Maikutlo: Ho ithuta ho hlahisa maikutlo le maikutlo a matle ho batho ba batenya. Ka bobeli ke matšoao a liphetoho tse amanang le bokhoba bo amanang le bokhoba,.
Glucose metabolism ea motsoako oa caudate bohareng ba mpa (A) e ne e phahame haholo ho feta bohloeki khahlanong le batho ba mafutsana (B).
Linaheng tse ngata tsa bophirimela keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea ho ata ha botona le botšehali ba hona joale e bohlokoa haholo. Le ha botenya hangata bo bakoa ke ho nona haholo, ha ho hlaka hore na ke hobaneng ha batho ba bang ba tloaetse ho ja ho feta tekano le ho nona.
Hobane ts'ebetso ea methapo e bohareng e kenella haholo ts'ebetsong ea matšoao a tlala le ho laola ho ja lijo, ho ka etsahala hore sesosa sa ho nona haholo le botenya se ka bokong.
Bafuputsi Univesithing ea Turku le Aalto University joale ba fumane bopaki bo bocha bakeng sa karolo ea boko ho batleng. Bafuputsi ba ile ba lekanya tšebetso ea tsona lipotoloho tsa boko kenella le mekhoa e mengata ea ho nahana ka bokong.
Liphetho li senotse hore ho batho ba nang le botenya le ho feta, metabolism ea tsoekere ea boko e ne e phahame haholo libakeng tsa boko ba boko, tse amehang ho sebetsaneng le meputso. Ho feta moo, sistimi ea moputso oa batho ba batenya ho feta e ile ea arabela ka matla ho litšoantšo tsa lijo, athe likarabo libakeng tse ka pele tsa cortical tse amehang taolong ea kutloisiso li ile tsa fokotsoa.
"Liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore boko ba batho ba batenya ho tlola bo ka lula bo hlahisa matšoao a khothalletsang ho ja leha mmele o sa hloke ho nkuoa ha matla a mang., ”Ho bolela Moprofesa ea Kopaneng Lauri Nummenmaa oa Univesithi ea Turku.
“Liphetho li totobatsa karolo eo boko bo e phethang mabapi le botenya le ho nona. Liphetho li na le litlamorao tse kholo mefuteng ea hona joale ea botenya, empa hape le nts'etsopele ea kalafo ea litlama le kelello ea botenya, "ho bolela Nummenmaa.
Barupeluoa e ne e le batho ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ka ho feteletseng le ba nang le taolo e ntle le boitšoaro. Boko ba bona tsoekere ea metabolism e ne e lekantsoe ka positron emissions tomography nakong ea maemo ao 'mele oa hae o neng o kengoe ho latela insulin signaling. Likarabo tsa Brain ho litšoantšo tsa lijo li lekantsoe le litšoantšo tse sebetsang ka matla a motlakase.
Patlisiso eo e tšehelitsoe ke University of Finland, Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Turku, Univesithi ea Turku, Univesithi ea Åbo Akademi le Univesithi ea Aalto.
Liphetho li phatlalalitsoe ka Pherekhong 27th, 2012 koranteng ea saense ea PLoS ONE.
SE ITHUTOANG: Dorsal Striatum le Khokahano ea eona ea Limbic Mediate E sa Hlokoheng ea Moputso e Amohelang
Lauri Nummenmaa, Jussi Hirvonen, Jarna C. Hannukainen, Heidi Immonen, Markus M. Lindroos, Paulina Salminen, Pirjo Nuutila .. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (2): e31089 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089
inahaneloang
Ho nona haholo ho tšoauoa ka ho se leka-lekane hohle makaleng a bokong ho phahamisa ho batla moputso le ba laolang taolo ea kelello. Mona re bonts'a hore na dorsal caudate nucleus le khokahano ea eona le amygdala, insula le cortex ea pele li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea moputso o sa tloaelehang boteng. Re lekantsitse ts'ebetso ea "glucose" ea tikoloho ka har'a morbidly feta (n = 19) le lithuto tse boima (n = 16) le 2- [18F] fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ([18F] FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) nakong ea euglycemic hyperinsulinemia le imagingance imagonance e sebetsang (fMRI) ha moputso oa lijo o lebelletsoeng o ile oa susumetsoa ke litlatsetso tse khutšoang tsa takatso ea lijo le litšoantšo tse sa tloaelehang tsa lijo. Taba ea pele, re fumane hore tekanyo ea tsoekere ea glucose bokong ba dorsal caudate e ne e phahame haholo ho feta lithutong tse boima. Taba ea bobeli, lithuto tse batenya li bonts'itse likarabo tse ngata tsa "hemodynamic" karolong ea "caudate" ha li ntse li shebile ha li bapisoa le lijo tse sa tloaelehang ho fMRI. Caudate e boetse e bonts'a khokahanyo e phahameng e amanang le mosebetsi e amanang le amygdala le insula lithutong tsa botona le botšehali tse tloaelehileng. Kamora nako, lithuto tse nkoang li le tse ngata li ile tsa fana ka likarabo tse nyane mabapi le ho natefisa lijo tse sa tloaelehang ka har'a methapo ea methapo ea methapo ho feta ho etsa lintho tse tloaelehileng, boima ba tsona bo ile ba kopantsoe le "metabolism" e phahameng ea "glucose" ho "metabolism" e phahameng ea glucose. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea litekanyetso tsa lijo tsa kantle ho botenya e ka kenyelletsa ho ithuta ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa ho susumetsa le tšusumetso e fanoeng ke dorsal caudate nucleus, eo ka nako e 'ngoe e ka bang ka lebaka la tlatsetso e phahameng e sa tloaelehang ho tsoa ho amygdala le insula le dysfunctional inhibitory control ke ka pele dikarolo tsa cortical. Liphetoho tsena tse sebetsang ho arabelang le ho hokahana ha potoloho ea moputso e ka ba mokhoa o thata oa ho hlalosa ho ata ha botenya.
Tlhaloso: Nummenmaa L, Hirvonen J, Hannukainen JC, Immonen H, Lindroos MM, et al. (2012) Dorsal Striatum le Khokahano ea eona ea Limbic Mediate Abnormal Anticipatory Reward processing in Obesity. PloS ONE 7 (2): e31089. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089
mohlophisi: Ya-Ping Tang, Setsi sa Saense sa Bophelo sa Louisiana State University, United States of America
Re amohetse: August 19, 2011; E amohetsoe: Janaw 2, 2012; E phatlalalitsoe: Pherekhong 3, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Nummenmaa et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng se fihletsoeng tlasa tumellano ea Lichelete ea Tlhahiso ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le tlhahiso hape ka mofuta o mong le o mong, ha feela moqapi oa mantlha le mohloli ba ngoliloe.
Lithuso: Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke Academy of Finland (lithuso #256147 le #251125 http://www.aka.fi) ho LN, ke Univesithi ea Aalto (AivoAALTO Grant, http://www.aalto.fi) Motheo oa Sigrid Juselius (www.sigridjuselius.fi/foundation) Sepetlele sa Turku University (thuso ea EVO) http://www.tyks.fi). Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo morerong oa ho ithuta, ho bokella data le ho hlahlobisisa, qeto ea ho phatlalatsa, kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.
Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.
Selelekela
Linaheng tse ngata tsa bophirimela keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea ho ata ha botona le botšehali ba hona joale e bohlokoa haholo [1]. Ho fumaneha ho sa lekanyetsoang hoa lijo tse matlafatsoang ke sesosa se hlakileng sa tikoloho se khothalletsang botenya [2], le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse khothalletsang tšebeliso ea matla kapele ka tsoekere e ngata le mafura a mangata tlasa maemo a khaello ea lijo e se e le molato sechabeng sa sejoale-joale moo lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng li fumanehang hohle. Ho loants'oa lefu la seoa la botona hona joale ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore na ke lintlha life tse khethollang hore na tšebeliso ea lijo e ea phehelloa kapa ea thibeloa. Ho ja ho fana ka limatlafatsi empa ho matlafatsa hape, hobane ho kenyelletsa maikutlo a tebileng a thabo le moputso. Boithuto bo bapisang bo thehile hore sebaka se kopaneng sa moputso se kopaneng sa libaka tsa subcortical (amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum) le libaka tsa mantlha tsa mantlha (motor, premotor, orbital and medial predomal) li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tataiseng boits'oaro ba takatso ea boits'oaro. [3], [4], [5]. Liphuputso tse sebetsang tsa ho nahana ka batho li bontšitse hape hore likarolo tse fokolang tsa potoloho ea moputso li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea litšebeletso tsa kantle tsa lijo tse joalo ka litšoantšo tsa lijo [6], [7], [8], [9], le mathata a potoloho ea moputso le ona a amahantsoe le botena le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. [2], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Thutong ea joale re bontša kamoo ts'ebetso ea tonic, likarabo tsa tikoloho hammoho le khokahano ea potoloho ea meputso e ka bang mekhoa ea bohlokoa e hlalosang ho ja ho feteletseng le botenya.
Lijo tse matlafatsoang li na le matla a susumetsang a matla. Ho bona keke e monate kapa monko oa lijo tseo re li ratang ho ka etsa hore re lakatse ho ja hona joale, 'me ho pepesehela litekanyetso tse joalo ho ka fetisa matšoao a matla a bophelo le ho baka tšebeliso ea lijo. [15]. Ho qeta nako u hlahloba ho itšetleha ka ho lekana lipakeng tsa potoloho ea moputso le marang-rang a thibelang ho batla moputso, joalo ka li-cortices tsa pele tsa pele. [16], [17], [18]. Lingoliloeng tse fumanehang ho tsoa liphuputsong tsa batho ba nahanang li supa hore botenya bo tšoauoa ka ho se leka-lekane lits'ebetsong tsena, ka hore potoloho ea moputso e sebetsa haholo ho putsa tebello ea botona le hore marang-rang a thibelo a ka sitoa ho fana ka taolo holim'a potoloho ea moputso. [2], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [19]. Ho na le phapang e kholo ea karabelo ea potoloho ea moputso mabapi le lijo, 'me sena e kanna ea ba sesosa sa bohlokoa se tlatsetsang ho ja le ho nona haholo [2]. Tsela eo moputso oa litšobotsi tsa botho bo tsamaeang ka eona e tsamaisana le litakatso tsa lijo le boima ba 'mele [20], mme lithuto tsa fMRI li senotse hore e boetse e bolela esale pele likarabo tsa ventral striatum ho khahlehang litšoantšo tsa lijo ho batho ba boima bo tloaelehileng. [21]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, maikutlo a itlalehang a litheko tsa lijo tsa kantle a amana hantle le kamano ea potoloho ea moputso [22]. Tumellanong le liphumano tsena, liphuputso tsa fMRI li netefalitse hore moputso oa batho ba batenya haholo ke o nkang monyetla oa ho bona lijo feela. Batho ba nang le mafura a mangata ba bontša likarabo tse phahameng litšoantšong tsa lijo tse amygdala, li-nucleus tsa caudate le cortex ea ka ntle. [10], [19], 'me ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore ts'ebetso ena e nyarosang ea moputso oa dopaminergic e ka etsa hore batho ba mafolo-folo ba tloaeloe ho ja ho feta tekano. Boithuto ba PET bo boetse bo bontšitse ho ata ha dopaminergic mokhoeng oa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ho ja lijo tse ngata haholo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bonyane maemong a mang botenya bo ka nkuoa e le 'tlatsetso ea lijo'. Dopaminergic meputso tseleng e bohareng ba mmele e ka tloaela lijo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [23] Haholo-holo ka ho etsa maikutlo a lijo le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi [24], 'me lithethefatsi le lijo li hlahisa litholoana tsa tsona tse matlafatsang ka ho eketsa dopamine libakeng tse maoto. Bakuli ba nang le mathata a ho lemalla ba bontsa basement ea tlase ea D2 amohela (D2R) letsoalo ho striatum, le blunted dopamine ho lokolloa ho latela taolo ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Joalo ka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, tšebeliso ea lijo e tsamaisoa le ho lokolloa ha dopamine kahare ho dorsal striatum lithutong tse phetseng hantle, mme palo ea dopamine e lokollotsoeng e amana hantle le litekanyetso tsa monate oa lijo. [12]. Hoa tšoana le ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a ho lemalla, lithuto tse batenya li na le litheko tse tlase tsa D2Tekanyo ea letso-letso, e lekanang hantle le BMI [11].
Leha maikutlo a fetotsoeng a potoloho ea moputso e ka ba ntlha e hlalosang botenya, e ntse e sa ts'oaroe hore na potoloho ea moputso e kenya letsoho joang mesebetsing e lebelletseng ea moputso ho batho ba batenya. Taba ea pele, lipontšo tsa nakong e fetileng tsa likarabo tse phahameng tsa potoloho ea lijo lijong tse tloaelehileng [10], [19] ha e so ka e sebetsana le phapang ea tšebetso ea mantlha ea potoloho ea moputso bokong. Motsoako o tlase oa tsoekere o tlase haholo ka pele ho cortex o bolela esale pele dopamine D2 Boikarabello ba mokelikeli - letšoao le khethollang potoloho ea moputso - lithutong tse ngata [17]. Leha ho le joalo, hore na ts'ebetso ea tonic ea marangrang a neural e sebelisang moputso o lebelletseng e bolela esale pele likarabo tse sebetsang ho mekhoa ea lijo ea kantle ha e tsejoe. Taba ea bobeli ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse nkileng mokhoa oa ho lekola hore na botenya bo ka fetola khokahano ea tšebetso ea potoloho ea moputso. Le ha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse teng bathong ba phetseng hantle li bonts'itse hore khokahano kahare ho meputso ea batho e itšetlehile ka maikutlo a motho ka mong mabapi le litheko tsa kantle tsa lijo [22], e 'ngoe e kenyelletsang batho ba batenya le ba boima ba tloaelehileng e khothalelitse hore botenya bo amana ka kotloloho le khokahano e fokolang ea tšebetso ho tloha amygdala ho orbitofrontal cortex, (OFC) le khokahanyo e phahameng ho tloha OFC ho ea ho ventral striatum [25]. Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa e hlakileng e ka tlasa liphetoho tsena tse sebetsang e lula e sa tsejoe.
Thutong ena re sebelisitse menahano ea bongoana bo bongata ka ho kopanya [18F] FDG PET le teko ea fMRI e kenyelletsang moputso o lebelletsoeng o hlahisoang ke ho hlahisa takatso ea lijo le litšoantšo tse sa tloaelehang. Hlokomela hore leha ho sena meputso e fuoang barupeluoa, re sebelisa polelo e reng 'moputso o lebelletseng' molemong oa ho etsa lintho ka sepheo se tšoanang, joalo ka ha re bona lipheo tse khotsofatsang haholo joalo ka lijo tse khothatsang likarabo tsa tebello ea ho lebella seterekeng sa lehae, leha ho se na moputso lopollotsoe [21]. Ho fumanoe hore ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere e amana hantle le khafetsa [26], ka hona litekanyetso tsa glucose metabolism li ka sebelisoa ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tonic nakong ea phomolo. Ka ho sebelisa primed hyperinsulinulin clamp [27] nakong ea scan ea PET, re ile ra khona ho bapisa boima ba 'mele bo nang le boima ba' mele bo boima le bo tloaelehileng 'meleng moo' mele o leng boemong bo khotsofatsang ka ho bonts'a insulin. Teko ea fMRI e re nolofallelitse ho bapisa hore na batho ba nang le boima bo feteletseng le ba boima bo tloaelehileng ba fapane mabapi le likarabo tsa boko ba libaka le ho hokahanya ha potoloho ea moputso nakong ea ho shebella lijo tse khahlisang le tsa bland. Kamora nako, ho kopanya lintlha tsa PET le fMRI ho re nolofallelitse ho sebelisa sekhahla sa metabolic glucose sebakeng seo (GMRs) se fumanoang ho PET scan ho bolela esale pele likarabo tsa boko lijong tse khahlisang tekong ea fMRI.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Sepetlele sa Setereke sa South-Western Finland e amohetse semolao sa ho ithuta mme bohle ba nkang karolo ba ile ba saena liforomo tsa tumello tse amohetseng tumello le tsebiso. Phuputso e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Lethathamo 1 e fana ka kakaretso ea barupeluoa. Sehlopha sena se nang le botenya se ne se e-na le lihlooho tse leshome le metso e robong tse nang le litemana tse ngata tsa boitšoaro bo bobebe (MBMI = 43.87, SDBMI = 6.60). Ba bahlano ba bona ba sebelisitse moriana o thibelang lefu la tsoekere mme ba qheleloa ka thoko lithutong tsa PET. Lithuto tsa boithaopo tse leshome le metso e tšeletseng tse sebetsang hantle e le taolo (MBMI = 24.10, SDBMI = 2.07) mme li ne li tsamaisoa le bakuli mabapi le lilemo, bophahamo le li-indices tsa khatello ea mali (ke hore khatello ea mali). Mathata a ho ja, mathata a kelello le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e ne e le litekanyetso tsa ho khetholla ho barupeluoa bohle. Taba e le 'ngoe e nang le boima bo tloaelehileng e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko ho tlhaiso-leseling ea fMRI ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ka tsela e feteletseng.
Tafole 1. Litšobotsi tsa barupeluoa.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.t001
Mehato ea boitšoaro
Pele ho liteko, barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya maikutlo a bona a tlala ba sebelisa tekanyo ea pono ea analogue. Kamora teko ea FMRI, barupeluoa ba ile ba hakanya valence (monate le ho se thabise) ea mohopolo o potlakileng k'homphieutheng o sebelisa buka ea Boiketsi ba Boitšoaro. [28] ka tekanyo e tlohang ho 1 (e sa thabiseng) ho 9 (e khahlisang).
Ho fumana PET le ho sekaseka
Lithuto li entsoe kamora ho itima lijo ka lihora tsa 12. Lithuto tse hiriloeng lino tse nang le k'hafeine le ho tsuba lihora tsa 24 pele ho lithuto tsa PET. Ho ikoetlisa ka tsela efe kapa efe ho ne ho thibetsoe mantsiboeeng a fetileng. Li-catheter tse peli li ile tsa kenngoa methapong ea antecubital, e 'ngoe e le saline, insulin le infusions ea tsoekere le ente ea radiotracer [18F] FDG, e 'ngoe ka letsohong le futhumetseng le futhumetseng bakeng sa sampole ea mali a arterialized. Mokhoa oa eamplycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp o sebelisitsoe joalo ka ha o hlalositsoe pele [27]. Tekanyo ea infusion ea insulin e ne e le 1 mU · kg-1 · Metsotsoana-1 (Actrapid, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark). Nakong ea hyperinsulinemia, euglycemia e ne e hlokometsoe ka ho kenya glucose ea 20% kahare. Tekanyo ea infusion ea tsoekere e ile ea fetoloa ho latela likhakanyo tsa lero la plasma tse lekantsoeng motsotso o mong le o mong oa 5-10 ho tsoa maling a arterialized. Nakong ea 100 + −10 metsotso ea euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, [18F] FDG (189 ± 9 MBq) e ile ea kenngoa kahare kahare ho 40 ea bobeli le ts'ebetso e matla ea ts'ebetso ea boko bakeng sa 40 min (liforeimi; 4 • 30 s, 3 • 60 s, 7 • 300 s). Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea sesole ea methapo ea mali ho ile ha khethoa tlhahlobo ea radioacaction. Scanner ea GE Advance PET (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) ka qeto ea 4.25 mm e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa lithuto tsa PET joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele [29], [30]. [18F] FDG e ne e entsoe joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pele [31]. Plasma radioacaction e lekantsoe le mochini o iketsahallang oa gamma (Wizard 1480 3 ″, Wallac, Turku, Finland).
Tekanyo ea tsoekere ea "cerebral glucose" e ile ea lekanyetsoa voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka thoko ho likhakanyo tsa matla tsa PET joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana [29], [30], ntle le hore ho sebelisitsoe 0.8 e khantšitsoeng khafetsa [32]. Naturalization le lipatlisiso tsa lipalopalo tsa litšoantšo tsa metabolism ea tsoekere ea parametric li ile tsa etsoa ka software ea SPM 5 (www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/). Litšoantšo tsa parametric li ile tsa hlophisoa hore e be template ea metabolism ea ka tlung sebakeng sa MNI ho sebelisoa liphetoho tse fapaneng le tse sa amaneng le letho, 'me tsa ntlafatsoa ka thollo ea Gaussian ea FWHM 10-mm. Ho ile ha sebelisoa mefuta-futa e bonolo bakeng sa litšoantšo tse tloaelehileng tsa parametric ho sekaseka liphapang tsa sehlopha ho metabolism ea glucose. Palo ea lipalo-palo e ne e behiloe ho p <.001, e sa nepisoe, ka boholo ba sehlopha sa 100 sa voxels tse kopaneng. Bakeng sa litokiso tse nyane tsa bophahamo ba modumo (SVC) ho data ea PET, li hlalositsoe ka mokhoa oa tlhaho likarolo tsa pele tsa lithahasello ka har'a sistimi ea moputso (caudate nucleus, amygdala, thalamus, insula le orbitofrontal cortex) li hlalositsoe li sebelisa li-pickatlas tsa WFU [33] le AAL [34] atlas.
Moralo oa Teko bakeng sa fMRI
Stimuli le moralo li khutsufalitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1. Lisosa li ne li entsoe lifoto tse mebala e felletseng tsa lijo tse hlasimolohang (mohlala, chokolete, pizza, steak), lijo tse se nang letho (mohlala, lensisi, k'habeche, marang-rang) le likoloi tse ts'oanang le likarolo tse tlase tsa pono tse kang leseli la khanya, phapang ea RMS le lefats'e ka bophara matla. Mohlala o ikemetseng oa baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba 29 o kentse valence (ho sa thabiseng ho fapana le monate) oa sepheo le SAM. Ts'ebetso ea litekanyetso tsa valence (Mho thabisa = 6.64, Mbland = 3.93, Mlikoloi = 4.41) e netefalitse hore lijo tse khahlisang li ne li nkuoa li le monate ho feta lijo tse bland, t (28) = 10.97, p <.001, le likoloi, t (28) = 7.52, p <.001, empa ho ne ho se na phapang ka monate oa lijo tse bland le likoloi, t (28) = 1.19.
Setšoantšo sa 1. Moralo oa liteko tsa fMRI le mehlala ea khothatso e sebelisitsoeng.
Barupeluoa ba ile ba shebella mefuta e fapaneng ea 15.75 ea lijo tse matlafatsang, likoloi le lijo tse se nang phepelo. Nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e e-na le liketsahalo tse tšeletseng tsa teko ea boiphetetso tse amanang le liketsahalo tse tharo tse sa hlaka.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.g001
Ha ho ntse ho hlahlojoa lithuto li shebile linako tse fapaneng tsa 15.75-la bobeli tse nang le lintlha tse tšeletseng tse tsoang mokhatlong o le mong (lijo tse khothalletsang lijo, lijo tse sa tloaelehang kapa likoloi) tse amanang le liketsahalo tse tharo tse se nang thuso. Bakeng sa ho ithuta ts'ebetso e hlakileng ea litšoantšo tsa lijo, re sebelisitse linako tse khutšoane tsa tšusumetso le mosebetsi oa boits'oaro o sa amaneng le boleng ba hedonic: Teko e le 'ngoe e ne e le tlhahiso ea 1000 ea setšoantšo se susumetsang se lateloang ke karolo e tlase e bohareng. sefapano (750 ms). Liketsahalo tsa Null li entsoe ka tlhahiso ea 1750 ms ea sefapano se fapaneng haholo. Liphetoho tsa lijo le koloi li ne li falliselitsoe hanyane ka letsohong le letšehali kapa ka ho le letona la skrineng, 'me barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho tobetsa konopo e ka letsohong le letšehali kapa ka ho le letona ho latela hore na ts'usumetso e hlahisitsoe ka lehlakoreng lefe. Litekong tsa lefeela ha ho karabelo e batloang. Ts'ebetso ea lisosa nakong ea nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e entsoe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng mabapi le mofuta oa teko (e susumetsang kapa e sa tsitsang), hoo ho neng ho se na liteko tse fetang tse tharo tse latellanang tse neng li le joalo. Ts'ebetso ena ea pseudo-randomization e ntlafalitse bokhoni ba moralo ha e ntse e boloka boikemisetso bo sa lebelloang ba ho qala ha khothatso ho barupeluoa ba naïve [35]. Tšimo ea pono ea tšusumetso e entsoe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng 'me ea hanyetsoa ka botlalo. Ka kakaretso ho bile le kakaretso ea liteko tsa lijo tsa 72 (ho li-epochs tsa 12), liteko tsa lijo tsa 72 tsa bland (ho li-epochs tsa 12) le liteko tsa koloi tsa 144 (ho li-epochs tsa 24). Ho eketsa matla a moralo le ho thibela litlamorao tsa ho sheba lijo tse re thabisang, tatellano ea linako tse khothatsang e ne e beoa ka tsela eo kamehla epoch e khothalletsang koloi e hlahisoang lipakeng tsa litabatabelo le litakatso tsa bland tsa bland. Nako e qalang ea mosebetsi e ne e le matla ho bohle ba nkang karolo. Nako eohle ea mosebetsi e ne e le metsotso ea 14. Barupeluoa ba ile ba etsa mosebetsi ka ntle ho mohatisi pele ba qala tlhahlobo ea FMRI.
FMRI Ho Fumana le ho Lekola
Likarolo tsa skena li etsahetse hoseng ho hong le ho hong kapa hoseng ho phirimileng (9 am-2 pm) Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho hana ho ja le ho noa metsi bonyane lihora tse tharo pele ho tlhahlobo. Ho nahanisisa ka MR ho etsoa le sehatisi sa Philips Gyroscan Intera 1.5 T CV Nova Dual setsing sa Turku PET. Litšoantšo tsa anatomical tse nang le liqeto tse phahameng (1 mm3 resolution) li fumanoe ho sebelisoa tatellano ea boima ba T1 (TR 25 ms, TE 4.6 ms, flip angle 30 °, nako ea scan X XUMUM s). Lintlha tsa ts'ebetso ea bokong ka botlalo li fumanoe ka tatellano ea echo-planar imaging (EPI), e amehang ka phapang ea li-oxygen-oxygen-level (BOLD) phapang (TR = 376 ms, TE = 3000 ms, 50 ° flip angle, 90 mm FOV, 192 × 64 matrix, 64 kHz bandwidth, 62.5 mm slice thickness, 4.0 mm gap pakeng tsa lislic, 0.5 interleaved Slices e fumanoeng ka tatellano ea ho nyoloha). Palo ea kakaretso ea 30 e sebetsang e ile ea fumanoa, 'me li-volum tsa 270 tsa pele li ile tsa lahloa ho lumella litlamorao tsa ho lekana. Lintlha li ile tsa ntlafatsoa tsa ba tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa software ea SPM5 (www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/). Litšoantšo tsa EPI li ile tsa kenella ka nako ho lokisa liphapang tsa nako e khubelu ebe li fetisetsoa mochineng oa pele ka liphetoho tse thata tsa 'mele ho tsamaisa hlooho. Litšoantšo tsa EPI le tsa sebopeho li ne li hlophisitsoe hantle 'me li etselitsoe maemo a tloaelo ho T1 template sebakeng sa MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) - International Consortium for Brain mapping) e sebelisa liphetoho le tse se nang moeli,' me e ntlafalitsoe ka kernel ea Gaussian ea FWHM 8-mm.
Ts'ebetso ea litlamorao tsa tikoloho
Moetso o felletseng oa litlamorao tsa boko o sebelisitsoe ka mokhoa oa mekhahlelo e 'meli (ea pele le ea bobeli). Tlhatlhobo ena ea litlamorao tse sa reroang e lekotse litlamorao ho phapano ea lihlooho tse ling mme ka hona ea lumella likhopolo mabapi le baahi bao barupeluoa ba nkiloeng ho bona. Bakeng sa morupeluoa e mong le e mong, re sebelisitse GLM ho lekola litlamorao tsa tikoloho tsa likarolo tsa mosebetsi ho li-indices tsa BOLD tsa ts'ebetso. Moetso o kenyellelitse maemo a mararo a liteko (lijo tse khahlisang, lijo tse bland le likoloi) le litlamorao tsa ho se thahaselle (lipehelo tsa tokiso) ho ikarabella bakeng sa phapano e amanang le ho sisinyeha. Ho thellisoa ha leqhubu la maemo a tlase ho ile ha tlosoa ho sebelisoa sefahleho se phahameng (cutoff 128 sec) le mofuta oa AR (1) oa li-autocorrelations tsa nakoana o ile oa sebelisoa. Litšoantšo tse fapaneng ka ho fapana li hlahisitsoe ho sebelisoa lijo tse fapaneng tse khahlisang - bland, hammoho le phello ea mantlha ea lijo (ke hore, lijo tse khahlisang le tse bland khahlano le litlamorao tse ling tsa thahasello). Tlhahlobo ea boemo ba bobeli e sebelisitse litšoantšo tsena tse fapaneng ho GLM e ncha, mme ea hlahisa litšoantšo tsa lipalo, ke hore, limmapa tsa SPM-t. Ka meralo e leka-lekaneng boemong ba pele (ke hore liketsahalo tse ts'oanang bakeng sa sehlooho ka seng, ka linomoro tse tšoanang) tlhahlobo ena ea boemo ba bobeli e hakanya haufi le moralo oa 'nete oa litlamorao, kahare le lipakeng tsa phapang ea sehlooho. Tlhatlhobo ea pele e senotse hore ha ho le ea mong oa mekhahlelo ea bobeli lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse neng li le bohlokoa ha ho ne ho sebelisoa khalemelo e matla ea ho sibolla (FDR) ho p <.05. Ka hona, palo ea lipalo-palo e ne e behiloe ho p <.005, e sa nepisoe, ka boholo ba sehlopha sa li-voxels tse 20 tse kopaneng bakeng sa papiso ea sehlopha se lipakeng.
Ts'ebetso ea Psychophysiological (PPI) mohlaleng oa mola o akaretsang (GLM)
Khokahano ea 'mele pakeng tsa likarolo tse peli tsa boko e ka fapana e le mosebetsi oa maemo a kelello [36] e tsejoang ka hore ke Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI). Li-PPIs li ka khetholloa ke mefuta e akaretsang ea mela e ikhethileng molemong oa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho amanang le mosebetsi. Ho fapana le mofuta oa matla oa tloaelo o tšoanang kapa sebopeho sa modumo sa khokahanyo ea marang-rang, li-PPIs ha li hloke mohlala o ikhethang oa anatomical. Ho e-na le hoo, e 'ngoe e qala ka' mohloli '' me e tšoaea li-voxel kapa li-"sepheo" tse ling tse bokong bokong moo mohloli o amanang le maemo a amanang le maemo. Litereke tse lebelletsoeng ha li hloke ho hokahana le mosebetsi kapa moelelo o le mong, empa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsena. Li-PPIs tsa bohlokoa ha li bonts'e tataiso kapa methapo ea methapo ea ts'oaetso pakeng tsa mohloli oa sebaka le sepheo, leha e le hore khokahano e kopantsoe ke khokahano ea "neuroplasticity" ho tloha nakong epoch ho fihlela epoch. Le ha ho le joalo, li bonts'a tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa tikoloho, le liphetho tsa PPIs li lumellana le mekhoa e meng ea khokahanyo e joaloka mohlala oa matla oa ho qobella [37].
Nutla ea caudate e nepahetseng e ile ea sebelisoa e le mohloli oa tlhahlobo ea khokahanyo bakeng sa phapang ea lijo tse tlisoang ke tse ling. Boholo ba lefatše ka bophara (2, 8, 4) bakeng sa sebaka sena se maemong a bobeli a fapaneng a bapisoa le boima bo fapaneng ba tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea PET (bona ka tlase) e sebelisitsoe ho fumana tekanyo e ikemetseng ea lipalo bakeng sa setsi sa sebaka sa mohloli; Sena se sirelelitsoe ka nepo khahlano le ho "kenella habeli" molemong oa khetho ea tikoloho [38], 'me ea thusa ho kopantsoe ka nepo hoa data ea PET le fMRI. ROI ea spherical e nang le radius ea 10 mm e hlahisitsoe sebakeng sena. Lenaneo la nako bakeng sa morupeluoa e mong le e mong le ne le kopantsoe ka ho sebelisa eigenvariate ea pele ho nako eohle ea nako ea voxel ho ROI. Letoto lena la BOLD le ile la etsoa qeto ea ho hakanyetsa 'nako ea li-neuronal tsa nako' sebakeng sena se sebelisang liphoso tsa paramente tsa PPI-deconvolution ho SPM5 [39]. Nako ea tšebelisano ea psychophysiological (PPI regressor) e ile ea baloa e le sehlahisoa sa element ea ROI neuronal nako le vekhouta bakeng sa phello e ka sehloohong ea mosebetsi (ke hore, 1 bakeng sa lijo tse matlafatsang, −1 bakeng sa lijo tsa phepo). Sehlahisoa sena se ile sa nchafatsoa ke "canonical hemodynamic reaction function" (hrf). Moetso o boetse o kenyelletsa litlamorao tse kholo tsa mosebetsi o netefalitsoeng ke hrf, 'nako ea li-neuronal nako' bakeng sa 'mohloli o mong le o mong le li-regressors tsa ts'ebetso joalo ka litlamorao tsa ho hloka thahasello. Meetso ea PPI e bohlale [36] li ne li sebetsoa, 'me litšoantšo li bapisoa le li-PPIs tse ntle le tse mpe. Tlhahlobo ena ea kelello ka botlalo e bonts'a libaka tse nang le phetoho e kholo kapa e nyane haholo ea ho hokahana le tikoloho ea mohloli ho latela moelelo (joalo ka, ho rata ho bapisoa le lijo tse sa tloaelehang). Litšoantšo tse fapaneng li ile tsa kenngoa tlhahlobisong ea GLM ea boemo ba bobeli bakeng sa lipapatso tsa thahasello, le limmapa tsa SPM tse hlahisitsoeng ho sebelisa khopolo ea Gaussian Random Field ho etsa lipapatso.
Results
Mehato ea boitšoaro
Litekanyetso tsa li-valence tsa tšusumetso li ile tsa hlahlojoa le 3 (sefutho: ho thoholetsa lijo vs. bland lijo vs. likoloi) x 2 (sehlopha: obese vs. boima bo tloaelehileng) ANOVA e tsoakiloeng. Sena se senotse hore litekanyetso tsa valence li fapane haholo mekhahlelong ea tšusumetso, F (2,60) = 6.01, p = .004, Studp2 = .17, empa li ne li tšoana ho lihlopha tsa batho ba batenya le ba tloaelehileng (F = 1.46). Lipapiso tse ngata le litokiso tsa Bonferronni li senotse hore bankakarolo ba lekantse lijo tse khahlisang e le tse monate ho feta lijo tsa bland, t (31) = 4.67, p <.001, kapa likoloi, t (31) = 2.76, p = .01, empa ha ea ka ea lekanyetsa bland lijo tse monate ho feta likoloi, t (31) = .41. Litekanyo tsa tlala le tsona li ne li lekana ho pholletsa le lihlopha tsa bakuli le taolo (p> .05).
Brain glucose metabolism
Lihlooho tsa Obese li ne li e-na le metabolism e phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsoekere ho metabolism e loketseng ea caudate ho feta lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima (X = 4, Y = 8, Z = 4, T = 3.97, p = .03, SVC) (Setšoantšo sa 2), empa eseng sebakeng se seng sa lithahasello tsa bohlokoa (amygdala, thalamus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex).
Setšoantšo sa 2. PET e hlahloba 2- [18F] FDG nakong ea euglycemic hyperinsulinemia e bonts'a tekanyo ea "glucose metabolic rate" (GMR, /mol / 100 g * min) moleng o nepahetseng oa caudate (X = 4, Y = 8, Z = 4) e ne e phahame haholo molemong oa botenya ho fapana le lithutong tsa boima bo tloaelehileng (p<.05, SVC).
Panel A e bonts'a 'mapa oa lipalo-palo oa phello ea sehlopha se pakeng tsa sehlopha, phanele ea B e bonts'a litekanyetso tse bohlale tsa GMR ka har'a motheo oa caudate.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.g002
Litlamorao tsa tikoloho ho fMRI
Hoo e ka bang lithuto tsohle, ho fapanyetsana takatso ea lijo le lijo tse se nang phepelo ho ile ha fella ka ts'ebetso e matla ea potoloho ea moputso. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho ile ha bonoa koranteng ea 'mele ea pele ho pele, gingus ea ka ntle, letheba le letona le kahare, pente e ka morao ea lefatše, le sebaka sa morao-rao sa cingulate gyrus le precuneus (Setšoantšo sa 3, Lethathamo 2). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea lipakeng tsa lihlopha e senotse hore ho fana ka moputso o lebelletsoeng ho entsoe ka lebaka la botena. Likarabo tsa lijo tsohle (takatso ea lijo le bland) li ne li phahame haholo ho feta lithutong tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba 'mele Amygdala, hippocampus, posterior cingates cortex le fusiform gortus, hammoho le cortex e nepahetseng ea somatosensory. Leha ho le joalo, likarabo li ne li le tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le lithutong tse boima ba 'mele o ka letsohong le letšehali. Lethathamo 3 e hlahisa kakaretso ea tsena tse kenang tšebetsong.
Setšoantšo sa 3. Libaka tsa boko tse bonts'ang karabelo e eketsehang ea ho thabisa lijo tse tsoang ka har'a lithutong tsohle.
Lijo tse ipiletsang li ekelitse ts'ebetso ho anterior (ACC) le posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus caudate nucleus (CAUD) le bilateral insula (INS). Lintlha li reriloe ho p <.005, e sa nepisoang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pono.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.g003
Tafole 2. Libaka tsa boko tse bonts'ang karabelo e eketsehang lijong tse khahlisang le tsa bland lihloohong tsohle, p <.05 (FDR e lokisitsoe).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.t002
Tafole 3. Pakeng tsa-sehlopha (botenya ho feta boima bo tloaelehileng le boima bo tloaelehileng le boima bo feteletseng) liphapang tsa likarabo tsa boko ho bohle (tse khahlisang le tse bland) litšoantšo tsa lijo, p <.005 (unc.).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.t003
Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra botsa hore na ebe lihlooho tsa batho ba baholo haholo li ka hlahisa likarabo tse sebetsang mabapi le ho thabisa lijo, eseng lijo tse sa utloahaleng. Ho fihlela seo, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa sehlopha (tse batenya, boima bo tloaelehileng) le mofuta oa lijo (takatso ea lijo, bland). Tumellanong le polelo ea hore botenya bo ka amahanngoa le khatello ea mali tsamaisong ea moputso, karabelo ea ho ja lijo tse bapisoang le phepo e nepahetseng ea letsoho la caudate e ne e le matla haholo ho feta ho batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima ba mmele (Setšoantšo sa 4a, Lethathamo 4). Ho fapana le hoo, lithuto tsa tse batenya li ne li e-na le likarabo tse nyane tse sebetsang mabapi le takatso ea lijo le lijo tse sa tloaelehang ho feta ho etsa lintho tse tloaelehileng ka boima ba 'mele ka ho le letšehali, "cortex" ea morao-rao ea morao-rao, "cortex" e phahameng ea orbitofortal le gypus e phahameng ea nakoana.Setšoantšo sa 4b, Lethathamo 4). Ka hona, lithuto tse fetotsoeng li ile tsa bonahala li e-na le ho se lekane ha likarabo tsa tšebetsong tsa lebatooa mabapi le moputso o lebelletsoeng oa lijo: likarabo tse kholo ho "caudate" le likarabelo tse nyane libakeng tse 'maloa tse ka pele tsa cortical
Setšoantšo sa 4. Karabelo e fapaneng ea BOLD ho thabiseng le ho ja lijo tse sa tloaelehang lithutong tse tloaelehileng tse boima le tse batenya ho "caudate nucleus" le "anterior insula".
Likarabo tsa boko ho lijo tse khahlisang le tsa bland li ne li le kholo hloohong ea mokokotlo o nepahetseng oa caudate (CAUD) oa bakuli ba batenya, athe likarabo tsa lijo tse khahlisang le tsa bland li ne li le kholo ho insula ea ka hare e nepahetseng (INS) ea batho ba boima bo tloaelehileng . Lintlha li reriloe ho p <.005, e sa nepisoang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pono.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.g004
Tafole 4. Pakeng tsa-sehlopha (botenya ho feta boima bo tloaelehileng le boima bo tloaelehileng le boima bo feteletseng) liphapang tsa likarabelo tsa bokong ho lijo tse khahlisang le tsa bland, p <.005 (unc.).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.t004
Kamora nako, ho hlahloba hore na tonic hyperactivity ea caudate nucleus e bonoang ho [18F] FDG PET scan e ne e ka bolela moputso o sa lebelloang ho fMRI, re qalile ra ntša litekanyetso tse bohlale tsa GMR ka har'a semela sa caudate litšoantšong tsa GMR tsa parametric. Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra sebelisa lintlha tsena re le "regressor" ea mantlha ea bobeli ho bapisa likarabo tsa BOLD ho thabiseng lijo khahlanong le lijo tse sa tloaelehang ho fMRI. Tlhahlobo ena e bonts'itse hore metabolism e tsoetseng pele ea glucose metabolism ea "caudate" e boletse esale pele likarabo tse nyane tsa ho etsa hore lijo li bapisoe le lijo tse se nang phepo ka kotloloho e nepahetseng ea "canal"Setšoantšo sa 5). Ho fumana hona ho tsamaisana le taolo e sa lekanyetsoang ea litsamaiso tsa moputso oa subcortical ke cortex e ka pele.
Setšoantšo sa 5. Tekanyo e phahameng ea "glucose metabolic rate" (GMR, µmol / 100 g * min) ho "caudate nucleus" nakong ea 2- [18F] FDG PET scan e ne e sa amane le karabelo mabapi le likarabo tsa ho jella lijo khahlanong le li-bland tse kenelletseng ka kotloloho ea frontal cortex (LFC) teko ea fMRI.
Panel A e bonts'a sebaka seo phapang e ileng ea bonoa ho sona, sebaka sa B se bonts'a polokeho ea li-GMR le likarabo tsa BOLD.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.g005
Litšebelisano tsa Psychophysiological
Ha re se re fumane bopaki ba karolo ea mantlha ea mokokotlo oa "caudate" ho rarolleng moputso o sa tloaelehang oa tebello ho botenya, re ile ra botsa hore na sebaka sena sa boko se na le khokahano e sa sebetseng e amanang le mosebetsi le libaka tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa boko, joalo ka tsa limbic system. Ka mantsoe a mang, re ile ra botsa hore na ke libaka life tsa boko tse tla ba bohareng ba ho hlophisa ketsahalo e amanang le moputso ho mokokotlo oa caudate ha re ntse re shebile lijo tse khahlisang le tsa bland. Re sebelisitse litšebelisano tsa psychophysiological ho fumana khokahano e sebetsang ea khubu ea caudate, re sebelisa voxel e nang le phapang e phahameng ka ho fetesisa metabolism metabolism ho data ea PET joalo ka setsi sa sebaka sa peo. Re fumane hore lihlooho tse nang le botenya li bonts'a khokahano e matla haholo lipakeng tsa li-nucleus tsa caudate le amygdala e nepahetseng (X = 33, Y = -5, Z = -16, T = 3.92, p <.005, unc.), Cortex e ka sehloohong ea somatosensory (X = 39, Y = -13, Z = 32, T = 3.63, p <.005, unc.) Le insula ea morao-rao (X = 30, Y = 14, Z = 18, T = 3.47, p <.005, unc Ho feta lihlooho tse boima bo tloaelehileng (Setšoantšo sa 6).
Setšoantšo sa 6. Khokahano e sebetsang.
Ha o sheba lijo tse khahlisang le tse bland, khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa khubung ea caudate le amygdala e nepahetseng (AMY), insula (INS) le somatosensory cortex (SSC) e ne e le kholo haholo ho feta lithutong tse boima bo tloaelehileng. Lintlha li reriloe ho p <.005, e sa nepisoang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pono.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0031089.g006
Puisano
Boithuto bona bo senola mekhoa e ikhethang eo ka eona botenya bo fetolang karabelo le tšebetso ea potoloho ea moputso bokong. Haholo-holo, liphetho li totobatsa karolo ea mantlha bakeng sa khubu ea mokokotlo, e leng sebaka se khothalletsang ho ithuta ka mokhoa o tloahelehileng le tšusumetso ea khothatso, ho hokahaneng litlatsetso tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea kutlo molemong oa moputso oa lijo o lebelletsoeng. Nakong ea hyperinsulinemia e fihletsoeng ka ts'oarello ea euglycemic ea hyperinsulinemic, mokokotlo oa mokokotlo o ne o e-na le metabolism e phahameng ea basal lithutong tse ngata ho feta lithutong tse boima bo tloaelehileng. Teko ea fMRI e bonts'itse hore leha lithuto tse nonneng le tse boima bo itekanetseng li fane ka litlaleho tse tšoanang ho monate oa tšusumetso ea lijo, tšusumetso e hlahisitse mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea boko le liphetoho lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli. Ha lijo tse khahlisang le tse bobebe li ne li bapisoa le tse ling, khubu ea caudate e bonts'a karabelo e kholo lithutong tse batenya haholo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bafo ba batenya haholo ba ile ba hloleha ho kenya tšebetsong libaka tse thibelang likokoana-hloko, joalo ka li-dorsolateral le orbitofrontal cortices, ho arabela lijo tse khahlisang; Ketsahalo ena e ne e boetse e amana haholo le metabolism e phahameng ea basal ka har'a mokokotlo oa mokokotlo. Kamora nako, sebaka se le seng sa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo o bonts'itseng metabolism e phahameng ea glucose ho ba nkang karolo ea boima bo tloaelehileng e boetse e bonts'a khokahano e eketsehileng le amygdala le posterior insula lihloohong tse batsi ha ba ntse ba shebile lijo tse khahlisang le tsa bland. Habohlokoa, litlamorao tsena li ile tsa bonoa tlasa maemo ao bankakarolo ba neng ba sa ele hloko ka boomo litaba tsa litšoantšo tse khothatsang. Ka hona, liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e felletseng ea ts'ebetso ea litlhahiso tsa ho ja e hlophisitsoe ke botenya, e ka hlalosang hore na hobaneng batho ba nonneng ba na le mathata a ho thibela ho ja ha ba bona lijo tse nang le likhalori tse ngata. Re tlameha leha ho le joalo ho hlokomela hore ho ka etsahala hore bankakarolo ba ka be ba ile ba nka karolo ho isa bohōleng bo itseng ho sebetsaneng le moputso o hlakileng, leha mosebetsi oa boits'oaro o ne o ikemetse ka boleng ba moputso oa litšoantšo tsa lijo. Ka hona, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho netefatsa hore na batho ba batenya le ba boima bo tloaelehileng ba ka fapana mabapi le ts'ebeliso e hlakileng ea moputso.
Phapang ea tikoloho ho Nyutlelie ea Caudate
Dorsal caudate nucleus e kentsoe letsoho lithutong tse tloaelehileng tsa karabelo ea ho susumetsa, ho susumetsa le maemo, le lithuto tsa ho nahana ka batho li fana ka maikutlo a hore e kenya letsoho mesebetsing e fapaneng e amanang le ho saena moputso le ho lemalla.. Bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba bontsa litheko tse tlase tsa D2 amohela (D2R) letsoalo ho striatum, le blunted dopamine ho lokolloa ho latela taolo ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso [40]. Ts'ebeliso ea lijo e boetse e tsamaisana le ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka dorsal striatum lithutong tse phetseng hantle, mme palo ea dopamine e lokollotsoeng e amana hantle le litekanyo tsa monate oa lijo. [12]. Litekong tsa fMRI, ts'ebetso ea motsoako oa caudate e amahanngoa le takatso ea ho itlhahisa ea lijo tse itseng [8], 'me ho fumanoe lihlooho tse hanyane ka hanyane tse bonts'ang likarabo tse phahameng tsa litšoantšo tsa lijo [10]. Lithuso tsa botenya li boetse li theotse litheko tsa mantlha D2Tekanyo ea khatello ea kelello ea R, mme ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore sena se ka bonts'a ho theoha ha nakoana ho etsang hore dopamine e eketsehe khafetsa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e sa feleng ea potoloho ea moputso ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho ja. [11].
Ka ho sebelisa khatello ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo (hyperinsulinemic clamp), re ile ra qapa boemo boo 'mele o leng boemong bo ts'oanang le ba insulin signaling. Le ha mokhoa ona o sa etsise satiety ea 'mele ka botlalo ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke ts'usumetso ea orosensory le ho lokolloa ha li-hormone ho tsoa mpeng, glucose e laoloang ke placebo e laetsoe ho eketsa mats'oao a lihormone a ho satiety [41] le tšebetso ea dopaminergic potolohong ea moputso ho banna [42]. Re fumane hore dorsal striatum ea li-obes tse ngata e lula e le khatello e matla ha e bapisoa le lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima nakong ea khatello ea methapo ea methapo. Ha clamping e boloka litekanyetso tsa tsoekere e maling, tsoekere e phahameng ea tsoekere lithutong tse motenya nakong ea bohlasoa e fana ka maikutlo a hore linutate tsa "caudate" tsa thuto e phahameng li ka kenya letsoho ho feng takatso ea lijo leha khatello ea tsoekere ea mali e sa fokotsehe. Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la ho nka karolo ho ithuteng ho felletseng le sebopeho sa tloaelo, caudate e kanna ea kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea lipontšo tse hlakileng (tse sa bonahaleng) le tse hlakileng. Lipontšo tsena li ka lebisa ho ho ja ho feta tekano le ha 'mele o sa batle matla a eketsehileng a matla.
Ho fumanoe hore lithutong tse batenya haholo, D2Ho fumaneha ha striatum ho amana hampe le metabolism ea "glucose" ea glucose [43]. Lintlha tsa rona tse kopaneng tsa PET-fMRI li bapisitse liphumano tsena. Ha metabolism ea glucose metabolism ea caudate e sebelisoa e le regressor bakeng sa ho etsa likarabo tse sebetsang bakeng sa ho fepa lijo tse amanang le phepo ho fMRI, re fumane kamano e mpe ea "glucose metabolism" leseling la caudate le likarabo tsa pele tsa BOLD (Setšoantšo sa 5). Ka hona, ho se khone ho sebelisa mekhoa ea pele e kenyang taolo ea thibelo le litšila ho ka khothaletsa ho nona haholo ka ho theola monyako bakeng sa moputso o khothalletsoang ke lijo tlhahisong ea caudate. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hape hore lithuto tse ling tsa pele [19] ba tlaleha likarabo tse ka pele-pele litšoantšong tsa lijo ho batho ba batenya ho feta boima ba tloaelehileng. Ho kanna ha etsahala hore liphapang tsena ho lithuto tsohle li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea karolo e ka pele ea mosebetsi: athe thuto ea rona e kenyelletsa ts'ebetso e felletseng ea litumelo tsa lijo tse hlahisitsoeng ka bokhutšoanyane, Rothemund le basebetsi mmoho ba sebelisitse tlhahiso ea tlhahiso ea nako e telele le mosebetsi oa ho hopola. Ho a khonahala hore batho ba batenya haholo ba ka hloleha ho kenya tšebetsong likhokahano tsa taolo ea kelello ha ba sa sebetse ka botlalo lijo tsa bona. Ka hona, sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore esita le 'litšoantšo tse sa bonoeng' kapa tse sa hlokomeloang lipapatsong tse fapaneng li ka tsosa takatso e matla ea ho ja ho batho ba batenya.
Khokahano e sebetsang ea Caudate Nucleus le Amygdala
Amygdala e kenella mekhahlelong ea pele ea ts'ebetso ea moputso [44], hape e bonts'a likarabo tse sa fetoheng maikutlong a bonoang a lijo [6], [22]. Phapang ea motho ka mong ea moputso oa bobeli [21] le boima ba mmele [10] li tsejoa ho susumetsa likarabo tsa amygdala litlatsong tse bonoang tsa lijo. Thutong ea hona joale re boetse re fumane hore likarabo tsa amygdala lijong li ile tsa phahamisoa lithutong tsa monko o monate. Ho feta moo, ha mekhoa ea puisano e sebetsang ea li-activation (PPIs) ea li-caudate nucleus e hlahlojoa, re fumane hore khokahano ea li-nucleus tsa caudate le amsgdala ea ipsilateral e ne e phahame lithutong tsa botenya. Ka kakaretso, lintlha tsena tsa data li lumellana le liphumano tsa pele lithutong tse tloaelehileng tsa boima bo bonts'ang hore khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa amygdala le stratum e susumetsoa ke liphapang tsa takatso ea ho itlaleha ea ho ja lijo ha u bona lijo ('maikutlo a lijo tsa kantle') [22]. Leha ho le joalo, athe lithuto tsa pejana li fumane hore haholo-holo boemo ba moea bo kenelletse tebello ea moputso [21] le hore ho ikopanya pakeng tsa "ventral striatum" (nucleus accumbens) le amygdala ho susumetsoa ke maikutlo a lijo tsa kantle [22], re fumane hore botenya bo susumetsa ho kopanya pakeng tsa likarolo tsa amygdala le likarolo tse eketsehileng tsa mokokotlo oa caudate. Bopaki mabapi le karolo ea dorsal striatum ts'ebetsong ea moputso bo kopantsoe, 'me lithuto tse ling li li hokahanya le ho e lokisa [45] le ba bang hoummela [46] meputso. Leha ho le joalo, karolo ea dorsal striatum ho kenyeletsa mekhatlo ea sephetho sa diphetho bakeng sa meputso e ka bang teng e thehiloe hamolemo haholo [47], [48]. Ka lebaka leo, re fana ka maikutlo a hore litlatsetso tse phetoang khafetsa lijong tse natefeloang ke botenya li fella ka ho kopanya lijo le litabatabelo tse matla tsa lijo, 'me tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea sephetho mabapi le meputso e ka bang teng bathong ba batenya ka tsela e fetisang ts'ebelisano lipakeng tsa amygdala le dorsal striatum ha li bona lijo.
Tlhaloso ea PPI ea bohlokoa ke hore ho na le phapanyetsano e kopanyang likhokahanyo tsa anatomical e le ts'ebetso ea maemo a kelello. Leha PPI e sa sebelisoe ho hlahisa hore na likhokahano tse joalo li teng kapa che, ho na le monyetla oa hore li-PPIs tseo re li boneng li bonts'a liphetoho lipakeng tsa khokahano e otlolohileng pakeng tsa peo le libaka tsa sepheo hobane likhakanyo tse joalo tse otlolohileng pakeng tsa striatum le amygdala lia tšehetsoa. ka ho batla lithuto ho lithutong tse ling [49], [50]. Leha ho le joalo, li-PPIs li ke ke tsa sebelisoa ho etsa hore khokahano e sebetsanoe, ka hona re ke ke ra bolela hore na i) keketseho ea glucose metabolism ea caudate e eketsa khokahano lipakeng tsa nucleus ea caudate le amygdala kapa ii) keketseho e eketsehang e tsoang ho amygdala e eketsa metabolism ea glucose. ho nate ea caudate.
Li-neuron tsa Amygdala li nolofalletsa moputso o batlang ka lipono tsa bona ho striatum [44]. Ho hlohlelletsa li-receptor tsa μ-opioid ka har'a striatum ho baka ho nona, empa sena se ka koaloa ke ho se sebetse hoa amygdala [51], [52]. Ka hona, khokahano e phahameng ea amygdalo-striatal e ka lebisa ho eketseha ha tonic tšebetsong ea motsoako oa caudate, e ka ba mochini o thata o hlalosang ho nona ho feta botoneng. Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, amygdala e ka ameha moputsong o lebelletsoeng oa lijo ka ho beha maikutlo a monate a ho etsa hore lijo li be le matla le tšusumetso ea ho ja le ho phehella ka ho hokahana ka tsela e ntlafalitsoeng le puisano ea methapo ea methapo.
Khokahano e sebetsang ea Nyutlelie ea Caudate le Insula
Tlhahlobo ea PPI e senotse hore khokahano lipakeng tsa dorsal striatum le posterior insula e ne e phahame lithutong tse boima haholo ha li ntse li bapisoa le maemo a tloaelehileng a boima, athe likarabo tsa tikoloho mabapi le ho jella lijo khahlanong le bland tse kahara insula ea kantle li ne li le nyane lithutong tsa batho ba batenya. Insula ea ka ntle e kopanya matšoao a boikemelo le pono ea maikutlo ho etsa mesebetsi e susumetsang le ea maikutlo, athe sebaka sa morao-rao ho nahanoa hore se sebetsa ka tlholeho somatosensory, vestibular le motor hammoho le ho lekola libaka tsa 'mele. [53]. Mosebetsi oa morao-rao o boetse o supa hore ho supa matšoao a somatosensory ka hara insula ho ka kenya letsoho haholo ho ho lemalla, haholo-holo ka takatso ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (sheba tlhahlobo hape. [53]). Pele ho moo lithuto tsa PET le FMRI li hokahane le ts'ebetso ea ho natefeloa ke mekhoa ea lijo ea kantle [8], [9], [46], empa matšoao a bophahamo a joaloka leptin le ona a susumetsa karabelo e kenelletseng ea ho bona lijo. Ho batho ba baholo ba haelloang ke leptin, likarabo tse sa bonahaleng tsa ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang li kholo nakong ea khaello ea leptin ho fapana le nakong ea phepelo ea leptin [54]. Ho feta moo, lithutong tse nang le botenya bo bongata tse nang le bofokoli ba leptin, phetisetso ea leptin e hlakola likarabo tse ka hare tsa ho shebella lijo tse hlasimollang. [55]. Ha lits'ebetso li sebetsana le methapo ea lijo e ka hare (e leng lihormone) le kantle (ke hore, pono) tse amanang le lijo [56]Litšitiso tsa ho kopanngoa ha mekhoa ena ea ka hare le kantle li ka etsa hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba be le takatso e matla ea ho bona lijo ka lebaka la khokahano e phahameng ea insula le dorsal striatum. Kaha kamoso ea morao-rao e kenyelletsa ho lekola libaka tsa 'mele, tšebelisano e ntlafalitsoeng lipakeng tsa kamore e ka morao ea ts'ebetso le dorsal caudate nucleus e ka bolela hore o hopotse lipontšo tsa maemo a morao-rao a mantlha ka polelo e ka khothalletsang boitšoaro bo matla ba ho fepa ka ts'usumetso ea ho ithuta e fanoeng ke "dorsal caudate nucleus" [18]. Tumellanong le khopolo ena, khubu ea caudate e boetse e bontšitse khokahano e phahameng e amanang le mosebetsi le somatosensory cortex ka botenya, ho tiisa hore litloaelo tse bonoang tsa lijo li ka tsosa maikutlo a amanang le ho ja. Maikutlo ana a ka khothaletsa ho fepa le ha ho se na matšoao a tlala ea 'mele [15]. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore lithuto tse ling tsa pejana li fumane likarabo tse phahameng tsa kantle ho litebello tse lebelletsoeng le tse phethahetseng tsa lijo tsa batho ba batenya ho fapana le ho batho ba hlokang leeme [10], [57]. Leha re sena tlhaloso e hlakileng mabapi le lintho tsena tse fumanoeng tse sa lumellaneng, ho ka etsahala hore li bonahatse liphapang tsa batho ba batona ba tlatselletsang lithutong, joalo ka nalane ea ho ja le litloaelo le mabaka a liphatsa tsa lefutso le lihormone.
Meeli le mekhoa ea nakong e tlang
Phello e 'ngoe e hlakileng ea lithuto tsa hona joale e ne e le hore le ha boholo ba sampole e le (n = 35) lipapiso tse lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa data ea fMRI li ne li se bohlokoa ha li lokisoa bakeng sa papiso e ngata. Leha phapang e pakeng tsa sehlopha se ne e bonoe libakeng tse boletsoeng esale pele, tlhokomeliso e itseng e lokela ho ba teng ha e toloka liphetho. Ntle le moo, ho tlameha ho hatelloa hore ha re a khona ho hlalosa ka botlalo mohopolo o nepahetseng o hlahisang karabelo e phahameng ea boko litšoantšong tsa lijo tsa batho ba batenya. Leha re fumane litekanyetso tsa thabo e bonoang ('ho rata') lijo, tsena li ne li tšoana ho batho ba batenya le ba boima ba tloaelehileng. Ka hona, ho rata lijo tse phahameng haholo ka botenya ha ho na monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho phapusing ea likarabo tsa boko. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka nahanoa hore takatso ea lijo ho e-na le ho lakatsa e ka ba eona ntho ea bohlokoa e fetolang likarabo tsa boko ho linepe tsa lijo ka botenya. Ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, ho bontšitsoe hore le ha batho ba batenya le ba tloaelehileng ba le 'lijo' ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, takatso ea lijo e susumetsoang ke khatello ea maikutlo e phahame haholo ho batho ba batenya [58]. Lithutong tsa morao-rao tsa monahano tse sebetsang, ka hona ho tla ba bohlokoa ho nyenyefatsa likarabo tsa 'ho lakatsa' le 'ho rata' lijo tse batloang ke batho ba tloaelehileng. Ntle le moo, ha ho fanoa ka likarabo tse khahlisang, li tsamaisoa ke sehokela sa dopaminergic ea potoloho ea moputso, [24], ho ka ba bohlokoa ho etsa lithuto tse kopaneng tsa neurotransmitter-PET-fMRI moo motho a ka lekang hore na, ka mohlala, ho fumaneha ha striatal dopamine ho batho ba batenya le ba itsetlehileng ho bolela esale pele likarabo tsa potoloho ho ts'usumetso ea kantle le lijo.
fihlela qeto e
Re bontša hore botenya bo amahanngoa le "metabolism" e phahameng ea "glucose metabolism", hammoho le likarabo tse fetotsoeng tsa tikoloho le khokahano e fetotsoeng ea potoloho ea moputso ha u bona ho le monate khahlanong le lijo tse sa tloaelehang. Lintlha tsena li tsamaellana le se fumanoeng bokong bo fetotsoeng bo sebetsang likhatellong tsa bokhoba, 'me li ts'ehetsa pono ea hore botenya bo ka arolelana karolo e tloaelehileng ea neural le litlhare. [2], [59]. Haholo-holo, kutloelo-bohloko e ntlafalitsoeng ea litekanyetso tsa lijo tsa kantle ho botenya e ka kenyelletsa ho ithuta ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa ho susumetsa le tšusumetso e fanoeng ke dorsal caudate nucleus, eo ka nako e 'ngoe e ka bang ka lebaka la tlatsetso e phahameng ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho tsoa taolong ea amygdala le ea morao-rao le tšebeliso e mpe ea taolo ea pele. libaka tsa tikoloho. Liphetoho tsena tse sebetsang ho arabelang le ho hokahana ha potoloho ea meputso le litsamaiso tsa taolo ea kelello e ka ba mochine o bohlokoa o hlalosang ho ata ha botenyay.
Boithuto bona bo ile ba etsoa kahare ho Setsi sa Fora sa Ts'ebetso ea Mahlale ho Phekolo ea pelo le Metabolic, bo ts'ehetsoeng ke Academy of Finland, Univesithi ea Turku, Sepetlele sa Turku University, le Åbo Academy University. Re leboha radiong ea Turku PET Center ka thuso ea bona mabapi le phihlello ea data hammoho le barupeluoa ba rona bakeng sa ho etsa hore thuto ena e khonehe.
O ile a tseba liteko tsa LN JH PN. O entse liteko: LN JH JCH HI MML PS. Ho hlahlobisisa lintlha: LN JH JCH HI. Ngola pampiri: LN JH PN.
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