Pele Behav Neurosci. 2015 May 19; 9: 128. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2015.00128. eCollection 2015.
Andreatta M1, Pauli P1.
inahaneloang
Boemong ba maemo a khale, tšusumetso e neng e sa nke lehlakore ea pele (e khothatsang, CS) e amahanngoa le ketsahalo e sa tloaelehang ea biologically (ts'usumetso e sa hlokahaleng, US), e kanna ea ba bohloko (boemo bo feto-fetohang) kapa lijo (boemo ba tlholeho). Kamora mekhatlo e 'maloa, CS e khona ho qala likarabo tse itšireletsang kapa tse felletseng, ka ho latellana. Ho fapana le maemo a ferekanyang, boemo ba takatso ea maikutlo ha bo batloe hangata bathong, leha bohlokoa ba eona bakeng sa boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng le ba mafu (mohlala, botenya, bokhoba ba tahi) bo ke ke ba latoloa. Boithuto ba hajoale bo ikemiselitse ho fetolela se fumanoeng ke liphoofolo maemong a ho ba bonolo ho batho ba sebelisang lijo joalo ka US. Barupeluoa ba mashome a mararo a metso e meraro ba ile ba batlisisoa lipakeng tsa 8 le 10 hoseng ntle le lijo tsa hoseng ho netefatsa hore ba lapile. Nakong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ho fumana thepa, sebopeho se le seng sa jiometri (avCS +) se ile sa bolela esale pele hore US e ka ferekanya (ho tšoha ha motlakase ho bohloko), sebopeho se seng (appCS +) se ile sa bolela esale pele Amerika e nang le takatso e matla (tsokolate kapa pretzel e letsoai ho latela khetho ea bankakarolo), le sebopeho sa boraro (CS- ) ha ea ka ea bolela esale pele hore na US. Karolong ea ho timela, libopeho tsena tse tharo hammoho le sebopeho se secha (Ncha) li ile tsa hlahisoa hape ntle le tlhahiso ea Amerika. Tlhatlhobo ea Valence le lintlha tse tsosang takatso hammoho le makalo le boits'oaro ba letlalo (SCR) li ile tsa bokelloa joalo ka lits'oants'o tsa ho ithuta. Re fumane boemo bo atlehileng ba ho phomola le ho ba bonolo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, avCS + e ne e lekantsoe e le mpe ebile e tsosa takatso ho feta CS- mme ea baka tšabo ea matla le SCR e ntlafalitsoeng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, appCS + e ne e lekantsoe hore e ntle ho feta CS- mme ea baka tšabo ea tšabo le SCR e kholo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, re atlehile ho netefatsa liphihlelo tsa liphoofolo ho batho (ba lapileng) ka ho bonts'a ho ithuta ho khotsofatsang le ho ithuta ho tloaelehileng ho phetoang.
Selelekela
Ho noha tšokelo le lijo ho bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa pholoho ea mmele. Boemong ba khale (Pavlov, 1927), sefuba se etella pele ketsahalo e khopisang, joalo ka ho thothomela hoa motlakase o bobebe (tšusumetso e matla e sa reroang, US), kapa ketsahalo e makatsang, joalo ka pellet ea lijo (US). Kamora nako, ts'usumetso ena feela (eo hona joale e bitsoang CS, CS +) e khona ho tsosa likarabo tse itšireletsang kapa tse lumellanang, ka ho latellana. Mofuta oa khale oa thuto o amanang le seo o bitsoa ho hlasimolla, athe ea morao-rao e bitsoa boemo ba boithabiso.
Leha ho bolela esale pele liketsahalo tsa takatso ea lijo ho bohlokoa hore motho a pholohe joalo ka ho profetoa ha liketsahalo tse nyarosang, boemo ba takatso ea lijo ha bo hlahlojoe ka mokhoa o makatsang liphoofolong (Bouton le Peck, 1989; Koch et al., 1996; McDannald et al., 2011bakeng sa tlhahlobo Martin-Soelch et al., 2007) hammoho le bathong (Klucken et al., 2009, 2013; Austin le Duka, 2010; Delgado et al., 2011; Levy le Glimcher, 2011). Ho haella ha lipatlisiso hona ho kanna ha bakoa ke ho rarahana ha paradigm ea takatso ea lijo ha e bapisoa le e khelohang. Mohlala, lijo e le matlafatso ea mantlha li tlameha ho tlisoa ha setho se lapa e le tlala e le hore se atlehe (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao bona Dickinson le Balleine, 1994; Clark et al., 2012). Ka lipatlisiso tsa batho, bothata bona bo felisitsoe ka ho sebelisa chelete (Austin le Duka, 2010; Delgado et al., 2011; Levy le Glimcher, 2011) kapa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso (Klucken et al., 2009, 2013). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa neano-imaging li bontšitse hore mantlha (ke hore, lino-mapholi kapa lino-mapholi) le sekhutlo (ke hore, chelete) li tiisa likarolo tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa boko (mohlala, striatum) empa li kenyelletsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso (Delgado et al., 2011; Levy le Glimcher, 2011).
Ho tsebo ea rona, ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tsa maemo a batho tse ileng tsa hlahloba litlamorao tsa takatso ea mantlha ea takatso ea lijo joalo ka monko (Gottfried et al., 2002), metsi (Kumar et al., 2008), kapa lijo (Prévost et al., 2012). Thutong ea pele, Gottfried et al. (2002) Lifahleho tse amanang le ho se nke lehlakore (CSs) tse nang le monko o sa thabiseng, o monate kapa o sa nkeleng lehlakore. Ho khahlisang, ba fumane ts'ebetso e kholo ho orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) le ka har'a ventral striatum ho arabela takatso ea CS + vs. e hlohlosang CS +. Ba phethile ka hore OFC e sebetsana le boleng ba monko mme e ameha ho fetiseng boleng bo amanang le bona ho tloha ho olfactory (US) tsamaisong ea pono (CS). The (ventro) ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e fetoletsoe e bonts'a takatso ea takatso ea CR e hlahisitsoeng ke takatso + ea CS. Thutong ea bobeli, Kumar et al. (2008) ba kopile barupeluoa (ba nang le taolo e phetseng hantle le bakuli ba nang le khatello e kholo ea maikutlo) ka laboratoring hoseng 'me a ba kopa hore ba se ke ba noa bosiu ho etsa bonnete ba hore ba nyoriloe pele ho scan. Litšoantšo tsa Fractal e ne e le li-CS le 0.1 ml ea metsi a US. Ho khahlisang ke hore har'a li-activation tse ling, barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle (empa eseng bakuli ba tepelletseng maikutlo) ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho "ventral striatum" ea takatso ea takatso + ea CS, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore khothatso ena e entsoe e le e ruisang. Thutong ea boraro, Prévost et al. (2012) hape e hlahisitse litšoantšo tse robehileng joaloka li-CS le lijo tse bobebe tse letsoai kapa tse letsoai joaloka US ho latela khetho ea bankakarolo. CS e hlahisitsoe bakeng sa li-6 mme motsotsong oa ho qetela ho ile ha hlahisoa setšoantšo sa lijo. Nako le nako ha setšoantšo sa lijo se hlaha, liteko li ne li beha sekhechana sa lijo matsohong a bankakarolo, ba neng ba lumelloa ho ja senokoana hanghang. Ka bomalimabe, bangoli ha baa ka ba tlaleha ts'ebetso ea boko ho CS + e khahlisang nakong ea maemo a maemo a khale; leha ho le joalo, ba hlokometse phokotso ea pelo e nyane ho CS + e putsoang ha e bapisoa le CS e sa putsoang-, e bonts'ang litlamorao tsa maemo a fapaneng.
Ho haella ha lithuto ho sebelisang karabelo e makatsang joaloka pontšo ea boemo ba takatso ea lijo hoa makatsa, haholo ha ho shejoa ts'ebeliso ea ona e pharalletseng maemong a sitisang. Karabo e qalang ke karabelo ea moholo-holo le ea ho itšireletsa liketsahalong tse sa lebelloang, tse sa lebelloang le tse matla (Koch, 1999). Karabelo ena e itšireletsang e hokahanngoa le tsela e bonolo ea neuronal e kenyelletsang methapo ea methapo e kopaneng ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo, leqhubu la "caudal pontine" la "reticular form" (PnC) le lesapo la mokokotlo (Fendt le Fanselow, 1999; Koch, 1999). Boithuto ba liphoofolo bo senotse hore bokhoni ba ho qalella ka ho qala bo ipapisitse le lipakanyo ho tloha ho amygdala ho ea PnC (Fendt le Fanselow, 1999; Koch, 1999), athe tumellano ea ho qala ka tšohanyetso e ipapisitse le li-nucleus tse ipabolang (NAcc, Koch, 1999). Ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo joalo ka tšohanyetso ke mohato o sebetsang o hlakileng bakeng sa boiphetetso ba sepheo se boletsoeng esale pele. Kahoo, bokhoni ba ho bonts'a pherekano e mpe, ha ho iponahatsa ho bonts'a botle, ntle le ho susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea kelello (Hamm le Weike, 2005; Andreatta et al., 2010). Ho tsebo ea rona, ke phuputso e le 'ngoe feela ea liphoofolo e entseng lipatlisiso tsa boemo ba takatso ea lijo ka ho lekanya likarabo tsa ho qala e le mohato o itšetlehileng. Ho khahlisang, litoeba tse hlahlobiloeng li bonts'itse ho qaleha ha CS + (ke hore, khanya) e amanang le ho tlisa tharollo ea sucrose. Haholo-holo, mokhoa oa ho ts'oaroa joalo o ne o senyehile ho liphoofolo tseo tse nang le marapo a NAcc, empa eseng ho tse nang le lesapo la amygdala, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore NAcc e bapala karolo e ikhethileng ho phahamiseng takatso ea li-CR le ho fumana likarabo tse makatsang (Koch et al., 1996).
Boithuto ba hona joale ke ho tsebo ea rona ea pele ea ho fetolela paradigm ena ea litlamorao ho batho ka ho sebelisa li-solidforcers tsa mantlha joalo ka US, ke hore, monate (chokolete ea chokolete®) kapa lijo tse letsoai (tse nang le letsoai le lenyenyane), le modumo ea ho qala e le mohato oa CR. Re ne re lebelletse hore appCS + e tla etsa hore li-CR li matlafatsoe ka mokhoa oo li bonts'itsoeng ka ho qalella ho kenella, ho netefatsa SCR, le litekanyetso tse ntle tsa papiso ha li bapisoa le tse ling tse susumetsang, ke ho re, avCS + le CS--.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Baithaopi ba mashome a mane a metso e 'meli ba amohetse ho nka karolo thutong mme ba fumana likalimo tsa lithuto. Barupeluoa ba robong ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko tlhahlobisong, ba babeli ka lebaka la mathata a tekheniki, ba bararo hobane ba ne ba ngotsoe e le batho bao e seng ba arabelang (meanle amplitude <5 μV), le ba bane hobane ba ne ba sa bonts'a likarabo tse lekaneng tse makatsang ka boemo (bonyane = 2; bakeng sa lintlha, bona Lisebelisoa le Mokhoa). Qetellong, barupeluoa ba 33 ba ile ba nkuoa tlhahlobisong (banna ba 16; lilemo tse bolelang: lilemo tse 22.09, SD: 2.84; mefuta: Lilemo tsa 18-29). Barupeluoa ba bane e ne e se Majeremane a matsoalloa, 'me ba tšeletseng ba ne ba le letsoho le letšehali. Motho e mong ea neng a nka karolo o ile a lula a sa tsebe mekhatlo ea CSs-USs tlhahlobo eo kaofela (bona Procedure), empa re nkile qeto ea ho se qhele karolo ka thoko hobane likarabo tsa hae li ne li tloaelehile ebile li sa ame litholoana.
thepa
Stimuli (US) e se nang morero
Ho ile ha sebelisoa mefuta e 'meli ea US. Joaloka US e pharalletseng, re ile ra kenya ts'ebetso ea motlakase o bobebe ka kotloloho letsohong le neng le se na 'muso. Tšisinyeho ea motlakase e hlahisitsoe ka li-elektrone tse peli tse nang le bophara ba 9 mm le spiring 30 cm. Khothaletso ea motlakase e ne e na le ts'usumetso ea pulse e nang le maqhubu a 50 Hz le bolelele ba 200 ms, e hlahisoang ke mothetsi oa hona joale (Digitimer DS7A, Digitimer Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, UK, 400 V, boholo ba 9.99 mA). Botebo ba tšisinyeho ea motlakase bo ne bo khethiloe ka bonngoe ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e hlalositsoeng pele (Andreatta et al., 2010). Ka bokhutšoanyane barupeluoa ba ile ba feta letotong la mefuta e 'meli ea ho hloa le ho theoha ka linako tse fapaneng tsa 0.5 mA. Ba ne ba tlameha ho lekanya ts'usumetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka sekhahla se bonoang ho tloha 0 (ho hang ha ba utloe letho) ho 10 (bohloko bo tebileng) le 4 e le anchor bakeng sa monyako (bohloko bo hlakileng feela). Botebo ba matla a hlohlelletso ea motlakase e ne e le 2.12 mA (SD = 0.56) mme e fuoe e le bohloko (M = 6.45, SD = 1.73). Takatso ea Amerika e ne e kenyelletsa chokolete (Smarties®) kapa pretzel e nyane ea letsoai. Khetho ea US ea takatso e matla e ne e ipapisitse le khetho ea motho ea nkang karolo ho latela kamoo ho tlalehiloeng nakong ea tlhahlobo ea pele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bankakarolo ba ile ba tlameha ho tlaleha hore na hangata ba ja lijo tse letsoai kapa tse tsoekere nakong ea lijo tsa hoseng. Ba ka khetha ka bolokolohi haeba ba khetha chokolete kapa pretzel e letsoai nakong ea teko ka boeona. Qetellong, barupeluoa ba 22 ba ile ba khetha chokolete 'me ba 11 ba etsa pretzel e nyane ea letsoai.
Boemo ba Stimuli (CS)
Libopeho tsa geometrical (sekwere se putsoa, sekwere se tšehla, khubelu e botala), hexagon e khubelu) e nang le diagonal ea 8 cm e hlahisitsoe e le li-CS. Libopeho li hlahisitsoe bohareng ba skrine ea khomphutha e ntso ea 8 s. Sebopeho se le seng (avCS +) se ne se lula se amahanngoa le US e sithabetsang (tšohanyetso ea motlakase e bohloko), sebopeho se le seng (AppCS +) se ne se lula se amahanngoa le takatso ea lijo ea US (chokolete kapa letsoai), sebopeho se le seng (CS-) ha se sa amanang le sehlohlelletsi kapa sa maikutlo kapa li-US tsa takatso ea lijo, mme sebopeho sa bone (NEW) se hlahisitsoe mohatong oa ho timela empa eseng nakong ea karolo ea ho fumana thepa e le ho netefatsa ho se nke lehlakore ha eona.
Qalo ea Probe
Lerata le lesoeu la 103 dB le bolelele ba 50 ms le sebelisitsoe e le sesebelisoa sa makalo. Lits'oants'o tsa acoustic li hlahisitsoe binaally holim'a li-headphone mme li etsahetse ka mokhoa o sa reroang 4-6 s kamora hore sebopeho se qale.
Lipotso tsa lipotso
Pele le ka mor'a tlhahlobo, barupeluoa ba ne ba tlameha ho tlatsa mefuta ea Sejeremane ea State-Trait Anxcare Inventory (STAI, Laux et al., 1981) le Kemiso e ntle ea “Positive Negative Afitive” (PANAS, Krohne et al., 1996). STAI ke lethathamo la ho lekola tšobotsi ea bankakarolo le / kapa boemo ba matšoenyeho mme e na le lintho tse 20 molemong oa mofuta ona le mefuta ea mmuso. Matšoenyeho a bankakarolo pele (M = 37.06, SD = 7.80) le kamora (M = 39.33, SD = 9.16) teko ha e ea fetoha haholo [t(32) = 1.61, p = 0.117]. Palo ea matšoenyeho a bakoang ke sampole ea hajoale e pakeng tsa 20 le 58 (M = 36.6, SD = 8.98), e bapisoang le mefuta e tloaelehileng ea batho ba baholo (Laux et al., 1981). PANAS (Krohne et al., 1996) ke index ea maikutlo a matle le a mabe. Batho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho tse ntle li ama sekala (PAS) ba na le tšekamelo ea maikutlo a joalo ka cheseho, ha batho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho tse mpe li ama sekala (NAS) ba tloaetse maikutlo a joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo. Ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e na le lehlalosi, 'me bankakarolo ba bonts'a ka sekala ho tloha ho 1 (hanyane hanyane) ho isa ho 5 (ka mokhoa o fetelletseng) ho fihlela moo sephetho se bonts'a maikutlo a bona ka motsotso oo. Ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa bankakarolo ka lebaka la teko [qala: M = 11.67, SD = 2.29; qeta: M = 12.88, SD = 4.69; t(32) = 1.55, p = 0.130]. Ka tsela e itseng, barupeluoa ba fetotse maikutlo a bona a matle ho tloha qalong (M = 26.72, SD = 4.70) ho isa bofelong (M = 23.66, SD = 7.02) ea liteko [t(31) = 3.11, p = 0.004]. Phokotso ena ea boits'oaro ba bankakarolo e kanna ea amana le ho se thabise ha paradigm (ho ile ha hlahisoa litšisinyeho tse bohloko tsa motlakase le molumo o mosoeu o mosoeu).
Tsamaiso
Ha ba fihla ka laboratoring, barupeluoa ba ile ba bala le ho saena foromo e nang le tsebo e amoheloang ke komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Lefapha la Psychology ea Univesithi ea Würzburg. Ha baa ka ba tsebisoa ka koluoa e lipakeng tsa li-CS le li-US. Kamora ho tlatsa lethathamong la lipotso, li-elektrode li ile tsa kenngoa mme ts'ebetso ea mokhoa oa bohloko e entsoe joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka holimo.
nakong ya mohato oa bolulo, libopeho tse 'ne tsa sebopeho sa geometri se hlahisitsoe habeli ka sekhechana sa liteko (ITI) se fapaneng pakeng tsa 18 le 25 s (bolela: 21.5 s). Ha ho lipatlisiso tsa Amerika kapa tse makatsang tse tlisitsoeng nakong ena.
Pele ho karolo ea phihlello, ho ile ha tlisoa mefuta e supileng ea lerata le tšoeu ka 7-15 s e le hore e fokotse ts'ebetso ea pele e neng e sa sebetse.
Tse latelang tse peli methati ea ho fumana li ne li tšoana (Setšoantšo 1). Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea ho fumana e ne e le liteko tsa 24: liteko tsa 8 CS-, liteko tsa 8 avCS +, le liteko tsa 8 appCS +. Tatellano ea CS e ne e le pseudorandom le eona feela lithibelo hobane ts'usumetso e ts'oanang e ka se hlahisoe ho feta habeli ka tatellano. Haholo-holo, avCS + e ile ea hlahisoa hammoho ka sekhahla sa lehalima e le letšoao bakeng sa ts'isinyeho ea motlakase mme US e bohloko e ile ea tlisoa setulong. AppCS + e ne e hlahisoa ka har'a setšoantšo sa Smarties kapa setlolo se letsoai 'me ea nkileng karolo a ka khetha Smarties kapa pretzel e tsoang nkho. CS- e ile ea hlahisoa hammoho le letšoao la thibelo mme ha ho fanoe ka US. Nakong ea liphatlalatso tse tharo tsa 8 CS tsa mofuta ka mong, ho ile ha fanoa ka phuputso e makatsang pakeng tsa 4 le 6 s kamora ho qala ts'usumetso. Mekhoa e meng e meraro e makatsang e hlahisitsoe nakong ea li-ITI e le ho netefatsa ho se ikemisetse ha bona le ho fokotsa ho ba le ntho e makatsang. ITI, e nang le skrini e ntšo, e fapaneng pakeng tsa 18 le 25 s ka moelelo oa 21.5 s.
Tšoantšiso 1
Setšoantšo sa 1. Liteko nakong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ho fumana (A) le mohato oa ho timela (B). Barupeluoa ba ile ba ithuta hore sebopeho se le seng (avCS +) se ile sa bolela esale pele ka tšohanyetso e nyarosang ea motlakase, sebopeho se le seng (appCS +) se boletse esale pele sekhechana sa chokolete kapa mofuta o monyane oa letsoai (ho ea ka seo ba se ratang), le sebopeho sa boraro (CS-) se sa kang sa bolela esale pele ketsahalo ea tlhaho e ikhethang. Sebopeho se seng le se seng se ne se hlahisoa hammoho le setšoantšo se bontshang tšabo ea motlakase, li-smarties / li-aczel tse letsoai, kapa ho se letho ho latela kamano le US. Nakong ea mohato oa ho timela, libopeho tse tharo tsa geometri li ile tsa hlahisoa hape, empa ha ho li-US tse ileng tsa tlisoa. Ntle le moo, sebopeho sa jometri ea sebopeho (NEW) se hlahisitsoe e le taolo e sa nkeng lehlakore.
nakong ya karolo ea ho felisoa, Barupeluoa ba ile ba bona sebopeho se tharo sa sebopeho (ke hore, avCS +, appCS +, le CS-) hape le sebopeho se seng sa lipale tse ncha (NEW). Ha ho na US e ileng ea tlisoa 'me libopeho ha lia ka tsa hlahisoa hammoho le litšoantšo tsa mabalabala, chokolete / liemahale tsa letsoai kapa lithibelo. Khothatso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e hlahisitsoe makhetlo a robeli ka tatellano ea pseudorandom (ke hore, khothalletso e tšoanang ha e hlahisoe ho feta habeli ka tatellano), ho theha liteko tsa 32. Boiteko ba ho qala lipatlisiso bo hlahisitsoe nakong ea 4 ntle le 8 tlhahiso ea khothalletso ea mofuta ka mong oa CS. Joalo ka molemong oa ho fumana le sebaka sa bolulo, li-ITIs li ne li fapana pakeng tsa 18 le 25 s, le lipatlisiso tse qalang tsa 4 li ile tsa tlisoa li sa lebelloa nakong ea li-ITI.
Kamora karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya valence (monate) le nyakallo (ea thabo) ea li-CS tse nang le sekala sa analog (VAS) ho tloha 1 ho isa 9. Tekanyo ea boleng e tsoa ho "1" e bonts'a "e sa khahliseng haholo" ho ea ho "9" e bonts'a "e khahlisang haholo;" sekhahla sa ho hlasimoloha se ne se tloha ho "1" se bonts'ang "ho khutsisa" ho isa ho "9" se bonts'ang ho "thabisa." Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tsa maemo a tšohanyetso li ne li tekolo kamora likhaolo tse peli tsa ho fumana le karolo ea pheletso. Barupeluoa ba ile ba bona sebopeho sa sebopeho sa 1 s mme ba tlameha ho supa hore na sebopeho sena se amana le tšabo ea motlakase, le chokolete / chisi e letsoai, ntle le letho, kapa ba sa khone ho etsa setsoalle. Haholoholo, bankakarolo bohle (ntle le e le 'ngoe) ba ne ba tseba ka maemo a tšohanyetso ka mor'a Acquisition 2.
Phokotso ea data
Likarabo tsa 'mele li ne li tlalehiloe ka V-Amp 16 amplifier le Vision Recorder V-Amp Edition Software (Version 1.03.0004, BrainProducts Inc., Munich, Jeremane). Tekanyetso ea sampole ea 1000 Hz le 50 Hz notch filter li kentsoe. Litlhahlobo tse tsoang kantle ho marang-rang li entsoe ka Brain Vision Analyser (Mofuta oa 2.0; BrainProducts Inc., Munich, Germany).
Karabo ea Qalong
Karabelo ea ho qala e lekantsoe ka mokhoa oa electromyography (EMG) ka ho le letšehali orbicularis oculi mesifa e nang le li-electrod tse peli tsa 5 mm Ag / AgCl. Ho latela tataisoBlumenthal et al., 2005), electrode e le 'ngoe e ne e behiloe ka tlasa morutoana' me ea bobeli 1 cm hamorao. Li-electrode tsa fatše le tsa litšupiso li ne li behiloe ka ho le letona le ka ho le letšehali mastoids, ka ho latellana. Pele o kenyelletsa li-electrode, letlalo le ne le kenngoa butle le ho hloekisoa ka joala e le ho boloka impedance tlasa 10 kΩ. Letshwao la electromyographic le ne le sa ts'oaetsoa kantle ka fereko ea 28 Hz low cutoff le leqhubu le phahameng la 500 Hz. Ka mor'a moo, lets'oao la EMG le ile la ntlafatsoa 'me ho ile ha sebelisoa tekano e tsamaeang ea 50 ms. Re sebelisitse 50 ms pele ho qalella ho etsa lipatlisiso e le motheo (Grillon et al., 2006). Likarabo tsa lipotso tse qabolang li ile tsa fuoa lintlha ka letsoho, 'me liteko ka litheko tse phahameng tsa motheo (± 5 μV) kapa litsebi tsa mekhatlo ea mekhatlo li ne li sa kengoe tlhahlobisong e ngoe. Likarabo tsa qaleho tse tlase ho 5 wereV li ne li ngotsoe e le zero 'me li nkuoe bakeng sa ho baloa ha boholo bo makatsang (Blumenthal et al., 2005). Ka kakaretso, liteko tsa 10.4% li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko, 'me karabelo e nyane ea 2 ho tsoa likarolong tsa 3 tse qalang mehatong ea phihlello le 4 kantle ho likarabo tsa qaleho tsa 8 molemong oa pheletso bakeng sa maemo ka seng li ne li hlokoa ho boloka ea nkang karolo mohloling oa tlhahlobo. Ka lebaka lena, barupeluoa ba bane ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko. Bophahamo ba tlhoro bo ile ba hlalosoa e le tlhoro e phahameng ka ho fetesisa e amanang le motheo nakong ea 20-120 ms nako ea fensetere ka mor'a ho qaleha ha lipatlisiso. Lintlha tse tala li ile tsa fetoloa kahare ho lithuto tse sebelisoang z-scores and T-scores e le ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea phapang ea motho ka mong le ho bona lits'ebetso tsa kelello hantle. Lintlha-T li arotsoe bakeng sa boemo bo bong le bo bong (avCS +, appCS +, CS-, NEW, le ITI). E le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tšabo e nang le tšabo kapa ho ts'oaroa ka mokhoa o makatsang, lintlha tsa likarabo tse makatsang tsa ITI li ile tsa tlosoa likarabo tsa tšohanyetso bakeng sa boemo ka bong.
Karabo ea Boitšoaro ba Letlalo (SCR)
Karabo ea boitšoaro ea letlalo (SCR) e tlalehiloe ho sebelisoa li-elektrone tse peli tsa 5 mm Ag / AgCl tse behiloeng letsohong la letsoho le neng le se matla. Karabo ea galvanic e ne e sa tšeloe kantle le sethala sa 1 Hz high cutoff. SCR e hlalositsoe e le phapang (ho μS) lipakeng tsa qaleho ea karabelo (1-3 s kamora ho qala ha khothalletso) le tlhoro ea karabelo (Tranel le Damasio, 1994; Delgado et al., 2011). Liteko tse nang le litlatsetso tse makatsang ha lia ka tsa nkuoa tlhahlobisong ea SCR. Karabo tse ka tlase ho 0.02 μS li ne li ngotsoe joalo ka zero. Barupeluoa ba bang ba bahlano ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko ho tlhahlobo ea SCR hobane ba ne ba na le SCR e tlase ho 0.02 μS. Lintlha tse entsoeng ka letlalo tse tala li ne li fetotsoe molemong bakeng sa ho fetisa phetiso ea tsona le maemo a arotsoe boemong bo bong le bo bong bakeng sa likarolo tse peli tsa phihlello (avCS +, appCS +, CS-) le karolo ea ho timela (avCS +, appCS +, CS-, le NTSE ).
Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso
Lintlha tsohle li ile tsa hlahlojoa le SPSS bakeng sa Windows (Mofuta oa 20.0, SPSS Inc.). Bakeng sa likarabo tsa 'mele, tlhahlobo e arohaneng ea li-multivariate tsa variance (ANOVA) e ile ea lekanyetsoa mekhahlelo e' meli ea ho fumana le karolo ea ho timela. ANOVA bakeng sa methati ea ho fumana e ne e na le tšusumetso (avCS +, appCS +, CS-) le karolo (Acquisition 1, Acquisition 2) e le lintlha tse ka hare ho lithuto. ANOVA bakeng sa karolo ea ho timela e ne e na le ts'usumetso feela (avCS +, appCS +, CS-, KHAOLO) e le ntho e ka hare ho lithuto. Ho ile ha sekasekoa lintlha tsa boleng bo botle, tse khahlisang le maemo a tšohanyetso, ka li-ANOVA tse arohaneng tse nang le lintlha tse kahare tsa lithuto tsa kahare (avCS +, appCS +, CS-, le NEW) le mohato. Ntlha ena e ne e na le maemo a mane bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa valence le arousal (T1: kamora sebaka sa ho lula, T2: kamora mokhoa oa pele oa ho fumana, T3: kamora ho fumana karolo ea bobeli, T4: kamora ho timela), empa maemo a mararo bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa maemo a tšohanyetso (T1: kamora mohato oa pele oa ho fumana thepa, T2: kamora karolo ea bobeli ea ho fumana thepa, T3: kamora ho felisoa).
Tekanyetso ea alpha (α) e behiloe ho 0.05 bakeng sa tlhahlobo eohle. Boholo ba phello bo tlaleha joalo ka karohano ea Stud2.
Results
Litekanyetso le litekanyo tsa monko o mong le o mong li bonts'oa ho setšoantšo 2; likarabo tse makatsang le li-SCR li bontšoa ho setšoantšo 3.
Tšoantšiso 2
Setšoantšo sa 2. Litekanyetso bakeng sa valence (A) le monyaka (B). Literata (tse nang le liphoso tse tloaelehileng) li bonts'a litekanyetso kamora mohato oa bolulo (T1), Acquisition 1 (T2), Acquisition 2 (T3), le karolo ea ho timela (T4). CS e khutsitseng (mola o tiileng o motšo) e fumane valence e mpe ebile e nyakaletse kamora mehato e 'meli ea ho e fumana ha e bapisoa le CS- (mola o moputsoa o moputsoa) le e ncha (mola o nang le lintlha tse ntšo). Habohlokoa le ho feta, CSP ea "(mela e tiileng ea bohlooho) e fumane pherekano e ntle ha e bapisoa le CS- le NEW. *p <0.05, **p > 0.01, ***p <0.001.
Tšoantšiso 3
Setšoantšo sa 3. Likarabo tsa ho qala (A) le boits'oaro ba letlalo (B) (ka liphoso tse tloaelehileng) nakong ea karolo ea pele ea ho fumana (Acq1), karolo ea bobeli ea ho fumana (Acq2), le karolo ea ho timela (Ext). Likarabo tsa qaleho li bile le tšusumetso e kholo ho CS e hlohlontšitsoeng (mohala o tiileng o mosoeu) 'me e lumellana haholo le takatso ea CS + (grey solid solid) nakong ea papiso. SCR e ne e le kholo haholo ho avCS + le AppCS + ha e bapisoa le CS--. Ha ho phapang e ileng ea senoloa nakong ea karolo ea timetso. *p <0.05, **p > 0.01, ***p <0.001.
Litlhaloso
ANOVA bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa valence nakong ea phaello e senotse litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa susumetso [F(3, 93) = 17.26, GG-chas = 0.801, p <0.001, karolo η2 = 0.358] le karolo [F(3, 93) = 3.30, GG-chas = 0.731, p = 0.039, karolo e itseng2 = 0.096] hammoho le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa khothatso le karolo [F(9, 279) = 9.54, GG-chas = 0.463, p <0.001, karolo η2 = 0.235]. Tšalo-morao tLiteko li bonts'a hore likhakanyo tsa libopeho tse 'ne tsa sebopeho sa sebopeho qalong ea liteko li ne li ts'oana (ps> 0.19), ha kamora ho fumana thepa ea bobeli le ho fumana 1 avCS + e ile ea nkuoa e le mpe haholo mme appCS + e le ntle haholo. Haholo-holo, avCS + e ile ea nkuoa e le valenced ha e bapisoa le CS- [Acq2: t(31) = 2.34, p = 0.026; Acq2: t(31) = 3.07, p = 0.004], NEW [Acq1: t(31) = 2.70, p = 0.011; Acq2: t(31) = 3.89, p <0.001], le appCS + [Acq1: t(31) = 5.41, p <0.001; Acq2: t(31) = 6.11, p <0.001]. AppCS + e lekantsoe e le ntle ho feta CS- [Acq1: t(31) = 4.99, p <0.001; Acq2: t(31) = 5.31, p <0.001] le e Ncha [Acq1: t(31) = 4.92, p <0.001; Acq2: t(31) = 4.14, p <0.001]. Liphapang lipakeng tsa CS- le NEW li ne li sa bohlokoa le ka mohla (ps> 0.18).
Habohlokoa, ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng ha ho bapisoa litekanyetso tsa valence bakeng sa AppCS + e amanang le chokolete e tsoakiloeng le letsoai le prozel [Acq1: t(30) = 0.03, p = 0.477; Acq2: t(30) = 0.29, p = 0.775].
Kamora karolo ea ho timela, avCS + e ne e ntse e lekantsoe e le mpe haholo ha e bapisoa le CS- [t(31) = 2.40, p = 0.023], NEW [t(31) = 3.40, p = 0.002], le appCS + [t(31) = 3.35, p = 0.002]. Ho fapana le hoo, botle ba AppCS + ha boa ka ba fapana le CS– [t(31) = 1.77, p = 0.086] kapa NEW [t(31) = 1.07, p = 0.293].
ANOVA bakeng sa litekanyetso tse monate nakong ea ho fumana e senola phello e kholo ea ts'usumetso [F(3, 96) = 7.07, GG-chas = 0.737, p = 0.001, karolo e itseng2 = 0.181], empa eseng ea phase [F(3, 96) = 1.27, GG-chas = 0.805, p = 0.289, karolo e itseng2 = 0.038], le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa khothatso le karolo [F(9, 288) = 4.53, GG-chas = 0.582, p = 0.001, karolo e itseng2 = 0.124]. Tšalo-morao tLitlhahlobo li bonts'itse phapang e kholo har'a tse susumetsang mabapi le mohono oa bona oa pele (ps> 0.74). Leha ho le joalo, kamora mekhahlelo e 'meli ea theko, avCS + e fuoe lintlha tse tsosang takatso ho feta tse ncha [Acq1: t(32) = 2.99, p = 0.005; Acq2: t(32) = 5.97, p <0.001] le appCS + [Acq1: t(32) = 2.62, p = 0.013; Acq2: t(32) = 4.42, p <0.001], 'me ka mokhoa o nyane e tsosa takatso ho feta CS- kamora karolo ea pele ea khapo [t(32) = 1.96, p = 0.058], empa e tsosa haholo kamora nako ea bobeli ea ho fumana [t(32) = 3.65, p = 0.001]. Ha ho fapana le litekanyetso tsa botle, botle ba appCS + bo ne bo sa fapana le mohopolo oa CS- le oa NEW (ps > 0.13) kamora mekhahlelo ea phumano.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang joalo ka litekanyetso tsa valence, CS- le NEW ha lia ka tsa fapana molemong oa bona oa thabo (ps> 0.07).
Joalo ka valence, ha ho liphapang tse ileng tsa senoloa bakeng sa AppCS + e amanang le chokolete le appCS + e amanang le letsoai le entsoeng ka letsoai [Acq1: t(31) = 0.26, p = 0.797; Acq2: t(31) = 0.33, p = 0.724].
Kamora nako ea ho timela, ha ho liphapang tse kholo litekatsong tse monate tse ileng tsa senoloa (ps> 0.08).
Bakeng sa tse ling T-post hocLiteko tsa ho bapisa litekanyetso kamora nako ea bolulo, karolo ea pele le ea bobeli ea ho fumana le karolo ea ho fela, bona lisebelisoa tsa tlatsetso.
Karabo ea Qalong
ANOVA ea mekhahlelo ea ho fumana e khutlisitse phello ea mantlha ea tšusumetso [F(2, 64) = 49.92, GG-chas = 0.964, p <0.001, karolo η2 = 0.609], empa eseng karolo [F(1, 32) = 3.16, p = 0.085, karolo e itseng2 = 0.090], le tšebelisano-kholo ea Stimulus × Phase [F(2, 64) = 3.37, GG-chas = 0.875, p = 0.048, karolo e itseng2 = 0.095]. Tšalo-morao tLiteko li senotse tšibollo ea bohlokoa ho avCS + ha e bapisoa le CS- nakong ea pele [t(32) = 3.27, p = 0.003] 'me oa bobeli [t(32) = 4.00, p <0.001] mekhahlelo ea ho fumana. Likarabo tsa Startle ho avCS + le tsona li ile tsa ba le monyetla o moholo ha li bapisoa le tsa appCS +, hape kamora ho fumana thepa ka bobeli [1t(32) = 8.20, p <0.001] le ho fumana 2 [t(32) = 5.74, p <0.001]. Habohlokoa, boholo bo makatsang ho appCS + bo ile ba fokotsoa haholo ha bo bapisoa le CS- nakong ea ho Fumana 1 ka bobeli [t(32) = 6.34, p <0.001] le ho fumana 2 [t(32) = 2.91, p = 0.007]. Khafetsa hape tumellanong le litekanyetso, ha ho karabelo tse makatsang tse ikhethang tse ileng tsa senoloa bakeng sa AppCS + ha e amana le chokolete kapa le prezel e letsoai [Acq1: t(31) = 1.04, p = 0.309; Acq2: t(31) = 0.07, p = 0.947]. Nakong ea mohato oa ho timela, ha ho na phello ea bohlokoa e fumanoeng [F(3, 96) = 0.26, GG-chas = 0.906, p = 0.833, karolo e itseng2 = 0.008].
Karabo ea Boitšoaro ba Letlalo (SCR)
Ho tsoa ho li-ANOVA bakeng sa SCR nakong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ho fumana, litlamorao tsa mantlha li susumetsa [F(2, 54) = 18.04, GG-chas = 0.908, p <0.001, karolo η2 = 0.401] le karolo [F(1, 27) = 20.91, p <0.001, karolo η2 = 0.436] ea ba ea bohlokoa, empa eseng ts'ebelisano ea bona [F(2, 54) = 0.68, GG-chas = 0.637, p = 0.451, karolo e itseng2 = 0.024]. Post-hoc t-Liteko li bonts'itse kholo ea SCR e kholo ho avCS + [t(27) = 6.46, p <0.001] le ho appCS + [t(27) = 4.84, p <0.001] ha e bapisoa le CS-, ha bankakarolo ba bonts'a SCR e ka bapisoang le avCS + le appCS + [t(27) = 0.64, p = 0.527]. Haholoholo, ha ho phapang pakeng tsa li-SCR ho chokolete appCS + le li-appCS + tse letsoai le lengata li fumanoe [Acq1: t(26) = 2.55, p = 0.120; Acq2: t(26) = 1.29, p = 0.210]. Joalo ka 'nete ho litekanyetso le karabelo e makatsang, ha ho lits'oants'o tse kholo tse fumanoeng molemong oa ho timela [F(3, 81) = 0.28, GG-chas = 0.634, p = 0.743, karolo e itseng2 = 0.010].
Puisano
Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho fetolela lintho tse fumanoeng bathong ho batho ka ho sebelisa paradigm ea boemo ba khale le matlafatso ea mantlha e le tšusumetso e se nang boikemelo (US). Bakeng sa ho etsa joalo, barupeluoa ba ile ba tla laboratong hoseng ba sa ja lijo tsa hoseng ho tla netefatsa hore ba lapile, 'me ho ea ka thato ea bona, likotoana tsa chokolete kapa li-pryema tse letsoai li sebelisitsoe e le li-US tse monate. Nakong ea ho fumana thepa, sebopeho se seng sa jometri (avCS +) se ile sa amahanngoa le tšabo e nyarosang ea motlakase e nyarosang (US), sebopeho se seng (appCS +) le US e ratang, le sebopeho sa boraro (CS-) se sa tsotelleng US kapa se nang le US e faposang. Liphetho li bonts'a maemo a atlehileng a ho rata le ho rata maemo ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa mantsoe (ke hore, litekanyetso), maemong a hlakileng a boitšoaro (ke hore, karabelo e makatsang), le boemo ba 'mele (ke hore, SCR). Ka ho khetheha, avCS + ha e bapisoa le CS- e hlahisitse litekanyetso tse mpe tse mpe haholo, litekanyetso tse phahameng, ho ba le tšabo le ho ba le SCR e kholo. Habohlokoa ka ho fetesisa, appCS + ha e bapisoa le CS- e tsitsitse likhakanyo tse ntle tsa valence, ho qala ka tšohanyetso, le SCR e kholo. Seo re se fumaneng mabapi le maemo a sithabetsang se ne se tsamaisana le litebello, hobane liphuputso tse fetileng li fumane hore tšokelo ea ho rerela tšusumetso (avCS +) e lekantsoe e le karohano, e tsosa likarabo tse kholo, 'me e eketsa melemo ea mmele (Fendt le Fanselow, 1999; Hamm le Weike, 2005; Andreatta et al., 2010, 2013). Liphetho tsa rona molemong oa takatso ea lijo li ne li boetse li tsamaellana le lithuto tsa batho le tsa liphoofolo tse fetileng tse bonts'ang hore moputso oa ho khothaletsa (appCS +) o lekantsoe e le o nepahetseng, o thibela likarabo tsa tšabo, mme o eketsa boikoetliso ba mmele (Koch et al., 1996; Gottfried et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2008; Klucken et al., 2009, 2013; Austin le Duka, 2010; Prévost et al., 2012). Ho tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele e bonts'ang ho kenella ka mokhoa o makatsang bathong ho khothatsa ho bolela moputso oa mantlha. Habohlokoa, re ile ra khona ho fetisa le ho netefatsa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo (Koch et al., 1996). Boithuto bona ba phoofolo bo bonts'itse hore ho qala ka mokhoa o makatsang ho likhoto ho ipapisitse le lipalo tse tsoang ho NAcc (karolo ea "ventral striatum") ho PnC. Ka hona, ho qala ka mokhoa o makatsang thutong ea rona ho ka bolela ts'ebetso ea NAcc, hape e tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa fMRI (Gottfried et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2008; Klucken et al., 2009, 2013; Delgado et al., 2011; Levy le Glimcher, 2011). Kahoo, re fihlela qeto ea hore paradigm ea rona ea ho thabela maemo e atlehile, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe (litekanyetso) le sepheo se hlakileng se hlakileng.
Ntle le ts'ibollo ena e ncha empa e le e ka etsahalang, liphetho tse ling tse peli tse khahlisang li lokela ho boleloa. Taba ea pele, likarabo tse khahlisang le tse amanang le 'mele bakeng sa appCS + li arotsoe. Taba ea bobeli, re fumane ho fela ka potlako ha li-CR tsa takatso ea lijo ha li bapisoa le li-CR tsa morao-rao.
SCR e bonts'a ts'ebetso e nang le kutloelo-bohloko, e eketsoang ho khothaletsa ho amanang le moputso (AppCS +) le khothatso e amanang le tšokelo (avCS +). Sephetho sena se tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tse fetileng, tseo ho tsona ho neng ho sebelisoa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso e le takatso e ntle ea US (Klucken et al., 2013), le lipatlisiso tse senolang SCR e ts'oanang le sejo se boletsoeng esale pele ka chelete le ka terata e boletseng lerata le thibang litsebe (Austin le Duka, 2010). Haholo, SCR ke karabelo e tataisang e amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko. Karabelo ena e bontšitsoe ho bonts'a boitokiso ba karabelo ea boits'oaro liketsahalong tse itlhommeng pele (Bradley, 2009). Re ipapisitse le sena, re nahana hore tšusumetso e amanang le ts'okelo le sepheo se amanang le moputso li hlahisitse karabelo ea boitokisetso bakeng sa likarabo tse latelang tsa boits'oaro. Ka mantsoe a mang, matšoao a lijo le a bohloko a qalile ho itukisetsa mokhoa oa ho qoba le ho qoba maemo ka ho latellana. Ha ho bapisoa le karabelo e phahameng ea 'mele, likarabo tsa molomo li bontšitse hore o na le takatso e matla ho khothaletso e amanang le moputso. Ho ka etsahala hore motho ea buang ka molomo a ka susumetsoa haholo ke tlhaho e khahlisang ea Amerika ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea 'mele. ka bobeli. Ebile, re nahana hore appCS + vs. avCS + e ne e lekantsoe e le maemo a tlase haholo.Ho tsohile haholo hobane li ne li hokahane le li-US tse tlase le tse tsosang takatso, ka ho latellana. Ka bomalimabe, ha re a ka ra bokella litekanyetso tsa monate bakeng sa li-US, ka hona e tla ba lithuto tse tlang ho hlahloba tlhahlobo ena ka mokhoa o hlakileng.
Nakong ea mohato oa ho timela, ha ho US e ileng ea tlisoa. Sena se kanna sa hlohlelletsa thuto e ncha ea ho thibela boitšoaro bakeng sa tlhahlobo Milad le Quirk, 2012), ka li-CR tsa ho hlaseloa ka bobeli hammoho le takatso ea lijo li fokotseha ka lebaka leo. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, maemong a boits'oaro (ke ho re, ho makatsa) le ho maemo a mmele (ke ho re, SCR), ha ho karabelo e fapaneng le phapang pakeng tsa avCS +, appCS +, le CS - li ne li sa bonahale. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'oaretso e hlakileng ea boemo bo susumetsoang bo hlahlojoang kamora karolo ea ho timela e lekane ka tekanyo e tlase, e fana ka maikutlo a ho atleha ho ithuta. Leha ho le joalo, avCS + e ne e ntse e lekantsoe e le mpe haholo ho feta CS-, athe appCS + valence e ne e sa fapana le CS- valence hape. Ho fokotseha butle ha karabelo e totobetseng ea karabelo e ka 'na ea e-ba ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ho bolelang hore ho thata ho lebala matšoao a sokang hobane ho se arabele letšoao la ts'okelo ho ka beha bophelo kotsing.
Potso e le 'ngoe e ntse e le teng: ke hobaneng ha karabelo e makatsang (ke hore, valence e hlakileng) e ile ea tima ka botlalo nakong ea karolo ea ho timela? Taba ea pele, likarabo tsena li ile tsa balelloa sehlopheng sena sohle sa karolo. Ka hona, hoa utloahala hore li-CRR tsa khethollo li ne li ntse li tla bonahala nakong ea liteko tsa pele tsa karolo ea ho timela. Ka mokhoa o hlalosang, re ile ra latela tšibollo ena mme ra sheba likarabo ka bobeli le SCR ho pholletsa le karolo ea ho timela (bona Supplemental Material). Leha re sa fumane liphapang tsa bohlokoa, re hlokometse boholo bo makatsang ba ho hlaka bakeng sa avCS + ha bo bapisoa le CS- le khothalletso ea taolo ea nova. Hape re hlokometse ho ts'oenyeha ho hobang ka mokhoa o makatsang bakeng sa li-appCS + ha ho bapisoa le CS- le tšusumetso ea taolo ea lipale qalong qalong ea karolo ea ho timela, eo, leha ho le joalo, e ileng ea nyamela kamora liteko tse 'maloa. SCR ho appCS + e se e oele kamora teko ea ho timela ea 2nd, ha SCR ho avCS + e ne e lutse e phahame hoo e batlang e le lits'oaetso tsohle ha e bapisoa le SCR ho ea ho ECHA. Le ha re lokela ho fetolela liphetho tsena ka hloko e kholo, likarabo tse makatsang li bonahala li tsamaellana le litekanyetso tsa veale. Ho feta moo, likarabo ka bobeli tse makatsang le li-SCR li tšehetsa mohopolo oa ho iphetola hoa lintho ho etsoang kotsing ea ho sokela.
Kamora nako, re tlameha ho amohela likhaello tse ling tsa thuto ena. Taba ea pele, ka lebaka la bothata ba botekgeniki re sitoa ho tlaleha litekanyetso tsa monate (le monate) bakeng sa chokolete le prezel e letsoai. Leha ho le joalo, li-CR tsa takatso ea lijo li fana ka maikutlo a hore barupeluoa ba ile ba e-ba le boiphihlelo ba bo-US ba babeli e le takatso ea lijo. Taba ea bobeli, nako eo batho ba ts'oanang le ba sa thabiseng le US e fapaneng haholo. Kahoo, tšisinyeho ea motlakase e bohloko e ile ea hlahisoa pheletsong ea avCS + 'me ea qetella e le hantle 200 ms, ha chokolete le setlolo se letsoai se ne se hlahisoa ho barupeluoa ba pota-potileng 2 s kamora ho qala ha AppCS +,' me nako e ne e sa hlalosehe hobane e ne e itšetleha ka kapele hakae motho ka mong o li jele. Khetho ea ho fana ka li-US tse ratang takatso ka tsela ena e ne e ipapisitse le thuto e fetileng ho batho (Prévost et al., 2012). Leha ho le joalo, e ne e tla ba mekhoa e metle haholo ho fana ka takatso e matla ea US ho bapisoa le US e tsietsing, joalo ka siphu ea lero kapa ginger ale ho offCS + offset. Bakeng sa ho lefella phapang ena e kholo ea pono, re hlahisitse libopeho tsa sebopeho sa sebopeho hammoho le tšusumetso ea pono e bonts'ang US. Taba ea boraro, re ke ke ra qhelela ka thoko monyetla oa hore likarabo tsa mmele o felisitsoeng ka potlako mohatong oa ho timela li bakoa ke tšobotsi. Ebile, maikutlo a susumetsang mohatong ona a ne a sa hlahisoa hammoho le letšoao la US joalo ka ha ho bile joalo ka mekhahlelo ea phihlello. Ho ka etsahala hore tlhahiso ea li-CS feela e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso ea li-CR mme ka lebaka leo ha ho phapang e kholo e neng e bonahala nakong ea liteko tsa pele tsa ho timela. Leha ho le joalo, likarabo tsa rona tsa ho tima kapele li tsamaellana le likarabo tse felisitsoeng thutong e fetileng eo CS + (sefahleho) e hlahisitsoeng ka eona le US (lerata) nakong ea phaello empa eseng nakong ea ho timela (Lissek et al., 2008).
Ha re phethela, re fumane likarabo tse atlehileng tsa ho khahlapetsa le takatso ea lijo ho khothatso e amanang le ts'okelo le khothatso e amanang le moputso, ka ho latellana. Ho khahlisang, likaroloana tse hlakileng (tsa litekanyetso) le tse hlalositsoeng (tse makatsang) tsa likarabo li sebelitse ka mokhoa o ts'oarang, hobane avCS + e tlalehiloe e le e mpe ebile e susumetsa tšabo 'me appCS + ea tlaleheloa e le e khothatsang le e susumetsang ea tšohanyetso. Ho feta moo, litlhaloso tse hlakileng (tsa litekanyetso) le tsa mmele (SCR) tse hlasimolohileng tsa appCS + li ikhethile, li bonts'a lits'ebetso tse peli tse fapaneng.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
lumela hore baa fokola
Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Collaborative "Tšabo, Matšoenyeho le Mathata a ho Tšoenyeha," SFB-TRR 58, projeke B1.
Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng
The Supplementary Material bakeng sa sehlooho sena se ka fumaneha Inthaneteng ka: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00128/abstract
References
Andreatta, M., Mühlberger, A., Glotzbach-Schoon, E., le Pauli, P. (2013). Ho bolela esale pele ho utloisang bohloko ho khutlisa litekanyetso tsa tlatsetso e amanang le liphallelo. Ka pele. Syst. Neurosci. 7: 53. Doi: 10.3389 / fnsys.2013.00053
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Andreatta, M., Mühlberger, A., Yarali, A., Gerber, B., le Pauli, P. (2010). Phapang lipakeng tsa tlholo e hlakileng le e hlakileng kamora ho ithuta ka liphallelo ho batho. Proc. Biol. Saense. 277, 2411-2416. Doi: 10.1098 / rspb.2010.0103
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Austin, AJ, le Duka, T. (2010). Mekhoa ea ho tsepamisa maikutlo bakeng sa takatso ea lijo le sepheo se khathollang maemong a Pavlovian. Behav. Resin ea Boko. 213, 19-26. Doi: 10.1016 / j.bbr.2010.04.019
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Blumenthal, TD, Cuthbert, BN, Filion, DL, Hackley, S., Lipp, OV, le van Boxtel, A. (2005). Tlaleho ea komiti: litataiso bakeng sa lithuto tsa elektronyographic tsa batho tse qalang. Psychology 42, 1-15. doi: 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Bouton, ME, le Peck, CA (1989). Litlamorao li hlahisa maemo, ho felisoa, le ho khutlisetsoa ka pele tokisetsong ea maemo a monate. Phoofolo. Ithute. Behav. 17, 188-198. Doi: 10.3758 / BF03207634
Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Bradley, MM (2009). Tlhaho e ikhethileng ea tlhaho: Boikutlo le maikutlo. Psychology 46, 1-11. doi: 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Clark, JJ, Hollon, NG, le Phillips, PEM (2012). Litsamaiso tsa boleng ba Pavlovian ho ho ithuta le ho etsa liqeto. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22, 1054-1061. Doi: 10.1016 / j.conb.2012.06.004
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Delgado, MR, Jou, RL, le Phelps, EA (2011). Litsamaiso tsa Neural tse etsang hore maemo a makatse bathong ba nang le li-reinforcers tsa mantlha le tsa bobeli. Ka pele. Neurosci. 5: 71. Doi: 10.3389 / fnins.2011.00071
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Dickinson, A., le Balleine, B. (1994). Matlafatso ea taolo ea ketso e lebisitsoeng ho sepheo. Phoofolo. Ithute. Behav. 22, 1-18. Doi: 10.3758 / BF03199951
Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Fendt, M., le Fanselow, MS (1999). Motheo oa neuroanatomical le neurochemical oa tšabo e nang le maemo. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 23, 743-760. Doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2012.09.006
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Gottfried, JA, O'Doherty, J., le Dolan, RJ (2002). Ho ithuta ka mokhoa o khahlisang le o khelohileng ho batho ba ithutile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse amanang le liketsahalo tse amanang le ketsahalo. J. Neurosci. 22, 10829-10837. E fumaneha inthaneteng ho: http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/24/10829.full
Grillon, C., Baas, JM, Cornwell, B., le Johnson, L. (2006). Boemo ba mohopolo le qobello ea boits'oaro tikolohong ea 'nete e teng: phello ea ho rerela lintho. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 752-759. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2006.03.072
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Hamm, AO, le Weike, AI (2005). The neuropsychology ea ho ithuta ho tšaba le melaoana ea tšabo. Int. J. Kelello ea kelello. 57, 5-14. Doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2005.01.006
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, CJ, Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Khlalir, S., et al. (2009). Litlamorao tsa Neural tsa ho hapa maikutlo a ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano: litlamorao tsa tlhokomeliso ea tšohanyetso le thobalano. J. Bong. Moedi. 6, 3071-3085. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Klucken, T., Wehrum, S., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, CJ, Hennig, J., Vaitl, D., et al. (2013). PhNUMX-HTTLPR polymorphism e amahanngoa le likarabo tse fetotsoeng tsa hemodynamic nakong ea maemo a monate. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 2549-2560. Doi: 10.1002 / hbm.22085
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Koch, M. (1999). The neurobiology ea ho makala. Prog. Neurobiol. 59, 107–128. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00098-7
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Koch, M., Schmid, A., le Schnitzler, H.—U. (1996). Ho khahlisoa ke mokhoa o makatsang oa tšohanyetso ho sitisoa ke ho ruruha ha methapo ea kutlo. Neuroreport 7, 1442–1446. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199605310-00024
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Krohne, HW, Egloff, B., Kohmann, C.-W., le Tausch, A. (1996). Lenane la likhetho tse ntle tsa "Desersuchungen mit einer deutschen der" e Ntle le e Nepahetseng e Nepahetseng e Lintle ”(PANAS). Lekola 42, 139-156.
Kumar, P., Waiter, G., Ahearn, T., Milders, M., Reid, I., le Steele, JD (2008). Phapang e sa tloaelehang ea nakoana ea moputso-lipontšo tsa ho ithuta maemong a sithabetsang. boko 131, 2084-2093. Doi: 10.1093 / boko / awn136
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Laux, L., Glanzmann, P., Schaffner, P., le Spielberger, CD (1981). Sebaka sa Das State-Trait Angstinventar. Weinheim: Teko ea Beltz.
Levy, DJ, le Glimcher, PW (2011). Ho bapisa liapole le lilamunu: ho sebelisa tlhaiso e ikhethileng ea moputso le e akaretsang ea boleng bo holimo bokong. J. Neurosci. 31, 14693-14707. Doi: 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.2218-11.2011
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Lissek, S., Levenson, J., Biggs, AL, Johnson, LL, Ameli, R., Pine, DS, et al. (2008). Tšabo e phahamisitsoeng e nang le tšusumetso ea maemo a bophelo sechabeng a tšoenyang batho ba sa tsotelleng. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 124-132. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2007.06091513
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Martin-Soelch, C., Linthicum, J., le Ernst, M. (2007). Boemo ba ho amohela: litekanyetso tsa neural le litlamorao ho psychopathology. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 31, 426-440. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2006.11.002
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
McDannald, MA, Lucantonio, F., Burke, KA, Niv, Y., le Schoenbaum, G. (2011). Ventral striatum le orbitofrontal cortex ka bobeli li hlokahala bakeng sa thuto e thehiloeng ho mohlala, empa eseng mohlala o se nang mohlala, oa ho matlafatsa. J. Neurosci. 31, 2700-2705. Doi: 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.5499-10.2011
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Milad, MR, le Quirk, G. (2012). Tšabo ea ho timela joalo ka mohlala oa phetolo ea methapo ea kutlo: lilemo tse leshome tsa tsoelo-pele. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 63, 129-111. Doi: 10.1146 / annurev.psych.121208.131631
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Pavlov, IP (1927). Boemo bo Fetohileng: Patlisiso ea Mosebetsi oa 'mele oa Cerebral Cortex. London: Oxford University Press.
Prévost, C., Liljeholm, M., Tyszka, JM, le O'Doherty, JP (2012). Li-Neural Correlates tsa phetisetso e ikhethileng le e akaretsang ea Pavlovian-to-instrumental ka har'a libaka tsa batho tsa amygdalar: thuto e phahameng ea fMRI. J. Neurosci. 32, 8383-8390. Doi: 10.1523 / jneurosci.6237-11.2012
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Tranel, D., le Damasio, H. (1994). Li-correlates tsa Neuroanatomical tsa likarabo tsa letlalo tsa electrodermal. Psychology 31, 427–438. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01046.x
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: boemo ba boemo ba khale, moputso, kotlo, mokhoa o makatsang, karabelo ea letlalo
Caring: Andreatta M le Pauli P (2015) Takatso ea maemo le maemo a leholimo bathong. Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 128. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2015.00128
E amohetse: 11 February 2015; E amohetsoe: 05 May 2015;
E phatlalalitsoe: 19 May 2015.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Ke Niels Birbaumer, Univesithi ea Tuebingen, Jeremane
Hlahloba by:
Tim Klucken, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Jeremane
Alessandro Angrilli, Univesithi ea Padova, Italy
Copyright © 2015 Andreatta le Pauli. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Sengoli: Marta Andreatta, Lefapha la Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, le Psychotherapy), Univesithi ea Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9-11, D-97070 Würzburg, Jeremane, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
;
