile ha li na ho lekana ho khutlisa boitšoaro ka botlalo (Wood le Newman, 1995). Lik'hemik'hale tsa Chemosensory li qalile Fos ho MPOA ea li-hamsters tsa banna (Kollack-Walker le Newman, 1997). nNOS-ir e kopanetsane le li-receptor tsa gonadal steroid ho MPOA, 'me li-castration li fokotsehile NNOS-ir (Hadeishi le Wood, 1996). Joalo ka litatsong, maemo a DA a tsoang kantle ho naha a phahame ho MPOA ea hamsters e tona e hlahisoang le mosali e motona; keketseho ena e ne e thibetsoe ke naha e kopaneng kapa ipsilateral, empa eseng ka boikemisetso kapa sham, bulbectomy (Triemstra et al., 2005).

Tlhaloso ea boitšoaro ba setho sa banna ba Guinea Guinea.

Likolobe tse tona tsa Guinea li kenella mefuteng e mengata ea boitšoaro ba ho itšireletsa pele, ho kenyelletsa ho koenya boea ba basali hloohong le molaleng, ho fofonela sebaka sa eona sa tlolo, le ho etsa melumo ea mokokotlo ha e ntse e potoloha e tšehali kapa e fetisa boima ba eona maotong a eona a mabeli a ka morao ha e ntse e boloka mahlo a eona a pele. e emeng (Thornton et al., 1991). E tona joale e atamela e tšehali ka morao, e beha sefuba sa eona ka mokokotlong oa basali ha e ntse e itlama ka mahlakore, ebe e qala ho sosobana, hoo hangata ho bakang ho kenella ka bosaling (Valenstein et al., 1954). Tse tona li ka kenella ka sekhahla sa hoo e ka bang 1 ka motsotso (Thornton et al., 1991), mme 80% e ka ntša ejaculate tekong ea 15-min (Butera & Czaja, 1985.) Le ha e le hore e motona ea tsoang le mosali a le mong hangata o etsa joalo. a se ke a matlafatsa tšebetso nakong ea hora e tlang, a ka etsisa mosali e mong (Grunt & Young, 1952).

Lihormone.

Ho fapana le likhoto tsa banna, DHT e laoloang ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng e ka khutlisa ka botlalo likolobe tsa likolobe tse tona (Butera & Czaja, 1985). Ntle le moo, kenyelletso ea DHT ho MPOA le eona e ne e lekane ho kenya tšebetsong li-castrate (Butera le Czaja, 1989).

Kakaretso le lipotso tse se nang likarabo.

Le ha ho e-na le phapang ea likarolo tsa ho kopanya lipakeng, litla-morao tsa 'mele le tsamaiso ea methapo e laolang lintho tseo lia tšoana. Ka bobeli E le DHT li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea ho emoloa, leha E e bohlokoa haholo ho qopitso le DHT, bakeng sa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa likhoto, litoeba le hamsters. Ho kenella ha Hormonal ea MPOA ho sebetsa haholo, le ha ho kenya letsoho ho MeA le hona ho ka hlohlelletsa ho hloa litulong. Likenyelletso tsa Chemosensory tse tsoang litsamaisong tse kholo le tse fumanehang tsa boiketsiso ke tsona lisosa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa ho ruruha, haholoholo ka li-hamsters, leha ho le joalo genitosensory pembe ka SPFp le eona e kenya letsoho. Bo-ramahlale ba DA ba nolofalletsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ha e ente ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng kapa ho MPOA kapa PVN. Li-agonists tsa 5-HT, haholo-holo 5-HT1B, li tloaetse ho sitisa boitšoaro, le ha li-agonists tsa 5-HT2C li nolofalletsa ho qaptjoa le li-agonists tsa 5-HT1A li tsamaisa kemiso (ntle le litoeba). agonists ea norepinephrine le opiate ba na le litlamorao tse tlatselletsang ho litekanyetso, ka litekanyetso tse tlase li nolofalletsa le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa thibelo ea boitšoaro.

Liteboho.

Litokisetso tsa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho li tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa NIMH R01 MH 40826 le K02 MH 001714 ho EMH.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe.

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea sengoloa se sa hlophisoang se amohetsoeng hore se phatlalatsoe. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka mofuta ona oa pele oa sengoloa. Buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho e tla kopitsa, e hlophisehe, le ho lekola bopaki bo hlahang pele e phatlalatsoa ka sebopeho sa eona sa ho qetela. Ka kopo elelloa hore nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ho ka fumanoa liphoso tse ka amang litaba, mme boits'oaro bohle ba molao bo sebetsang koranteng bo amana.

Likarabo.

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