Obes Moruti 2012 Sep 27. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-789X.2012.01031.x.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD.
Keywords:
- Tlatsetso;
- dopamine;
- botenya;
- prefrontal cortex
Summary
Ho lemalla lithethefatsi le botenya ho bonahala li arolelana thepa e 'maloa. Ka bobeli li ka hlalosoa e le mathata ao ka 'ona botsitso ba mofuta o itseng oa moputso (lijo kapa sethethefatsi) bo fetelletsoang ha bo bapisoa le,' me ha ba bang ba putsoa. Lithethefatsi le lijo ka bobeli li na le litlamorao tse matlafatsang, tseo karolo ea tsona e buelletsoeng ke keketseho e potlakileng ea dopamine litsing tsa moputso tsa boko. Dopamine e sa lebelloang ea eketseha, ho batho ba tlokotsing, e ka fetang mekhoa ea taolo ea homeostatic ea boko. Ts'ebetsong tsena li hlahisitse thahasello ea ho utloisisa bofokoli bo arolelanoeng lipakeng tsa bokhoba le botenya.
Ka mokhoa o reriloeng, li boetse li hlahisitse ngangisano e matla. Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa monahano oa boko li qala ho sibolla likarolo tse tloaelehileng lipakeng tsa maemo ana a mabeli ebe li hlakisa tse ling tsa lipotoloho tse phetseng ka bokhabane tseo ho se sebetse ha tsona ho ka bakang bofokoli bo bonoang.
Liphetho tse kopaneng li bontša hore batho ba batenya le ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba nang le bothata ba ho senyeheloa ke tsela eo dopaminergic pathways e tsamaisang methapo ea methapo e amanang le maikutlo le mehopolo, empa hape le maemo, boitšoaro, taolo ea khatello ea maikutlo le tlhokomeliso e mabapi le kutloisiso.
Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, lithuto li boetse li hlakisa liphapang lipakeng tsa tsona tse etelletseng pele karolo ea bohlokoa e etsoang ke matšoao a ho ikamahanya le taolo ea homeostatic taelong ea lijo. Mona, re shebana le likarolo tse arolelanoang tsa botenya le bokhoba.
- D2R
- dopamine 2 receptor
- DA
- dopamine
- NAc
- nucleus accumbens
Background
Lithethefatsi tse sebelisang tlhekefetso li kenella methating ea methapo ea kutlo e khothalletsang tšusumetso ea ho ja lijo, ka hona, ha ho makatse hore ebe ho na le phokotso e fetang ea methapo ea methapo e amanang le tahlehelo ea taolo le tšebeliso e ngata ea lijo tse bonoang bothateng le bothateng bo qobelloang. ea lithethefatsi tse bonoang e le joala.
Ntho ea bohlokoa ho li-pathologies tsena tse peli ke ho senyeha ha methapo ea methapo ea kelello (DA), e fetotsang karabelo ea boitšoaro molemong oa ho khothaletsa tikolohoi. Li-neurone tsa dopamine li lula sebakeng sa midbrain nuclei (sebaka sa karolelano ea methapo kapa VTA, le proaantiantianti kapa SN) eo projene e etsang striatal (nucleus accumbens kapa NAc le dorsal striatum), limbic (amygdala le hippocampus) le libaka tsa cortical (preortalal cortex, cingulate gyrus, pole ea nakoana) le ho fetola tšusumetso le ts'epo ea boikitlaetso bo hlokahalang ho fihlela boits'oaro bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ho pholoha. To fihlella mesebetsi ea eona, li-neurons tsa DA li amohela ho hloaea ho tsoa libakeng tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng likarabo tsa autonomic (ke hore, hypothalamus, brainstem), memory (hippocampus), maikutlo a reactivity (amygdala), arousal (thalamus) le taolo ea kelello (pele ho cortex le cingulate) ka sebaka se seholo bongata ba li-neurotransmitters le li-peptide.
Kahoo, ha ho makatse hore li-neurotransmitters tse amehang litekanyetsong tsa ho batla lithethefatsi le tsona li na le tšusumetso ho ja lijo mme, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-peptides tse laolang taolo ea lijo le tsona li susumetsa litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa lithethefatsi. (Litafole 1 'me 2). Leha ho le joalo, ka phapang e makatsang le lithethefatsi tseo liketso tsa tsona li bakoang ke litlamorao tsa bona tse tobileng tsa khemik'hale bokong ba putsa tsela ea DA (NAc le ventral pallidum), taolo ea boits'oaro ba ho ja ka hona likarabo tsa lijo, li hlophisoa ke mekhoa e mengata ea pherekano le e bohareng e fetisetsa leseli ka kotloloho kapa ka tsela e sa tobang tseleng ea moputso oa DA ea boko ka karolo e ikhethang ea hypothalamus (Fig. 1).
Lihormone tsa endocrine | Origin | Mochine o seng oa hypothalamic | Lithethefatsi / khokahano ea moputso |
---|---|---|---|
Orexigenic | |||
Ghrelin | Malapa | Amygdala, OFC, anterior insula, striatum [161]. Ka GHS-receptor 1a, ghrelin e boetse e ama mohopolo, ho ithuta le neuroprotection [162]. | Ghrelin e bohareng e hlokahala bakeng sa moputso oa joala [163] |
Orexin | Hamorao hypothalamus | E nts'etsapele bokhoni ba nako e telele ba glutamate ba nako e telele ho li-neuron tsa VTA DA [164] | Mosebetsi oa ho khutlisa koae ea cocaine [165] le ka moralo oa boemo bo botle ba morphine [166] |
Melanocortin | Hypothalamus | MC4R e kopantsoe hammoho le "dopamine 1 receptor" (D1R) ho "ventral striatum" [167]. | Mefuta e fapaneng ea Melanocortin receptor 2 e ne e amahanngoa le phello e sirelletsang ho tsoa lemeneng la heroin ho tsa Spain [168] |
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | Hypothalamus | Li-receptors tsa NPY (Y1, Y2, Y4 le Y5) li fumanoe mefuteng e fapaneng ea limbic, e lumellanang le ho kenya letsoho ha eona bothateng le taolong ea linaha tse nang le maikutlo. [169, 170]. | E bapala karolo ea tšebeliso ea joala, ho itlhahisa le ho itlhahisa ho ts'epa joala ba NPY [163, 171]. |
Anorexigenic | |||
Leptin | Fat | Merero ea Hypothalamic ho VTA. | ho noa joala [175] |
Insulin | manyeme | Merero ea Hypothalamic ho VTA. Molao oa kutloisiso ho hippocampus [178]. | Li-stimulants li ile tsa eketsa maemo a insulin ka har'a mofuta oa PCP o khothalletsoang ke schizophrenia [179] |
Geptc-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [180] | Matšoafo a manyenyane Litho tsa tatso ea molomo | Liphetho tse ling tse nang le chefo li shebahala li le maemong a sistimi ea moputso oa mesolimbic [181] | Exendin, GLP-1 receptor agonist modulates boits'oaro bo sebetsang ka amphetamine [182] |
Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Mala a manyane (lisele tsa duodenal le ileal). | Ts'oaetso ea li-receptor ea CCK e bonahala e aparela haholo le opioid [183] le dopamine [184] litsamaisong tse methapo ea methapo. | DA - Litšebelisano tsa CCK ho li-bokellane tsa Nyutlelie li kenya letsoho maitsholong a amanang le moputso oa psychostimulant [185, 186] [184]. Likhoto tsa OLETF tsa batho ba baholo (CCK-1 KO) li bonts'a li-signaling tsa D2R tse fetotsoeng (NAc shell) tse ts'oanang le maikutlo a susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi, li fana ka maikutlo a khokahano e nang le botsitso ba tsona bakeng sa karabelo e tenang le e sa tloaelehang ea ho lakatsa [187]. |
Peptide YY (PYY) | Lisele tsa endocrine tsa ileum le kolon | Caudolateral OFC, ACC le striatum ea ventral. PYY e phahameng ea plasma e etsisa maemo a fepa: liphetoho tse etsahalang tšebetsong ea neural ka har'a caudolateral OFC li bolela esale pele boitsoaro ba ho iphepa ntle le boiphihlelo bo amanang le lijo. Tlas'a PYY e tlase, ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic e bolela esale pele ho ja lijo. Kamora lijo, PPY e fetola melaoana ea lijo ho tloha homeostatic ho hedonic [188], | (Ha e fumanehe) |
Galanin (GAL) | CNS | Mojari ea pottery ea serotonin neurotransmission bokong [191]. | Tai, nicotine [192]. GAL e eketsa ts'ebeliso ea mafura kapa joala bo bongata, bo tsosetsang polelo ea GAL, e lebisang ho tšebeliso e feteletseng [193]. |
Tokomane e laoloang ke cocaine- le amphetamine (CART) [194] | E bontšitsoe ka nepo tsamaisong ea methapo e bohareng | NAc khetla. likhakanyo tsa lichelete tse kenang ho hypalalamus ea morao [195] | Modular ea opioid-mesolimbic-dopamine circry le kapa likarabo tsa koae le amphetamine [196] |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | "Nucleus" (PVN) | Polelo ea Amygdalar ea CRH ho rat e lokisoa ke khatello ea maikutlo e matla [197] le ts'ehetso ea cannabis [198]. | Li-receptors tsa CRF le ho khutlela ho koae ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo [199] le joala [200]. |
oxytocin | "Nucleus" (PVN) | Oxetocin e ka 'na ea ntlafatsa tsoelo-pele le bophahamo ba amygdalar [201] | Oxytocin modulates methamphetamine e hlohlelletsang CPP: tlase (nakong ea ho timela) kapa holimo (nakong ea puseletso) [202]. |
Neurotransmitter | Origin | Mekhenike | Lithethefatsi le lijo |
---|---|---|---|
Dopamine | VTA, SN, hypothalamus | E ntlafatsa boiketlo ba maemo, maemo | Lithethefatsi tsohle Keketseho e atileng ea DRD2 Taq1A A1 allele ho bakuli ba batenya ba nang le mefuta e meng ea lithethefatsi ha ba bapisoa le bakuli ba sa feteng hampe ba bang hampe. [203] |
Li-opioids | Bokong bohle | Likarabo tsa Hedonic, modumo ea bohloko. E sebelisana le ghrelin le NPY1 ho fetolela moputso oa lijo [204] | Lithethefatsi tsohle tse hlahelletseng tsa li-heroin le li-analgesics tsa opiate |
Li-cannabinoids | Bokong bohle | Mokhahlelo oa moputso le oa homeostatic, polasetiki ea nako e khuts'oane le ea nako e telele bokong bohle [207] | Lithethefatsi tsohle tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa tsa marihuana Endocannabinoids e sebelisana le lipontšo tsa pheriferale, joalo ka leptin, insulin, ghrelin le li-hormone tsa satiety tse amang botsitso le matla [208] |
Serotonin | Raphe nuclei | Taolo ea boits'oaro, matla (mohlala, olfaction) le litsamaiso tsa taolo, ho kenyelletsa mohatsela, tlala, mocheso oa mmele. Boitšoaro ba thobalano, taolo ea mesifa le pono ea methapo. Hypothalamic taolo ea tšebeliso ea lijo [209] | Ecstasy, hallucinogens (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin) Lithethefatsi tsa 5-HT li fokotsa tšebeliso ea lijo ka litoeba ka tsela e lumellanang le ntlafatso ea satiety [210]. |
Histamine | Tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) ea posterior hypothalamus | Tsamaiso ea potoloho ea boroko, ho lakatsa takatso ea lijo, homeostasis ea 'mele, mocheso oa' mele, pono ea bohloko, ho ithuta, mohopolo le maikutlo [211]. | Joala le nikotine [212, 213] [214]. Historiergic blockade e tsitsitseng ho likhoto e amana le boima ba 'mele bo fokotsehileng [215]. |
Cholinergic [216] | Li-receptors tsa Nikotine ho VTA le hypothalamus | E laola ts'ebetso ho li-neuron tsa DA le ho li-neuron tsa MCH. Tsamaiso ea Nicotine ho "hypothalamus" ea morao-rao e fokotsa haholo ts'ebeliso ea lijo [217] | Nikotine. Hyperphagia: Mokhoa o ka sehloohong o thibelang ho khaotsa ho tsuba [218] |
Glutamate | Bokong bohle | Pono ea bohloko, likarabelo tikolohong le mohopolong. Ho kenella ha glutamate ho ea morao ho hypothalamus ho etsa hore ho be le phepo e matla lipatseng tse khotsofatsang [219] | Lithethefatsi tsohle tse tsebahalang haholo PCP le ketamine Khothatso e khethiloeng ea AMPAR ho LH e lekane ho khothaletsa ho fepa [220]. |
GABA | Bokong bohle | Modulates signals ea striatal e tsoang D1R le D2R e hlahisang li-neurons le modulates reactivity ea li-neurons tsa DA bohareng ba mmele. | Tai, opiates, inhalants, li-benzodiazepines [171]. Ha e lokolloa ho li-neuron tse thibelitsoeng ka leptin, GABA e ka phahamisa boima ba 'mele [221]. |
Norepinephrine | Locus coeruleus | NE (joalo ka NPY le AGRP) e tlalehiloe ka mokhoa oa ho fetola likarabo tsa tšilafalo ea lintho tse kenang ka hare ho liketso tsa eona libakeng tsa hypothalamic le hindbrain. [222]. | Memori ho lithethefatsi [223] Memori mabapi le thepa ea lijo [224] |
Matšoao a peripheral a kenyelletsa li-peptide le lihormone (mohlala, leptin, insulin, cholecystokinin kapa CCK, tumor necrosis factor-α) empa le limatlafatsi (mohlala, tsoekere le lipids), tse tsamaisoang. dessyecik amanang le methapo ea kutlo ea litho tsa methapo ea kutlo ea litho tsa methapo ea methapo le bokong ka ho toba ka li-receptors tse sebakeng sa hypothalamus le likarolong tse ling tsa kelello le tsa litho tsa kelello. Litsela tsena tse saenneng ka bongata li netefatsa hore lijo lia jeoa ha ho hlokahala, le haeba e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ena e sa sebetseng e atleha. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho fihlella khafetsa ho lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, batho ba bang (batho le liphoofolo tse sebetsang) ba ka qetella ba fetotse ts'ebetso e thibelang maikutlo mme ba qala ho qobella ho ja lijo tse ngata ho sa natswe phepo e ngata mme ba hloile boits'oaro bona. batho. Tahlehelo ena ea taolo le tšebeliso ea phepelo ea lijo e re hopotsa mekhoa ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi e bonoang ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi 'me e lebisitse tlhalosong ea botenya joalo ka mokhoa oa' ho lemalla lijo ' [1].
Boko DA e putsa li-circry, tse fetolang likarabo tikolohong, li eketsa monyetla oa hore boits'oaro bo e sebetse (tšebeliso ea lijo kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi) e tla phetoa ha u kopana le "femalcer" e itseng kapa lithethefatsi). Ho fokotseha ha potoloho ea moputso oa DA ho bile le tšusumetso ho tahlehelo ea taolo e bonoang ho lemalleng le ho nona haholo [2], leha mekhoa ea 'mele e sitisang tšebetso ea li-circrial tsa mekhatlo ea DA, ho kenyelletsa le tse hlahisang moputso (li-ventral striatum) le ts'ebetsong ea tloaelo (dorsal striatum), e fana ka phapang e hlakileng [3]. Ntle le moo, ho itaola le ho kenella ka matla (ebang ke ea lijo kapa ea lithethefatsi) ho etsahala ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele, o susumetsoang ka matla ke taba e potolohileng, e ka tlohang taolong e felletseng ho isa taolong ho hang. Taba ea hore motho a le mong a ka fana ka taolo e ntle maemong a itseng ho feta ho a mang e bonts'a hore tsena ke lits'ebetso tse matla le tse feto-fetohang bokong. Ke ha mekhoa ena (tahlehelo ea taolo le ho kenella ka matla) e ba thata ebile e laola boitšoaro le khetho ea motho, leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe, moo boemo ba kelello bo tšoanang le mohopolo oa bokhoba bo ka khothalletsoang. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha batho ba bangata ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ba sa lemalle, batho ba bangata ba jang haholo ba boloka taolo ea lijo ka linako tse ling empa eseng ho ba bang.
Leha ho le joalo, phehisano ea hore na botenya bo bonts'a 'temallo ea lijo' e hloleha ho sheba sebopeho sa litšitiso tsena tse peli.
Ho boetse ho etsoa litlhahiso tsa ho bontša tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e le lefu le tšoaetsanoang [4, 5], e leng thuso bakeng sa ho sekaseka likarolo tsa eona tsa sechaba, mafu a seoa le moruo [4, 6] empa lebisa khopolong ea hore lithethefatsi li joalo ka li-virus tse tšoaetsanoang le hore ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka rarolloa ka ho felisa lithethefatsi. Taba-kholo ke tumelo ea hore ho lahla lijo tse monate ho ka rarolla bothata ba "lijo". Empa sebopeho sena sa mohopolo se thehiloeng ho moemeli sea fofa ha re utloisisa kutloisiso ea hona joale ea lithethefatsi (le mekhoa e meng ea boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsoa le ho ja hampe) e le karolo ea lelapa le leholo la bo-ralitaba la "trigger", le nang le bokhoni ba ho pepesa, tlasa se loketseng tikoloho) maemo, tlokotsi (tlholeho) ea tlholeho.
Qetellong, phehisano ena e sitisoa hape ke lentsoe "temallo", e kopisang sekhobo se amanang le sekoli sa sebapali, ka hona se thatafatsa ho fetisa moelelo oa sona o mobe. Mona, re etsa tlhahiso ea boemo bo ananelang taba ea hore mafu ana a mabeli a arolelana ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo eo, ha e ka ferekanngoa, e ka lebisang ts'ebelisong e tlamang le tahlehelo ea taolo ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele, ha e ntse e kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tsa neurobiological (Fig. 2). Re hlahisa bopaki ba bohlokoa, maemong a fapaneng a hlollang, a likarolo tse arolelanoang tsa neurobiological.
Takatso e matla ea ho batla le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ke o mong oa matšoao a bokhoba ba ho lemalla. Patlisiso e ngata e kopantseng takatso e matla joalo ea ho ikamahanya le maemo lipakeng tsa boko bakeng sa ho lebella le ho lekola moputso le litloaelo tse nang le maemo tsa ho ithuta tse tsamaisang mekhoa le boits'oaro bo ikemetseng. [7]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho na le likotsi litsing tse amehang boits'oarong le ho etsa liqeto, ho buisana le maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo [8]. Mokhoa ona o sebetsang oa ho lemalla o ka sebelisoa ho utloisisa lebaka ba bang Batho ba batenya ho feta moo ba thatafalloa ke ho laola tsela eo ba jang ka eona ka ho lekaneng le ho boloka matla a homeostasis. Ho bohlokoa ho bolela hore re sebelisa 'botenya' molemong oa ho nolofatsa, hobane tlhahlobo ena e akaretsang e kenyeletsa le batho bao e seng makhopho a mangata ba nang le mathata a ho ja (mohlala, ho itlopa lijo ka mokhoa oa ho ja [BED] anorexia mothosa) [9, 10], tseo hape li ka kenyelletsang ho se lekane ha meputso le mekhahlelo ea boitšoaro.
Phetoho ea boits'oaro ba ho ja e ne e tsamaisoa ke tlhoko ea ho fumana homeostasis ea matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho iphelisa le ho bopeha ka mekhoa e rarahaneng ea taolo e kenyelletsang bohareng (mohlala, hypothalamus) le pheriferale (mohlala, mpeng, sebopeho sa mpa, mafura a mafura). Boholo ba liphapang tse lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le bosholu ba botona li hlaha mesebetsing e meng, e leng matla a homeostasis. Empa mekhoa ea ho iphepa e boetse e susumetsoa ke molaoana o mong o kenyelletsang ts'ebetso ea meputso ka ho supa lipontšo tsa DA le bokhoni ba eona ba ho fana ka maikutlo a amanang le lijo a tla baka takatso ea lijo tse amanang le ona. Patlisiso e senola boemo bo phahameng ba puisano lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsena tse peli tsa taolo, hoo moeli pakeng tsa homeostatic le taolo ea hedonic ea mekhoa ea ho fepa e ntse e mpefala le ho feta. (Litafole 1 'me 2). Mohlala o motle ke bopaki bo bocha ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, pharmacological le neuroimaging tse bontšang tšusumetso e tobileng ea li-hormone tsa peptide tse itseng (mohlala, peptide YY [PYY], ghrelin le leptin) libakeng tse fetotsoeng ke DA ho kenyelletsa ba amehang moputsong (VTA, NAc le ventral pallidum), boits'oaro (boithuto ba pele), lipuisano (cingulate, insula), maikutlo (amygdala), litloaelo le mekhoa (dorsal striatum) le mohopolo oa ho ithuta (hippocampus) [11].
Dopamine e le setsi sa marangrang a kelello a arolelanang boteng hape ho susumetso ea tikoloho
Hoo e batlang e le ts'ebetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e rarahaneng e itšetleha ka marang-rang a hlophisehileng haholo a pakeng tsa khoebo e sebetsang har'a tšebeliso e ntle, botsitso le tsebo ea mesebetsi. Ho hlokometsoe hore ho ithuta maqheka a boletsoeng pele a marang-rang a joalo ho fana ka mekhoa e meng e metle ea ho utloisisa maloetse pathogeneis [12]. Maemong a mangata, marang-rang ana a hlophiselitsoe kahong ea meaho eo hangata e bitsoang 'thaele' [12], moo sekoti se tšesaane sa lisebelisoa tse ngata tse nang le bokhoni se ka fetolela palo e fokolang ea lits'ebetso pele se nyolla hape ho fapana ka tlhahiso. Boitšoaro ba ho ja ke mohlala o motle oa moaho ona moo hypothalamus e bolokang 'lefito' la metabolic bowtie (sa feiga. 3a) 'me litsela tsa DA li boloka' lefito 'bakeng sa ho ts'oaroa hape ke tšusumetso e kantle ea kantle (ho kenyeletsoa lithethefatsi le lijo) le matšoao a kahare (ho kenyeletsoa lets'oao la hypothalamic le lihormone tse kang leptin le insulin; Fig. 3b). Ka ha li-neuron tsa DA tsa midbrain (ka bobeli VTA le SN) li hlophisa likarabo tse nepahetseng tsa boits'oaro khafetsa tse susumetsang kantle le ka hare, li emela 'letheka' le sa ts'oaneng le karabelo e sa sebetseng mananeong a mangata a tlatsetso, ho kenyeletsoa lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi. moputso oa lijo.
Karolo ea dopamine moputsong o matla oa lithethefatsi le lijo
Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li sebetsa ho moputso le lipotoloho tse tlatselletsang ka mekhoa e fapaneng; leha ho le joalo, kaofela li lebisa ho eketseho e bohale ea DA ho NAc. Ho khahlisang, bopaki bo ntse bo bokella hore likarabo tse tšoanang tsa dopaminergic li hokahane le moputso oa lijo le hore mekhoa ena e ka ba karolo ea ts'ebeliso e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo le botenya. Hoa tsebahala hore lijo tse ling, haholo-holo tse nang le tsoekere le mafura a mangata, li na le moputso [13] and e ka baka boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le bo ts'oanang le liphoofolo tse sebetsang [14, 15]. Le ha ho le joalo, karabelo ea lijo bathong, e rarahane haholo, mme ha e susumetsoe feela ke ho fumaneha ha eona empa hape le ho fumaneha ha eonaty (mekhoa ea thibelo le ho ja ho feta tekano, ho thoeng ke topography ea ho ja [16]), boipiletso ba eona ba pono, moruo le khothatso (ke hore, 'super sizing' e fana ka lisosa tsa sos), mekhoa ea sechaba ea ho ja, ho matlafatsa le lipapatso [17].
Lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng li ka u khothaletsa ho ja ho feta tekano (ho ja ho sa jeoe lijo tse se nang litlhoko tse matla) le ho tsosa litloaelano tse ithutoang lipakeng tsa khothatso le moputso (maemo) In mantsoe a khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho, thepa ena ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e ne e sebelisoa hamolemo tikolohong moo mehloli ea lijo e neng e haella ebile / kapa e sa ts'epahaleng hobane e ne e netefatsa hore lijo li jeoa ha li le teng, li nolofalletsa ho bolokoa 'meleng (joalo ka mafura) bakeng sa tšebeliso ea nako e tlang.. Leha ho le joalo, lichabeng tse kang tsa rona, moo lijo li leng ngata hape li le bongata, phetoho ena e fetohile mokoloto o kotsi.
Li-neurotransmitters tse 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa DA, li-cannabinoids, li-opioid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) le serotonin, hammoho le lihormone le li-neuropeptides tse amehang taolong ea homeostatic ea ho ja lijo, joalo ka insulin, orexin, leptin, ghrelin, PYY, peptide e kang glucagon -1 (GLP-1) li kentsoe letsoho liphellong tse putsang tsa lijo le lithethefatsi (Litafole 1 'me 2) [18-21]. Ho tsena, DA e hlahlobisisitsoe ka botlalo mme ke eona e tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa. Liteko tsa litoeba li bonts'itse hore, hang ha ho pepesoa moputso oa lijo, ho thunngoa ha li-neuron tsa DA ho VTA ho eketseha ka keketseho e bakileng ea tokollo ea DA ho NAc [22]. TMona hape ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore matšoao a bophahamo a fetolang mokhoa oa ho ja a fetisetsa liketso tsa bona ka karolo ka ho saena ka hypothalamic ho VTA empa le ka litlamorao tsa bona ka kotlolloho ho VTA DA holimo-accumbens le litsela-limbic pathways. Li-peptides / li-orexigenic peptides / li-hormone li eketsa ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa VTA DA le ho eketsa tokollo ea DA ho NAc (sepheo sa mantlha sa li-neurons tsa VTA DA) ha li hlahisoa ke takatso ea lijo, athe ba anorexigenic ba thibela ho thunya ha DA le ho fokotsa ho lokolloa ha DA [23]. Ho feta moo, li-neuron tse ho VTA le / kapa NAc li bontša GLP-1 [24, 25], ghrelin [26, 27], leptin [28, 29], insulin [30], orexin [31] le li-receptor tsa melanocortin [32]. Kahoo, ha ho makatse hore palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lithuto e tlaleha hore lihormone / li-peptide tsena li ka ntlafatsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (Tafole 1), hape e tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa likarabelo tse fumanehang tsa meputso ea lithethefatsi mefuteng ea liphoofolo ea botenya [33, 34]. keBatho, ho bile le litlaleho tsa kamano e mpe pakeng tsa index ea mmele (BMI) le ts'ebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi [35] le kamano e lipakeng tsa botenya le kotsi e tlase bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [36]. Ha e le hantle, batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba bonahatsa nicotine e tlaase [37] le tlhekefetso ea matekoane [38] ho feta batho ba sa nonneng haholo. Ho feta moo, ho kenella ka mokhoa oa juxtaposed o fokotsang BMI le ho fokotsa maemo a insulin le leptin ho matlafatsa kutloisiso ea lithethefatsi tsa psychostimulant [39]. Sena se lumellana le qeto ea pele [40] le tsa bongaka [41] lithuto tse bonts'ang litloaelano tse matla lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa lihormone tsa neuroendocrine (mohlala, insulin, leptin, ghrelin) tse bakiloeng ke thibelo ea lijo le boko ba ho saena le litaba tsa DA tsa litlaleho tsa morao-rao tsa kamano pakeng tsa botho bo lemalloang le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho ja ho latela ts'ebetso ea bariatric. [42, 43]. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore menyetla ea lijo le lithethefatsi e ka ba tlholisano bakeng sa meputso e mengata.
Lithuto tsa monahano oa Brain li se li qala ho fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le potoloho e joalo e sebetsang. Mohlala, lithutong tsa batho ba phetseng hantle, ba boima ba 'mele, ho kenella ha lijo tse matlafatsoang ho lokolla DA maemong a lekanang le litekanyo tsa monate oa lijo [44], ha lijo li hlohlelletsa likarolo tsa boko tseo e leng karolo ea moputso oa boko [45]. Ho boetse ho tlalehiloe haufinyane tjena, hore baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e matla ha ba amohetse sesebelisoa sa lebese, le hore tšebeliso ea ice cream khafetsa e etsa hore likarabo tsa hae e be tse fosahetseng [46]. Boithuto bo bong ba monahano bo boetse bo bonts'itse hore, ho latela liphumano tsa liphoofolo tsa maiketsetso, li-peptide tsa anorexigenic (mohlala, insulin, leptin, PYY) e fokotsa kutloisiso ea ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko ho moputso oa lijo, athe ba orexigenic (mohlala: ghrelin) ba e eketsa (bona tlhahlobo [47]).
Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, keketseho e bakoang ke lijo ho DA feela e ke ke ea hlalosa phapang lipakeng tsa lijo tse tloaelehileng le tšebeliso e matla ea lijo hobane likarabo tsena li teng ho batho ba phetseng hantle ba sa jeng haholo.. Kahoo, ho ikamahanya le maemo a tlase ho ts'ebetso ho ka ameha tahlehelong ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea lijo joalo ka ha ho le joalo bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.
Phetoho ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang
Karolo ea Dopamine ho matlafatseng e thata ho feta ho ngola likh'outu bakeng sa monyaka oa hedonic. Haholo-holo, tšusumetso e bakang keketseho e potlakileng le e kholo ho DA e baka likarabo tse maemong mme e baka tšusumetso ea ho ba fumana. [48]. Sena ke sa bohlokoa hobane, ka lebaka la maemo, ts'usumetso e sa jeleng paate e hokahantsoeng le matla (ebang ke motho oa tlhaho kapa ea matlafatsang lithethefatsi) ba ka khona ho eketsa DA ho striatum (ho kenyelletsa NAc) ka tebello ea moputso, ka hona ho hlahisa sesosa se matla sa ho etsa le ho boloka boits'oaro bo hlokahalang ho batla moriana kapa ho batla lijo [48]. Kahoo, hang ha maemo a se a etsahetse, lipontšo tsa DA li sebetsa e le ponelopele ea moputso [49], ho susumetsa phoofolo ho etsa boits'oaro bo tla fella ka ho ja moputso o lebelletsoeng (lithethefatsi kapa lijo). Ho tloha lithutong tsa pele ho nako, ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba phetoho butle-butle ea keketseho ea DA ho tloha ho NAc ho ea ho dorsal striatum, e etsahalang bakeng sa bobeli, lijo le lithethefatsi. Haholo-holo, athe ha e le hantle tlhaho e hapileng maikutlo e fana ka maikutlo a libaka tsa "striatum" (NAc), ka ho pepesetsoa khafetsa, lithahasello tse amanang le moputso ebe li etsa hore DA e eketsehe libakeng tse kholo tsa striatum. [50]. Phetoho ena e tsamaisana le ho nka karolo ha VTA pele le ho nka karolo ha SN le setsi sa eona se amanang le dorso-striatal-cortical, se nang le likarabo tse kopaneng.
Likamano tse pharalletseng tsa glutamatergic tse amanang le li-neuron tsa DA tse tsoang libakeng tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea sensory (insula kapa mantlha gustatory cortex), homeostatic (hypothalamus), moputso (NAc le ventral pallidum), maikutlo (amygdala le hippocampus) le multimodal (orbitofrontal cortex [OFC] bakeng sa semelo sesupo) tlhahisoleseling, fetolela tšebetso ea bona ho arabela meputso le litheko tse maemong [51]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea glutamatergic ho hypothalamus e kenelletse liphetoho tsa neuroplastic tse latelang ho itima lijo le tse tsamaisang ho fepa [52]. Bakeng sa marang-rang a moputso, likhakanyo ho tloha ho amygdala le OFC ho ea ho li-neuron tsa DA le ho NAc li ameha likarabo tse lumellanang le lijo [53] le lithethefatsi [54, 55]. kelithuto tsa khale, lithuto li bonts'itse hore ha banna bao e seng ba batenya haholo ba botsoa ho thibela takatso ea bona ea lijo ha ba ntse ba fuoa lijo, ba bonts'a mesebetsi e fokotsehileng ho amygdala le OFC (hammoho le hippocampus), insula le striatum, le hore ho fokotseha ha OFC ho ne ho amana le ho fokotsa litabatabelo tsa lijo [56]. Thibelo e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso ea metabolic ho OFC (hape le NAc) e hlokometsoe ho basebelisi ba koae ha ba ne ba botsoa ho thibela takatso ea bona ea lithethefatsi ha ba pepesetsoa lithahasello tsa koae. [57].
Ho tlameha ho boleloa moelelong ona hore, ha ho bapisoa le mekhoa ea lijo, litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi ke lisosa tse matla tsa boits'oaro bo matlafatsang kamora nako ea ho itlopa lijo, bonyane ho liphoofolo tse sa kang tsa nkuoa lijo [58]. Hape, hang ha re tima, boitšoaro bo matlafalitsoeng ke lithethefatsi bo kotsing ea ho khutlisetsoa kelellong ho feta boits'oaro bo matlafatsoang ke lijo [58].
Leha ho le joalo, phapang e bonahala e le ea boleng ho fapana le ea molao-motheo. Ho joalo, khatello ea maikutlo ha e amane feela le ts'ebeliso e matla ea lijo tse matlafatsoang le ho nona haholo, empa khatello ea maikutlo e matla e boetse e utulla khokahano e matla lipakeng tsa BMI le ts'ebetso e ka bang teng ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lebese le tlotsitsoeng ho OFC [59], tikoloho ea boko e thusang ho kenyelletsa boteng le ts'usumetso. Ho itšetleha ka likarabo litekatsong tsa lijo mabapi le boemo ba phepo [60, 61] e totobatsa karolo ea netweke ea homeostatic taolong ea marangrang a moputso, eo hape e susumetsoang ke methapo ea methapo e sebetsanang le khatello ea maikutlo.
Tšusumetso ea ho se sebetse hantle ho itaoleng
Ho hlaha ha litakatso tse nang le boiphihlelo ho ne ho ke ke ha ba kotsi ha li ne li sa kopane le likhaello tse ntseng li hola bokong ba bokhoni ba ho thibela boits'oaro bo bobe. Ka sebele, matla a ho thibela likarabo tsa pele ho nako le ho sebelisa boitšoaro a tlameha ho tlatsetsa ho bokhoni ba motho ba ho qoba ho itšoara ka tsela e feteletseng, joalo ka ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa ho ja ho feta boemo ba ho khora, ka hona ho eketsa ts'oaetso ea hae ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ( kapa botenya) [62, 63].
Lithuto tsa Positron emission tomography (PET) li sibollotse phokotso ea bohlokoa pholisong ea dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) ho striatum ea lithuto tse lemalloang tse tsoelang pele likhoeli tse ngata kamora ho tlohela detoxation (e hlahlobisitsoe ho [64]). Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, lithuto tsa pele ho liteko tsa litoeba le batho bao e seng batho li bonts'itse hore ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi khafetsa ho amana le phokotso maemong a litekanyetso tsa D2R le ho ho supa ha D2R [65-67]. Boemong ba striatum, D2Rs Mediate signating in the striatal indirect wayway that modulates frontal cortical district; le taolo ea bona e tlase e ntlafatsa maikutlo a litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi mefuteng ea liphoofolo [68], athe melao-motheo ea bona e kena-kenana le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [69, 70]. Ho feta moo, thibelo ea D2R ea ts'ebetso kapa ts'ebetso ea D1R-e hlalosang li-striatal neurons (e leng boemeli bo hlalosang tseleng ea "striatal directly") e matlafatsa kutloisiso ho litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi. [71-73]. Leha ho le joalo, hore na ho na le mekhoa e tšoanang e fapaneng e lumellanang ea melao ea ho ja lijo e sa ntse e hlahlojoa.
In batho ba lemaletse lithethefatsi, phokotso ea li-striatal D2R e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea libaka tsa pele, OFC, anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [67, 74, 75]. Ebang ke OFC, ACC le DLPFC ba ameha ka sesapo sa bohlasoa, taolo ea taolo / maikutlo le ho etsa liqeto, ka ho latellana, ho phatlalalitsoe hore taolo ea bona e sa lokang ea D2R-Mediated DA e tšoaeang lithuto tse lemalloang e ka tlatselletsa boleng bo ntlafalitsoeng ba lithethefatsi ka boits'oaro ba bona le tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [62]. Ntle le moo, hobane ho senyeha ha OFC le ACC ho amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo qobelloang le ho se ts'oarehe, ho se feto-fetohe ha maemo ha DA libakeng tsena ho ka kenya letsoho ho keneng ha lithethefatsi tse qobelloang le tse sa nkeheng tse bonoang bokhobeng [76].
Boemo bo ka morao bo tla itšetleha ka ho ba kotsing ea ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi libakeng tse tlang pele, mohlomong ho eketsoa ke ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha D2R e bakoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Ehlile, phuputso e entsoeng lithutong tseo, le hoja li bile le kotsi e kholo ea botahoa (nalane e ntle ea lelapa ea joala) e ne e se lino tse tahang, e senotse phumaneho e phahameng ho feta ea tloaelo ea DriNUMXR e amanang le metabolism e tloaelehileng ho OFC, ACC le DLPFC [77]. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore, lithutong tsena tse kotsing ea bosholu ba joala, ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea pele ho nako e ne e hokahane le ho tiisoa ha driatal D2R. Ho khahlisang, phuputso ea morao-rao ea bana ba motho ea nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang [78] e bonts'itse phapang ea boko ho morphology ea OFC, e neng e le nyane haholo ho ngoan'eso ea lemaletseng ho feta taolong, athe ho bana ba motho bao e seng makhoba, OFC e ne e sa fapana le ea taolo [79].
Bopaki ba dysregured D2R signal striatal bo boetse bo fumanoe har'a batho ba batenya. Ka bobeli lithuto tsa boikoetliso ba pelehi le tsa bongaka li fane ka bopaki ba ho fokotseha ha litekanyetso tsa lefu la bophelo bo botle ba 'mele D2R, eo, ka NAc, e hokahaneng le moputso le ka dorsal striatum ka ho qala mekhoa le lits'ebetso tsa ho nona haholo. [80-82]. Ho fihlela joale, thuto e le 'ngoe e ileng ea sitoa ho bona phokotso ea lipalo-palo ea D2R ea lipalo pakeng tsa batho ba batenya le ba sa laoleheng haholo. [83], e kanna ea sitisoa ke matla a eona a tlase a lipalo (n = 5 / sehlopha). Ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa hore, leha lithuto tsena li sa khone ho arabela potso ea hore na mokhatlo o hlahang lipakeng tsa D2R e tlase le lintlha tse phahameng tsa BMI o supa sesosa, ho fokotseha ha phumaneho ea D2R e hokahantsoe le ho qobelloa ho ja lijo ka litoeba tse nonneng [84] le ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea metabolic ho OFC le ACC ho batho ba batenya [63]. Fuoa hore ho se sebetse ho OFC le ACC ho fella ka ho qobella (bona tlhahlobo [85]), sena e kanna ea ba karolo ea mochine oo ho sebelisa lets'oao la D2R ea boemo bo tlase o tsamaisang hyperphagia [86, 87]. Ntle le moo, kaha ho fokotseha ha molaetsa o amanang le "D2R" ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ho kanna ha fokotsa ts'abo ea meputso e meng ea tlhaho, khaello ena ho batho ba batenya le eona e ka kenya letsoho ho tlatseng litheko tse ngata [88]. Ho bohlokoa ho bolela hore ho se leka-lekane pakeng tsa moputso oa boko le lipotoloho tse thibelang kelello ho fapana pakeng tsa bakuli ba nang le lefu la Prader-Willi (le tšoeroeng ke hyperphagia le hyperghrelinemia) le bakuli ba motenya ho tlola tekano [87], eo, e hlakisang boholo bo rarahaneng ba likhathatso tsena le phapang ea tsona.
Khopolo-taba ea ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tse tlatselletsang e lumellana le bopaki ba pele bo bontšang hore ts'ebetso ea DA e fokotsehile ho VTA e baka keketseho e kholo ea tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata. [89]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ha ho bapisoa le batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima ba 'mele, batho ba batenya ba bonts'itsoeng ba nang le litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e kholo (e leng boemo ba bona ba maemo a phahameng) ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e matla ea neural libakeng tseo e leng karolo ea meputso le lipotoloho tse khothatsang (NAc, dorsal striatum, OFC , ACC, amygdala, hippocampus le insula) [90]. Ha ho bapisoa, taolong e boima ea boima ba 'mele, ts'ebetso ea ACC le OFC (libaka tse kenyellelitsoeng ho mothofatso oa morero ho NAc) nakong ea tlhahiso ea lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata li fumanoe li sa tsamaisane hantle le BMI ea bona. [91]. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a tšebelisano e matla lipakeng tsa palo ea lijo tse jeoang (tse bonts'itsoeng karolong ea BMI) le ho nchafatsoa ha libaka tsa meputso lijong tse nang le khalori e ngata (e bonts'itsoeng ts'ebetsong ea OFC le ACC) bathong ba boima bo tloaelehileng empa bo sa bonoeng bathong ba batenya haholo.
Ho makatsang ke hore batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ea li-circuits tsa meputso ho tsoa ts'ebeliso ea lijo tsa nnete (Consummatory moputso oa lijo) ho feta batho ba se nang letheka, athe ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea libaka tse ling tsa cortical tse sebetsang hantle ha ba ne ba lebelletse ts'ebeliso [91]. Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e ne e lekana le libaka tseo ho tsona phuputso e fetileng e senotseng tšebetso e ntlafalitsoeng lithutong tse tsofetseng tse lekiloeng ntle le ts'usumetso [92]. Ketsahalo e ntlafalitsoeng libakeng tsa boko tse sebetsanang le ho nona li ka etsa hore lithuto tse natefeloang ke botona li natefeloe ke lijo tse ling tsa tlhaho, athe ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea lijo ka mokhoa oa tšebeliso ea lijo ho ka lebisa ho ho feteng ts'ebeliso e le mokhoa oa ho lefella ho tšoaetsoa hoa D2R-Mediated signaling [93]. Karabelo ena e sa hlakang ea tšebeliso ea lijo ka har'a meputso ea batho ba batenya haholo e re hopotsa hore DA e fokotsehile e eketsoa ke ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. [94]. Joalokaha ho bonoa bokhobeng, ho ka etsahala hape hore mathata a itseng a ho ja a hlile a ka bakoa ke hypersensitivity ho litekanyetso tsa maemo tsa lijo. Ho joalo, ho batho bao e seng ba batenya haholo ba nang le BED, re ile ra tlaleha ho phahama ho feta ho lokolloa ha DA ka dorsal striatum (caudate) ha re pepesetsoa mekhoa ea lijo mme keketseho ena e ile ea bolela ho teba ha boits'oaro ba ho ja ka tsela e sa tloaelehang. [95].
Cortex ea pele (PFC) e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea botsamaisi, ho kenyelletsa le boitšoaro. Ts'ebetso tsena li fetotsoe ke D1R le D2R (mohlomong hape le D4R) ka hona, ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho PFC, ka bobeli ba ho lemalla le bokhobeng, e kanna ea kenya letsoho taolong e mpe ea boitšoaro, ho susumetsoa le ho qobelloa ho phahameng. Ho fumaneha ha theko e tlase ho feta ho tloaelehileng ho D2R maemong a batho ba batenya, ho amanang le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho PFC le ACC [63] ka hona e khona ho kenya letsoho taolong ea bona e haellang ea lijo. Kannete, ho ikamahanya hampe ho pakeng tsa BMI le striatal D2R ho tlalehiloe ka mokhoa o feteletseng [81] le ho feta boima ba 'mele [96] batho ka bomong, hammoho le khokahano pakeng tsa BMI le phokotso ea phallo ea mali libakeng tse tlang pele ho batho ba phetseng hantle [97, 98] le ho fokotsa metabolism ea mantlha lithutong tsa motenya [63] tšehetsa sena. Kutloisiso e betere ea mekhoa e isang tšebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea PFC ho batenya (kapa bokhoba) e ka nolofalletsa nts'etsopele ea maano a ho natefisa, kapa mohlomong a khutlisa, ho senyeha ho itseng maemong a bohlokoa a hlokolosi. Mohlala, ho theola sekhahla, e leng tšekamelo ea ho batla moputso e le ts'ebetso ea ho lieha ha nakoana ho tlisoa ha eona, ke e 'ngoe ea tšebetso e batsi e hlokoang haholo mabapi le mathata a amanang le ho qobelloa le ho qobelloa. Phokotso ea ho lieha ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse ngata ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba bonts'ang khetho e fetelletseng ea meputso e menyenyane empa e liehang ho lieha [99]. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse entsoeng le batho ba batenya haholo li se li qalile ho fumana bopaki ba hore li rata meputso e meholo hang hang, leha ho na le monyetla o mongata oa ho utloisoa bohloko ke ho lahleheloa ho hoholo nakong e tlang [100, 101]. Phuputso ea morao-rao ea tšebetso ea mahlale e sebelisang basali ba batenya haholo, mohlala, e supile liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso. [102]. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane kamano e ntle pakeng tsa BMI le hyperbolic theolelo, tseo nakong e tlang mpe li-payoff li theotsoe ka tlase ho meputso e ntle ea nako e tlang [103]. Ho khahlisang, ho lieha ho lieha ho bonahala eka ho latela ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum [104] le ea PFC, ho kenyeletsoa OFC [105] le likhokahano tsa eona ho NAc [106], hape e tsotella mananeo a DA [107].
Ho fetella ho se sebetse hantle makaleng a tšusumetso
Dopaminergic signaling e boetse e modulates susumetso. Mekhoa ea boitšoaro e kang ho ba mahlahahlaha, ho phehella le ho tsetela chelete e tsoelang pele ho fihlela sepheo, kaofela e ka feto-fetoha le maemo ke DA e sebetsang ka libaka tse fapaneng tsa sepheo, ho kenyelletsa NAc, ACC, OFC, DLPFC, amygdala, dorsal striatum le ventral pallidum [108]. Ts'oaetso ea DA e sa sebetseng e amahanngoa le tšusumetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho reka lithethefatsi, ke letšoao la ho lemalla, ke ka lebaka leo batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba tloaetseng ho etsa lintho tse feteletseng ba fumanang lithethefatsi, leha ba kenyelletsa litlamorao tse mpe tse mpe mme ba ka hloka boits'oaro bo tiileng le bo bobe. li fumane [109]. Hobane ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho fetoha ntho e ka sehloohong e susumetsang ho lemalleng lithethefatsi [110], lithuto tse lemalloang lia tsosa ebile li susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea ho fumana moriana empa li tloaetse ho ikhula li bile li sa tsotelle ha li pepesetsoa mesebetsi e amanang le lithethefatsi. Phetoho ena e ithutoe ka ho bapisa lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bongoaneng e hlahang ha motho a pepesetsoa lits'ireletso tse nang le maemo le tse etsahalang kamora ho ba le makhopho a joalo. Ho fapana le ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea pele ho litlaleho tse tlalehiloeng ho batho ba hlekefetsang koae ha ba sa khothatsoa ke litlhare kapa lithethefatsi (sheba tlhahlobo [64]), libaka tsena tsa pele li qala ho sebetsa ha batho ba hlekefetsang koae ba pepesetsoa takatso e susumetsang (ebang ke lithethefatsi kapa litheko) [111-113]. Ho feta moo, ha likarabo tsa iv methylphenidate li bapisoa pakeng tsa batho ba lemaletseng koae le ba sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi, ea pele o ile a arabela ka metabolism e eketsehang ho li-ventral ACC le medial OFC (phello e amanang le ho lakatsa), ha ea morao a bonts'a metabolism e fokotsehileng libakeng tsena. [114]. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea libaka tsena tsa pele tse nang le ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi e kanna ea ba ho lemalla le ho hokahana le takatso e ntlafalitsoeng ea lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e ileng ea etsa hore batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi tsa koae ba khaotse ho lakatsa ha ba e-na le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi e bonts'itse hore lithuto tseo li atlehileng ho thibela takatso ea litakatso li fokotsehile metabolism ho medial OFC (e sebetsanang le boleng ba susumetso ba motho ea khothalletsang) o bolela moputso) [57]. Liphumano tsena li tiisa ho nka karolo ha OFC, ACC le striatum khothatsong e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho fumana lithethefatsi tse bonoang ke ho lemalla.
OFC e boetse e kenella ho ananeleng boleng ba mesifa [115, 116], e thusa ho lekola thabo le tebello ea eona e lebelletsoeng e le ts'ebetso ea moelelo oa eona. Lithuto tsa PET le FDG tsa ho lekanya metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" ho batho ba boima bo tloaelehileng li tlalehiloe hore ho pepesehela lintlha tsa lijo ho matlafalitse ts'ebetso ea metabolic ho OFC, e amanang le takatso ea lijo [117]. Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea OFC ka ts'usumetso ea lijo e kanna ea bonts'a litlamorao tsa dopaminergic le ho nka karolo ho kenya letsoho ha DA morerong oa ts'ebeliso ea lijo. OFC e bapala karolo ea ho ithuta mekhatlo ea ho matlafatsa le ho ntlafatsa maemo [118, 119]e ts'ehetsa ho fepa ka maemo a holimo-leseling [120] mme mohlomong e thusa ho nona ho feta tekano ntle le matšoao a tlala [121]. Ka sebele, tšenyo ea OFC e ka baka hyperphagia [122, 123].
Ka ho hlakileng, a mang a phapang ea tšebetso e phahameng e ka ba kotsi ea ho ba le botenya hamorao, ho batho ba bang, joalo ka ha ho senotsoe ke tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea sehlopha sa 997 li-graders tsa bone lenaneong la thibelo ea botenya e thehiloeng sekolong [124]. Ho khahlisang ke hore leha ho le joalo esale pele, patlisiso e arolang likarolo tsa bokhoni ba bana ba ho itaola, ho rarolla mathata le ho etsa boits'oaro bo tataisitsoeng ke sepheo sa bophelo bo senola boiphihlelo ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso hore bo hokahane hampe eseng feela le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi empa hape le ts'ebeliso ea khalori e phahameng Lijo tse bobebe, le boits'oaro ba ho lula fatše [125].
Le ha ho na le ho se lumellane ho teng lithutong, tlhaiso-leseling ea kelello e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore liphetoho tsa sebopeho le tšebetso libakeng tsa boko tse kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea molaoli (ho kenyeletsa taolo ea thibelo) li ka amahanngoa le BMI e phahameng ho batho ba bang ba phetseng hantle. Mohlala, phuputso ea MRI e entsoeng ho basali ba tsofetseng, ba sebelisang morphometry e sebelisang voxel, ba fumane kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa BMI le litaba tsa bohlooho (ho kenyeletsoa libaka tse ka pele), tseo ka har'a OFC, li neng li amana le ts'ebetso e mpe ea molaoli. [126]. Re sebelisa PET ho metha metabolism ea tsoekere bokong ka taolo e phetseng hantle, re tlalehile kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa BMI le ts'ebetso ea metabolic ho DLPFC, OFC le ACC. Thutong ena, ts'ebetso ea metabolic libakeng tse etelletseng pele e ile ea bolela esale pele ts'ebetso ea lithuto litlhahlobong tsa ts'ebetso ea phethahatso [98]. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, phuputso ea matla a nyutlelie ea nyutlelie ea nyutlelie lilemong tsa bohareng bo phetseng hantle le taolo ea maqheku e bonts'itse hore BMI e ne e sa amane le maemo a N-acetyl-aspartate (letšoao la botšepehi ba neuronal) ka pele ho cortex le ACC. [98, 127].
Boithuto ba mehopolo ea boko bo bapisang batho ba batona le ba batenya le bona ba tlalehile litaba tse tebileng tsa boemo bo tlase libakeng tse ka pele (oporulum ea pele le gyrus e bohareng) le bohareng ba bo-Gyrus le putamen [128]. Phuputso e 'ngoe ha ea ka ea fumana phapang lithutong tse putsoa pakeng tsa batho ba batenya le ba batenya; leha ho le joalo, e tlaleha khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba litaba tse tšoeu lits'ebetsong tsa kelello le lethekeng ho ea ho ratios ea chi, e leng mokhoa o neng o khutlisoa ka mokhoa o itseng ka ho ja [129]. Ho khahlisang, libaka tsa cortical, joalo ka DPFC le OFC tse kenyelletsoeng taolong ea thibelo, le tsona li fumanoe li ka hlahisoa ho baetsi ba phepo ba atlehileng ho arabela tšebeliso ea lijo [130], e fana ka tlhahiso ea sepheo se ka hlahang bakeng sa boits'oaro bo botle kalafong ea ho nona (le ho lemalla).
Ho kenyelletsoa ha potoloho ea lipakeng
Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka neuroimaging li senotse hore setsi sa bohareng se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa litakatsong tsa lijo, koae le koae [131-133]. Bohlokoa ba ts'ebetso ea bohloka bo bontšitsoe ke phuputso e tlalehileng hore batho ba tsubang ba nang le ts'ebetso sebakeng sena (empa eseng batho ba tsubang ba nang le liso tse eketsehileng tsa insular) ba ile ba khona ho khaotsa ho tsuba habonolo mme ntle le ho fumana litakatso kapa ho khutlela morao [134]. Insula, haholoholo libaka tsa eona tse ka thoko, e hokahana le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa maoto (mohlala, li-cortex tsa li-ventlanetial, amygdala, le ventral) mme e bonahala e na le ts'ebetso ea ho nahana, e kopanya tlhahisoleseling le boiphetetso ba visceral ka maikutlo le ts'usumetso. tlhokomeliso ea likhothatšo tsena [135]. Ka sebele, lithuto tsa lesapo la bokong li bonts'a hore PFC ea moea le ts'ebetso ea bohloka ke likarolo tse hlokahalang tsa potoloho tse tšehetsang qeto ea maikutlo [136]. Tumellanong le khopolo ena, lithuto tse ngata tsa monahano li bonts'a ts'ebetso e hlakileng ea ts'usumetso nakong ea ho lakatsa [135]. Ka lebaka leo, ho boetse ho hopotsoe hore ho tla boela ho sebetsa sebakeng sena sa boko hore e sebetse e le sehlahisoa sa biomarker ho thusa ho bolela esale pele [137].
Insula hape ke sebaka sa mantlha se phetheselang, se nkang karolo likarolo tse ngata tsa boitšoaro ba ho ja, joalo ka tatso. Ntle le moo, rostral insula (e hokahantsoeng le cortex ea tatso ea mantlha) e fana ka leseli ho OFC e susumetsang pontšo ea eona ea bongata le monate oa moputso oa lijo tse tlang [138]. Ka lebaka la ho nka karolo ha insula mohopolong oa maikutlo oa 'mele, tlhokomelong ea maikutlo [139] ka ho susumetsa le maikutlo [138], monehelo oa ho sitisoa ha botona ka botšehali ha oa lokela ho makatsa. Ebile kannete, karohano ea ka mpeng e baka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kamoso, e tsamaellanang le karolo ea eona ho tsebiseng libaka tsa 'mele (ntlheng ena ea botlalo) [140]. Ho feta moo, lithutong tsa mafu, ntle le lithutong tse batsoang, ho kenella ka mpeng ho ile ha fella ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea "amygdala" le deactivation of anterior insula [141]. Ho haella ha karabelo ea amygdalar lithutong tse batenya ho ka supa temoso e phuthullohileng ea linaha tsa 'mele tse amanang le ho satiety (mpa e felletseng). Leha tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea bohlasoa ea DA e sa etsoa lipatlisiso tse mpe, ho a tsebahala hore DA e nka karolo karabong ea ho latsoa lijo tse matlafatso tse kopantsoeng le ts'ebetso [142]. Boithuto ba monahano ba batho bo bonts'itse hore ho latsoa lijo tse monate tse matlafatsang ho tlatselitse sebakeng sa insula le matsoele [143, 144]. Ho etsa lipontšo tsa DA ho kanna ha hlokahala bakeng sa ho utloa litaba tsa khalori ea lijo. Mohlala, ha basali ba boima ba tloaelehileng ba latsoa sirapo e nang le likhalori (sucrose), libaka tsa matsoele le tsa dopaminergic li ile tsa qala ho sebetsa, athe ho latsoa tatso e se nang khalori e bitsoang calorie (sucralose) ho kenya ts'ebetso feela ts'ebetso [144]. Lithuto tse nang le botona li bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta taolo e tloaelehileng ha u latsoa lijo tsa metsi tse nang le tsoekere le mafura [143]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho latsoa sucrose, lithuto tse fumaneng ho anorexia mothosa li bontša ts'ebetso e tlase haholo mme ha li kopanele le maikutlo a monate joalokaha ho bonoa taolong. [145]. Ntle le moo, phuputso ea morao-rao ea fMRI e ileng ea bapisa likarabo tsa boko le litlatsetso tse pheta-phetoang tsa takatso ea lijo le lits'oants'o tsa lijo tse sa tsotelleng ho batho ba batenya haholo. [146] o fumane liphetoho tse sebetsang ho arabelang le ho hokahana pakeng tsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa potoloho ea meputso e ka thusang ho hlalosetsa matla a feteletseng a litloaelo tsa lijo ho batho ba batenya. Liphetoho tse hlokometsoeng li fana ka maikutlo a ho tsoa ho amygdala le insula; tsena, li ka baka ho ithuta ho eketsehileng tsa khathollo le tšusumetso ea litheko tsa lijo sebakeng sa dorsal caudate, tse ka bang matla haholo ha ho bonahala taolo e fokolang ea thibelo ea lithibelo ke libaka tse busang.
Ho potoloha ha mokhoa oa ho ferekanya le khatello ea kelello
Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, boikoetliso (bo fanang ka maemo) holima terone e bolelang moputso bo lebisa ho lisele tsa dopaminergic ho thunya karabong ea moputso o boletsoeng esale pele, mme eseng ho moputso ka boona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, 'me e lumellana le mohopolo ona, ho hlokometsoe hore lisele tsa dopaminergic li tla cha ka tlase ho se tloaelehileng haeba moputso o lebelletsoeng o hloleha ho fetoha 'meleng [147]. Bopaki bo eketsehang [148-151] e supa habenula e le e 'ngoe ea libaka tse laolang ho fokotseha ha ho fokotseha ha lisele tsa dopaminergic ho VTA tse ka latelang ho hloleha ho fumana moputso o lebelletsoeng [152]. Kahoo, kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea habenula, ka lebaka la ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tse sa feleng, e ka baka ts'ebetso e kholo ho lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi ha e sa lateloe ke tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ha litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi li sa phethise sephetho se lebelletsoeng sa moputso. Ka sebele, ts'ebetso ea habenula, mefuteng ea liphoofolo ea ho lemalla koae, e amahantsoe le ho khutla hape le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka lebaka la ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi. [153, 154]. Tabeng ea nicotine, li-receptor tsa "nicotNicX" tsa nicotinic ho habenula li bonahala li fetolela likarabo tse fapaneng le tsa litekanyetso tse kholo tsa nicotine [155], le li-receptor tsa α5 le α2 ho fetola ho tlosoa ha nikotine [156]. Ka lebaka la karabelo e fapaneng ea habenula ho ea li-neuron tsa DA tse nang le ponaletso ea moputso (deactivation vs. activation) le ts'ebetso ea eona ea ts'ebetso ka ho pepesehela tšusumetso e mpe, re bua mona ka lets'oao le tsoang ho habenula e le ho fetisa tlhahiso ea 'antireward'.
Habenula e bonahala e bapala karolo e ts'oanang mabapi le moputso oa lijo. Lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle haholo li ka etsa hore motho a natefele lithetleng, 'me boima ba tsona bo eketseha ka lebaka la keketseho ea li-peptide tsa μ-opioid le basomedial amygdala. Ho khahlisang, "meden habenula" e bonts'a peptide e phahameng haholo ea μ-opioid peptide (e ka bang 40%) kamora ho pepesetsoa lijo tse matlafatsoang ho likhoto tse nkile boima (tse neng li ja lijo tse ngata) empa eseng ho tse sa kang tsa [157]. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore habenula e ka ameha ho jeng haholo ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li fumaneha. Ho feta moo, li-neurons tse ka har'a rostromedial tegmental nucleus, tse amohelang karolo e kholo ho tsoa habenula, projeke ho li-neurons tsa VTA DA mme li hlahisoa ka mor'a ho hloka lijo. [158]. Liphumano tsena li tsamaisana le karolo ea habenula (ea bongaka le ea morao-rao) ho arabisanang le likarabo lipotsong tse tlatselletsang kapa lipuisanong tsa ho hloka joalo ka nako ea ha ho jeoa kapa ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi.
Ho kenya letsoho ha habenula joalo ka setsi sa bolulo kahare ho marang-rang a maikutlo ho lumellana le mehlala ea pele ea litabatabelo tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho ntlafatsa khatello le maikutlo a mabe (a kopantsoeng le kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea amygdala le ho supa ho eketsehileng leha ho le joalo ka lebaka la corticotrophin-theoleloa) ho khanna ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. tlatsong [159]. Likarabo tse tšoanang tsa boiketsiso (ho kenyelletsa ho phahama hape ha khatello ea maikutlo, ho sithabela ha maikutlo le ho hloka thabo) le tsona li ka baka tšebeliso e kholo ea tšebeliso ea lijo bothateng bo feteletseng le tekanyong e kholo ea ho khutla ha o ja ka mor'a ho pepesehela ketsahalo e sithabetsang kapa e sithabetsang.
Ka ho koala
Bokhoni ba ho hanela tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa ho ja ka mor'a ho satiety ho hloka ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea li-circonal tsa neuronal tse kenyelletsoeng taolong e tlase-tlase ho hanyetsa likarabo tse fanoeng tse tsosang takatso ea ho ja lijo / lithethefatsi. Hore na mefuta e meng ea botenya e lokela ho hlalosoa e le bokhoba ba boitšoaro [160], ho na le lipotoloho tse 'maloa tse tsebahalang bokong [2], tseo dysfunctions tsa hae li senolang ho tšoana le ha e le hantle ho tsa bophelo lipakeng tsa mathata ao a mabeli. Setšoantšo se hlahang ke hore botenya, bo ts'oanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi [226], e hlaha ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e sa lekanyetsoang libakeng tse fapaneng tse kenyellelitsoeng moputsong / boikhathollong, tšusumetso / ho khanneng, maikutlo / khatello ea maikutlo, mohopolo / maemo, ts'ebetso ea motsamaisi / boitšoaro le ho li hlahloba, ho tlatselletsa ho se leka-lekanang ho tsamaiso ea lehae ea ho ja lijo.
Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ho tla fihlela joale li fana ka maikutlo a hore ke phapang lipakeng tsa tebello ea litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi / lijo (likarabo tse nang le boemo) le boiphihlelo bo fifetseng bo tšehetsang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi / lijo ka tekong ea ho fumana moputso o lebelletsoeng. Hape, hore na ho ile ha lekoa nakong ea ha motho a qeta ho ja kapa ho ja, lithuto tse lemalloang kapa tse nkoang li bontša ho fokotseha ha D2R ho striatum (ho kenyelletsa NAc), e amanang le ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea mantlha libakeng tsa boko ba pele tse kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea salience sifa (OFC) le taolo ea ho thibela pelehi (ACC le DLPFC), eo pherekano ea eona e bakang khatello le ho hloka matla. Kamora nako, bopaki bo boetse bo mabapi le karolo ea ho arola le ho potoloha ho potoloha ha lintho ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang e bakang tšebeliso e tlamang ea lithethefatsi kapa lijo. Ka lebaka la pherekano e latellanang makaleng ana, batho ka bomong ba ka ba le (i) boleng bo ntlafalitsoeng ba lithethefatsi / lijo (bobeli ho likamano tse ithutoang ka boemo le litloaelo) ka litšenyehelo tsa matlafatso a mang (sekhahla sa ho fokotsa maikutlo a potoloho ea moputso ), (ii) bokhoni bo sitisang ho thibela liketso tse reriloeng (tse lebisitsoeng ho sepheo) tse susumetsoang ke takatso e matla ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi / lijo (bobeli ho ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso) tse lebisang ho qobelloang ha lithethefatsi / ho ja le (iii) khatello e matlafatsang le 'mokhoa o iketlileng oa ho pheta-pheta' o felletseng ka ho nka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho baleha naha e hlohlelletsang bofetoheli.
Mekhoa e mengata e tšoanang e amanang le tšibollo ea botona le botšehali e bonts'a boleng ba mekhoa ea phekolo e kopanang ea mafu ana ka bobeli. Mekhoa e joalo e lokela ho leka ho fokotsa thepa e matlafatsang ea lithethefatsi / lijo, ho theha / ntlafatsa thepa e tlisang melemo ea mefuta e meng ea khothaletso, mekhatlo e ithutileng lintho tse itseng e ntlafatsang, khothaletso ea ts'ebetso bakeng sa mesebetsi e amanang le lithethefatsi / lijo, fokotsa khatello ea kelello, ho ntlafatsa mohopolo le matlafatsa boits'oaro bo akaretsang.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Ha ho na khohlano ea polelo ea phaello.
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