Lijo tse lemalloang e le karolo e ncha ea mokhoa oa botenya (2015)

 

Kenyelletso. Ho nona haholo kajeno

Ho nona ho fetohile moroalo o moholo oa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba lefats'e ka lebaka la ts'usumetso e kholo ea sechaba le moruo e tsoang ho li-comorbidities tse amanang le tsona []. Boemo ba 'mele bo fetelletseng bo hakantsoe ho 16% ea lefu la moroalo oa lefats'e [] mme ho ea ka likhakanyo tsa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, batho ba baholo ba fetang limilione tse 600 ba batenya ho feta boteng ba lefatše ba hlalositsoe e le bothata bo bongata ba thuto ea kelello 'me ho bontšitsoe lintlha tse' maloa tse amanang le ho qala le nts'etsopele []. Leha ho na le tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa thutong ea botona, maemo a bosholu a ntse a eketseha, a fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tse ling li tlameha ho nka karolo ho pathogene ea lefu lena. Ho feta moo, le haeba mananeo a ho theola boima ba 'mele a sebetsa, ho fokotsa boima ba' mele ho tsoela pele ho ba phephetso e ke keng ea lekanngoa []. Moelelong ona, ho hlahisoa likhopolo tse ncha mabapi le lijo. Ho utloisisa botenya e le tšibollo ea lijo ke mokhoa o mocha o hapileng tlhokomelo e kholo. Boithuto bo bong bo bontšitse kamano pakeng tsa maikutlo le mokhoa oa ho ja ka kakaretso o kenyeletsang limatlafatsi tse khethehileng []. Patlisiso ea morao-rao e boetse e bonts'a hore lijo tse fumanehang hantle le tse matla tsa khalori li ka ba le tšusumetso e matla. Litho li lula li ja lijo tse ling tse kholo ho feta tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho phela hantle, tse bonts'ang tahlehelo ea taolo boits'oarong ba lijo []. Ntle le moo, ho atile ha 40% ea bokhoba ba lijo ho bontšitsoe ho batho ba batenya ho feta ba batlang ho buuoa ka bariatric []. Lintho tsena kaofela li bontša hore ho ka ba le kamano e teng lipakeng tsa boits'oaro le ho nona.

Likhopolo tse ncha ka botenya: botenya joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lijo

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho bile le keketseho ea bopaki ba mahlale bo bonts'ang likamano tsa maikutlo le tsa boitšoaro lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi le joala ba lijo. Patlisiso ea mantlha e sebelisoang mehlaleng ea liphoofolo le batho e bontšitse hore lijo tse ling, haholo-holo tse fumanehang habonolo, li na le thepa e ka lemalloang. Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsoa lijo le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho bontšitse likarabo tse tšoanang lits'ebetsong tsa dopaminergic le opioid. Ho tšoana hona pakeng tsa lijo le lithethefatsi ho hlahisitse khopolo ea ho lemalla lijo.

Ts'ebetso ea lijo le li-circuits tsa moputso oa boko

Sisteme ya dopaminergic e ameha ka palo e kholo ea boits'oaro ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea moputso le boitšoaro bo susumetsoang. Kahoo, lithethefatsi tsohle tsa tlhekefetso li eketsa khatello ea kantle ho dopamine (DA) libakeng tsa striatum le tse amanang le mesolimbic []. Sehlopha sa Di Chiara se bonts'itse haholo hore lithethefatsi tse lemalloang (mohlala, amphetamine le cocaine) li eketsa li-DA tse tsoang kantle ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAc), sebaka sa mantlha sa boitšoaro bo matlafalitsoeng []. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea Microbalal e bontšitse hore ho pepesetsoa lijo tse nang le moputso ho matlafatsa phetiso ea dopaminergic ho NAc [].

Ho feta moo, lithuto tsa neuroimaging li bonts'a hore karabo ea rona ea boko e ts'oana le ho na le ts'ebeliso ea lijo le lithethefatsi: ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea lisele ho NAc, setsi sa thabo sa boko [-]. Lithuto tse nang le phetoho e matla ho batho le tsona li bontšitse ho tšoana pakeng tsa botenya le bokhoba. Mohlala, botenya le lithethefatsi li amahanngoa le li-receptor tse 'maloa tsa D2 dopamine bokong [, ], ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ha ba na taba le moputso oa ho putsa le ho ba kotsing ea lijo le lithethefatsi. Kahoo, mohlala, batho ba nang le index ea kholo ea 'mele (BMI) ba ne ba e-na le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa D2 [].

Ka ho khetheha, phokotso ena ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea D2 e nang le metabolism e fokotsehileng libakeng tsa likhoerekhoere (prepaleal and orbitofrontal cortex) e fanang ka taolo ea thibelo ho tšebeliso ea tšebeliso []. Kahoo, lithuto tse feteletseng li bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea meputso le libaka tsa tlhokomelo ho feta lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ho arabela litšoantšo tse monate tsa lijo le litšoantšo tse laoloang [, ]. Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho haella ha ts'ebetso ea moputso ke ntho ea bohlokoa e ka bang kotsi bakeng sa boits'oaro bo sa potlakiseheng bo bonts'itsoeng ke batho ba batenya. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, lintlha tsena li ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng ha boteng le bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi boitsoaro bo nyarosang bo tsoela pele ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse mpe tsa setjhaba, bophelo bo botle le tsa lichelete. Lintlha tsena kaofela tsa neurobiological li fana ka maikutlo a hore botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li ka arolelana likarabo tse tšoanang liphatlalatsong tsa moputso oa boko kapa mekhahlelo ea tšebetso.

Karolo ea li-neuropeptide tsa phepo e ntle ho joala

Khopolo ea hore li-neuropeptides tse amehang ho melao ea metabolic le eona e kentse letsoho ho fetoleng likarabo tsa methapo ea kutlo ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso e amohetse tlhokomelo e kholo ho lingoliloeng tsa morao-rao [, ]. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore ho pepesehela lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho fetola haholo ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa methapo ea kutlo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lisebelisoa tse lebisang litsamaiso tsena tsa neuropeptides li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng likarabo tsa methapo ea kutlo ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Mohlala, tsamaiso ea melanocortins (MC) le orexins, e phethang karolo ea bohlokoa phepelong ea lijo, e kenelletse ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi. Ho feta moo, polelo ea boko ea li-neuropeptide tsena e fetoloa ka mor'a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi [-] kapa lintho tse utloang habonolo (caloric and non-caloric) []. Tsamaiso e bohareng ea peptide e amanang le Agouti, mohanyetsi oa MC, e kenya tšebetsong methapo ea kutlo ea midbrain dopamine le ho etsa hore ho sebelisoe lijo tse matlafalitsoeng []. Ha re e kopanya, re ka e hlalosetsa hore na ke hobaneng ha mefuta e meng ea lijo e atisoa hangata joalo.

Mekhoa ea taolo ea ho ja lijo e ka ba tlhoko ea homeostatic -biological- empa hape le hedonic []. Mohopolo ona o tšehetsoa ke taba ea hore batho ba tsoela pele ho ja le ha litlhoko tsa matla li fihletsoe. Leha ho le joalo, ke taba ea bohlokoa hore lits'ebetso tsena (hedonic dhidi ea homeostatic) ha li ikhetholle ka bobeli, empa li tla ba le likhokahano tse ngata []. Litaolo tsa homeostatic tsa tlala le satiety, joalo ka ghrelin, leptin le insulin, li ka khona ho buisana lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea homeostatic le hedonic ea lijo tse susumetsang tsamaiso ea dopaminergic [, ]. Leptin mohlomong ke eona ntho ea tlhaho e ithutoang haholo mabapi le taolo ea lijo. Le hoja e patiloe ke lisele tsa adipose, li-receptors tsa leptin li hlahisoa ho li-neurb tsa dopamine neurons []. Ho kenngoa ha Leptin sebakeng sa tegmental ventral, sebaka sa boko sa moputso, ho fokotsa ho ja lijo le ho sitisa tšebetso ea li-neuroplane tsa dopamine []. Kahoo, bopaki ba hona joale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore mesolimbic dopamine pathways e ka kopanya phello ea leptin litekanyetsong tsa lijo.

Ka hona, likhopolo tsa "bokhoba ba lijo" li bontša hore lijo tse ling tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo li ka ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho lemalla mme li ka baka molato maemong a mang a ho nona le mathata a ho ja [, ]. Haufinyane, ho bontšitsoe hore lithuto tse bonts'ang phetoho e tlamang e jang li-macronutrients tse ling (mafura le liprotheine) ha li bapisoa le lihlooho tse sa tlatseng lijo [, ]. Ho thehiloe hantle hore hyperphagia e khothalletsoang ke tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafalitsoeng le tsoekere e ntlafalitsoeng e susumetsoa ke ho kenella ha mesolimbic le nigrostriatal dopaminergic. Mohlala, tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo, tsoekere haholo, ho kenyelletsa ho lokolloa ha li-opioid tsa khale ho NAc [, ] le ho kenya tšebetsong tsamaiso ea moputso oa dopaminergic []. Ntle le moo, likhoto li pepesitsoe phihlello ea nako le nako ea tharollo ea tsoekere li bonts'a likarolo tse ling tsa tlhekefetso joalo ka ho eketseha hoa tsoekere letsatsi le letsatsi, lipontšo tsa ho ikhula, ho lakatsa le maikutlo a tšekaletseng ho amphetamine le joala []. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse ling li na le monyetla o motle 'me li ka baka boits'oaro bo tšoanang le ba liphoofolo tse fumanehang bathong.

Mokhoa oa ho lekola bokhoba ba lijo

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, botenya ke lefu le matla le susumetsoang ke lintho tse ngata. Tlhahlobo ena e bontšitse hore na ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla e ka kenya letsoho joang ho itlopeng ho ja le botenya. Kahoo, bokhoba ba lijo bo ka baka sesosa sa ho nona haholo le ho nona haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ho sechaba sa mahlale khopolo ea bokhoba ba lijo e ntse e le taba e hanyetsanang [, , ]. E 'ngoe ea mabaka a ho belaella bonnete ba tšibollo ea litheko tsa lijo ke hore le ha lithuto tsa neurobiological li khethollotse mekhoa ea boko e arolelanoang ea lijo le lithethefatsi, ho na le phapang e kholo haholo []. Hape, mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ba batho ba batenya le ba jang ho bapisoa le taolo ha o lumellane []. Kamora nako, litlhaloso tse ling tse nyarosang li pheha khang ea hore boholo ba lithuto tse ts'ehetsang boteng ba bokhoba ba lijo tse tlisoang ke mefuta ea liphoofolo feela []. Ka ho hopola ho nyatsuoa hona, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang lia hlokahala ho ithuta ka botlalo bonnete ba tšebeliso ea lijo ho batho. Ka hona, ho lekola mohopolo ona oa "bokhoba ba lijo" le tlatsetso ea oona mathateng a ho ja ho hlokahala hore ho be le lisebelisoa tse sebetsang le tse tšepahalang tsa ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro bo lematsang.

Sesebelisoa sa ho khetholla batho ba bonts'ang matšoao a "ho its'epahalla" lijong tse itseng se sa tsoa etsoa. Li-gearhardt le likhole. e hlalositsoe ka 2009 le Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) []. Tekanyo ena e sebelisitsoe ho lipatlisiso tse ngata tse amanang le mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo ebile e fetoletsoe lipuong tse 'maloa, joalo ka, Sefora, Sejeremane, Setaliana, Sepanishe kapa Sedache. Sesebelisoa ke khang ea sehlahisoa sa 25 se hlophisitsoeng ka tlas'a maemo a ts'oanang le matšoao a ho its'etleha joalo ka ha a hlalositsoe ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disallen IV. Sekala se kenyelletsa lintho tse lekolang litekanyetso tse itseng, joalo ka tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea matla, takatso e sa khaotseng kapa liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho khaotsa, ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ho sa na le mathata a 'mele le a kelello, le ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo hara ba bang. Matšoao a atileng haholo a ho lemalla lijo ke tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a tšebeliso ea lijo, tšebeliso e tsoelang pele le ha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe, le ho sitoa ho fokotsa le ha o lakatsa ho etsa joalo [].

Liphuputso tse sebelisoang YFAS li fumane hore bakuli ba ipatileng ka bongata ba bontša likotsi tsa ho ja hangata [, , ]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ata ha bokhoba ba lijo tse fumanoeng ho sebelisoa YFAS e ne e le 5.4% ho baahi ka kakaretso []. Leha ho le joalo, bokhoba ba lijo bo eketsehile ka boemo ba botenya bo pakeng tsa 40% le 70% ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho itlopa joala []] kapa bulimia mothosa []. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le lintlha tse ngata tsa ho lemalla lijo ba fumanoe ba e-na le likarabo tse tšoanang ha ba talima litšoantšo tsa lijo e le batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba shebelletseng litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi. Ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng maemong a moputso (anterior cingrate cortex, dorsolateral preortal cortex le amygdala) ha ba araba mekhoa ea lijo le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso libakeng tse thibelang lijo (medial orbitof Pambal cortex) ho arabela tšebeliso ea lijo [].

Ho khahlisang, keketseho ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi tsa lijo e ne e amana hantle le mehato ea ho hlonepha (mohlala, mafura a mmele, BMI) [, ]. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore bokhoba ba lijo ke ntho ea bohlokoa ho nts'etsopeleng ea botenya ba batho le hore e amana le ho teba ha botena ho tloha ho ba tloaelehileng ho ea ho batho ba batenya. Ebile, batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a karabelo e mpe ea ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele kalafong [] le ho nona haholo kamora ho etsoa opereishene ea bariatric [fumana lintlha tse phahameng tsa YFAS. Kahoo, kalafo ea ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele e lokela ho nka karolo ea bokhoba ba lijo e le sesosa sa kelello tlasa maemo a thata a taolo ea boima ba' mele.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mekhoa e meng ea botho, e kang ho ts'oaroa ke takatso, e amahanngoa le joala le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi []. Tabeng ea bokhoba ba lijo, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore batho ba batenya haholo ba inkang holimo ho YFAS ba ne ba le leqe ho feta mme ba bonts'a maikutlo a maholo ho feta taolo e nkoang haholo []. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lijo e bonts'a boemo ba kelello bo amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi.

Le ha ho le joalo, le ha e le tlatsetso ea ho lemalla lijo e le teng, ha ho na monyetla oa hore lijo tsohle li na le matla a ho ba teng. Liindasteri tsa indasteri li hlophisitse lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng ka ho eketsa tsoekere, letsoai kapa mafura, tse ka eketsang thepa ea matlafatso ea lijo tsa setso (litholoana, meroho). Boleng bo phahameng ba boleng (hedonic boleng) boo mofuta ona oa lijo tse lokisitsoeng bo fanang ka bona, bo susumetsa baithuti ho ja ho feta. Kahoo, lijo tse ling tse phethoang li ka ba le tšebeliso e ngata e phahameng 'me tsa ikarabella bakeng sa mathata a ho ja a joalo ka botenya [, ]. Leha ho na le bopaki bo fokolang bathong, mehlala ea liphoofolo e fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse lokisitsoeng li amahanngoa le ho ja ho tlisoang ke nama. Mohlala, Avena le likhahla. e bonts'itse hore ho ja tsoekere ho feteletseng ho baka "neurochemical" (tokollo e eketsehileng ea dopamine le acetylcholine ho NAc) le boits'oaro (tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea tsoekere ka mor'a nako ea ho itlotsa le ho iphaphatha le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso) lipontšo tsa ho its'etleha []. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo, empa eseng tekanyetso ea rat rat, e hlahisa litšobotsi tse joalo tsa tlatsetso. Hape, ho bonts'itsoe hore ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsoang e baka taolo-tlase ea polelo ea li-receptor D2 ka tsela e tšoanang le eo lithethefatsi li e etsang [], e fanang ka maikutlo a hore botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo ka arolelana moelelo oa motheo oa hedonic, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo.

Leha ho le joalo, ha se motho e mong le e mong ea fumanehang maemong a phetseng hantle a lijo a nang le botena. Ho tseba sepheo sa tlhaho le / kapa boits'oaro kapa mabaka a hobaneng batho ba ja lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo ho ka thusa ho hlalosa ho tsitsipana kapa ho tiisetsa mabapi le botena. Kahoo, ka ho tseba hore na hobaneng batho ba qala ho ja mefuta ena ea lijo ho ka khonahala ho qapa mekhoa e nepahetseng ea "motho" ho loants'a botenya. Palatable Motives Eating Scale (PEMS) ke sekala se netefalitsoeng hape se matla ho tsebahatsa tse khothalletsoang ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo []. Sekala se lumella ho bona sepheo sa ho ja lijo tse monate: sechabeng (mohlala, ho keteka ketsahalo e khethehileng le metsoalle), ho sebetsana le maemo (mohlala, ho lebala ka mathata a hau), ntlafatso ea moputso (mohlala, hobane e u fa maikutlo a monate) le ho lumellana ( mohlala, hobane metsoalle le ba lelapa ba batla hore o je kapa o noe lijo tsena kapa lino tse tsoekere. Ntle le moo, PEMS e na le netefatso e nepahetseng ea ho feto-fetoha le lintlha tsa YFAS. E etsa hore ho khonehe ho lekola liemahale tse fapaneng tsa bokhoba ba lijo. Le ha YFAS e ntse e hlahloba litlamorao tsa ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang haholo, PEMS e hloela sepheo sa ts'ebeliso e joalo.

Ho bontšitsoe mehlala e 'meli ea likala (YFAS le PEMS) ho lekola tšibollo ea lijo.

fihlela qeto e

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe kaholimo, botenya e fetohile bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba lefats'e ka bophara. Ka hona, ho fumana maano a sebetsang ho loants'a lefu lena ho hlahisa phephetso e kholo ho sechaba sa machabeng sa bo-ramahlale. Ho ithuta karolo eo ho ka bang le monyetla oa ho lemalla lijo ho batho e le sesosa sa tšusumetso ea lijo tse ngata haholo ho hohela tlhokomelo. Ho feta moo, ho nahana ka liphetho tse khahlisang tse fumanoeng le liphoofolo. Hoa tsebahala hore linyeoe tse ling tsa takatso ea lijo tse fetelletseng ha li arabele litlhoko tsa mmele empa ho karolo ea boitšoaro ea kelello e hlokang ho tsejoa. Ho fumana karolo ena ho ka lumella ho kenyelletsoa ha phekolo ea boits'oaro lipakeng tsa methapo ea kalafo ea botena, ka hona ho fihlela mokhoa o fapaneng haholo ho latela tšimoloho ea botsitso. Kutloisiso ena e sebetsang haholoanyane e ka lumella ho sebelisa kalafo e sebetsang, e sa lebiseng ho theolelo e kholo feela, empa hape le monyetla o motle oa ho theola boima bo lahlehileng. Lisebelisoa tsa YFAS le PEMS li fana ka mokhoa o thata oa ho lekola hore na ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla e kenya letsoho mathateng a itseng a ho ja, joalo ka botenya le ho itlopa lijo. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling bakeng sa ho lekola tšibollo ea lijo tsa lithethefatsi le kamano ea lona le mathata a ho ja. Ho hlokahala ho ithuta ka phello ea kelello, boits'oaro, tlhalohanyo le maemo a mmele ho tlatsong ea litheko tsa lijo. Le ha ho le joalo, lijo tse itseng (tse mafura, tsoekere le letsoai) li bontšitse hore li na le matla a ho lematsa, ka hona li fana ka monyetla oa ho thibela le ho phekola botena.

Liteboho

Mosebetsi oa hona joale o entsoe ka thuso ho Universidad Autonoma de Chile (DPI 62 / 2015).

khutsufalitsoeng

DAdopamine
NAcnucleus accumbens
BMItlhahiso ea 'mele ea' mele
MCmelanocortins
YFASYale Food Addiction Scale
PEMSMelemo e Ntle ea ho ja
 

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na litlhōlisano.

 

 

Menehelo ea bangoli

Patlo ea lingoliloeng e entsoe ke bangoli bohle, hammoho le ho ntšoa ha lintlha, ho hlahlobisisa le ho kopanya litaba. PLL e lokisitse moralo oa pele oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Liqabang li ile tsa rarolleha ka tumellano, bangoli bohle ba bala ba ba ba amohela tumello ea mongolo oa ho qetela

 

Boitsebiso ba bafani

Jose Manuel Lerma-Cabrera, Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

Francisca Carvajal, Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

Patricia Lopez-Legarrea, Fono: + 56 2 23036664, Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

References

1. Lopez-Legarrea P, Olivares PR, Almonacid-Fierro A, Gomez-Campos R, cossio-Bolanos M, Garcia-Rubio J. Kopano lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea ho ja le ho ba teng ha boima ba 'mele / botena ho sampole ea bacha ba 21,385 ba bacha. Moeti oa Nutr. 2015; 31 (5): 2088-2094. [E fetotsoe]
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