Bopaki ba ts'oaetso ea tsoekere: liphello tsa boitšoaro le tsa methapo ea metsoako ea metsoako e feteletseng (2008)

Ho itlopa lijo

Tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000, Koob le Le Moal, 1997). Ea pele, ho itlopa joala, ho hlalosoa e le kholo ea ho ja haholo ka nako e le 'ngoe, hangata ka mor'a nako ea boithaopo kapa ho tlatlapuoa ka likhoka. Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ka mokhoa oa ho loma e ka hlaha ho tsoa ho maikutlo le mamello ho thepa ea kutlo ea ntho e hlekefetsang e etsahalang ka ho tsamaisoa hangata. Sensitization, e hlalositsoeng ka botlalo ka tlase, ke keketseho ea ho arabela ka khothalletso e hlahisoang khafetsa. mamello ke phokotso ea butle-butle ea karabelo, hoo ho hlokahalang hore ntho e eketsehileng e hlahise phello e tšoanang (McSweeney et al., 2005). Ka bobeli li nahanoa ho susumetsa litlamorao tse matla, tse matlafatsang tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso mme li bohlokoa qalong ea potoloho ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi kaha ka bobeli li ka eketsa ho arabela le ho ja haholo (Koob le Le Moal, 2005).

Ho khaotsa

Matšoao a ho tlohela a bonahala ha ntho e hlekefelitsoeng e se e sa fumanehe kapa e thibetsoe ka lik'hemik'hale. Re tla tšohla ho khaotsa ho latela ho tlosoa ha opiate, e nang le matšoao a hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng (Martin et al., 1963, Way et al., 1969). Ho tšoenyeha ho ka hlalosoa ka ts'ebetso le ho lekanngoa liphoofolong tse sebelisang mofuta o phahameng oa tlatsetso, moo liphoofolo tse tšoenyehileng li ka qobang ho qeta nako li le matsohong a bulehileng ka tlung.Faele et al., 2004). Teko ena e netefalitsoe haholo bakeng sa matšoenyeho ka kakaretso (Pellow et al., 1985) le matšoenyeho a susumetsoang ke ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi (File le Andrews, 1991). Ho sithabela ha boitšoaro ka har'a liphoofolo le hona ho ka kenngoa, ntle le ho bua ka maikutlo, ho sebelisa liteko tse qobelloang, tse lekang boiteko ba ho sesa bapisoa le ho thellisa tse thellang (Psolt et al., 1978). Ha matšoao a ho khaola opiate a behelloa ka ntle le naloxone, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse hoa li-opioid receptors ke hona ho bakang. Ha matšoao a tšoanang a hlahisoa ka mokhoa o ikemetseng nakong ea thobalano, motho a ka nahana hore ke ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke ts'usumetso ea sistimi e 'ngoe ea opioid.

Ho lakatsa

Mokhahlelo oa boraro oa bokhoba, ho lakatsa, o hlaha ha tšusumetso e ntlafatsoa, ​​hangata kamora nako ea ho itšila (Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2005, Weiss, 2005). "Ho lakatsa" e ntse e le polelo e sa hlalosoang hantle e atisang ho sebelisoa ho hlalosa takatso e matla ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho batho (Bohlale, 1988). Ka lebaka la ho haella ha lentsoe le betere, re tla sebelisa lentsoe "ho lakatsa" joalo ka ha ho hlalosoa boiteko bo eketsehang ba ho fumana ntho ea tlhekefetso kapa litabatabelo tsa eona ka lebaka la ho lemalla le ho ila. "Ho lakatsa" hangata ho bua ka tšusumetso e fetelletseng, e ka lekanngoeng le maemo a sebetsang. Haeba ho tila ho etsa hore phoofolo e eketse khatello ea eona ea lever, motho a ka e nka e le sesupo sa khothatso e ntlafalitsoeng.

Sensitization

Ntle le litekanyetso tse boletsoeng ka holimo tsa tlhahlobo, maikutlo a boits'oarong ho nahanoa hore a koala likarolo tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Vanderschuren le Kalivas, 2000). Boitšoaro ba boitšoaro bo tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang e le phokotso ea letho mabapi le ts'ebetso ea taolo e pheta-phetoang ea lithethefatsi. Mohlala, kamora litekanyetso tse ngata tsa amphetamine tse lateloang ke ho ila, lethal e le phephetso, le nang le phello e fokolang ho liphoofolo tsa nave, le baka tšenyo e kholo (Antelman le Caggiula, 1996, Glick le ba bang, 1986). Liphoofolo tse lemohuoang nthong e le 'ngoe hangata li bonts'a maikutlo a sefapano, a hlalosoang e le karabelo e eketsehang ea locomotor ho sethethefatsi kapa ntho e fapaneng. Boitšoaro ba maikutlo bo ka boela ba bonahala ka boits'oaro bo kopanyang (Piazza et al., 1989). Liphoofolo tse lemosetsoeng moriana o le mong li ka bonts'a ho ja ho eketsehileng ha sethethefatsi se seng. Ka mantsoe a mang, lithethefatsi tse ling li sebetsa e le “tsela ea ho ea” ho e mong. Mohlala, liphoofolo tse lemositsoeng hore amphetamine li bontša ho nyoloha ka sekhahla hoa tšebeliso ea koae (Ferrario le Robinson, 2007), le liphoofolo tse lemosetsoeng nicotine ho jella joala bo bongata ha bo bapisoa le liphoofolo tse se nang maikutlo (Blomqvist et al., 1996). Boitšoaro bona bo nahanoa hore bo tla etsahala ha lithethefatsi tse fapaneng li kenya ts'ebetsong mokhoa o tšoanang oa neural, hape ke lona lebaka le etsang hore bakuli ba bangata ba hloke ho khaotsa lithethefatsi ka botlalo e le boemo ba kalafo bakeng sa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi.Bohlale, 1988).

Potso ea pele e botsoang ke tlhahlobo ena ke hore na litšobotsi tsena tsa ts'ebetso e hlalositsoeng ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea thepa li ka fumanoa ka phihlello ea tsoekere nako le nako. Potso ea bobeli e hlahloba litsamaiso tsa neural ho fumana hore na tsoekere e ka ba le litlamorao joang joalo ka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso.

3.A. Dopamine

Ho thehiloe hantle hore lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li kenya li-neuron tse nang le DA libakeng tsa bokong tse sebetsanang le ho matlafatsa boitšoaro. Sena se bontšitsoe lithethefatsi tse tlisoang ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng (Di Chiara le Imperato, 1988, Radhakishun et al., 1983), le bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse kentsoeng kapa tse kenngoeng sebakeng seo (Hernandez le Hoebel, 1988, Mifsud et al., 1989). Morero oa "mesolimbic DA" ho tloha sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental" (VTA) ho ea ho NAc hangata o kenella mesebetsing ea ntlafatso (Bohlale le Bozarth, 1984). NAc e bohlokoa bakeng sa likarolo tse 'maloa tsa "moputso" ho kenyelletsa ho batla lijo le matlafatso a ho ithuta, khothatso, khothatso ea ts'usumetso le ho supa phetoho ea ts'usumetso (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1999, Berridge le Robinson, 1998, Salamone, 1992, Schultz et al., 1997, Bohlale, 1988). Neurotransmitter efe kapa efe e ka kotloloho kapa ka kotloloho e tsosetsang 'mele ea lisele tsa DA ho VTA e matlafatsa boitaolo ba lehae, ho kenyeletsoa le li-opioid tse kang enkephalin (Glimcher et al., 1984), li-peptide tse se nang opioid tse kang neurotensin (Glimcher et al., 1987) le lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa tlhekefetso (Bozarth le Bohlale, 1981, Gessa et al., 1985, McBride et al., 1999). Lithethefatsi tse ling tse lemalloang le tsona li sebetsa liteisheneng tsa DA (Cheer et al., 2004, Mifsud et al., 1989, Nisell et al., 1994, Westerink et al., 1987, Yoshimoto et al., 1992). Kahoo, ntho efe kapa efe e bakang khafetsa ho lokolloa ha DA kapa e fokotsa ho khutlisoa ha DA litsing ka litsamaiso tsena e ka ba moemeli oa tlhekefetso.

Lijo tse fapaneng li ka lokolla DA ho NAc, ho kenyelletsa labop, tsoekere, saccharin le oli ea poone (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1997, Hajnal et al., 2004, Liang et al., 2006, Mark et al., 1991, Rada le al., 2005b). Ho nyoloha ha DA ea kantle ho naha ho ka mpefatsa lijo ka likhoto tse fokolisitsoeng ke lijo (Hernandez le Hoebel, 1988). Leha ho le joalo, liphoofolong tse khotsofetse, tokollo ena ea DA e bonahala e itšetleha ka ntho e ncha hobane e batla e fumaneha khafetsa, leha lijo li fumaneha habonolo (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1997, Rada le al., 2005b). Mokhelo, o hlalositsoeng ka tlase (Karolo ea 5.C.), ke ha liphoofolo li felloa ke lijo le ho fepa tsoekere nako le nako.

DA ea extracellular e fokotseha ka karabelo ea ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi (Acquas et al., 1991, Acquas le Di Chiara, 1992, Rada et al., 2004, Rossetti et al., 1992). Matšoao a ho khaotsa ho lithethefatsi tsa dopaminergic ha a hlalosoe hantle ho feta a ileng a bonoa nakong ea ho khaoloa ha opiates. Ka hona, ho kanna ha ba bonolo ho lemoha matšoao a ho tlohela ha u sebelisa lijo tse lokollang bobeli ba DA le li-opioid. Tsoekere ke e 'ngoe ea lijo tse joalo.

3.B. Li-opioids

Li-peptide tsa opioid li hlahisoa haholo ho ts'ebetso ea li-limbic hape li hokahane le lits'ebetso tsa DA libakeng tse ngata tsa forebrain (Haber le Lu, 1995, Levine le Billington, 2004, Miller le Pickel, 1980). Lisebelisoa tsa endio native opioid li hlahisa tse ling tsa litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea matlafatso ka ho sebelisana le lits'ebetso tsa DA (Bozarth le Bohlale, 1986, Di Chiara le Imperato, 1986, Leibowitz le Hoebel, 2004). Opioid peptide enkephalin ho NAc e amana le moputso (Bals-Kubik et al., 1989, Bozarth le Bohlale, 1981, Maqheku, 1982, Spanagel et al., 1990) hape e ka etsa hore li-receptor tsa mu le tsa delta li eketse tokollo ea DA (Spanagel et al., 1990). Morphine e fetola mofuta oa polelo ea peptide ea endo native opioid ha e ntse e eketsa tlhahiso ea li-peptide ea opioid ho NAc (Przewlocka et al., 1996, Spangler et al., 2003,Turchan et al., 1997). Li-opioids le tsona ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa sistimi ena e le li-cotransmitter tse nang le GABA libakeng tse ling tsa khumo le dorsal striatal.Kelley et al., 2005).

Tšebeliso e pheta-phetoang ea li-opiates, kapa lithethefatsi tse ling tse seng tsa opiate, li ka baka tšusumetso ea mu-opioid receptor libakeng tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa NAc (Koob et al., 1992, Ho lokolloa, 2001). Mohanyetsi oa mu-receptor o kentsoeng ho NAc o tla bona melemo ea heroin (Vaccarino et al., 1985), 'me ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng lithethefatsi tse joalo li sebelisitsoe e le kalafo bakeng sa ho lemalla joala le ts'ebeliso ea heroine (Deas et al., 2005, Hlahisa et al., 2003, Martin, 1975, O'Brien, 2005, Volpicelli et al., 1992).

Ho kenella ha lijo tse matlafatsoang ho na le litlamorao ka li-opioid tsa khale libakeng tse fapaneng (Dum et al., 1983, Mercer le Holder, 1997, Tanda le Di Chiara, 1998), le ente ea li-mu-opioid agonists ho NAc e eketsa ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura kapa tsoekere (Zhang et al., 1998, Zhang le Kelley, 2002). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bahanyetsi ba opioid, ba fokotsa ho kenella ha lijo tse monate le ho khutsisa lijo tse ratehang, tse ratoang, esita le litekanyetso tse sa sebetseng tšebelisong e tloaelehileng ea chow.Glass et al., 1999). Khokahano ena ea opioid-palatability e tšoauoa hape ke likhopolo tseo ho tsona matlafatso a khetholloang ho tsamaiso ea dopaminergic bakeng sa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso le "opingid" kapa "monate" ea likarabo tsa hedonic (Berridge, 1996, Robinson le Berridge, 1993, Stein, 1978). Bopaki ba hore li-opioid ho NAc li susumetsa maikutlo a hedonic bo tsoa ho data e bonts'ang hore morphine e ntlafatsa litekanyetso tsa tatso ea sefahleho ea "rats" bakeng sa tharollo e monate molomong (Pecina le Berridge, 1995). Kamano e pakeng tsa "ho batla" le "ho rata" e boetse e khothalletsoa ke lithuto ho batho (Finlayson et al., 2007).

3.C. Acetylcholine

Lits'ebetso tse 'maloa tsa cholinergic bokong li kentsoe tšebetsong ea lijo le lithethefatsi, hape li amana le DA le opioids (Kelley et al., 2005, Rada et al., 2000, Yeomans, 1995). Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho li-interneurons tsa ACh ho NAc, tsamaiso ea methapo ea morphine e fokotsa ho fetoha ha ACh (Smith le al., 1984), ntho e netefalitsoeng ke Ka vivo Microphilona ho litoeba tse sebetsang ka bolokolohi (Fiserova et al., 1999, Rada le al., 1991a, 1996). Li-interneuron tsa Cholinergic ho NAc li ka khetha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa mofuta oa polelo ea enkephalin le tokollo ea peptide (Kelley et al., 2005). Nakong ea ho khaotsa morphine, extracellular ACh e eketseha ho NAc ha DA e le tlase, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore naha ena ea methapo e ka ameha likarolong tse qholotsang tsa ho tlohela (Pothos et al., 1991, Rada le al., 1991b, 1996). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, nicotine le ho itlopa joala ka bobeli li eketsa extracellular ACh, ha li ntse li theola DA ho NAc (De Witte le al., 2003, Rada et al., 2001, 2004). Boemo bona ba ho tlohela bo ka kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo ka boitshwaro, hobane li-Mon-receptor agonists tse kentsoeng ho NAc li ka baka khatello ea maikutlo teko e qobelloang ea ho sesa (Chau le al., 1999). Karolo ea ACh ea ho tlosoa ha lithethefatsi e bontšitsoe hape ka li-inhibitors tse tsamaisitsoeng tsa acetylcholinesterase, tse ka fanang ka matšoao a ho tlohela ho liphoofolo tse sa its'epahalleng (Katz le Valentino, 1984, Turski et al., 1984).

ACh ho NAc le eona e kentsoe tšebelisong ea lijo. Re lumela hore phello ea eona e akaretsang ea 'mino oa mokokotlo ke ho thibela ho fepa li-receptor tsa M1 kaha ente ea lehae ea motsoako oa motsoako o kopanetsanang o tla thibela phepelo, mme phello ena e ka thibeloa ke pirenzapine e itseng ea M1 (Rada le Hoebel, e sa phatlalatsoang). Ho fepa satiety ho eketsa extracellular ACh ho NAc (Avena et al., 2006, Mark et al., 1992). Ho rata tatso e nang le maemo ho boetse ho eketsa ACh ho NAc mme ka nako e ts'oanang e theola DA (Mark et al., 1991, 1995). D-fenfluramine e kopantsoeng le phentermine (Fen-Phen) e eketsa extracellular ACh ho NAc ka tekanyetso e thibelang ho ja le ho itaola ka mokhoa oa cocaine (Glowa et al., 1997, Rada le Hoebel, 2000). Likhoto tse nang le liphoso tse tlisoang ke chefo ea ACh ke li-hyperphagic tse amanang le likhoto tse sa tlosoang (Hajnal et al., 2000).

Bolelele ba DA / ACh bo laoloa ka karolo ke mekhoa ea hypothalamic bakeng sa ho fepa le ho satiety. Norepinephrine le galanin, e khothalletsang ho ja ha e kenngoe ka har'a patsi ea "patisi" (PVN), e ka tlase e bokellang ACh (Hajnal et al., 1997, Rada et al., 1998). Phapang ke neuropeptide-Y, e khothalletsang ho ja ha e kenngoe PVN, empa e sa eke tokollo ea DA kapa ea theola ACh (Rada et al., 1998). Tumellanong le khopolo, motsoako o hlahisang serotonin le ente ea CCK ho PVN o eketsa li-accumbens ACh (Helm et al., 2003).

Ho khahla haholo hore ha DA e le tlase ebile e le ACh e phahameng, ho bonahala eka sena ha e thelle, empa ho e-na le hoo e fetoha naha e phehellang (Hoebel et al., 1999), joalo ka nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo (Zangen et al., 2001, Rada et al., 2006), ho tlosa lithethefatsi (Rada le al., 1991b, 1996, 2001, 2004) le khaolo e latsoang tatso (Mark et al., 1995). Re phethela ka hore ha ACh e sebetsa joaloka post-synaptic M1 agonist e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng le DA, ka hona e ka sebetsa joalo ka "brake" mesebetsing ea dopaminergic (Hoebel et al., 1999, Rada et al., 2007) ho baka satiety ha DA e phahame le khatello ea maikutlo ha DA e le tlase.

4.A. “Ho itlopa lijo”: Ho tšela tsoekere letsatsi le leng le le leng le ho ja haholo

Ho phahamisa takatso ea matla ke tšobotsi ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Sena e kanna ea kopanya mamello, eo ho eona ntho e sebelisoang hampe e hlokahalang ho hlahisa litlamorao tse tšoanang (Koob le Le Moal, 2005), le sensitization, joalo ka sensomotor sensitization, moo ntho e hlahisang ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebetso (Vezina et al., 1989). Boithuto bo sebelisang boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi hangata bo fokotsa phihlello ea lihora tse 'maloa ka letsatsi, nakong eo liphoofolo li tla iphelisa hangata ka linako tse fapaneng tse fapaneng e le ts'ebetso ea tekanyetso e amohetseng (Gerber le Wise, 1989) le ka tsela e bolokang DA ea kantle ho naha e phahame ka holim'a motheo, kapa "ntlha e tsosang" ho NAc (Ranaldi et al., 1999, Wise et al., 1995). Bolelele ba phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi bo bontšitsoe hore bo ama ka mokhoa o tebileng boits'oaro bo latelang ba tsamaiso. Mohlala, cocaine e ngata e tsamaisoa ka nako ea metsotso e 10 ea pele ea thupelo ha phihlello bonyane bonyane 6 h ka letsatsi (Ahmed le Koob, 1998). Linako tse lekanyelitsoeng tsa ho fihlella, ho theha "li-binges", li bile molemo, hobane mokhoa oa boits'oaro o hlaha o ts'oana le oa mosebelisi oa lithethefatsi ea "qobelloang" (Markou et al., 1993, Mutschler le Miczek, 1998, O'Brien et al., 1998). Le ha lithethefatsi, joalo ka koae, li fanoa ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang, batho kapa liphoofolo tse sebetsang li tla ipeha maemong a pheta-phetoang kapa ho "phephetsa" (Bozarth le Bohlale, 1985, Deneau et al., 1969). Leha ho le joalo, phihlello e kenelletseng ea liteko tse ntlafalitsoeng e molemo ho feta ad libitum phihlello bakeng sa liteko tsa tlhahlobo, hobane ho na le monyetla oa hore phoofolo e ka nka bonyane e le 'ngoe e kholo qalong ea nako ea ho fumaneha ha lithethefatsi. Ho feta moo, nako ea thibelo ea lijo e ka ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Carr, 2006, Carroll, 1985) mme o bonts'itsoe ho hlahisa li-neruoadaptations tse tlatselletsang tsamaisong ea DA ea machoaccumbens (Pan et al., 2006).

Liphumano tsa boitšoaro ka tsoekere li ts'oana le tse bonoang ka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Likhoto li fepa tsoekere e tsoang kamehla letsatsi le leng le le leng 'me li eketsa tsoekere ea tsona' me li eketsa tsoekere ea bona nakong ea hora ea pele ea phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi, eo re e hlalosang e le "ho itlopa" (Colantuoni et al., 2001). Liphoofolo le ad libitum ho fihlella tharollo ea tsoekere ho tloaetse ho e noella letsatsi lohle, ho kenyelletsa le nako ea bona e sa sebetseng. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li eketsa takatso ea tsona ea lijo, empa liphoofolo tse fihlellang tse lekanyelitsoeng li ja tsoekere e ngata ho isa ho 12 h ad libitum- liphoofolo tse tsoetsoeng li entsoe ka 24 h. Tlhatlhobo e qaqileng ea sebopeho sa lijo e sebelisang maemo a sebetsang (tekanyo e tsitsitseng ea 1) e senola hore liphoofolo tse fokolang li ja tsoekere e ngata qalong ea phihlello, le lijo tse kholo, tse fokolang tsa tsoekere nakong eohle ea phihlello, ha li bapisoa le liphoofolo tse noang tsoekere. ad libitum (Feie. 1; Avena le Hoebel, ba sa ngolisoe). Likhoto tse fepisitsoeng Daily Intermittent tsoekere le Chow li laola ho ja ha tsona ka ho theola takatso ea tsona ea ho fepa lik'hilojule tse eketsehileng tse fumanoang tsoekere, tse hlahisang boima ba 'mele bo tloaelehileng (Avena, Bocarsly, Rada, Kim le Hoebel, bo sa ngolisoe, Avena et al., 2003b, Colantuoni et al., 2002).

 

Setšoantšo sa 1

Tlhahlobo ea lijo tsa likhoto tse peli tsa baemeli ba lulang likamoreng tse sebetsang. Eo e bolokiloeng ho Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow (mela e metšo) e ne e le tsoekere e ntseng e eketseha ea tsoekere ha e bapisoa le e 'ngoe e fuoeng Ad libitum Sucrose le Chow (mela e putsoa). Hour 0 ke 4 ...

4.B. “Ho ikhula”: Matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo e hlahisoang ke opioid-antagonist kapa ho hloka lijo

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea 2, liphoofolo li ka bonts'a matšoao a ho khaotsa ho sebelisa opiate kamora ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ha ntho ea tlhekefetso e tlosoa, kapa recaptor e nepahetseng ea synaptic e koetsoe. Mohlala, mohanyetsi oa opioid a ka sebelisoa ho thusa ho tlosa chelete boemong ba ho itšetleha ka opiate (Espejo et al., 1994, Koob et al., 1992). Ho litoeba, ho ikhula ho opangate ho baka matšoao a matla a somatic (Martin et al., 1963, Way et al., 1969), o fokotseha ka mocheso oa mmele (Ary et al., 1976), mabifi (Kantak le Miczek, 1986), le matšoenyeho (Schulteis et al., 1998), hammoho le bokuli bo susumetsoang ke dysphoria le khatello ea maikutlo (De Vries le Shippenberg, 2002, Koob le Le Moal, 1997).

Matšoao ana a ho khaotsa opioid a hlokometse kamora ho fihlella ha tsoekere nako le nako ha ho khaoloa ho laoloa hape ka mohanyetsi oa opioid, kapa ha lijo le tsoekere li tlosoa. Ha ho fanoa ka tekanyetso e phahameng ea opioid antagonist naloxone (3 mg / kg, sc), matšoao a ho khaotsa, joalo ka menoang, ho thothomela hoa pele le ho thothomela hoa hlooho.Colantuoni et al., 2002). Liphoofolo tsena le tsona lia tšoenyeha, joalo ka ha li fokotsoa ke nako e sebelisitsoeng letsohong le pepesitsoeng la moalo o phahameng haholo (Colantuoni et al., 2002) (Feie. 2).

 

Setšoantšo sa 2

Nako e sebelisitsoeng matlong a bulehileng a mochini o moholo oa tlatsetso. Lihlopha tse 'ne tsa likhoto li ile tsa bolokoa lijong tsa tsona tsa khoeli e le' ngoe ebe li fuoa naloxone (3 mg / kg, sc). Sehlopha sa Daily Intermittent Glucose le Chow se qetile nako e nyane ka matsoho a bulehileng ...

Ho sithabela maikutlo ka boitšoaro bo botle ho boetse ho fumanoe nakong ea ha ho tlosoa likhakanyo tsa vexone nakong ea litheko tsa nakoana tse tsoekere. Thutong ena, likhoto li ile tsa fuoa tlhahlobo ea ho sesa ea metsotso e mehlano moo ho neng ho lekantsoe boitšoaro le ho sesa. Ebe likhoto li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'ne tse fepiloeng Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow, Daily Intermittent Chow, Ad libitum Sucrose le Chow, kapa Ad libitum Chow matsatsi a 5. Ka letsatsi la 21, ka nako eo likhoto tse fepeloang nakoana li neng li tla fumana tsoekere le / kapa chow, likhoto tsohle li ne li kenngoa ka lexxone (22 mg / kg, sc) ho etsa qeto ea ho tlohela ebe li kenngoa ka metsing hape bakeng sa teko e 'ngoe. Sehlopheng se neng se filoe Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow, boits'oaro ba ho baleha bo ile ba hatelloa haholo ha bo bapisoa le Ad libitum Sucrose le Chow le Ad libitum Chow (Feie. 3; Kim, Avena le Hoebel, ba sa ngolisoe). Phokotso ena ea boiteko ba ho phonyoha e ileng ea nkeloa sebaka ke ho phaphamala ka metsing ho bontša hore likhoto li bile le khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea ho ikhula.

 

Setšoantšo sa 3

Likhoto tse bolokiloeng ho Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow ha li sisinyehe ho feta lihlopha tse laolang tlhahlobo e qobelloang ea ho sesa nakong ea khaolo ea naloxone. * p <0.05 ha e bapisoa le Ad libitum Sugar le Chow le Ad libitum Chow lihlopha. ...

Matšoao a ho khaola opiate le 'ona a hlaha ha lijo tsohle li tlosoa bakeng sa 24 h. Hape, sena se kenyelletsa matšoao a kang a ho oma meno, ho thothomela phatla le ho thothomela hoa hlooho (Colantuoni et al., 2002) le matšoenyeho joalo ka ha a lekantsoe le mofuta o phahameng oa tlatsetso (Avena, Bocarsly, Rada, Kim le Hoebel, o sa hatisoe). Ho itlhahisa ka boithatelo ho ntšitsoeng tsoekere ho tlalehiloe ho sebelisa mocheso oa 'mele o theohileng joalo ka mokhoa oa (Widman et al., 2005). Hape, matšoao a boitšoaro bo mabifi a fumanoe nakong ea ho khaotsa lijo tse kenyelletsang phihlello ea tsoekere nako le nako (Galic le Persinger, 2002).

4.C. “Ho Rata”: Ho arabela ka mokhoa o ntlafatsang bakeng sa tsoekere ka mor'a ho itlotsa

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea 2, "ho lakatsa" liphoofolo tse sebetsang ka tlung ho ka hlalosoa e le tšusumetso e matla ea ho fumana ntho e hlekefelitsoeng (Koob le Le Moal, 2005). Kamora ho iketsetsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ebe ka mor'a moo ba qobelloa ho hana, hangata liphoofolo li phehella ho arabela ka mokhoa o sa lefelloeng (ke hore, ho hanyetsa karabelo), le ho eketsa karabelo ea tsona bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse neng li amana le moriana o hola ka nako (ke hore, ho kenella kahare) (Bienkowski et al., 2004, Grimm et al., 2001, Lu et al., 2004). Ho kenyelletsa moo, haeba moriana o ka boela oa fumaneha hape, liphoofolo li tla nka tse fetang kamoo li neng li etsa ka teng pele ho thipa (ka mantsoe a reng, "phello ea tlholeho") (Sinclair le Senter, 1968). Keketseho ena ea tšusumetso ea ho fumana ntho ea tlhekefetso e ka tlatsetsa ho oeleng hape. Matla a "ho lakatsa" a bonahatsoa ke liphetho tse bonts'ang hore ka linako tse ling liphoofolo li tla tobana le litlamorao tse mpe ho fumana ntho e hlekefetsang joalo ka koae kapa joala (Deroche-Gamonet et al., 2004, Dickinson et al., 2002, Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2004). Matšoao ana a liphoofolo tse sebelisang maiketsetso a tšoana le a batho bao ho bonahatsoang ha tšusumetso ea nakoana e amanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho eketsa litlaleho tsa boithati le monyetla oa ho oela hape (O'Brien et al., 1977, 1998).

Re sebelisitse "phello ea ho nyahlatsa" ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tšebeliso ea tsoekere ka mor'a ho khaotsa likhoto tse neng li ntse li ja tsoekere. Kamora ho fihlella tsoekere letsatsi le leng le le leng la 12-h, tsoekere ea likhoto bakeng sa tsoekere e fetang 23% tekong kamora liteko tse peli tse fetileng tsa ho ila seo ba neng ba se etsa pele (Feie. 4; Avena et al., 2005). Sehlopha se nang le ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi ka leng ea 0.5-h letsatsi le letsatsi ha sea ka sa bontša phello. Sena se fana ka sehlopha sa taolo e kopanetsoeng eo ho eona likhoto li tloaetseng tatso ea sucrose, empa li sa e je ka tsela e lebisang phelisong. Liphetho li supa phetoho tšusumetsong ea tsoekere e tsoelang pele libeke tse peli tsa ho ila, e lebisang keketsong e matlafalitsoeng.

 

Setšoantšo sa 4

Kamora matsatsi a 14 a ho tlohela tsoekere, likhoto tse neng li na le phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 12-h li eketsehile haholo ho hatella glucose ho 123% ea karabelo pele ho ts'ebeliso, ho bonts'a sepheo se eketsehileng sa tsoekere. Sehlopha se nang le phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 0.5-h se entse ...

Ntle le moo, joalo ka litlhare tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo, tšusumetso ea ho fumana tsoekere e bonahala e "incubate", kapa e hola, ka bolelele ba ho ithiba (Shalev et al., 2001). Sebelisa boemo bo sebetsang, Grimm le basebetsi-mmoho (2005) fumana hore ho batla ka mokhoa o nepahetseng (ho hatella ka mokhoa o nyelisang le ho sesa ka sefahleho) hoa eketseha nakong ea ho itšila likhotong kamora ho fihlella tsoekere ka matsatsi a 10. Ho makatsang ke hore ho arabela sefubeng ho ne ho le kholo ka mor'a matsatsi a 30 a ho khaotsa ho tsuba ha ho bapisoa le beke e le 1 kapa letsatsi le le leng. Liphetho tsena li supa ho hlaha butle butle ha liphetoho tsa nako e telele ho potoloha ea neural e susumetsoang ka lebaka la ho itaola le ho inehela tsoekere.

4.D. "Tsebiso ea sefapano": Karabelo e eketsehang ea li-locomotor ho li-psychostimulants nakong ea ho ila tsoekere

Ho susumetsoa ke tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea taolo ea lithethefatsi 'me ea ameha e le sesosa sa tlatsetso tlatsong ea lithethefatsi (Robinson le Berridge, 1993). Ka teko e tloaelehileng ea maikutlo, phoofolo e amohela lithethefatsi letsatsi le letsatsi hoo e ka bang beke, ebe ts'ebetso ea emisa. Leha ho le joalo, bokong ho na le liphetoho tse tšoarellang, esita le tse ntseng li hola kamora beke kapa ho feta ha tekanyetso e tlase ea phehisano ea lithethefatsi e hlahisa hyperlocomotion (Kalivas le al., 1992). Ntle le moo, maikutlo a sefapano ho tloha lithethefatsing se seng ho ea ho se seng a bontšitsoe ka lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa le amphetamine sensitizing rats to cocaine or phencyclidine (Greenberg le Segal, 1985, Kalivas le Weber, 1988, Pierce le Kalivas, 1995, Schenk et al., 1991), k'habeche ea linotsi e natefeloa ke joala (Itzhak le Martin, 1999), le heroin e nang le cannabis (Pontieri et al., 2001). Lithuto tse ling li fumane phello ena ka lintho tse seng lithethefatsi. Kameho ea maikutlo a boitšoaro bohareng ba cocaine le khatello ea maikutlo li bontšitsoe (Antelman le Caggiula, 1977, Covington le Miczek, 2001, Prasad et al., 1998). Hape, keketseho ea takatso ea lijo (Bakshi le Kelley, 1994) kapa boits'oaro ba thobalano (Fiorino le Phillips, 1999, Nocjar le Panksepp, 2002) li hlokometsoe ho liphoofolo tse nang le nalane ea ho lematsa lithethefatsi.

Rona le ba bang re fumane hore Intermittent tsoekere e jang matsoai le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Likhohla tse utluoang ka ente ea amphetamine ea letsatsi le leng le le leng (3 mg / kg, ip) e na le khatello ea mali beke e le 'ngoe ka mor'a ho latsoa tatso ea 10% (Avena le Hoebel, 2003a). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likhoto li fepile Daily Intermittent Sugar le Chow li bonts'a maikutlo a sefapano ho amphetamine. Ka ho khetheha, liphoofolo tse joalo li na le phello e matla ha li arabela tekanyetso e tlase, e phephetsang ea amphetamine (0.5 mg / kg, ip) e sa nang le phello ho liphoofolo tsa naïve, le kamora matsatsi a 8 a ho tlohela tsoekere (Feie. 5; Avena le Hoebel, 2003b). Likhoto tse bolokiloeng lenaneong lena la phepo empa li tsamaisoa ka saline li ne li se na khatello ea mali hape, ebile litoeba li ne li se lihlopheng tsa taolo (Daily Intermittent Chow, Ad libitum Sugar le Chow, Ad libitum Chow) ba fuoe lethal dose la phephetso ea amphetamine. Ho kenella ka mokhoa o kenelletseng ka mokhoa o kenelletseng le hona ho khatholla maikutlo ka koae (Gosnell, 2005) hape e thusa nts'etsopele ea ntlafatso ea maikutlo ho DA agonist quinpirole (Foley et al., 2006). Kahoo, sephetho le bo-ramahlale ba bararo ba fapaneng ba li-labourist tse tharo tse fapaneng ba tšehetsa thuto ea hore ts'ebetso ea DA e khahlisoa ke phihlello ea tsoekere, joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke maikutlo a fapakaneng. Sena ke sa bohlokoa ho tloha ha mesolimbic dopaminergic neurotransication e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba maikutlo le tšusumetso ea maikutlo (Robinson le Berridge, 1993), hape e ka kenya letsoho ho ho lemalla le ho hlonama ka tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi.

 

Setšoantšo sa 5

Ts'ebetso ea locomotor ka k'haraveneng ea lifoto e reriloeng e le liperesente tsa likheo tsa mantlha tsa borashe ka letsatsi 0. Liroto li ile tsa bolokoa matsatsi a 21 litsing tse boletsoeng tsa lijo. Likhoto tse bolokiloeng ho Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow li bile le khatello e matla matsatsi a robong hamorao ka karabelo ...

4.E. “Phello e ntle”: Ho eketsa joala haholo nakong ea ho itšoaetsa tsoekere

Liphuputso tse ngata li fumane hore ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho moriana o le mong ho ka lebisa ho ho se sebetse hantle feela, empa hape le ho natefeloa hoa moriana kapa ntho e 'ngoe e latelang (Ellgren et al., 2006, Henningfield et al., 1990, Hubbell et al., 1993, Liguori et al., 1997, Nichols et al., 1991, Piazza et al., 1989, Vezina, 2004, Vezina et al., 2002, Volpicelli et al., 1991). Re bua ka ketsahalo ena e le "maikutlo a fetisang maikutlo". Libukeng tsa bongaka, ha sethethefatsi se seng se isa ho se seng, sena se tsejoa e le "phello ea". Ho bohlokoa haholo ha sethethefatsi se molaong (mohlala, nicotine) se sebetsa e le tsela ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (mohlala, k'hok'heine) (Lai et al., 2000).

Likhoto tse bolokiloeng phihlelong ea tsoekere nako le nako ebe li qobelloa ho hana, hamorao li bonts'a tšebeliso e matla ea tahi ea 9% (Avena et al., 2004). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fihlela tsoekere nako le nako e ka ba tsela ea ho sebelisa joala haholo. Ba bang ba bontšitse hore liphoofolo tse ratang tatso e monate li tla ikhalemela koae ka lebelo le phahameng (Carroll et al., 2006). Joalo ka maikutlo a sefapano sa locomotor a hlalositsoeng kaholimo, motheo oa ts'ebetso ena ke liphetoho tse ka bang teng bokong, joalo ka liphetoho tsa DA le mohlomong mesebetsi ea opioid.

5.A. Ho ja lijo tse nang le tsoekere tse ngata D₁, D₂ le mu-opioid receptor e tlamang le polelo ea mRNA

Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka fetola li-receptor tsa DA le li-opioid libakeng tsa mesolimbic bokong. Lithuto tsa mahlale a limela tse khethiloeng D₁, D₂ le D₃ bahanyetsi ba li-receptor le lithibelo tsa lefutso ba senotse hore litumelo tsohle tse tharo tsa li-receptor li sebetsana le litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa tlhekefetso. Ho na le melaoana ea tsamaiso ea D₁ receptors (Unterwald et al., 1994) le keketseho ea D₁ receptor bindingAlburgs et al., 1993, Unterwald et al., 2001) ha a araba koae. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, D₂ letsoalo la receptor le tlase ho NAc ea litšoene tse nang le nalane ea tšebeliso ea koae (Moore et al., 1998). Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka hlahisa liphetoho liphatlalatsong tsa mofuta oa li-receptors tsa DA. Morphine le cocaine li bontšitsoe hore li fokotse li-accumbens D₂ receptor mRNA (Georges et al., 1999, Turchan et al., 1997), le keketseho ea D₃ receptor mRNA (Spangler et al., 2003). Tsena li fumana le liphoofolo tse sebelisang laboratori li tšehetsa lithuto tsa tliliniki, tse senotseng hore D₂ li-receptors li laoloa ka tlase ho lithethefatsi tsa koae (Volkow et al., 1996a, 1996b, 2006).

Ho bile le liphetoho tse tšoanang mabapi le phihlello ea tsoekere nako le nako. Autoradiography e senola eketsehile D₁ ho NAc le ho fokotseha D₂ receptor binding striatum (Feie. 6; Colantuoni et al., 2001). Sena se ne se amana le likhoto tse fepisitsoeng ka chow, kahoo ha ho tsejoe hore na ad libitum tsoekere le eona e ne e tla bontša phello ena. Ba bang ba tlalehile ho fokotseha ha D₂ "receptor binding" NAc ea likhoto tse nang le lithibelo tse kenelletseng tsa ho sucrose le chow ha li bapisoa le likhoto tse fepelitsoeng limited feela (Bello et al., 2002). Likhoto tse nang le tsoekere e tsoang nako e telele le phihlello ea tsona le tsona li fokotsehile ho D₂ receptor mRNA ho NAc bapisoa le ad libitum chow laolaSpangler et al., 2004). maemo a mRNA a D₃ receptor mRNA ho NAc e eketsoa ho NAc le caudate-putamen.

 

Setšoantšo sa 6

Liphetoho tse kenang tsa tsoekere tse fetolang litheko tsa DA tse amohelang boemo ba striatum. D₁ li-receptor binding (konopo e kaholimo) e eketseha mokokotlong oa NAc le khetla ea liphoofolo e pepesitsoeng ho Daily Intermittent Glucose le Chow (li-baa tse ntšo) ka matsatsi a 30 ha ho bapisoa le taolo ...

Mabapi le li-receptor tsa opioid, binding ea mu-receptor ea eketseha ha e arabela cocaine le morphine (Bailey et al., 2005, Unterwald et al., 2001, Vigano et al., 2003). Mu-opioid receptor e tlamang e boetse e ntlafatsoa haholo kamora libeke tse tharo lijong tsa tsoekere tse tlang, ha li bapisoa le ad libitum chow. Phello ena e bonoe ka har'a khetla ea "ger", "cingate", hippocampus le locus coeruleus (Colantuoni et al., 2001).

5.B. Tšusumetso ea "tsoekere" e ka kenngoang tsoekere e tloaelehileng

Enkephalin mRNA ka har'a striatum le NAc e fokotsehile ka lebaka la liente tse phetoang hape tsa morphine (Georges et al., 1999, Turchan et al., 1997, Uhl et al., 1988). Liphetoho tsena ka har'a lits'ebetso tsa opioid li ts'oana le tse bonoang lithutong tsa batho tse itšetlehileng ka koae.Zubieta le al., 1996).

Likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea tsoekere e kenang nako le nako li bonts'a phokotso e kholo ho enkephalin mRNA, leha ho le thata ho ahlola bohlokoa ba eona ba ts'ebetso (Spangler et al., 2004). Phokotso ena ea enkephalin mRNA e tsamaellana le liphumano tse fumanoeng ho likhoto tse nang le phihlello e fokolang ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata,Kelley et al., 2003). Ho nka ho fokotseha hona ha mRNA ho fella ka hore pepide e nyane ea encephalin e thelisoe 'me e lokolloe, e ka ikarabella bakeng sa keketseho e khotsofatsang ea li-receptor tsa mu-opioid, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo.

5.C. Ho ja tsoekere letsatsi le leng le le leng khafetsa ho hlahisa dopamine ka makhetlo a mangata

E 'ngoe ea mathata a matla a methapo ea methapo pakeng tsa phihlello ea tsoekere le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso e fumanoe e sebelisoa Ka vivo microsalysis ho lekanya extracellular DA. Keketseho e phetoang khafetsa ea extracellular DA ke letšoao la lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang hampe. DA ea kantle ho naha e eketseha ho NAc ho araba lithethefatsi tseo ka bobeli tse lemalloang (De Vries le Shippenberg, 2002, Di Chiara le Imperato, 1988, Everitt le Wolf, 2002, Hernandez le Hoebel, 1988, Hurd et al., 1988, Picciotto le Corrigall, 2002, Pothos et al., 1991, Rada le al., 1991a) le susumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi (Ito et al., 2000). Ho fapana le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, tse fanang ka litlamorao ho tokollo ea DA nako le nako ha li fuoa (Pothos et al., 1991, Wise et al., 1995), litlamorao tsa ho ja lijo tse natefeloang ke ho lokolloa ha DA li nyamela ka ho pheta-pheta ha lijo li se li sa sebetse, ntle le haeba phoofolo e le lijo tse se nang thuso (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1999, Di Chiara le Tanda, 1997, Rada le al., 2005b). Kahoo ka tsela e tloaelehileng ho fepa ho fapane haholo le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hobane karabelo ea DA nakong ea phepo e felisoa.

Leha ho le joalo, 'me sena se bohlokoa haholo, likhoto li fepa tsoekere e kenang letsatsi le letsatsi' me ho hlakile hore li lokolla DA letsatsi le leng le le leng joalokaha e lekantsoe ka matsatsi a 1, 2 le 21 a phihlello (Feie. 7; Rada le al., 2005b). E le taolo, likhoto li fepa tsoekere kapa chow ad libitum, likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nakoana ho li-chow feela, kapa likhoto tse latsoang tsoekere makhetlo a mabeli feela, li hlahisa karabelo ea DA e sa hlatsuoang joalo ka ha e le lijo tse sa natsoeng. Liphetho tsena li ts'ehetsoa ke liphetho tsa phetoho lipokellong tsa DA le seteishene sa DA ka likhoto tse bolokiloeng kemisong ea phetisetso ea tsoekere nako le nako (Bello et al., 2003, Hajnal le Norgren, 2002). Ka bobeli, liphetho tsena li supa hore phihlello ea nako le nako ea tsoekere le chow e baka keketseho khafetsa ea DA ea kantle ho naha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho fapana le lijo.

 

Setšoantšo sa 7

Likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nako le nako ea ho lokolla tsoekere e tsoaloang ke DA ka lebaka la ho nwa sucrose bakeng sa metsotso e 60 ka letsatsi la 21. Dopamine, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe Ka vivo microdialysis, keketseho bakeng sa likhoto tsa Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow (mekotla e bulehileng) ka matsatsi a 1, 2 le 21; ka papiso, ...

Potso e khahlisang ke hore na litla-morao tsa ts'ebetso e hlokometsoeng ka phihlello ea tsoekere nako le nako li bakoa ke thepa ea eona e morao kapa hore tatso ea tsoekere e ka lekana. Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tsa tsoekere, re sebelisitse phepelo ea sham. Likhoto tse ntseng li fepa ka fistula e tsoang ka mpeng li ka monya lijo empa li sa li hlatse ka botlalo (Smith, 1998). Ho fepa ka Sham ha ho felise ka ho felletseng litlamorao tsa ho ingestive (Berthoud le Jeanrenaud, 1982, Sclafani le Nissenbaum, 1985), leha ho le joalo e lumella liphoofolo ho latsoa tsoekere ha li ntse li bolokile khalori feela.

Liphetho tsa ho fepa tsoekere sham bakeng sa hora ea pele ea ho fihlella letsatsi le leng le le leng li bonts'a hore DA e lokolloa ho NAc, le kamora ho qeta libeke tse tharo tsa ho itlopa lijo letsatsi le letsatsi, hobane feela e le ka lebaka la tatso ea sucrose (Avena et al., 2006). Ho fepa sham ha ho ntlafatse ho tsoakoa ha DA e tloaelehileng ea tsoekere. Sena se ts'ehetsa mosebetsi o mong o bonts'ang hore palo ea ho lokolloa ha DA ho NAc e lekana le mahloriso a sucrose, eseng palo e sebelisitsoeng (Hajnal et al., 2004).

5.D. Ho ntšoa ha li-acetylcholine tsa Accumbens ho lieha nakong ea lijo tse nang le tsoekere le ho felisoa nakong ea lijo tsa sham

Ho fepa Sham ho senotse litholoana tse khahlisang le ACh. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea 3.C., Abenbens ACh e eketseha kahara lijo ha e fepa butle mme e ea emisa (Mark et al., 1992). Motho a ka bolela esale pele hore ha phoofolo e nka lijo tse ngata haholo, joalo ka lijo tsa pele tsa tharollo ea tsoekere le chow, ho lokolloa ha ACh ho lokela ho lieha ho fihlela ts'ebetso ea satiation e qala joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa ho felisoa ha lijo butle-butle. Sena ke se ileng sa bonoa; Ho lokolloa ha ACh ho etsahetse ha lijo tsa "ho itlopa" tsa pele li se li le haufiRada le al., 2005b).

Ka mor'a moo re ile ra lekanya ho lokolloa ha ACh ha phoofolo e ne e ka nka lijo tse ngata tsa tsoekere ha e ntse e fepa sham. Ho reka se ka hare ho mpa ho fokolitse ho lokolloa ha ACh (Avena et al., 2006). Sena se ka boleloa ho latela mohopolo oa hore ACh hangata e bohlokoa molemong oa ho satiation (Hoebel et al., 1999, Mark et al., 1992). E boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore ka ho itlhatsoa, ​​motho o felisa karabelo ea ACh e hanyetsang DA. Kahoo ha "ho itlopa joala" ka tsoekere ho tsamaisana le ho itlhatsoa, ​​boits'oaro bo matlafatsoa ke DA ntle le ACh, e joalo ka ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hape ho tšoana le ho ja ka tloaelo.

5.E. Sekhahla sa ho tlosa tsoekere se nyolla dopamine / acetylcholine ho leka-lekana ho li-accumbens

Matšoao a boitšoaro a ho khaotsa lithethefatsi hangata a tsamaea le liphetoho lipakeng tsa DA / ACh ho lekaleng la NAc. Nakong ea ho tlosa, DA e fokotseha ha ACh e ntse e eketseha. Ho se leka-lekane hona ho bontšitsoe nakong ea ho khaotsa ho ts'oeroeng ke lik'hemik'hale ka lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa morphine, nikotine le joala (Rada et al., 1996, 2001, 2004). Ho ila ntho e hlekefelitsoeng ho boetse ho lekane ho etsa hore motho a khaotse ho bona. Mohlala, likhoto tse qobelloang ho ila morphine kapa joala li fokotsehile ka ntle ho DA ho NAc (Acquas le Di Chiara, 1992, Rossetti et al., 1992) le ACh e eketseha nakong ea ha ho itšehla thajana ho morphine (Fiserova et al., 1999). Le ha ho itlhahisa ho lithethefatsi tsa anxyolitic (diazepam) tse hlahisoang ke mohanyetsi oa bendodiazepine-receptor ha e nyenyefatse extracellular DA, e lokolla li-AUD, tse ka tlatsetsang ho itšetleheng ha benzodiazepine (Rada le Hoebel, 2005)

Likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nakoana le tsoekere le chow li bonts'a ho se leka-lekane ha morphine e amanang le methapo ho DA / ACh nakong ea ho ikhula. Sena se hlahisitsoe ka mekhoa e 'meli. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Feie. 8, ha ba fuoa naloxone ho fana ka maikutlo a ho tlosoa hoa opioid, ho na le phokotseho ea tokollo ea DA hammoho le keketseho ea tokollo ea ACh (Colantuoni et al., 2002). Ntho e ts'oanang e etsahala kamora 36 h ea ho haelloa ke lijo (Avena, Bocarsly, Rada, Kim, Hoebel, e sa phatlalatsoang). Mokhoa o mong oa ho toloka ho tlosoa hoa tlhokahalo ke ho fana ka maikutlo a hore kantle ho lijo ho lokolla li-opioid, phoofolo e na le bothata bo tšoanang ba ho khaotsa ho bonoa ha li-receptor tsa mu-opioid tse laoloang li koaloa ka naloxone.

 

Setšoantšo sa 8

DA ea extracellular (graph e kaholimo) e fokotsehile ho isa ho 81% ea mantlha kamora hore a kenngoe lejoxone (3 mg / kg, sc) ka likhoto tse nang le nalane ea Daily Intermittent Sucrose le Chow. Acetylcholine (graph e tlaase) e nyolohetse ho 157% ka litekanyetso tse tšoanang tsa phallo ea tsoekere. ...

6.A. Bulimia amanosa

Mokhoa oa ho fepa oa Daily Intermittent tsoekere le Chow o arolelana likarolo tse ling tsa boitšoaro ba batho ba fumanoeng ba e-na le bothata ba ho ja kapa ho ba le bulimia. Hangata likokoana-hloko li fokotsa ho ja haholo hoseng ebe li itlopa joala haholo mantsiboea, hangata lijong tse bonolo.Drewnowski et al., 1992, Gendall le al., 1997). Hamorao bakuli bana ba hlatsoa lijo, ebang ke ka ho li hlatsa kapa ka ho li sebelisa haholo, kapa maemong a mang ka ho ikoetlisa ka thata (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000). Bakuli ba Bulimic ba na le maemo a tlase a β-endorphin (Brewerton et al., 1992, Wall et al., 1986), e ka khothalletsang ho ja ka ho rata kapa ho lakatsa lipompong. Ba boetse ba fokotsehile li-receptor tsa mu-opioid ka har'a insula ha li bapisoa le taolo, e lumellanang le boits'oaro ba morao-rao ba ho itima lijo (Bencherif et al., 2005). Sena se fapane le keketseho e bonoang ho likhoto ka mor'a ho itlopa. Ho itlopa lijo ka leqhubu le ho haella ha lijo ho ka hlahisa liphetoho mokhoeng oa li-opioid receptors, tse thusang ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho itlopa lijo.

Re sebelisitse lijo tsa sham ho etsisa tlhoekiso e amanang le bulimia. Ho fumana ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea 5.C., ho fihlella ha tsoekere nako le nako ho hlahisa DA khafetsa ho latela tatso ea tsoekere, ho ka ba bohlokoa ho utloisisa mekhoa e tlamang e amanang le bulimia. DA e bile le tšusumetso ho bulimia ka ho e bapisa le hypothalamic boithati, eo hape e lokollang DA ntle le likhalori (Hoebel et al., 1992). Bakuli ba Bulimic ba na le tšebetso e tlase ea DA joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa tlhahlobisong ea li-metabolites tsa DA maro a lesapo la mokokotlo, e leng se bonts'a karolo ho DA likarabo tsa bona tse sa tloaelehang lijong (Jimerson le al., 1992).

Mananeo a tšoanang ka botlalo a boitšoaro le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ha boko le ho itlopa joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse hlalositsoeng kaholimo li tšehetsa taba ea hore botenya le mathata a ho ja, joalo ka bulimia le anorexia, li kanna tsa ba le "bokhoba" ho batho ba bang (Davis le Claridge, 1998, Gillman le Lichtigfeld, 1986, Marrazzi le Luby, 1986, Mercer le Holder, 1997, Riva et al., 2006). Khopolo ea ho lemalla likoloi ka boeona e rerile hore mathata a mang a ho ja e ka ba temallo ho li-opioids tsa khale (Heubner, 1993, Marrazzi le Luby, 1986, 1990). Ka tšehetso, ho hloka takatso ea takatso ea lijo ka mokhoa oa ho itlopa lijo le ho ipolaisa tlala ho ka tsosa tšebetso ea opioid ea nako e telele (Aravich et al., 1993).

Bakuli ba bulimic ba tla itlopa lijo tse ngata haholo tse seng monate (Klein et al., 2006), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ba fumana melemo ho khothatso e monate ea orosensory. Re bontšitse hore tlhoekiso e siea DA e sa qheleloe ka thipa e amanang le stiety e amanang le ACh ho li-accumbens (Karolo ea 5.D.). Boemo ba methapo ena ea kutlo bo ka etsa hore ho ja ho fetelletseng. Ntle le moo, liphumano tse nkang lijo tse tsoekere tse tsoekere ka nako e telele li kopana le amphetamine le tse khothalletsang tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang (Karolo ea 4.D. le 4.E.) li kanna tsa amana le ho hlonama pakeng tsa bulimia le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (Holder et al., 1994).

6.B. Ho Nona Haholo

Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke USPHS e fane ka MH-65024 (BGH), DA-10608 (BGH), DA-16458 (botsoalle le NMA) le Lane Foundation.

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

1. Acquas E, Carboni E, Di Chiara G. Ho tepella maikutlo ho tebileng ha tokollo ea mesolimbic dopamine kamora ho itokolloa ha morphine ho likhoto tse itšetlehileng. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991; 193: 133–134. [E fetotsoe]
2. Acquas E, Di Chiara G. khatello ea maikutlo le phetisetso ea mesolimbic dopamine le sensitization ho morphine nakong ea thibelo ea opiate. J Neurochem. 1992; 58: 1620-1625. [E fetotsoe]
3. Ahmed SH, Koob GF. Ho fetoloa ho tloha ho itekanetseng ho ea ho lithethefatsi tse ngata: fetola ho hedonic set point. Saense. 1998; 282: 298-300. [E fetotsoe]
4. Meputso ME, Narang N, Wamsley JK. Liphetoho tsamaiso ea dopaminergic receptor ka mor'a ho laola nako e telele ea cocaine. Synapse. 1993; 14: 314-323. [E fetotsoe]
5. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association. Buka ea Boholo ba Tlhahlobo le Tlaleho ea Ts'ebetso ea Bofokoli ba Kelello Liphetoho tsa Mongolo oa Tlhahlobo (DSM-IV-TR) Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric; Washington, DC: 2000.
6. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR. Ho sebelisana le Norepinephrine-dopamine. Mahlale. 1977; 195: 646-653. [E fetotsoe]
7. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR. Oscillation e latela ts'usumetso ea lithethefatsi: litlamorao. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1996; 10: 101–117. [E fetotsoe]
8. Appleton N. Lick tloaelo ea tsoekere. Nancy Appleton; Santa Monica: 1996.
9. Aravich PF, Rieg TS, Lauterio TJ, Doerries LE. Beta-endorphin le dynorphin tlhekefetso ho likhoto li ikoetlisa le ho fepa ka mokhoa o thibelitsoeng: kamano ho anorexia nervosa? Brain Res. 1993; 622: 1-8. [E fetotsoe]
10. Ary M, Chesarek W, Sorensen SM, Lomax P. Naltrexone-indotherapy hypothermia ka hara rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1976; 39: 215-220. [E fetotsoe]
11. Avena NM, Carrillo CA, Needham L, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Lirata tse itšetlehileng ka tsoekere li bonts'a tšebeliso e matlafatsang ea ethanol e sa koaeloang. Joala. 2004; 34: 203–209. [E fetotsoe]
12. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Li-amphetamine-tse hlokomelisang likhofu li bontša ho tsuba ho bakoang ke tsoekere (ho tšoaetsanoa ha sefapano) le tsoekere ea hyperphagia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003a; 74: 635-639. [E fetotsoe]
13. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Lijo tse khothalletsang ts'oaetso ea tsoekere li etsa hore boitšoaro bo fokolang ba boitšoaro bo fokotsehe ho tekanyo e fokolang ea amphetamine. Khopolo-taba. 2003b; 122: 17-20. [E fetotsoe]
14. Avena NM, Long KA, Hoebel BG. Lipoe tse itšetlehileng ka tsoekere li bontša ho arabela ka matla bakeng sa tsoekere ka mor'a ho ikhula: bopaki ba ho hlekefetsoa ha tsoekere. Physiol Behav. 2005; 84: 359-362. [E fetotsoe]
15. Avena NM, Rada P, Moise N, Hoebel BG. Ho jella sham ea sucrose ka lenane la binge e hlahisang e bokella dopamine khafetsa mme e felisa karabo ea acetylcholine satiety. Khopolo-taba. 2006; 139: 813-820. [E fetotsoe]
16. Bailey A, Gianotti R, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Ho phehella ho eketseha ha mu-opioid, empa eseng adenosine, li-receptors ka kelellong ea nako e telele e tlositsoeng ea lethalinyana le ntseng le eketseha la "ho itlopa" litoeba tse phekotsoeng ke koae. Synfall. 2005; 57: 160–166. [E fetotsoe]
17. Bakshi VP, Kelley AE. Sensitization le boemo ba ho fepa ka ho latela li-morinine tse ling tse ngata tsa methapo ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 1994; 648: 342-346. [E fetotsoe]
18. Bals-Kubik R, Herz A, Shippenberg TS. Bopaki ba hore litla-morao tsa bahanyetsi ba opioid le bahanyetsi ba kappa-agonists ba bohareng ba bohareng. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989; 98: 203–206. [E fetotsoe]
19. Bancroft J, Vukadinovic Z. Ho lemalla thobalano, khothalletso ea thobalano, tlhotlheletso ea thobalano, kapa eng? Ho latela mohlala oa theoretical. J Jala Res. 2004; 41: 225–234. [E fetotsoe]
20. Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. Tšusumetso e fapaneng ea mekhoa ea ho ithuta e sa amaneng le ho se kopane ho arabeleng ha phetiso ea dopamine ea pele le e nyane ea phepelo ea lijo lithutong tse fuoeng lib ad. J Neurosci. 1997; 17: 851-861. [E fetotsoe]
21. Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. Ho feto-fetoha ha tlhahiso ea phepo ea phekolo ea majoe a mongobo ka tšusumetso e matla ea takatso le kamano ea eona le boemo bo susumetsang. Eur J Neurosci. 1999; 11: 4389-4397. [E fetotsoe]
22. Bello NT, Lucas LR, Hajnal A. O pheta tšusumetso ea ho fumana li-sucrose tšusumetso ea dopamine ea D2 ea methapo ea methapo ea statum. Neuroreport. 2002; 13: 1575-1578. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
23. Bello NT, Swegart KL, Lakoski JM, Norgren R, Hajnal A. Ho thibeloa ho feptjoa ka sepheo sa ho fumana li-sucrose sephetho se hlahisitsoeng ke phalliso ea rat ea dopamine. Am J Physiol Regul Compact Comp Comp Physiol. 2003; 284: R1260-1268. [E fetotsoe]
24. Bencherif B, Guarda AS, Colantuoni C, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Frost JJ. Receptor ea mu-opioid ea tikoloho e tlamang kahare ea cortex e fokotsehile ho bulimia mothosa mme e lumellana ka mokhoa o tebileng le boitšoaro bo potlakileng. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 1349–1351. [E fetotsoe]
25. Berridge KC. Moputso oa lijo: likarolo tse ling tsa boko tsa ho batla le ho rata. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1996; 20: 1-25. [E fetotsoe]
26. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Karolo ea dopamine moputsong ke efe: tšusumetso ea hedonic, ho ithuta ka moputso, kapa ho hlohlona? Brain Res Brain Res Moruti 1998; 28: 309-369. [E fetotsoe]
27. Berthoud HR, Jeanrenaud B. Sham e matlafatsang insulin ea "insulin" e kenyang insulin. Ke J Physiol. 1982; 242: E280–285. [E fetotsoe]
28. Bienkowski P, Rogowski A, Korkosz A, Mierzejewski P, Radwanska K, Kaczmarek L, Bogucka-Bonikowska A, Kostowski W. Liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka nako ea boitšoaro ba ho ts'oara joala nakong ea ho tsuba. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 14: 355-360. [E fetotsoe]
29. Blomqvist O, Ericson M, Johnson DH, Engel JA, Soderpalm B. Ho ja ka boithaopo ethanol ho rat: litlamorao tsa kalafo ea nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockade kapa subchronic nicotine kalafo. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996; 314: 257-267. [E fetotsoe]
30. Bock BC, Kanarek RB, Aprille JR. Likahare tse nang le liminerale tse jang lijong li hlahisa sucrose-e kenyelitseng botenya lipapaling. Physiol Behav. 1995; 57: 659-668. [E fetotsoe]
31. Boggiano MM, PC ea Chandler, Viana JB, Oswald KD, Maldonado CR, Lekala PK. Ho ja lijo le ho imeloa kelellong ho kopantsoeng likarabo tse feteletseng ho likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana tse jang lijo tse ngata. Behav Neurosci. 2005; 119: 1207-1214. [E fetotsoe]
32. Bozarth MA, RA ea bohlale. Intracranial-in-tsamaiso ea morphine sebakeng sa ho kenella ka hare ho likhoto. Bophelo ba Saense. 1981; 28: 551-555. [E fetotsoe]
33. Bozarth MA, RA ea bohlale. Bofebe bo amanang le "intravenous heroin" ea nako e telele le taolo ea k'hok'heine ho rat. JAMA. 1985; 254: 81–83. [E fetotsoe]
34. Bozarth MA, RA ea bohlale. Ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea "ventral tegmental dopamine system" ts'ebetsong ea matlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea oproid le psychomotor. NIDA Res Monogr. 1986; 67: 190–196. [E fetotsoe]
35. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Tšebeliso ea sirapo e phahameng ea fructose lino tse tahang e ka bapala karolo ea koluoa ​​ea botena. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 537-543. [E fetotsoe]
36. Bray GA, York B, DeLany J. Patlisiso ea maikutlo a litsebi tsa botenya mabapi le lisosa le kalafo ea botena. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55: 151S-154S. [E fetotsoe]
37. Brewerton TD, Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Shook JE, Ballenger JC. CSF beta-endorphin le dynorphin ho bulimia amanosa. Ke J Psychiatry. 1992; 149: 1086–1090. [E fetotsoe]
38. Buda-Levin A, Wojnicki FH, Corwin RL. Baclofen e fokotsa tšebeliso ea mafura tlasa maemo a mofuta oa binge. Physiol Behav. 2005; 86: 176-184. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
39. Carr KD. Thibelo ea lijo tse sa feleng: Ho matlafatsa litlamorao ho moputso oa lithethefatsi le ho tšoaetsoa ha lisele. Physiol Behav 2006 [E fetotsoe]
40. Carroll ME. Karolo ea ho lahleheloa ke lijo maemong a tlhokomelo le ho tsosolosoa ha boitšoaro bo batlang ba k'hok'heine ka likhoto. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 1985; 16: 95-109. [E fetotsoe]
41. Carroll ME, Anderson MM, Morgan AD. Taolo ea ho intravenous cocaine ea boithatelo ho likhoto ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa ho ja haholo (HiS) le tekanyetso e tlase ea (LS). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006 [E fetotsoe]
42. Chau D, Rada PV, Kosloff RA, Hoebel BG. Cholinergic, li-receptor tsa M1 bokong li bokellana khatello ea maikutlo maikutlong. Morero o ka tlase oa ho theoha hoa fluoxetine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999; 877: 769-774. [E fetotsoe]
43. Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Heien ML, Phillips PE, Wightman RM. Li-cannabinoids li ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea dopamine ea subsecond ka har'a li-ratson tse falimehileng. J Neurosci. 2004; 24: 4393-4400. [E fetotsoe]
44. Colantuoni C, Rada P, McCarthy J, Patten C, Avena NM, Chadeayne A, Hoebel BG. Bopaki ba hore tsoekere e feteletseng, e feteletseng ea tsoekere e etsa hore motho a itšetlehe haholo ka ho itšetleha ka opioid. Obes Res. 2002; 10: 478-488. [E fetotsoe]
45. Colantuoni C, Schwenker J, McCarthy J, Rada P, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL, Schwartz GJ, Moran TH, Hoebel BG. Ho ba le tsoekere e feteletseng ho fetola ho tlamella ho fumana dopamine le li-receptor tsa mu-opioid bokong. Neuroreport. 2001; 12: 3549-3552. [E fetotsoe]
46. Comings DE, Gade-Andavolu R, Gonzalez N, Wu S, Muhleman D, Chen C, Koh P, Farwell K, Blake H, Dietz G, MacMurray JP, Lesieur HR, Rugle LJ, Rosenthal RJ. Kameho e tlatsetsang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa neurotransmitter papaling ea papali ea chelete. Clin Genet. 2001; 60: 107–116. [E fetotsoe]
47. Corwin RL. Litlhapi tsa ho itlopa lijo: mohlala oa boitšoaro bo feteletseng bo feteletseng? Takatso ea lijo. 2006; 46: 11-15. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
48. Covington HE, Miczek KA. Khatello ea maikutlo e felisitsoeng ke sechaba, cocaine kapa morphine. Litlamorao ho ho susumetsa ha boitsoaro le ho itlhokofatsa ho sebelisa k'hok'heine "ho itlotsa" Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 158: 388–398. [E fetotsoe]
49. Curry DL. Litholoana tsa mannose le fructose ho motsoako le secretion ea insulin. Makhopho. 1989; 4: 2-9. [E fetotsoe]
50. Davis C, Claridge G. Mathata a ho ja e le tšibollo ea maikutlo: pono ea kelello le kelello. Moemeli oa Behav. 1998; 23: 463–475. [E fetotsoe]
51. De Vries TJ, Shippenberg TS. Litsamaiso tsa Neural tse tlatsetsang bokhobeng ba opiate. J Neurosci. 2002; 22: 3321-3325. [E fetotsoe]
52. De Witte P, Pinto E, Ansseau M, Verbanck P. Aljwala le ho tlohela: ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa liphoofolo ho isa litabeng tsa bongaka. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003; 27: 189-197. [E fetotsoe]
53. Deas D, MP oa May, Randall C, Johnson N, Anton R. Naltrexone kalafo ea lino tse tahang tsa bocha: thuto e bulehileng ea likoloi. J Ngwana Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005; 15: 723-728. [E fetotsoe]
54. Deneau G, Yanagita T, Seevers MH. Ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro ba mouoane ke monkey. Psychopharmacologia. 1969; 16: 30–48. [E fetotsoe]
55. Deroche-Gamonet V, Belin D, Piazza PV. Bopaki ba boits'oaro bo kang bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho rat. Mahlale. 2004; 305: 1014-1017. [E fetotsoe]
56. DesMaisons K. Lijo tsa hau tsa ho qetela!: Morero oa ho theola boima ba tsoekere. Ntlo e Meholo; Toronto: 2001.
57. Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Khethollo e khethehileng ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokelloang ke li-opiate, joala le li-barbiturates: lithuto tse nang le dialysis tsa transcerebral ho litoeba tse tsamaeang ka bolokolohi. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1986; 473: 367-381. [E fetotsoe]
58. Di Chiara G, Mofuthu A. Lithethefatsi tse hlekefetsoeng ke batho li eketsa ka ho khetheha synaptic dopamine tse kenyelletsong ka mokhoa o motlakase oa ho tsamaisa likhoto. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 1988; 85: 5274-5278. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
59. Di Chiara G, Tanda G. Ho foufala hoa phetiso ea phetisetso ea dopamine lijong tse bobebe: Letshwao la biochemical la anhedonia ka mofuta oa CMS? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997; 134: 351–353. [E fetotsoe]
60. Dickinson A, Wood N, Smith JW. Ho ts'oana le joala ka litoeba: ketso kapa tloaelo? QJ Exp Psychol B. 2002; 55: 331–348. [E fetotsoe]
61. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Leka likarabo le likhetho tsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata: bopaki ba ho kenya letsoho opioid. Physiol Behav. 1992; 51: 371-379. [E fetotsoe]
62. Dum J, Gramsch C, Herz A. ts'ebetso ea matamo a beta-endorphin a hypothalamic ka moputso o hlahisoang ke lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983; 18: 443–447. [E fetotsoe]
63. Ellgren M, Spano SM, Hurd YL. Adolescent cannabis exp expise opiate intakeate and opioid limbic neuronal populous in rats batho ba baholo. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Epub pele ho khatiso. [E fetotsoe]
64. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Fructose, phaello ea boima ba 'mele le lefu la ho hanyetsa insulin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76: 911-922. [E fetotsoe]
65. Espejo EF, Stinus L, Cador M, Mir D. Liphello tsa morphine le naloxone mabapi le boitšoaro litekong tsa sethala se chesang: thuto ea ethopharmacological ho rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994; 113: 500-510. [E fetotsoe]
66. Khale BT, Wolf ME. Psychomotor Tlatsetso e tlatsetsang: pono ea litsamaiso tsa neural. J Neurosci. 2002; 22: 3312–3320. [E fetotsoe]
67. Ferrario CR, Robinson TE. Amphetamine boitekanyo bo potlakisa ho eketseha ho hoholo ha boitshwaro ba ho ts'oara koae. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 17: 352–357. [E fetotsoe]
68. File SE, Andrews N. Litekanyetso tse tlase empa eseng tse phahameng tsa tekesi li fokotsa litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho itokolla ha diazepam. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 105: 578-582. [E fetotsoe]
69. Faele SE, Lippa AS, Biri B, Lippa MT. Sehlopha 8.4 Liteko tsa liphoofolo tsa matšoenyeho. Ka: Crawley JN, et al., Bahlophisi. Litsamaiso tsa hajoale ho Neuroscience. John Wiley & Bara, Inc .; Indianapolis: 2004.
70. Finlayson G, King N, Blundell JE. Na hoa khoneha ho khetholla 'ho rata' le 'ho batla' lijo ho batho? Mokhoa o mocha oa ho etsa liteko. Physiol Behav. 2007; 90: 36–42. [E fetotsoe]
71. Fiorino DF, Phillips AG. Ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano le ho ntlafatsa dopamine efflux mokokotlong oa li-rats ka mor'a hore D-amphetamine e susumelletse boitšoaro bo botle. J Neurosci. 1999; 19: 456-463. [E fetotsoe]
72. Fiserova M, Consolo S, Krsiak M. Chronic morphine e etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tsa nako e telele tsa ho ntšoa ha acetylcholine ho li-nucleus tsa bokellano ba rat le element: thuto ea vivo micodialysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 142: 85-94. [E fetotsoe]
73. Foley KA, Fudge MA, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Quinpirole e susumetsang ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro e ntlafatsoa ke ho pepesetsoa nako ea ho ikemisetsa esale pele: Tlhahlobo e ka ntlafatsoang ea ts'ebetso ea locomotor. Behav Brain Res 2006; 167: 49-56. [E fetotsoe]
74. Li-Foster J, Brewer C, Steele T. Naltrexone li-implants li ka thibela ka botlalo (1-khoeli) ho khutlela morao kamora ho ts'oaroa ha detoxation: thuto ea sefofane ea li-cohorts tse peli tse akaretsang bakuli ba 101 ba nang le temoso maemong a mali a naltrexone. Adict Biol. 2003; 8: 211-217. [E fetotsoe]
75. Fullerton DT, Getto CJ, Swift WJ, Carlson IH. Tsoekere, opioids le ho itlopa lijo. Brain Res Bull. 1985; 14: 673-680. [E fetotsoe]
76. Galic MA, Persinger MA. Ts'ebeliso ea Voluminous sucrose ho likhoto tsa basali: "nippness" e eketsehileng nakong ea ho tlosoa ha sucrose le ho tlosoa ke nako ha oestrus nako le nako. Psychol Rep. 2002; 90: 58-60. [E fetotsoe]
77. Gendall KA, Sullivan PE, Joyce PR, Carter FA, Bulik CM. Tlhokahalo ea limatlafatsi tsa basali ba nang le bulimia mothosa. Int J Dis Disord. 1997; 21: 115–127. [E fetotsoe]
78. Georges F, Stinus L, Bloch B, Le Moine C. Ho pepeseha ho sa feleng ha morphine le ho itlhahisa ho sa khaotseng ho amana le ho fetoloa ha polelo ea dopamine receptor le polelo ea neuropeptide gene ho rat striatum. Eur J Neurosci. 1999; 11: 481-490. [E fetotsoe]
79. Gerber GJ, RA ea bohlale. Tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi tsa khemik'hale ea intravenous cocaine le taolo ea heroin ka likhoto: paradigm e fapaneng. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1989; 32: 527-531. [E fetotsoe]
80. Gessa GL, Muntoni F, Collu M, Vargiu L, Mereu G. Litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons sebakeng sa ventral tegmental. Brain Res. 1985; 348: 201–203. [E fetotsoe]
81. Gillman MA, Lichtigfeld FJ. Li-opioids, dopamine, cholecystokinin le mathata a ho ja. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1986; 9: 91-97. [E fetotsoe]
82. Glass MJ, Billington CJ, Levine AS. Li-opioids le lijo tse kenang: ja mekhoa e sebetsang ea neural? Neuropeptides. 1999; 33: 360-368. [E fetotsoe]
83. Glick SD, Shapiro RM, Drew KL, Hinds PA, Carlson JN. Phapang mokhoeng oa ho potoloha le boitšoaro ba amphetamine, le ho susumetsa maikutlo, ho amphetamine, har'a Sprague-Dawley le likhoto tse tsoang mehloling e fapaneng. Physiol Behav. 1986; 38: 67-70. [E fetotsoe]
84. Glimcher PW, Giovino AA, Hoebel BG. Inurotensin ea intša-kotsi sebakeng se kenellang ka hare. Brain Res. 1987; 403: 147-150. [E fetotsoe]
85. Glimcher PW, Giovino AA, Margolin DH, Hoebel BG. Moputso oa 'mele oa moputso o kenyellelitsoeng ke enkephalinase inhibitor, thiorphan, o kentsoeng ka har'a mothapo o ka hare oa cyral. Behav Neurosci. 1984; 98: 262-268. [E fetotsoe]
86. Glowa JR, Rice KC, Matecka D, Rothman RB. Phentermine / fenfluramine e fokotsa ho itlhokomela ha koae ka litšoene tsa rhesus. Neuroreport. 1997; 8: 1347–1351. [E fetotsoe]
87. Gosnell BA. Sucrose e kenya letsoho ho matlafatsa boits'oaro bo hlahisoang ke cocaine. Resin ea Boko. 2005; 1031: 194-201. [E fetotsoe]
88. Greenberg BD, Segal DS. Tšebelisano e matla le e sa foleng ea boitšoaro lipakeng tsa phencyclidine (PCP) le amphetamine: bopaki bakeng sa karolo ea dopaminergic litloaelong tse ling tse susumetsoang ke PCP. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1985; 23: 99-105. [E fetotsoe]
89. Grimm JW, Fyall AM, Osincup DP. Ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea sucrose: liphello tsa ho fokotsoa koetliso le tsoelo-pele ea ho kenya pele. Physiol Behav. 2005; 84: 73-79. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
90. Grimm JW, Hope BT, RA ea Bohlale, Shaham Y. Ts'oaetso ea Boithaopo. Ho kenyelletsoa ha cocaine ho lakatsa ka mor'a ho tlosoa. Tlhaho. 2001; 412: 141-142. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
91. Haber SN, Lu W. Tsamaiso ea morumuoa oa nakong e tlang oa "Rro" "(" proroepephalin messenger " Neuroscience. 1995; 65: 417–429. [E fetotsoe]
92. Hajnal A, Mark GP, Rada PV, Lenard L, Hoebel BG. Li-microinjection tsa Norepinephrine ho "hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus" li eketsa dopamine ea li-extracellular le ho fokotsa acetylcholine ho li-bokellase tsa nucleus: bohlokoa ba ho fepa ho matlafatsa. J Neurochem. 1997; 68: 667-674. [E fetotsoe]
93. Hajnal A, Norgren R. o fihlelletse phihlello ea phetoho ea phetoho ea "anugments" dopamine. Neuroreport. 2002; 13: 2213-2216. [E fetotsoe]
94. Hajnal A, Smith GP, Norgren R. Oral sucrose e hlohlelletsa ho eketseha ha li-dopamine ka hara rat. Am J Physiol Regul integrated Comp Physiol. 2004; 286: R31-R37. [E fetotsoe]
95. Hajnal A, Szekely M, Galosi R, Lenard L. Accumbens cholinergic interneurons li bapala karolo ea taolo ea boima ba 'mele le metabolism. Physiol Behav. 2000; 70: 95–103. [E fetotsoe]
96. Harris GC, Wimmer M, Aston-Jones G. Karolo ea li-orexin neurons tsa lateral hypothalamic ho batla moputso. Tlhaho. 2005; 437: 556-559. [E fetotsoe]
97. Helm KA, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Cholecystokinin e kopantsoeng le serotonin meeling ea hypothalamus e bokella ho lokolloa ha dopamine ha e ntse e eketsa acetylcholine: mokhoa o ka khonehang oa ho satiation. Brain Res. 2003; 963: 290-297. [E fetotsoe]
98. Henningfield JE, Clayton R, Pollin W. Ho kenyelletsa koae ea joala le tšebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi. Br J Addict. 1990; 85: 279-291. [E fetotsoe]
99. Hernandez L, Hoebel BG. Moputso oa lijo le cocaine e eketsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine ea li-nucleus ha e lekantsoe ke microdialysis. Bophelo ba Saense. 1988; 42: 1705-1712. [E fetotsoe]
100. Heubner H. Endorphins, mathata a ho ja le mekhoa e meng e lemalloang. WW Norton; New York: 1993.
101. Hoebel BG. Li-brain neurotransmitters lijong tsa lijo le lithethefatsi. Am J Lijo tsa Meriana. 1985; 42: 1133-1150. [E fetotsoe]
102. Hoebel BG, Hernandez L, Schwartz DH, Mark GP, Hunter GA. Boithuto ba Microdialysis ba norepinephrine ea boko, serotonin, le dopamine e lokolloang nakong ea boits'oaro bo botle: litlamorao tsa kelello le tsa bongaka. Ka: Schneider LH, et al., Bahlophisi. Psychobiology ea mathata a ho ja a motho: Litlhahlobo le liteko tsa kalafo. Moq. 575. Liphatlalatso tsa New York Academy of Sciences; New York: 1989. maq. 171-193. [E fetotsoe]
103. Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF, Hernandez L. Neurochemistry ea anorexia le bulimia. Ka: Anderson H, mohlophisi. Biology ea mokete le tlala: bohlokoa ba mathata a ho ja. Press Press; New York: 1992. maq. 21-45.
104. Hoebel BG, Rada P, Mark GP, Sistimi ea Pothos E. Neural ea ho matlafatsa le thibelo ea boitšoaro: Kameho ea ho ja, ho lemalla le khatello ea maikutlo. Ka: Kahneman D, et al., Bahlophisi. Ho phela hantle: Motheo oa Hedonic Psychology. Russell Sage Foundation; New York: 1999. maq. 558-572.
105. Holderness CC, Brooks-Gunn J, Warren MP. Co-morbidity ea mathata a ho ja le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi tlhekefetso ea lingoliloeng. Int J Dis Disord. 1994; 16: 1-34. [E fetotsoe]
106. Howard BV, Wylie-Rosett J. Tsoekere le lefu la pelo: Polelo ea litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle e tsoang Komiting ea Nutrition ea Lekhotla mabapi le Nutrition, Ketso ea 'Mele, le Metabolism ea American pelo Association. Potoloha. 2002; 106: 523-527. [E fetotsoe]
107. Hubbell CL, Mankes RF, Reid LD. Tekanyo e nyane ea morphine e etsa hore likhoto li noe joala bo bongata le ho tsepamisa likelello tsa joala bo phahameng. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 1993; 17: 1040-1043. [E fetotsoe]
108. Hurd YL, Kehr J, Ungerstedt U. Ho vivo microdialysis e le mokhoa oa ho shebella ho tsamaisoa ha lithethefatsi: khokahano ea maemo a cocaine a extracellular le dopamine e pharalla kelellong ea rat. J Neurochem. 1988; 51: 1314–1316. [E fetotsoe]
109. Ito R, Diking JW, Howes SR, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Ho ikarola maemong a lokolloang dopamine ka har'a khubu e bokella mantlha le khetla ho arabela ka likhakanyo tsa cocaine le nakong ea boits'oaro ba cocaine litšoantšong. J Neurosci. 2000; 20: 7489-7495. [E fetotsoe]
110. Itzhak Y, Martin JL. Litlamorao tsa koae, nicotine, dizocipline le joala liketsong tsa litoeba: sensitization ea cocaine-joala bo kenyelletsang ho kenyelletsa libaka tse tlamang tsa striatal dopamine transporter. Brain Res. 1999; 818: 204-211. [E fetotsoe]
111. Jimerson DC, Lesem MD, Kaye WH, Brewerton TD. Li-serotonin tse tlase le dopamine metabolite e tsepamisitsoeng mokelikeling oa "cerebrospinal" ho tsoa ho bakuli ba bulimic ba nang le liketsahalo tsa ho itlopa hangata. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 1992; 49: 132–138. [E fetotsoe]
112. Kalivas PW. Sistimi ea Glutamate e lemaletseng koae. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004; 4: 23-29. [E fetotsoe]
113. Kalivas PW, CD ea Striplin, Steketee JD, Klitenick MA, Duffy P. Mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo ea boitšoaro ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1992; 654: 128–135. [E fetotsoe]
114. Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. Mokokotlo oa meriana ea ho lemala: lefu la ts'oaetso le khetho. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162: 1403-1413. [E fetotsoe]
115. Kalivas PW, ente ea Weber B. Amphetamine ka har'a mesencephalon ea ventral e utloa likhoto ho li-amphetamine tsa potoloho le cocaine. J Theracol Exp Ther. 1988; 245: 1095-1102. [E fetotsoe]
116. Kantak KM, Miczek KA. Khohlano nakong ea ho khaotsa morphine: litlamorao tsa mokhoa oa ho ikhula, boiphihlelo ba ho loana, le karolo ea sechaba. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986; 90: 451-456. [E fetotsoe]
117. Katherine A. Anatomy ea bokhoba ba lijo: lenaneo le sebetsang la ho hlola lijo tse qobelloang. Libuka tsa Gurze; Carlsbad: 1996.
118. Katz JL, Valentino RJ. Kankere ea opiate quasiwithdrawal ho litšoene tsa rhesus: papiso ea ho itlhahisa ka boeona e ikemiselitseng ho liphello tsa li-cholinergic agents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 84: 12–15. [E fetotsoe]
119. Kawasaki T, Kashiwabara A, Sakai T, Igarashi K, Ogata N, Watanabe H, Ichiyanagi K, Yamanouchi T. Ho nooa ha nako e telele ho baka ho phahamisa boima ba 'mele le ho se mamellane ha tsoekere maling ho litoeba tse tloaelehileng tsa banna. Br J Nutr. 2005; 93: 613-618. [E fetotsoe]
120. Kelley AE, Bakshi VP, Haber SN, Steininger TL, Will MJ, Zhang M. Opioid mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa tatso hedonics ka hare ho striral striatum. Physiol Behav. 2002; 76: 365-377. [E fetotsoe]
121. Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE. Motsoako o khothalelitsoeng oa "hypothalamic-thalamic-striatal axis" bakeng sa ho kopanya tekano ea matla, ho tsosa le moputso oa lijo. J Comp Neurol. 2005; 493: 72-85. [E fetotsoe]
122. Kelley AE, Will MJ, Steininger TL, Zhang M, Haber SN. Ho sebediswa letsatsi le leng le le leng ka lijo tse monate haholo (tsokolate e netefatsa (R)) e fetola polelo ea lefu la enkephalin e hlaselang. Eur J Neurosci. 2003; 18: 2592-2598. [E fetotsoe]
123. Klein DA, Boudreau GS, Devlin MJ, Walsh BT. Ts'ebeliso e ntle ea litlama har'a batho ba nang le bothata ba ho ja. Int J Dis Disord. 2006; 39: 341–345. [E fetotsoe]
124. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Saense. 1997; 278: 52-58. [E fetotsoe]
125. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Neurobiology ea Ho lemalla. Press Press; San Diego: 2005.
126. Koob GF, Maldonado R, Stinus L. Li-substrates tsa Neural tsa ho tlosoa. Mekhoa ea Neurosci. 1992; 15: 186–191. [E fetotsoe]
127. Lai S, Lai H, Leqephe JB, McCoy CB. Kamano e pakeng tsa ho tsuba koae le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi United States. J Khotso Dis. 2000; 19: 11–24. [E fetotsoe]
128. Le KA, Tappy L. Metabolic litlamorao tsa fructose. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Tlhokomelo. 2006; 9: 469-475. [E fetotsoe]
129. Le Magnen J. Karolo ea li-opiate moputsong oa lijo le bokhoba ba lijo. Ka: Capaldi PT, mohlophisi. Latsoang, Boiphihlelo le ho fepa. Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychological; Washington, DC: 1990. maq. 241-252.
130. Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Behaeveal neuroscience le botenya. Ka: Bray G, et al., Bahlophisi. Handbook of Obesity. Marcel Dekker; New York: 2004. maq. 301-371.
131. Levine AS, Billington CJ. Li-opioids e le baemeli ba phepelo e amanang le moputso: ho hlahloba bopaki. Physiol Behav. 2004; 82: 57-61. [E fetotsoe]
132. Levine AS, Kotz CM, Gosnell BA. Litlhapi: hedonic likarolo, neuroregulation, le matla a lekaneng. Am J Lijo tsa Meriana. 2003; 78: 834S-842S. [E fetotsoe]
133. Liang NC, Hajnal A, Norgren R. Sham ho fepa oli ea poone ho eketsa ho bokella dopamine phakong. Am J Physiol Regul Compact Comp Comp Physiol. 2006; 291: R1236-R1239. [E fetotsoe]
134. Liguori A, Hughes JR, Goldberg K, Callas P. Litlamorao tse ka bang tsa caffeine ea molomo ho batho bao pele e neng e le batseteli ba koae. Lithethefatsi. 1997; 49: 17–24. [E fetotsoe]
135. Lu L, Grimm JW, Hope BT, Shaham Y. Ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea k'hok'heine ka mor'a ho tlosoa: tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse hlakileng. Neuropharmacology. 2004; 47 (Suppl 1): 214-226. [E fetotsoe]
136. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lino tse tsoekere tse tsoekere ka tsoekere le botena ba bongoana: tlhahlobo e tlang ho ba teng. Lancet. 2001; 357: 505-508. [E fetotsoe]
137. Mark GP, Blander DS, Hoebel BG. Khothatso e nang le boemo e fokotseha dopamine ea extracellular ka har'a nucleus e bokellanang ka mor'a nts'etsopele ea ho ithuta ho latsoa tatso. Brain Res. 1991; 551: 308-310. [E fetotsoe]
138. Mark GP, Rada P, Pothos E, Hoebel BG. Liphello tsa ho fepa le ho nooa ka ho lokolloa ha acetylcholine ho li-nucleus bokellase, striatum, le hippocampus ea litoeba ka bolokolohi. Tlaleho ea Neurochemistry. 1992; 58: 2269–2274. [E fetotsoe]
139. Mark GP, Weinberg JB, Rada PV, Hoebel BG. Extracellular acetylcholine e eketseha ka har'a li-nucleus tse latelang ho hlahisoa ha tšusumetso ea tatso e sa rateheng e nang le maemo. Brain Res. 1995; 688: 184–188. [E fetotsoe]
140. Markou A, Weiss F, Khauta ea LH, Caine SB, Schulteis G, Koob GF. Mefuta ea liphoofolo ea litakatso tsa lithethefatsi. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993; 112: 163–182. [E fetotsoe]
141. Marrazzi MA, Luby ED. Mohlala oa ho itlhahisa o lemaletseng moea oa ho ipolaisa tlala o sa foleng oa ho ipolaisa tlala. Int J Dis Disord. 1986; 5: 191-208.
142. Marrazzi MA, Luby ED. The neurobiology of anorexia mothosa: o lemaletseng? Ka: Cohen M, Foa P, bahlophisi. Brain joalo ka Endocrine Organ. Springer-Verlag; New York: 1990. maq. 46-95.
143. Martin WR. Phekolo ea ho itšetleha ha heroin ka naltrexone. Curr Psychiatr Ther. 1975; 15: 157-161. [E fetotsoe]
144. Martin WR, Wikler A, Eds CG, Pescor FT. Ho mamella mamello le ho itšepa 'meleng ka morphine. Psychopharmacologia. 1963; 4: 247-260. [E fetotsoe]
145. McBride WJ, Murphy JM, Ikemoto S. Localization ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko: lithuto tsa intracranial tsa boits'oaro le lithutong tsa maemong a makatsang. Behav Brain Res 1999; 101: 129–152. [E fetotsoe]
146. McSweeney FK, Murphy ES, Kowal BP. Taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka ho susumetsa maikutlo le ho lula setulong. Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005; 13: 163-184. [E fetotsoe]
147. Mercer ME, Holder MD. Litakatso tsa lijo, li-peptide tsa "endio" tsa "" "phepelo ea lijo le takatso ea lijo: tlhahlobo. Takatso ea lijo. 1997; 29: 325–352. [E fetotsoe]
148. Mifsud JC, Hernandez L, Hoebel BG. Nikotine e kentsoeng ka har'a nucleus accumbens e eketsa dopamine ea synaptic joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke vivo micodialysis. Brain Res. 1989; 478: 365–367. [E fetotsoe]
149. Miller RJ, Pickel VM. Ts'ebeliso ea immunohistochemical ea enkephalin: tšebelisano le lits'ebetso tse nang le catecholamine tse nang le lisebelisoa. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1980; 25: 349–359. [E fetotsoe]
150. Mogenson GJ, Yang CR. Tlatsetso ea matla a basal ho kopantseng maoto le maoto le tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso ho nka khato. Adv Exp Bi Biol. 1991; 295: 267–290. [E fetotsoe]
151. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Lisosa tsa lefu United States, 2000. Jama. 2004; 291: 1238–1245. [E fetotsoe]
152. Moore RJ, Vinsant SL, Nadar MA, Poorino LJ, Friedman DP. Kameho ea ho itaola ka koae ho dopamine D₂ li-receptors ka litšoelesa tsa rhesus. Synfall. 1998; 30: 88-96. [E fetotsoe]
153. Mutschler NH, Miczek KA. Ho ikhutsa ho tsoa ho sekhoba se ipatileng kapa se sa kopaneng le koae: phapang lipapaling tsa khatello ea methapo ea motlakase ho likhoto. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998; 136: 402-408. [E fetotsoe]
154. Nelson JE, Pearson HW, Sayers M, Glynn TJ, bahlophisi. Tataiso ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe. Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi; Rockville: 1982.
155. Nichols ML, Hubbell CL, Kalsher MJ, Reid LD. Morphine e eketsa joala bo bongata har'a likhoto. Joala. 1991; 8: 237–240. [E fetotsoe]
156. Nisell M, Nomikos GG, Svensson TH. Sistamine ea nicotine-induced dopamine e lokolloang ka har'a nucleus ea rubus e laoloa ke li-receptor tsa nicotinic tse sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental". Synfall. 1994; 16: 36–44. [E fetotsoe]
157. Nocjar C, Panksepp J. Chronic intermittent amphetamine pretreatment e ntlafatsa boitšoaro ba nako e tlang bakeng sa litakatso tsa lithethefatsi le tsa tlholeho: tšebelisano le mefuta-futa ea tikoloho. Behav Brain Res 2002; 128: 189-203. [E fetotsoe]
158. O'Brien CP. Mekhoa ea litlokotsi ea ho thibela ts'oaetso hape: sehlopha se secha sa menyetla ea mafu a kelello. Ke J Psychiatry. 2005; 162: 1423–1431. [E fetotsoe]
159. CPU ea O'Brien, Hlooho ea bana AR, Ehrman R, Robbins SJ. Mabaka a tlisoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: a ka hlalosa ho qobelloa? J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12: 15–22. [E fetotsoe]
160. CPU ea O'Brien, Testa T, O'Brien TJ, Brady JP, Wells B. E teng ho tlisoang hoa narcotic ho batho. Mahlale. 1977; 195: 1000-1002. [E fetotsoe]
161. Old ME. Ho matlafatsa liphello tsa morphine ho li-bokellus tsa nucleus. Brain Res. 1982; 237: 429-440. [E fetotsoe]
162. Pan Y, Berman Y, Haberny S, Meller E, Carr KD. Synthesis, maemo a liprotheine, ts'ebetso, le boemo ba phosphorylation ba tyrosine hydroxylase e mahloaccumbens le nigrostriatal dopamine pathways ea litoeba tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa lijo. Brain Res. 2006; 1122: 135–142. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
163. Pecina S, Berridge KC. Matlafatso ea bohareng ba tatso ea tatso ka intraventricular morphine. Neurobiology (Bp) 1995; 3: 269-280. [E fetotsoe]
164. Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD. Litšoantšo tsa takatso: ts'ebetso e lakatsang lijo nakong ea fMRI. Neuroimage. 2004; 23: 1486-1493. [E fetotsoe]
165. Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M. Netefatso ea tse bulehileng: likheo tse koetsoeng ka letsoho ka tsela e phahameng le e nyane joalo ka tekanyo ea ho tšoenyeha ka rat. Mekhoa ea J Neurosci. 1985; 14: 149-167. [E fetotsoe]
166. Petry NM. Na boholo ba mekhoa ea ho lemala e lokela ho atolosoa ho kenyelletsa papali ea chelete? Mathata. 2006; 101 (Suppl 1): 152-160. [E fetotsoe]
167. Piazza PV, Deminiere JM, Le Moal M, Simon H. Lintho tse hlalosang ts'oaetso ea motho ka mong ho amphetamine ea botho. Saense. 1989; 245: 1511-1513. [E fetotsoe]
168. Picciotto MR, Corrigall WA. Litsamaiso tsa Neuronal tse ka tlasa boits'oaro bo amanang le bokhoba ba nicotine: li-circuits tsa neural le genetics ea molek'hule. J Neurosci. 2002; 22: 3338–3341. [E fetotsoe]
169. Pierce RC, Kalivas PW. Amphetamine e hlahisa keketseho e khahlisang ea locomotion le extracellular dopamine ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho khetla ea nucleus ea likokoana-hloko tse fanoang khafetsa le koae. J Theracol Exp Ther. 1995; 275: 1019-1029. [E fetotsoe]
170. Pontieri FE, Monnazzi P, Scontrini A, Buttarelli FR, Patacchioli FR. Boitšoaro ba boiketsetso ho heroin ka ho hlaseloa ke litlatsetso ka hara ratoa. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001; 421: R1-R3. [E fetotsoe]
171. Uzzleolt RD, Anton G, Blavet N, Jalfre M. Ho hloka tšepo ho litoeba: mofuta o mocha o amehang kalafo ea litlhare tsa kalafo. Eur J Pharmacol. 1978; 47: 379–391. [E fetotsoe]
172. Pothos E, Rada P, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Dopamine Microbalalization ea li-nucleus e bokellanang nakong ea morphine o boima le o sa foleng, kalafo e tloheletsoeng ka thipa le ea clonidine. Brain Res. 1991; 566: 348-350. [E fetotsoe]
173. Prasad BM, Ulibarri C, Sorg BA. Khatello ea maikutlo e bakiloeng ke khatello ea maikutlo ho cocaine: phello ea adrenalectomy le corticosterone kamora ho khaotsa ha nakoana le nako e telele. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998; 136: 24–33. [E fetotsoe]
174. Przewlocka B, Turchan J, Lason W, Przewlocki R. Ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso e le 'ngoe le e pheta-phetoang ea morphine mosebetsing oa sistimi ea prodynorphin ho li-nucleus bokellanang le striatum ea rat. Neuroscience. 1996; 70: 749-754. [E fetotsoe]
175. Putnam J, Allhouse JE. Ts'ebeliso ea lijo, litheko le litšenyehelo, 1970-1997. Karolo ea Ikonomi ea Lijo le Bareki, Tšebeletso ea Lipatlisiso tsa Moruo, Lefapha la Temo la US; Washington, DC: 1999.
176. Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Adicción al azúcar: Mito ó realidad? Pheto. Rev Venez Endocrinol Metab. 2005a; 3: 2–12.
177. Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Ho itlopa joala letsatsi le leng le le leng ka tsoekere ho pheta dopamine khafetsa kholopong ea li-alevi. Neuroscience. 2005b; 134: 737-744. [E fetotsoe]
178. Rada P, Colasante C, Skirzewski M, Hernandez L, Hoebel B. Ho tepella maikutlong tekong ea ho sesa ho baka ho ts'oaroa ha biphasic, phetoho ea nako e telele ea ho hlahisoa ha acetylcholine, ka puseletso e sa lekanyetsoang ke acetylcholinesterase le li-receptor tsa muscarinic-1. Neuroscience. 2006; 141: 67-76. [E fetotsoe]
179. Rada P, Hoebel BG. Acetylcholine ho li-accumbens e fokotseha ka diazepam mme e eketsoa ke ho tlosoa ha benzodiazepine: mochini o ka sebelisoang bakeng sa ho its'etleha. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005; 508: 131–138. [E fetotsoe]
180. Rada P, Jensen K, Hoebel BG. Liphello tsa nicotine le mecamylamine-e hlahisang ho tlosoa ha dopamine ea li-extracellular dopamine le acetylcholine ho li-nucleus ea rubus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 157: 105-110. [E fetotsoe]
181. Rada P, Johnson DF, Lewis MJ, Hoebel BG. Ho litoeba tse tahiloeng ke joala, naloxone e fokotsa dopamine ea extracellular mme e eketsa acetylcholine ho li-bokellase tsa nucleus: bopaki ba ho tlosoa ha opioid. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004; 79: 599-605. [E fetotsoe]
182. Rada P, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Galanin ho hypothalamus e tsosa dopamine mme e theola litheko tsa acetylcholine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng: mokhoa o ka khonehang oa ho qala ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic ea boitšoaro ba ho fepa. Brain Res. 1998; 798: 1-6. [E fetotsoe]
183. Rada P, Mark GP, Pothos E, Hoebel BG. Systemic morphine ka nako e ts'oanang e fokotsa li-acetylcholine tsa extracellular mme e eketsa dopamine ho li-nucleus accumbens tsa likhoto tse tsamaeang ka bolokolohi. Neuropharmacology. 1991a; 30: 1133–1136. [E fetotsoe]
184. Rada P, Paez X, Hernandez L, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Microdialysis thutong ea ntlafatso ea boits'oaro le thibelo. Ka: Westerink BH, Creamers T, bahlophisi. Handbook of Microdialysis: Mekhoa, Ts'ebeliso le Lits'oants'o. Press Press; New York: 2007. maq. 351-375.
185. Rada P, Pothos E, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Bopaki ba Microdialysis ba hore acetylcholine e bokellaneng ea nucleus e kenyelletsa ho tlosoa ha morphine le kalafo ea eona ka clonidine. Brain Res. 1991b; 561: 354–356. [E fetotsoe]
186. Rada PV, Hoebel BG. Phello e kholo ea d-fenfluramine le phentermine ho extracellular acetylcholine ho li-bokono tsa nucleus: mochini o ka khonehang oa ho thibela ho fepa le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 65: 369-373. [E fetotsoe]
187. Rada PV, Mark GP, Taylor KM, Hoebel BG. Morphine le naloxone, ip kapa sebakeng sa heno, li ama li-acetylcholine tsa extracellular ho li-accumbens le preortalal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996; 53: 809-816. [E fetotsoe]
188. Rada PV, Mark GP, Yeomans JJ, Hoebel BG. Ho lokolloa ha acetylcholine sebakeng sa ho putlama ha methapo ea kelello ka ho ikhatholla, ho ja le ho noa. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 65: 375-379. [E fetotsoe]
189. Radhakishun FS, Korf J, Venema K, Westerink BH. Ho lokolloa ha dopamine ea endo native le metabolites ea eona litheong tsa litonki joalo ka ha ho fumanoe ho li-perfusate tsa push-draining: litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse laetsoeng ka tatellano. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1983; 5: 153–158. [E fetotsoe]
190. Ranaldi R, Pocock D, Zereik R, RA ea bohlale. Ho fetoha ha dopamine nucleus accumbens nakong ea tlhokomelo, ho felisoa, le ho tsosolosoa ha D-amphetamine ho itlhophisa. J Neurosci. 1999; 19: 4102-4109. [E fetotsoe]
191. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Cesa G, Conti S, Castelnuovo G, Mantovani F, Molinari E. Na botenya bo matla ke mokhoa oa ho lemalla? Rationale, mokhoa oa tleliniki, le teko ea bongaka e laoloang. Cyberpsychol Behav 2006; 9: 457-479. [E fetotsoe]
192. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Motheo oa neural oa takatso ea lithethefatsi: khopolo ea ho khothalletsa batho ho tsuba. Brain Res Brain Rev Rev 1993; 18: 247-291. [E fetotsoe]
193. Roll ET. Mechine e sebelisang matla a tlhaho e khathollang tatso le takatso ea lijo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006; 361: 1123–1136. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
194. Rossetti ZL, Hmaidan Y, Gessa GL. Tšoaetso e tšoaeang ea mesolimbic dopamine ho lokolloa: tšobotsi e tloaelehileng ea ethanol, morphine, cocaine le amphetamine ho ila litoeba. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992; 221: 227–234. [E fetotsoe]
195. Tlatsetso ea Rufus E. Tsoekere: tataiso-ka-mohato ea ho hlola lekhoba la tsoekere. Elisabeth brown Rufus; Bloomington, IN: 2004.
196. Saad MF, Khan A, Sharma A, Michael R, Riad-Gabriel MG, Boyadjian R, Jinagouda SD, Steil GM, Kamdar V. Physiological insulinemia accac modulates le plinma leptin. Lefu la tsoekere. 1998; 47: 544-549. [E fetotsoe]
197. Salamone JD. Mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea motor le sensorimotor ea dopamine: ho kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 107: 160–174. [E fetotsoe]
198. Sato Y, Ito T, Udaka N, Kanisawa M, Noguchi Y, Cushman SW, Satoh S. Immunohistochemical localization of activisation-infusion glucose activis in linc is pancreatic islets. Mofuta oa sele. 1996; 28: 637-643. [E fetotsoe]
199. Schenk S, Snow S, Horger BA. Ho pepesetsoa amphetamine empa eseng nicotine ho utloa litoeba ho tse hlahisoang ke koae. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 103: 62-66. [E fetotsoe]
200. Schoffelmeer AN, Wardeh G, Vanderschuren LJ. Morphine ka mokhoa o hlakileng le e phehellang e fana ka tlhahiso ea GABA e seng nonicicular ho li-nucleus accumbens. Synfall. 2001; 42: 87-94. [E fetotsoe]
201. Schulteis G, Yackey M, Risbrough V, Koob GF. Litlamorao tse kang tsa anxiogenic tsa ho itlhahisa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng le naloxone-precipended. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998; 60: 727-731. [E fetotsoe]
202. Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR. Karolo e khutšoane ea ho noha le ho fumana moputso. Mahlale. 1997; 275: 1593-1599. [E fetotsoe]
203. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng ea taolo ea lijo. Tlhaho. 2000; 404: 661-671. [E fetotsoe]
204. Sclafani A, Nissenbaum JW. Na ho fepa sham ka mpa ho hlile ho fepa sham? Ke J Physiol. 1985; 248: R387-390. [E fetotsoe]
205. Shalev U, Morales M, Tšepo B, Yap J, Shaham Y. Liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka nako ea boitšoaro ba ho felisoa le khatello ea maikutlo e tlisoang ke khatello ea lithethefatsi kamora ho khaotsa ho tsoa ho heroin likotong. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 156: 98–107. [E fetotsoe]
206. Sinclair JD, Senter RJ. Ntšetso-pele ea ho noa joala lintlheng. QJ Stud Joala. 1968; 29: 863-867. [E fetotsoe]
207. Smith GP. Sham ho fepa likhoto ka fistulas e sa foleng, e fetohang. Ka: Crawley JN, et al., Bahlophisi. Protocol ea Hona joale ho Neruoscience. Moq. 8.6. John Wiley le Sons, Inc .; New York: 1998. maq. D.1-D.6.
208. Smith JE, Co C, Lane JD. Limbic acetylcholine turnover e kopantsoeng le boits'oaro ba ho batla morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1984; 20: 429-442. [E fetotsoe]
209. Spanagel R, Herz A, Shippenberg TS. Litlamorao tsa li-peptide tsa opioid ka ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng: thutong ea vivo micodialysis. J Neurochem. 1990; 55: 1734–1740. [E fetotsoe]
210. Spangler R, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Ho phahamisa moriana oa D3 dopamine receptor mRNA libakeng tsa dopaminergic le dopaminoceptive tsa boko ba rat ho latela morphine. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2003; 111: 74-83. [E fetotsoe]
211. Spangler R, Wittkowski KM, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Liphello-joaloka liphello tsa tsoekere ka liphatsa tsa lefutso libakeng tsa moputso tsa boko ba rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004; 124: 134-142. [E fetotsoe]
212. Stein L. Brain endorphins: babuelli ba ka khonehang ba monyaka le moputso. Neurosci Res Program Bull. 1978; 16: 556-563. [E fetotsoe]
213. Stein L, Belluzzi JD. Endorphins ea Brain: karolo e ka bang teng moputsong le mohopolong oa memori. Fed Proc. 1979; 38: 2468–2472. [E fetotsoe]
214. Tanda G, Di Chiara G. Khokahano ea dopamine-mu1 opioid ho rat ventral tegmentum e arolelanoang ke lijo tse fumanehang habonolo (Fonzies) le lithethefatsi tse seng tsa psychostimulant tsa tlhekefetso. Eur J Neurosci. 1998; 10: 1179-1187. [E fetotsoe]
215. Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschop M, Kieffer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ. Lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle li fokotsa insulin le "leptin" e tsamaeang le "supprelates" tse amanang le "ghrelin" le ho eketsa li-triglycerides ho basali. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 2963-2972. [E fetotsoe]
216. Toida S, Takahashi M, Shimizu H, Sato N, Shimomura Y, Kobayashi I. Phello ea ho fepa ka mokhoa o phahameng ka ho bokellana ha mafura lenaneng la banna ba Wistar. Libaka Res. 1996; 4: 561-568. [E fetotsoe]
217. Turchan J, Lason W, Budziszewska B, Przewlocka B. Liphetho tsa tsamaiso e le 'ngoe le e pheta-phetoang ea morphine ho prodynorphin, proenkephalin le dopamine D2 receptor gene expression bokong ba mouse. Neuropeptides. 1997; 31: 24-28. [E fetotsoe]
218. Turski WA, Czuczwar SJ, Turski L, Sieklucka-Dziuba M, Kleinrok Z. Ho ithuta ka mochine oa lintja tse kolobileng o hlahisitsoeng ke carbachol ka likhoto. Thutela-litso. 1984; 28: 112-120. [E fetotsoe]
219. Uhl GR, Ryan JP, Schwartz JP. Morphine alters preroenkephalin gene expression. Brain Res. 1988; 459: 391-397. [E fetotsoe]
220. Tlhahlobo ea EM. Taolo ea li-receptor tsa opioid ka koae. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001; 937: 74-92. [E fetotsoe]
221. Unterwald EM, Ho A, Rubenfeld JM, Kreek MJ. Nako ea nako ea ntlafatso ea boits'oaro ba boitšoaro le dopamine receptor up-regulation nakong ea taolo ea koae. J Theracol Exp Ther. 1994; 270: 1387–1396. [E fetotsoe]
222. Unterwald EM, Kreek MJ, Cuntapay M. Makhetlo a mangata a tsamaiso ea cocaine e ama liphetoho tsa cocaine-induced receptor. Resin ea Boko. 2001; 900: 103-109. [E fetotsoe]
223. Vaccarino FJ, Bloom FE, Koob GF. Li-blockade tsa li-nucleus li bokella li-receptor tsa opiate tse amohelang moputso oa heroin o kenang ka har'a rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985; 86: 37–42. [E fetotsoe]
224. Vanderschuren LJ, Everitt BJ. Ho batla lithethefatsi hoa qobelloa ka mor'a ho itaola ka nako e telele. Mahlale. 2004; 305: 1017–1019. [E fetotsoe]
225. Vanderschuren LJ, Everitt BJ. Mekhoa ea boitšoaro le mekhoa e metle ea ho batla lithethefatsi ka mokhoa o qobelloang. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005; 526: 77-88. [E fetotsoe]
226. Vanderschuren LJ, Kalivas PW. Liphetoho ka phetisetso ea dopaminergic le glutamatergic ho kenya letsoho le ho hlahisa maikutlo a ts'ebeliso ea boitšoaro: tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ea lithuto tsa mehleng ea pele. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000; 151: 99-120. [E fetotsoe]
227. Vezina P. Sensitization of midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity le ho itaola ha lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang tsa psychomotor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004; 27 (8): 827–839. [E fetotsoe]
228. Vezina P, Giovino AA, RA ea nang le Bohlale, Stewart J. Mofuthu o hlakileng oa tikoloho pakeng tsa batho ba sebetsang ka katleho ea morphine le amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1989; 32: 581-584. [E fetotsoe]
229. Vezina P, Lorrain DS, Arnold GM, Austin JD, Suto N. Sensitization ea midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity e khothalletsa ho phehella ha amphetamine. J Neurosci. 2002; 22: 4654-4662. [E fetotsoe]
230. Vigano D, Rubino T, Di Chiara G, Ascari I, Massi P, Parolaro D. Mu opioid receptor e tšoaea maikutlo a morphine. Neuroscience. 2003; 117: 921-929. [E fetotsoe]
231. Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Bobeli ba GLP-1 le GIP ke li-insulinotropic maemong a tsoekere le tsa postprandial mme li kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho litlamorao tsa lijo ka lithuto tse phetseng hantle. Regul Pept. 2003; 114: 115–121. [E fetotsoe]
232. Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. Keketso ea Cocaine: Khopolo-taba e nkiloeng lithutong tsa ho nahana ka PET. J Khotso Dis. 1996a; 15: 55-71. [E fetotsoe]
233. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Hitzemann R, Ding YS, Pappas N, Shea C, Piscani K. E theoha ho li-receptor tsa dopamine empa eseng ho baeti ba dopamine ba lemaletseng joala. Mofuta Oa Kliniki 1996b; 20: 1594-1598. [E fetotsoe]
234. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Logan J, Ngaka ea Bana AR, Jayne M, Ma Y, Wong C. Cocaine o hlokomela le dopamine ho dorsal striatum: mokhoa oa ho lakatsa ho lemalla koae. J Neurosci. 2006; 26: 6583-6588. [E fetotsoe]
235. Volkow ND, RA ea Wise. Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho ka re thusa joang hore re utloisise botenya? Nat Neurosci. 2005; 8: 555-560. [E fetotsoe]
236. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone kalafo ea ts'ebeliso ea joala. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 1992; 49: 876-880. [E fetotsoe]
237. Volpicelli JR, Ulm RR, Hopson N. Ho nowa joala ho likhoto nakong le ho latela liente tsa morphine. Joala. 1991; 8: 289-292. [E fetotsoe]
238. DA e telele, Kiser RS, Hardy BW, Fuchs I, Feigenbaum LP, Uauy R. Boitšoaro ba ho ja le plasma beta-endorphin ho bulimia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986; 44: 20–23. [E fetotsoe]
239. Hanna GJ, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna, Hanna H Hanna Dopamine ea boko le botenya. Lancet. 2001; 357: 354-357. [E fetotsoe]
240. Tong GJ, Tong Tong, Telang T, Tong Tong, Tong Tong, Tong Tong Tong, Tong Tong T, Tong Tong Tong, Tong Tong Tong, Tong Tong Tong, Tong Tong Tong JS. Ho ipapisa le tšusumetso ea lijo tse matlafatsang ho hlahisa boko ba motho. Neuroimage. 2004a; 21: 1790-1797. [E fetotsoe]
241. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Ho tšoana pakeng tsa ho ba botenya le ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho hlahlojoa ke litšoantšo tse sa sebetseng: tlhahlobo ea maikutlo. J ho lemalla Dis. 2004b; 23: 39-53. [E fetotsoe]
242. Way EL, Loh HH, Shen FH. Teko e lekanang ea tekanyo e tšoanang ea mamello ea morphine le ho itšepa ho 'mele. J Theracol Exp Ther. 1969; 167: 1-8. [E fetotsoe]
243. Weiss F. Neurobiology ea ho lakatsa, moputso o behiloeng maemong le ho khutla hape. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005; 5: 9–19. [E fetotsoe]
244. Westerink BH, Tuntler J, Damsma G, Rollema H, de Vries JB. Ts'ebeliso ea tetrodotoxin bakeng sa ts'oaetso ea tokollo ea dopamine e matlafatsang ea lithethefatsi ho likhoto tse hlokolosi tse ithutoang ke dialysis ea boko. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1987; 336: 502-507. [E fetotsoe]
245. Widman CH, Nadzam GR, Murphy HM. Litlamorao tsa phoofolo ea mofuta oa temallo ea tsoekere, ho ikhula le ho khutla hape bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba motho. Nutr Neurosci. 2005; 8: 269–276. [E fetotsoe]
246. RA ea bohlale. The neurobiology ea ho lakatsa: litlamorao bakeng sa kutloisiso le kalafo ea ho lemalla. J Abnorm Psychol. 1988; 97: 118–132. [E fetotsoe]
247. RA ea bohlale. Moputso oa Opiate: libaka le libaka. Neurosci Biobehav Moruti 1989; 13: 129–133. [E fetotsoe]
248. RA ea bohlale. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e nkoa e le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho inchides. Takatso ea lijo. 1997; 28: 1-5. [E fetotsoe]
249. RA ea bohlale, Bozarth MA. Bry putso circry: likarolo tse 'ne tsa potoloho li "wired" ka tatellano e hlakileng. Brain Res Bull. 1984; 12: 203-208. [E fetotsoe]
250. Wise RA, Newton P, Leeb K, Burnette B, Pocock D, Justice JB., Jr Fluctuation in nucleus accumbens dopamine mahlasipa nakong ea taolo e matla ea koae ho litheko. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 120: 10-20. [E fetotsoe]
251. Yeomans JS. Boikarabello ba likarolo tse qaqileng tsa choleinergic neurons ho dopaminergic activation, antimuscarinic psychosis le schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995; 12: 3-16. [E fetotsoe]
252. Yoshimoto K, McBride WJ, Lumeng L, Li TK. Joala bo etsa hore motho a lokolloe dopamine le serotonin ka har'a li-nucleus. Joala. 1992; 9: 17–22. [E fetotsoe]
253. Zangen A, Nakash R, Dst e feteletseng ea DH, Yadid G. Mokhatlo pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo nyahamisang le ho se be teng ha tšebelisano ea serotonin-dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 155: 434–439. [E fetotsoe]
254. Zhang M, Gosnell BA, Kelley AE. Ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ho ntlafatsoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho hlohlelletsa li-mu opioid receptor kahare ho li-nucleus accumbens. J Theracol Exp Ther. 1998; 285: 908-914. [E fetotsoe]
255. Zhang M, Kelley AE. Ho ja lischarin, letsoai le ethanol tharollo e eketsoa ke ho kenngoa ha agonist ea mu opioid agoniste. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 159: 415–423. [E fetotsoe]
256. Zubieta JK, Gorelick DA, Stauffer R, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Frost JJ. Ho eketseha ha li-op opidid receptor tse fumanoeng ke PET ho banna ba itšetlehileng ka koae ho amana le ho lakatsa koae. Nat Med. 1996; 2: 1225–1229. [E fetotsoe]