Ho tlosoa ho tloha ho sa feleng, ho kena ka hare ho lijo tse natefisang haholo ho etsa hore boitšoaro bo tepeletseng bo ts'oaroe ka ho qobella ho ja likhoho (2012)

. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho; e fumanehang ho PMC 2014 Feb 25.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

PMCID: PMC3934429

NIHMSID: NIHMS554308

inahaneloang

Ho fumaneha ha lijo tse matlafatsang haholo ke ntho e kholo e tlatsetsang ho nts'etsopele ea ho ja lijo tse feteletseng ka botenya le mathata a ho ja. Ho 'nile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ho ja lijo tse feteletseng ho ka' na ha e-ba mofuta oa ho iphekola ho fokotsa boemo bo fosahetseng ba maikutlo bo amanang le ho tlohela lijo tse hahang haholo. Phuputso ena e ne e rerile ho tseba hore na ho itokolla ho boloka bo sa foleng, ho kena ka hare ho lijo tse monate haholo ho ne ho e-na le boikarabelo ba ho hlahisa boitšoaro bo tepeletseng maikutlo. Bakeng sa morero ona, sehlopha sa banna ba malinyane a Wistar se ne se fanoa ka lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa ho ja lijo tsa 7 matsatsi a beke (Chow / Chow), ha sehlopha sa bobeli sa likhoto se ne se fanoa ka matsatsi a 5 ka beke, se lateloa ke mokhoa oa 2 oa ho fihlella lijo tse nang le li-sucrose haholo (Chow / e khoneha). Ka mor'a libeke tse ling tsa 7 tsa lijo tse ling, boitšoaro bo kang boikutlo bo tepeletseng bo ile ba hlahlojoa nakong ea ho tlohela lijo tse monate haholo le ho latela mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho li sebelisa, ho sebelisa teko ea ho sesa, ho hlahlojoa ha sesebelisoa le ts'ebetso ea ho itšehla thajana. E fumanoe hore Chow / e khoneha Likokoana tse tlosoang lijong tse hahang haholo li ile tsa bontša nako e eketsehileng ea ho se tsitsisehe ha teko ea ho sesa e qobelloa 'me ea fokotsa sucrose ho kenngoa tlhahlobo ea sesebelisoa ea sucrose ha e bapisoa le taolo Chow / Chow likhoto. Ho thahasellisang ke hore ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ho sisinyeha hoa teko ea ho sesa e ile ea felisoa ka ho nchafatsa mokhoa oa ho fumana lijo tse monate haholo. Ha ho liphetoho tse neng li hlokomeloa ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho itšireletsa ka mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa. Liphello tsena li tiisa khopolo ea hore ho tlohela lijo tse natefisang haholo ke boikarabelo ba ho hlahisa boitšoaro bo tepeletseng maikutlo, hape ba bontša hore ho ja lijo tse qobelloang ho imolla boemo ba maikutlo bo sithabetsang bo bakoang ke ho khaotsa ho tsoa.

Keywords: anhedonia, boko bo tsosang boko, ho tepella maikutlo, ho kula ha lijo, ho lemalla lijo, ho lemalloa ho sesa, rat, sucrose

Selelekela

Ho fumaneha ha bongata ba matla a mafura a matla a matla a lijo (mohlala, lijo tse nang le tsoekere le / kapa mafura) ho lumeloa hore ke sesosa sa ho hlaha ha mefuta e itseng ea botenya le mathata a ho ja (). Ho ja lijo tse monate haholo ho tloaelehile ho khetholloa ka likarolo tsa ho sebelisa lijo tse feteletseng, ka potlako le ho qobella lijo ka nako e khutšoanyane (; ; ; ). Ka lebaka la mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho tšesaane kapa bophelo bo botle, likarolo tsa ho ja lijo hangata li lateloa ke ho ja lijo le ho thibela lijo tse sireletsehileng. Ho thibela lijo ho boetse ho matlafatsa litakatso bakeng sa lijo tse matlafatsang haholoanyane 'me ho khothalletsa lijo tse thibeloang tse latelang. Ka lebaka leo, ho hlophisa ho fetoha pakeng tsa lijo tse fapaneng le ho hlahisa litholoana ho fella ka sekhahla se kotsi sa binge / thibelo ea lijo (; ; ; ).

Tsamaiso ena ea libaesekele ea ts'ebetso e tsositse potso ea hore na 'ho lemalla lijo' ho ka ba teng (; ). Botenya le mathata a ho ja, joaloka ho lemalla lithethefatsi, li 'nile tsa hlophisoa hore li be boemong bo sa foleng ba ho khutlela morao ka linako tse ling tsa ho ithiba le ho khutlela lijong tse hahang haholo tse tsoelang pele ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse mpe. Litemana tse ngata li 'nile tsa huloa pakeng tsa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi le ho qobella ho ja ka botenya le mathata a ho ja, ho akarelletsa ho lahleheloa ke taolo ea lithethefatsi / lijo, ho se khone ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi / ho ja lijo tse ngata ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse bohloko, mahlomola le dysphoria ha u leka ho itokolla lithethefatsi / lijo (; ; ; ).

Ho fetoha ho tloha ho tse ntle ho ts'ehetso e fosahetseng ho fetisetsoa ho ikarabella bakeng sa phetoho ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse tloaelehileng ho itšetlehile ka lithethefatsi tse lithethefatsi. (; ). Nakong ea lithethefatsi, ho lumeloa hore ho lakatsa ho sebelisoa lithethefatsi ho matlafatsoa ke maikutlo a nyahamisang le ho senya dysphoria tse amanang le ho ikhutsa (mohlala, ho tlohela). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho 'nile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ho ja lijo tse tsitsitseng ho ka etsa hore e be mokhoa oa ho iphekola ho fokotsa maemo a fosahetseng a maikutlo a amanang le ho tlohela lijo tse nang le bothata bo botle (, ; ). Ho ikhula lijong tse hahang haholo ho ka 'na ha e-ba le boikarabello ba ho hlaha ha lefu la ho tlohela lefu le khethollang lefu la tsoekere, matšoenyeho le anhedonia, e leng se ka' nang sa etsa hore motho a khutlele morao le ho ja lijo tse ngata.

Moelelong ona, ho bontšitsoe morao tjena hore phepo e sa foleng, e kenang lipakeng tsa lijo tse monate haholo ha e felle feela ka phepo ea hyperphagia ea lijo tse monate haholo empa hape le boitšoarong bo itšetlehileng ka ho itokolla, ho kenyeletsang tšitiso ea ho iphelisa, ho fokotsa lijo tse fokolang, le boitšoaro bo tšoenyang maikutlo (, , ). Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe hore na boemo bo fosahetseng ba maikutlo bo hlokometsoeng joang ka ho tlosoa ha lijo tse monate haholo bo boetse bo akarelletsa boitšoaro bo tepeletseng maikutlo bo ntse bo sa tsejoe. Ka hona, thuto ena e ikemiselitse ho tseba hore na boitšoaro bo kang ba khatello ea kelello bo etsahala joang ka mor'a ho tlohela ho tsoa ho sa foleng, ho kenella ho fihlela lijo tse monate haholo. Ho leka tlhahlobo ena, re ile ra hlahloba ho hlaha ha (i) ho tsamaea, ho sebelisa teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang, (ii) boitšoaro bo kang ba anhedonic, ho lekanya tšebeliso ea tharollo ea sucrose, le (iii) lekhalo la bokhoni ba boko, ho lekanya monyako oa ho se sebetse ho itšunya-tšunya (ICSS), ho ja likokoanyana tse tsamaeang ka maoto nakong ea bobeli ba ho tlohela lijo tse monate haholo le nakong ea ho ba le phihlelo ea ho e fumana.

mekhoa

Lihlooho

Maqeba a banna ba Wistar, a boima ba 180-230 g le matsatsi a 41-47 ha ba fihla (Charles River, Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA), ba ne ba lula ka makhetlo a mabeli a koaletsoeng, ho koaletsoeng ka polasetiki (27 × 48 × 20 cm) ka 12 h fokotsa khanya ea motlakase (e khantšang 9: 00 am), ka AAALAC e amohelehang mongobo-o laoloang (60%) le ho laola mocheso (22 ° C) vivarium. Li-rats li ne li khona ho fumana li-chow (Harlan Teklad LM-485 Diet 7012; 65% kcal carbohydrate, 13% fat, 21% protheine, matla a metaboleng 341 cal / 100 g; Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA) metsi ka linako tsohle ntle le ho boletsoeng ka hosele. Mekhoa e sebelisoang thutong ena e khomaretsoe Mekhatlo ea Sechaba ea Bophelo Tataiso bakeng sa tlhokomelo le tšebeliso ea liphoofolo tsa liphoofolo (NIH phatlalatso ea 85-23, 1996 e ntlafalitsoeng) le Melao-motheo ea Tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo mme ba amoheloa ke Boston University Medical Campus Institutional Animal Care le Komiti ea Ts'ebeliso (IACUC).

Bolokolohi ba mahala ba fihlelang mahala

Phetoho ea lijo tse fokolang habonolo e ile ea etsoa joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele (, , ). Ka bokhutšoane, ka mor'a hore li-acclimation li fumanehe, likokoana-hloko li arotsoe lihlopha tse peli tse lekaneng bakeng sa ho ja lijo, boima ba 'mele le katleho ea lijo ho tloha matsatsing a fetileng a 3-4. Sehlopha se seng se ne se fanoa ka bolokolohi ba ho ja lijo tsa chow (Chow) matsatsi a 7 ka beke (Chow / Chow, sehlopha sa taolo sa thuto ena) 'me sehlopha sa bobeli se fanoe ka bolokolohi ba ho fumana matsatsi a 5 ka beke, e lateloa ke matsatsi a 2 ea ho fumana mahala ho lijo tse monate haholo, tse nang le tsokolate, tse phahameng tsa sucrose (e khonehang; Chow / e khoneha). Liteko tsohle tsa boitšoaro li ne li etsoa ka likhoto tse neng li ntse li ja-li-cycke bonyane libeke tsa 7. Lijo tsa 'chow' e ne e le chow e hlalositsoeng ka holimo e tsoang Harlan, athe lijo tse monate li ne li ja lijo tse nang le phepo e nepahetseng, ea chokolete, e phahameng-sucrose (50% kcal), lijo tse thehiloeng ho AIN-76A tse ka bapisoang le macronutrient boholo le matla a matla a matla ho lijo tsa chow [chokolete-flavored Formula 5TUL: 66.7% kcal carbohydrate, 12.7% mafura, 20.6% protheine, matla a metaboliza 344 kcal / 100 g; TestDiet, Richmond, Indiana, USA; e entsoe e le li-pellets tsa 45mg tse nepahetseng tsa lijo ho eketsa khetho ea eona (; )]. Bakeng sa phofshoana, matsatsi a pele a 5 (khetho feela) le matsatsi a ho qetela a 2 (chow kapa a amohelehang ho latela sehlopha sa teko) ea beke le beke a boleloa litsing tsohle tsa C le P. Lijo ha lia ka tsa fumaneha ka nako e le 'ngoe. Lijo tsa lijo tse amanang le lijo tse haelloang, tse baloang e le karolo ea lijo tsa letsatsi le leng le le leng (kcal) ea lijo tsa pele ha li bapisoa le lijo tsa bobeli, li ne li le latelang: 5TUL Lijo tsa Tsokolate (lijo tse tsoekere tse tsoekere) vs. Harlan LM-485 chow (M± SEM khetho 90.7 ± 3.6%), joalokaha e hatisitsoe pele (). Mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho fepa o ne o nkoa e le boima ba 'mele bo fumanoang ka kcal /).

Teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang

Teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang e ile ea fetoha ho latela tlhahlobo e hlalositsoeng ke 'me , ho sebelisa sekhahla se seholoanyane sa cylinder le metsi a tebileng ho eketsa kutloisiso, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana (; ; ). Tlas'a leseli, likhoto (n= 19) li ne li behoa ka likhahla tse peli tse hlakileng tsa polypropylene (bolelele ba 38 cm, bophara ba 27 cm) tse arohaneng le skrine ea opaque. Li-cylindere li na le 23-25 ° C, metsi a tebileng a 24 cm. Ka botebo bona, likhoto ha li khone ho iphelisa ka ho emisa (; ). Metsi a ne a fetotsoe pakeng tsa litaba. Litekanyetso tse peli tsa ho sesa li ne li khannoa: pele ho 15 metsotsoana pele, e lateloa 24 h hamorao ka teko ea 5. Ka mor'a hore e mong le e mong a sesole sebokeng, likhoto li ile tsa tlosoa li-cylinder, li omisitsoe, tsa kenngoa likoting tsa khale tsa 10, ebe li khutlela malapeng a tsona. Litekanyetso tsa liteko li ne li ngotsoe videoteng 'me hamorao li fumanoa ka letsoho ho sebelisa nako ea nako; nako eo a neng ae qeta e sa tsitsa, ho sesa le ho hloa e ne e ikemiselitse. Chow / e khoneha Likokoanyana li ne li ja li-cycled bakeng sa libeke tsa 7 tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo. Nakong ea beke ea 8th ea libaesekele, Chow / e khoneha Likokoanyana li ile tsa lekoa nakong ea C kapa P phase, le Chow / Chow likhoho li ntse li lekoa ka nako e tšoanang pakeng tsa lihlooho. Monyetla oa 15 o ile oa etsoa letsatsi la 1 ka mor'a ho fetoha (P → C kapa C → P), athe teko ea 5 e ile ea etsoa 24 h hamorao. Chow / Chow likhohlo tsa ho laola li ile tsa lekoa ka nako e tšoanang pakeng tsa lihlooho. Lijo tse nepahetseng li ne li fumaneha ka bolokolohi ho fihlela nako ea teko. Li-rats li ne li le likhoeli tse ka bang 4 nakong ea teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang.

Tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea serosa

Tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea sucrose e ne e fetohile . Liphahlo tse tsoang ho thuto ea ICSS (n= 15, taba e tlosoa thutong ka lebaka la khetho ea sebaka) e ile ea pepesoa tharollo ea 0.8% sucrose ka lijo, metsi le tharollo e ntle e fumanoang ka bolokolohi matlong a bona a lehae bonyane beke ea 1 ho ba tsebisa seno se monate . Tlhahlobo e fetileng e etsahetse nakong ea phepo ea phepo 'me e ne e sebelisetsoa ho thibela ho qoba ho latsoa tatso ea li-novel ka lebaka la ho nyeheloa ha maikutlo (). Libaka tsa li-sucrose le libotlolo tsa metsi li ne li fetoha letsatsi le leng le le leng ho thibela sebaka se khethiloeng. Letsatsing la pele la P phase le C, likarolo li ile tsa lumelloa ho noa tharollo ea 0.8% ea sucrose e fanoeng kahare ea lehae bakeng sa 1 h nakong ea potoloho ea lefifi. Ts'ebeliso ea li-sucrose e ile ea hlahlojoa lihlahisoa tse peli tsa C le tsa P tse tšoanang le liphoofolo tse sebelisoang ka hare ho lihlooho. Ho noa li-sucrose ho ne ho lekanngoa e le meri / kg ea boima ba 'mele.

Ho iketsetsa maikutlo ka boithati

Ho buoa bakeng sa ho behoa ha elektronike

Ka mor'a hore li-acclimation, likhoto (n= 16) e ile ea kenngoa ka ntle ho naha ea 0.125mm bophahamo ba sopho e entsoeng ka mokelikeli o se nang mokelikeli oa bipolar (MS303 / 3-B / SPC, bolelele ba 10.5mm; Plastics One, Roanoke, Virginia, USA) ka letsohong le letšehali kapa le letona la pele lateral hypothalamus e sebelisa li-coordinates tse latelang: AP - 0.5mm ho tloha bregma, ML ± 1.7mm, DV - 9.7mm ho tloha lekhaleng le setlolo sa motlakase se behiloeng 5.0mm ka holimo ho moeli oa likamano, ho ea ka atlasi ea . Lisebelisoa tse 'nè tse entsoeng ka mahlaseli a li-stainless steel li ne li tiiselitsoe lekaneng la rat ho potoloha electrode. Moriana o tsosolositsoeng oa meno o tsosolositsoeng oa meno (Henry Schein Inc., Melville, New York, USA) le samente ea acrylic e ne e sebelisoa ho etsa mohato o tiileng oa motlakase. Ho buuoa ho ne ho ameha ho hloekisa likhoto (isoflurane, 2-3% ka oksijene) le ho li boloka ka Kopf Instruments Instruments stereotaxic frame (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, California, USA; ). Baemeli ba lumelloa ho hlaphoheloa ho tloha ts'ebetsong bonyane matsatsi a 7 pele ho qaloa koetliso ea ICSS.

didirisiwa

Koetliso le tlhahlobo ea ICSS e ile ea etsoa ka likarolo tse hlakileng tsa li-polycarbonate / aluminium tse sebetsang ka tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale tse nang le litebelisoa tse nang le molumo oa li-cubit (66 × 56 × 36 cm) (Med Associates, St Albans, Vermont, USA) (; ). Kamore e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e e-na le setulo sa marang-rang ', ). Lihlooho li ne li amahanngoa le motlakase oa ho potoloha ha motlakase ka ho ferekanyetsa maikutlo a mabeli (Plastics One) le li-switch pods switch (Plastics One). Lintho tse ngata tsa hona joale tsa wave wave stimulators (Med Associates) li ne li sebelisetsoa ho ntša boko ba motlakase. Mesebetsi eohle ea lenaneo e ne e laoloa ke k'homphieutha e nang le khetho ea 10-ms.

Mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa ka boithaopo o thibela mokhoa

Ka mora ho hlaphoheloa ho tloha ho buuoa, menyetla ea ho khotsofatsa boko bo ts'ebetsong e ne e ikemiselitse ho sebelisa ts'ebetso e ikemetseng ea discrete-trial hona joale e entsoeng ke Kornetsky le basebetsi-'moho le bona (; ; ) le ho hlalositsoe ka ho qaqileng ka , ). Li-rats li ne li koetliselitsoe mochine oa lever ka karolelano e lekanyelitsoeng (FR) kemiso ea 1 ea ho matlafatsa ho fumana litlhaku tsa 500-ms tsa ts'ebetso ea motlakase. Ketsahalo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e e-na le terene ea 500-ms e nang le bophara ba 0.2 ms le ho lieha ha 0.2 ms pakeng tsa likhahla tse ntle le tse mpe. Lipotolo tsohle li ile tsa qala ho lekoa ka makhetlo a 50 Hz, 'me haeba boemo ba hona joale boo ba neng ba arabela ka bona bo ne bo le ka tlase ho 80 kapa ka holimo ho 120 μA mme ha bo tsitsitse, joale maqhubu a ile a fetoloa ka bomong bakeng sa phoofolo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ho fihlela boemong bo lakatsehang ba hona joale' me a lula a lula bakeng sa ts'ebetso eohle ea liteko (). Hang ha khamphani ea FR1 e tsitsitseng e thehoa motlakase, ICSS e ile ea hlahlojoa e sebelisa mokhoa o latelang. Qalong ea teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, litoeba li ile tsa fumana boikutlo bo sa tsitsang (S1), ka mor'a moo ba ba le monyetla, nakong ea nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea 7.5, ho ea khathatsong ea lever, e leng se ileng sa fella ka ho hlahisa tšusumetso e matla (S2) e tšoanang le S1 e fetileng. Ho na le nako ea 7.5-22.5 (nako e tloaelehileng ea 15) pakeng tsa ho fana ka S2 le ho tsamaisoa ha S1 e latelang. Haeba ho se na karabo e ileng ea etsahala, nako ena e qalile qetellong ea nako ea 7.5 ea ho arabela. Linako tsena li ne li hlophisoa ka nako e le hore liphoofolo li se ke tsa 'bolela' tsoelo-pele ea S1 e latelang. 'Muso oa''trial' o ne o e-na le lipolelo tse hlano tsa S1 ka matla a sa lekanyetsoang hona joale (ka μA). Likarabo tse tharo kapa tse ling ka matla ao li ne li fumanoa e le ho kopanya (+) bakeng sa teko eo, athe likarabo tse peli kapa tse fokolang li ile tsa fumanoa e le ho fokotsa (-) teko eo. Haeba phoofolo e fumana (+) teko ea pele, teko ea bobeli e qalile ka matla a 5 μA ka tlase ho ea pele. Boemo ba hona joale bo ile ba tsoela pele ho fokotseha ka matla a tšoanang a ts'oanang ho fihlela phoofolo e fumana (-) liteko tse peli tse latellanang. Ha sena se etsahala, matla a hona joale nyeoeng ea bobeli eo lintlha (-) e ileng ea fumanoa li ile tsa phetoa 'me matla a hona joale a nyoloha ka 5 μA bakeng sa teko ka' ngoe ho fihlela phoofolo e fumana (+) bakeng sa liteko tse peli tse latellanang. Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea ho nyoloha kapa ho theoha habonolo ea matla e ne e hlalosoa e le 'kholumo', 'me kakaretso ea li-columns tse ntseng li nyoloha / tse nyolohang li ne li etsoa bakeng sa thuto ka' ngoe. Bohloko bo pakeng tsa (+) le (-) bo ne bo hlalosoa e le hore khoeli e thibela. Moeli oa thuto ka 'ngoe o ne o baloa e le se boleloang ke meeli e qetellang ea khoeli; meeli ea pele le ea bobeli e ne e sa kenyeletsoe. Ho eketseha ha meeli ea moputso ho bontšitse hore bohale bo matla bo neng bo nkoa e le bo matlafatsang bo ne bo se bo sa nkoa e le bo khotsofatsang, bo bonts'a ho fokotseha ha mosebetsi oa moputso le ho fana ka maikutlo a boemo ba boemo bo tepeletseng maikutlo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fokotsa moputso oa moputso ho ne ho bonahala ho eketseha moputso oa mosebetsi ().

E le ho thibela taba eo hore e se ke ea arabela nakong ea nako ea tekanyetso, karabo leha e le efe nakong ena e ile ea emisa tlhahiso ea S1 bakeng sa 22.5 e eketsehileng (bolelele ba nako e fetang kapa e lekanang le nako ea pele ea nako e telele ea nako e pakeng tsa teko ). Likarabo tsena tsa 'kotlo' li ile tsa ngoloa e le likarabo tsa nako e telele 'me tsa emela tekanyo ea ho se ts'oanelehe-e kang ho thibela ho arabela. Likarabo tse feteletseng tsa lever ka har'a 2 s ka mor'a hore karabo ea pele e se na liphello 'me e ngotsoe e le likarabo tsa sehlopha.

Latency response e ne e hlalosoa e le nako pakeng tsa ho tsamaisoa ha S1 le karabelo ea phoofolo ka lepera. Ka kakaretso latency response latence sehlopha se seng le se seng sa tlhahlobo e hlalosoa e le karabelo e matla response latency liteko tsohle tseo phoofolo a arabela. Ka mora ho hlaphoheloa ho tloha ho buuoa, likhofu li ne li koetlisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng ka ts'ebetsong ea ICSS 2 h kamora 'phepo ea lijo. Ho latela meeli ea botsitso, likhooe li ile tsa e-ba le libaesekele tsa ho ja. Ho fanoa ka bolelele ba phetoho ea lijo (libeke tsa 7), liphoofolo li ile tsa lekoa hanngoe ka beke ho qoba ho lahleheloa ke ho kenngoa ha motlakase. Li-rats li ile tsa fuoa monyetla oa ho khutlisetsoa morao letsatsi le leng le le leng nakong ea beke ea 7th ea likoloi tsa likoloi, 'me qetellong li ile tsa lekoa letsatsi le leng le le leng libeke tse ling 8, 9 le 10 tsa mokhoa oa ho tsamaea ka libaesekele.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Ho tsamaea, ho sesa le ho hloa nako nakong ea tlhahlobo ea ho sesa ho qobelloa ka letsatsi la pele le la bobeli la tlhahlobo ho ile ha hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o le mong oa ho hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o le mong (ANOVAs), ka boemo ba ho ja e le pakeng tsa lihlooho. Tsela e 'meli ea ANOVA e nang le boemo ba ho ja e le ntho e pakeng tsa lihlooho le nako ea nako e le ka hare-lihlooho tsa litaba li ne li sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba nako ea ho tsamaea. Ts'ebeliso ea li-sucrose e ne e sekiselitsoe ho sebelisa ANOVA tse peli ka kemiso ea lijo e le pakeng tsa lihlooho le karolo e le ka hare-lihlooho. Ho lokiselitsoe Bonferroni e hlophisitsoeng t-e ne li sebelisetsoa ho bapisa Cjoang / Chow 'me Chow / e khoneha lihlopha nakong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli, ka tekanyo ea bohlokoa P ea bohlokoa ho feta 0.025. Letsatsi le leng le le leng ICSS e thibela le mekhoa ea ho arabela e ne e lekanngoa ka hare ho sehlopha ka seng libeke tse ling 8, 9 le 10. Ba ile ba hlahlojoa ba sebelisa li-ANOVA tse tsoakiloeng ka mefuta e meraro ka kemiso ea ho ja e le ntho e pakeng tsa lihlooho le beke le khato e le ka hare ho lintlha tse itseng. Lisebelisoa tsa software / lipapali tse sebelisitsoeng ke Systat 11.0, SigmaPlot 11.0 (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), Inthaneteng 3.0 (GraphPad, San Diego, California, USA), Statistica 7.0 (Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA ), PASW Lipalo 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), le G * Power 3.1 (http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/aap/projects/gpower/).

Results

Liphello tsa phepo e nepahetseng ea lijo ka nako e sa tsitsang nakong ea teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1a, Chow/E khoneha Likokoana tse tlosoa ho tsoa ho sa feleng, ho kena ka hare ho lijo tse hlakileng li bontšitse nako e eketsehileng ea ho se ts'oanehe ha monoana oa 15 [F(2,16) = 4.37, P<0.05] le tlhahlobo ea metsotso e 5 [F(2,16) = 3.78, P<0.05], ha e bapisoa le Chow / Chow likhoto. Keketseho ea nako ea ho se ts'oanehe ea likhoto tse khaolang lijo e ne e le ~ 97% sebokeng sa pele ho feta 'me ~ ~ 187% sebokeng sa teko, ha se bapisoa le likhoto tsa taolo. Hoa thahasellisa hore nako ea ho se ts'oanehe ea nako Chow / e khoneha likhoho, ha li ne li lekoa ha lijo tse monate li ne li nyeheloa (P phase), li ne li sa fapane le tsa taolo Chow / Chow likhoto ho e-na le 15-min pele kapa tlhahlobo ea 5. Ha teko ea ho sesa e qobelloa e ke ke ea pheta-pheta liphoofolong tse tšoanang, ho ne ho sebelisoa moralo o pakeng tsa lihlooho. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la tekanyo e nyenyane ea litekanyetso Chow / Chow lihlooho tse teng bakeng sa thuto ena (n= 19, boholo ba ketso = 0.4, α mohlomong phoso = 0.05, matla = 0.4), ea Chow / Chow liphoofolo tse lekiloeng likarolong tse peli li ne li kopantsoe ka sehlopha se le seng, kaha li ne li se li fapane. Bakeng sa phetheho, palo ea ho sesa e qobelloang ea ho sesa, e fetisetsoang ka likhato tsa C le P bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle, e ne e le ka tsela e latelang (se bolelang ± SEM): mohato oa pele oa C 107.8 ± 16.4 vs. 323.3 ± 33.3, Phase ea pele ho feta 201.1 ± 33.5 vs. 180.4 ± 61.5; mohato oa C karabo 23.8 ± 14.7 vs. 101.2 ± 19.1, teko ea P phase 42.9 ± 4.8 vs 61.0 ± 17.1, Chow / Chow 'me Chow / e khoneha, ka ho latellana. Ho feta moo, li-ANOVA tse peli li ne li etsoa ka nako ea li-bins tsa ho falla hohle ho 15min ea pele kapa 5 ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e bontšitse liphello tse kholo tsa Sethaleng sa Lijo [pretest: F(2,16) = 4.37, P<0.05; teko: F(2,16) = 3.78, P<0.05] le ea Time [boikaketsi: F(4,64) = 18.55, P<0.001; teko: F(4,64) = 15.44, P<0.001], empa litšebelisano tsa Lenaneo la Lijo tsa Nako li ne li se bohlokoa [boikaketsi: F(8,64) = 1.06, NS; teko: F(8,64) = 0.97, NS].

Feie. 1 

Liphello tsa lijo tse sa feleng, tse kenang lijong tse matlafatsang tse sa tsitsang, li hlahlojoa ka tlhahlobo ea ho sesa e qobelloang litoeba tsa Wistar (e bolelang ± SEM: n = 19), ka metsotso ea 15 pele (lehlakoreng le letšehali), le tlhahlobo ea metsotso ea 5 (lehlakoreng le letona). *Chow / e khoneha (Mohato oa C) ...

Liphello tsa bohlokoa ka nako ea ho sesa li ne li boetse li boleloa ka bobeli bo botle bo botle [F(2,16) = 4.50, P<0.05] le seboka sa liteko [F(2,16) = 5.27, P<0.02], e tlositsoeng lijo tse hlabosang Chow / e khoneha likhoto ho sesa ~ 22 le ~ 27% ho feta Chow / Chow likhoto nakong ea lihlopha tse peli, ka ho latellana (data e sa bontšoa). Hape, nako ea ho sesa Chow / e khoneha likhoho, tse ileng tsa lekoa nakong ea P phase, li ne li sa fapane le taolo Chow / Chow likhoto ka nako efe kapa efe. Ho qeta nako ha hoa ka ha e-ba le phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tse ling tsa pele [F(2,16) = 0.52, NS] kapa lenaneo la tlhahlobo [F(2,16) = 3.13, NS] (data e sa bontšoa). Ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha nakong ea teko [bolela ± SEM: 558 ± 26.8 vs. 519 ± 21.8 vs. 533 ± 11.4; F(2,16) = 0.92, NS, Chow / Chow vs. Chow / e khoneha P phase vs. Chow / e khoneha ka mohato oa C, ka ho latellana].

Liphello tsa phepo e fokolang ea phepo ka tlhahlobo ea lits'ebeletso tsa sucrose

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Feie. 2, litoeba tse tlosoa lijong tse sa foleng, tse kenyelletsoeng lijong tse fokolang haholo li bontšitse ho fokotseha ha lijo ha li bapisoa le Chow / Chow likhoto tse neng li feptjoa ka makhetlo-khetlo li-chow tse tloaelehileng [Tlhokomelo ea Lijo: F(1,13) = 6.74, P<0.05; Karolo: F(1,13) = 26.681, P<0.001; Lenaneo la Lijo × Mohato: F(1,13) = 0.084, NS]. Ka sebele, Bonferroni e lokisoe t-e leng ho bontša hore letsatsing la pele la ho tlohela ho ja lijo tsa tsokolate (C phase), Chow / e khoneha Linkho li noa haholo ka tlase ho sucrose li bapisoa le Chow / Chow likhoto. The sucrose tshebediso ea Chow / e khoneha Likokoana tse tlosoang lijong tse matlafatsang li fokotsehile ka ho feta 50% ha li bapisoa le Chow / Chow likhoto. Ho ne ho e-na le tšekamelo ea ho fokotsa lijo tse fokolang nakong ea P phase; Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o ne o se oa bohlokoa haholo. Ho ne ho se na phapang e khōlō ka boima ba 'mele bo pakeng tsa lihlopha nakong ea teko (e bolelang ± SEM: 575 ± 28.4 vs. XUMUM ± 591; t(15) = 0.69, NS, Chow / Chow vs. Chow / e khoneha, ka ho latellana).

Feie. 2 

Liphello tsa lijo tse sa feleng, tse kenyelletsoang ho ja lijo tse monate haholo ho li-sucrose tse sebelisang litoeba tsa Wistar (e bolelang ± SEM: n= 15). *Chow / e khoneha e fapane le Chow / Chow, P<0.05 (Bonferroni oa khalemeloa t-a ho fetisisa).

Liphello tsa phepo e fokolang ea phepo ka ho se ts'oanelehe ho itšireletsa

The ICSS moeli oa Chow / Chow 'me Chow / e khoneha lihlopha li ile tsa hlahlojoa nakong ea khethollo (C) le ts'ebetso ea ho nchafatsa (P) bakeng sa libeke tse tharo tse latellanang (8, 9, le 10). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke tsela e meraro ea ANOVA le e bontšitsoeng ho eona Feie. 3, mokhoa o kenang lijong tsa lijo tse hahang haholo o ne o se na phello e matla moeling oa ICSS [Setsi sa Lijo: F(1,14) = 0.05, NS; Kemiso ea Lijo le Phase: F(1,14) = 1.58, NS; Lenaneo la Lijo le Beke: F(2,28) = 0.29, NS; Tlhokomelo ea lijo • Phase × Beke: F(2,28) = 0.24, NS]. Ka nako e le 'ngoe, phetoho ea lijo tse matlafatsang ha ea ka ea ama latency ea ho arabela [Mekhoa ea ho ja: F(1,14) = 0.54, NS; Kemiso ea Lijo le Phase: F(1,14) = 2.39, NS; Lenaneo la Lijo le Beke: F(2,28) = 2.61, NS; Tlhokomelo ea lijo • Phase × Beke: F(2,28) = 0.30, NS] (Lethathamo 1). Ho ne ho se na phapang e khōlō ho boima ba 'mele ka har'a lihlopha nakong ea teko [bolela ± SEM: 527.89 ± 15.15 vs. 507.0 ± 19.74; t(14) = 0.40, NS, Chow / Chow vs. Chow / e khoneha, ka ho latellana].

Feie. 3 

Liphello tsa lijo tse sa foleng, tse kenyelletsoang ho lijo tse ratoang haholo bokong ba moputso oa mosebetsi o lekanyelitsoeng ho lekanyetsa ho se sebetse ho itšireletsa ho tsona (palo ea liphetoho ho tloha taolong Chow / Chow) litoeba tsa Wistar (e bolelang ± SEM: n= 16).
Lethathamo 1 

Liphello tsa lijo tse sa feleng, tse kenyelletsoang ho lijo tse monate haholo li latencies ho arabela ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho itšunya-tšunya manonyeong a liphoofolo tsa Wistar (e bolelang ± SEM: n= 16)

Puisano

Liphello tsa phuputso e teng hona joale li bontša hore ho tlohela ho fumana lijo tse sa foleng, ho khutsuoa ho lijo tse matlafatsang haholo ke boikarabelo ba ho nyoloha ha metsi a eketsehileng ha ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea ho sesa e qobelloang. Ho feta moo, libaesekele Chow / e khoneha likhoho li ne li bontša boitšoaro bo kang ba anhedonic joalokaha ho bontšoa ke ho fokotseha ha tšebeliso ea tharollo e tsebahalang ea 0.8% sucrose. Ho thahasellisang ke hore ho ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho fumana lijo tse natefisang haholo ha hoa ka ha eketsa meeli ea moputso oa ICSS, e neng e tla hlalosoa e le mokhoa oa ho fumana moputso oa bokooa.

Ka mor'a hore ho tlosoe lijo tse monate haholo, likhofu tse tsamaeang ka libaesekele li bontšitse keketseho ea ho se ts'oanehe ha tlhahlobo ea ho sesa e qobelloang. Ntho ea bohlokoa, nako ea ho se ts'oanehe Chow / e khoneha likhoho li khutliselitsoe lebaleng la taolo ka mor'a ho nchafatsoa ha lijo tsa tsoekere. Ntho e tsotehang ea phekolo ea lijo tse natefisang haholo tse hlokometsoeng tlhahlobo ea ho sesa e tsitsitseng e lumellana le liphello tse sireletsang tsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo e kang ea boitšoaro ea phenotype e bakoang ke khatello ea kelello ea nakoana kapa khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng (, , ; ). Ha e le hantle, ho na le mefuta e mengata e nang le mafura a mafura a bontšitsoeng ho ntlafatsa ho se ts'oane ha maikutlo ho bakoang ke ho arohana ha bakhachane le ho se sebetse (, , ). Ho feta moo, litoeba tse fepa lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa mafura li ne li sirelelitsoe khahlanong le liphello tse tepeletseng tse bakoang ke khatello ea kelello e sa foleng ea kelello ea maikutlo (). Tlhaloso e fapaneng ea hore nako e ntseng e eketseha ea immobility e feta Chow / e khoneha likhoho e ka ba phello ea matla a ntlafetseng a phallang ka lebaka la boima ba 'mele bo eketsehileng bo ka behoa ha lihlopha tse peli li sa fapane haholo ka boima ba' mele (, ). Ho tla hlokahala liphuputso tse eketsehileng ho netefatsa hore na libeke tse kae tsa libaesekele li hloka ho hlaolela boitšoaro bo tepeletseng maikutlo le / kapa ho tšoenyeha ka lebaka la ho tlohela ho kena ha lijo ho fihlela lijo tse hahang haholo, hammoho le boitšoaro ba maladaptive bo tsoelang pele ho latela phetoho ho ea lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa ho ja lijo tse tloaelehileng.

Tlhahlobo ea ho sesa e qobelloang e tsejoa e le e nepahetseng ea ho bolela esale pele ha e lemoha litlhare tse sebelisoang ke mafu a ho folisa ka botšepehi (). Leha ho le joalo, ho hlalosa ho se ts'oanehe ha teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang ha tekanyo e amanang le ho tepella maikutlong e sa ntse e le e tsosang haholo. Ho theosa le lilemo, ho 'nile ha e-ba le litlhaloso tse ngata le likhopolo tse mabapi le moelelo oa ho se ts'oanehe ha mohato oa ho sesa ho qobella. Ho sisinyeha ha teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang ho hlalosoa ka ho pharaletseng e le boitšoaro bo hlephileng le boitšoaro ba boitšoaro bo bobe (; ). Ho se ts'oanehe ha tlhahlobo ea ho sesa ho qobelloa ho fetoleloa e le ho hlōleha kapa ho tsilatsila ho boloka boiteko, ho e-na le ho ba le boikaketsi bo tloaelehileng (); ho tsilatsila hona ho amanang le lits'ebeletso tsa meriana tse tepeletseng bakuli ba bonts'ang hore ba na le mathata a kelello litabeng tsa liteko tseo ho hlokahalang hore li sebelise boiteko bo matla, kahoo li fana ka tumello ea tlhahlobo ena (). Le hoja ho hlokahala hore ho be le temoso e le hore u se ke ua hlola u e-na le lintlha tse ngata tse akarelletsang liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso,), liphello tsa khatello ea kelello (; ; ), liphetoho tsa ho ja lijo (), le ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe (). Tse ngata tsa maemo ana li boetse lia ama kapa li fetoloa ke nako ea ho tepella maikutlong ho batho. Ka lebaka leo, teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang e bonahala e lekanya boikutlo ba boitšoaro bo amanang le ho tepella maikutlo le ho itlhahisa e le mohlala o motle oa ho hlahloba lintho tse amanang le ho tepella maikutlong liphoofolong.

Re bontšitse hore likhoho tse nang le phihlelo ea lijo tse ratoang haholo li bontša hore ho na le mocheso o fokotsehileng oa tharollo ea sucrose. Sucrose ke li-reinforcer tsa tlhaho; ka lebaka leo, ho sebelisoa ho fokotsoang kapa ho khethoa ha tharollo ea sucrose ho entsoe hore ho bontšoe ho ba le kutloisiso e fokolang bakeng sa meputso, 'me, ka tloaelo, anhedonia (; ; ). Ntho e nepahetseng ea puisano e amana le phello e fokolang ea ts'ebeliso ea sesebelisoa e sebelisoang ha likhoho li tlosoa lijong tse tsoekere tse tsoekere. E mong a ka lebella hore likhoho tse neng li tlohela ho ja lijo tsa tsoekere li ne li tla eketseha ho e-na le hore li fokotsehe, li kenelle ka tharollo ka lebaka la khaello ea sucrose. Leha ho le joalo, tharollo e sebelisetsoang ho hlahloba anhedonia lenaneong lena e ne e e-na le palo e tlaase haholo ea sucrose (0.8%), joalokaha ho tloaelehile bakeng sa mofuta ona oa thuto (; ; ), empa ka ho hlakileng ho hanyetsana le lijo tse monate haholo, tse nang le karolo e phahameng haholo ea sucrose (~ 50%). Ka lebaka leo, ho hlakile hore litlolo tse peli ha lia ka tsa lefa.

The sucrose tshebediso ea Chow / Chow 'me Chow / e khoneha lihlopha li ne li atisa ho fapana e le mosebetsi oa mohato, joalokaha ho bontšoa ke mokhoa o matla (P= 0.08) ea ho sebelisana pakeng tsa Nako ea ho ja le lihlopha tsa Phase. Litšoantšiso tsa li-post-hoc li bontšitse hore lihlopha li fapane feela karolong ea C, empa e se ka P phase, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho nchafatsoa ha lijo tse matlafatsang haholo ho ka fokotsa boitšoaro bo kang ba anhedonic, bo lumellanang le se neng se bonoa ka teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang . Liphello tsena li lumellana le bokhoni bo tlalehiloeng ba lijo tsa matšeliso, tse kang lijo tse phahameng tsa mafura, ho fetola anhedonia e bakoang ke ho arohana ha bakhachane, e lekantsoe ka ho fokotseha ha khetho ea tharollo ea sucrose. Leha ho le joalo, ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore, ha feela ho sebelisana ho se nang bohlokoa pakeng tsa lintlha tsena tse peli ho fumanoe, ho ka boela ha pheha khang hore ho fokotseha ka kakaretso ho sebelisoang ha 0.8% sucrose ho hlokometsoe ka Chow / e khoneha sehlopha se ka 'na sa itšetleha ka ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, hedonic habituation, kapa phapang e mpe ea hedonic ka lebaka la ho pepeseha ha 50% sucrose lijo.

Liphello tsa phuputso ena li tiisa khopolo-taba ea hore phepo e sa feleng ea lijo tse nang le botle haholo e ikarabella bakeng sa ho hlahisa maikutlo a sithabetsang maikutlong le hore ho tsosolosa ho fihlella ho eona ho khona ho loantša maikutlo a fosahetseng a bakoang ke ho itokolla (, , ; ), e lumellanang le se nahannoang bakeng sa ntshetsopele ea ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi (; ). Ho tlosoa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho bontšitsoe haholo ho tsamaisana le boitšoaro bo kang ba ho tepella maikutlo bo lekantsoeng ka ho eketseha ha boitšoaro ba ho nyahama ha ho etsoa teko ea ho sesa, ho fokotseha ho sebelisoa ha sucrose kapa ho fokotseha ha moputso oa bokooa ho ICSS. Ha e le hantle, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ho sisinyeha ha maqhubu ea ho sesa e qalile nakong ea ho tlosoa ha nicotine (; ; ), ethanol (; ; ), cocaine (; ; ), amphetamine (), MDMA (; ), li-opiates (; ), le phencyclidine (PCP) (). Ho feta moo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo bontšang hore phekolo e sa foleng le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho kenyeletsa amphetamine (; ), nicotine (), le li-cannabinoids (; ) e ka hlahisa anhedonia nakong ea ho itokolla, kaha e lekantsoe ka ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea soprose / saccharin. Ho phaella moo, ho tlohela lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho fella ka keketseho ea tlhahiso ea boipheliso bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tsa ICSS, phello e arolelanoang ke amphetamine (), cocaine (), joala (), THC (), le nicotine (). Ho phahama ha lihlahisoa tsa ICSS ho boetse ho hlokometsoe ha ho tlosoa ke mokhoa oa pharmacologically o fokotsoang ho opiate le ho itšetleha ka nicotine (; ; ). Ho tlosoa ka nako e telele ke mokhoa oo mohanyetsi a sebelisetsoang ho thibela mosebetsi o tsoelang pele oa lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang ho lipehelo tsa mofuthu. Mokhoa ona o tlisa nako ea ho tlohela tlas'a taolo ea liteko mme ke sesebelisoa se atlehang sa ho ithuta ho itšetleha ka mekhoa ea ho itšetleha ha ho tlosoa ka nakoana ho thata ho e lekanya kapa ho e fumana.

Hoa makatsa hore ebe thutong ena, ho kena ka hare ho lijo tse monate haholo ha hoa ka ha etsa hore ICSS e felle. Liphello tsa ho fihlella ho monate o monate kapa o monate habonolo mosebetsing oa moputso oa boko ha o e-s'o ithutoe ka ho pharaletseng, 'me liphuputso tse teng li fapane. o bontšitse hore ho hlekefetsoa ke motlakase oa li-nondrug, saccharin -a e seng monate-ha ho amane le boitšoaro bo boima ba maikutlo 'me ho ka fokotsa moeli oa ICSS. Ka papiso, bonts'a morao tjena hore 18-23 h / day ho fumana lijo tsa ho ja lijo, e leng se fellang ka nts'etsopele ea botenya, e ka eketsa meeli ea moputso. Ka lebaka lena, ho hloka matla ho ICSS ho fapana le thuto ea rona ho ka hlalosoa ka mabaka a mangata a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsa lijo tse monate tse sebelisitsoeng, nako ea ho fumana lijo, le nts'etsopele - kapa che - ea botenya haholo. Ho phaella moo, tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea ho hloka phetoho leha e le efe ea tlhaho ho ICSS e fihla ho eona Chow / e khoneha likhoto ke hore ho itokolla ho ka 'na ha hlokahala hore ho be le phekolo ea pharmacologically e le hore e fumane phoso ea mosebetsi oa moputso oa boko. Ho feta moo, ho ka etsahala hore likhofu tse tsamaeang ka lichelete li ile tsa fetola tsela eo boko bo fumanoang ka eona nakong ea letsatsi le fapaneng le e khethiloeng thutong ea hona joale. Ka lebaka leo, maemo a khethehileng a koetliso a ka 'na a etsa hore ho be le lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle ho ICSS. Liphuputso tsa nakong e tlang li tla hlokeha ho netefatsa lintlha tsena. Phapang pakeng tsa liphello tse mpe tse fumanoang tekong ea ICSS le liphello tse ntle tse bonngoeng ka sucrose tlhahlobo le ho qobelloa ho sesa ke ntlha e thahasellisang ea puisano. Le hoja liteko tse sebelisitsoeng thuputsong ena kaofela li hlahloba boitšoaro bo kang ba ho tepella maikutlo, li lekanya liphello tse sa tšoaneng tsa boitšoaro: teko ea ho sesa e qobelloang e lekanyetsa boemo bo sa tsitsang boemong bo kotsi ba bophelo; tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea sucrose e etsa hore mohopolo o susumetsoe ke ts'usumetso e khotsofatsang; le ICSS, ka ho susumetsa ka ho toba li-neurons tsa li-forebrain bundle, li lekanya botebo bo fokolang ba hona joale bo matlafatsang boitšoaro. Kaha ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea li-paradigms tse sebelisitsoeng, ho ka etsahala hore liteko tse tharo li itšetleha ka li-substrate tse fapaneng tsa neurobiological le hore li-neurotransmitters tse fapaneng li ameha. Ka lebaka leo, ho tšoana ha liphello litlhahlobo tse fapaneng ho ka 'na ha se ke ha e-ba eona feela se ka hlahisoang sephetho. Ka mohlala, thuputsong e 'ngoe, e lumellanang le se neng se bonoa mona, khatello ea kelello e sa foleng e ile ea khona ho fokotsa ho kenngoa ha tharollo ea sucrose, empa ha ea ka ea fetoloa ts'ebetsong ea ICSS linthong tsa PVG tse hahiloeng ().

Liphello tsa phuputso ena li ts'ehetsa khopolo ea hore lijo tse sa khaotseng tse sa feleng, li na le boikarabelo ba ho hlaha ha maikutlo a nyahamisang, e leng se ka 'nang sa etsa hore motho a qobelle ho ja. Ha e le hantle, lingoliloeng tse ngata tsa mekhoa ea boipheliso le tsa bongaka li totobatsa kamano e matla e teng pakeng tsa maikutlo le ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang (; ), le karolo ea bohlokoa e bapaloang ke tsamaiso ea corticotropin-release release (CRF); ; ; ; ). Moelelo oa phoofolo eo re e sebelisitseng mona, re bontšitse pejana hore lintlheng tseo ho thoeng li fumaneha ka hare ho lijo tse matlafatsang, bobeli ba ho ja le ho itšetleha ka boitšoaro bo itekanetseng (e leng hypophagia ea lijo tse sa ratoang haholo, matšoenyeho -e leng boitšoaro bo joalo, le bofokoli bo susumelletsoang ho fumana lijo tse seng monate) li ne li koaletsoe ke mohanyetsi oa CRF 1 ea amohelang batho (). Ho phaella moo, ho tlohela lijo tse natefisang haholo ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho eketseha ha polelo ea CRF karolong e ka hare ea amygdala, e sa ikemetseng ka ts'ebetso leha e le efe ea HPA, ha e bontšoa ke ho hloka taolo ea corticosterone e fapaneng kapa polelo ea CRF mokokotlong e leng hypothalamus pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsa likoloi tsa taolo le li lokisoang (). Ka hona, le hoja li sa hlahlojoe ka ho toba pampiring e teng hona joale, ho ka boleloa hore mekhoa e kang ea ho tepella maikutlo e bakoang ke ho fihleloa ha lijo ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang e ka ba lipakeng tsa mefuta-futa ea tsamaiso ea CRF ea extrahypothalamic. Ha e le hantle, tsamaiso ea CRF e kopanya mokhoa oa boits'oaro, oa ho ikemela le oa phetoho ea endocrine, 'me ho etsoa tlhahiso ea ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa mefuteng e sa tšoaneng ea mafu a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, e kang ho tepella maikutlo (). Bopaki bo bongata ba bopaki, bo bakoang ke ho shebella liphoofolo tse peli tsa laboratori le batho, bo bontšitse bohlokoa ba CRF / CRF e feteletseng haholoanyane1 tsamaiso ea ho amohela ho tepella maikutlo. Habohlokoa, li-phenotypes tse amanang le ho tšoenyeha le ho tepella maikutlong tse bakoang ke ho pepeseha ha nako e telele khatellong ea liphoofolo li bontšitsoe hore li itšetlehile ka CRF e feteletseng1 mokhoa oa ho amohela li-receptor system limbic forebrain regions, ho kenyeletsa le amygdala, ntle le liketso tsa CRF ho mosebetsi oa axisisi oa HPA (; ).

fihlela qeto e

Re bontšitse pejana hore lipoe tse tlokotsoeng lijong tse monate li fokotseha ho ja lijo tse ling tse amohelehang, ho fokotsa boiteko bo matla ba ho fumana lijo tsa chow, le ho phatlalatsa boitšoaro bo kang ba ho tšoenyeha (). Hona joale re atolosa liphuputso tsena ka hore re bontše hore ho fihlela lijo tse tsoekere tse sa foleng li boetse li etsa hore motho a lule a sa tsitsisehe le anhedonia, eo ka tloaelo e hlalosoang e le boitšoaro bo kang ba ho tepella maikutlo (). Ho se ts'oanelehe ho ne ho e-na le ho itšetleha ka ho itšehla thajana, kaha boitšoaro bona ba maladaptive bo ile ba tsosolosoa ka ho nchafatsa mokhoa oa ho fumana lijo tse monate haholo. Liphetho tsena li lumellana le khopolo ea hore ho tlohela ho fihlela ho sa foleng, ho kena ka hare ho lijo tse natefisang haholo ho etsa hore ho be le boemo bo fosahetseng ba maikutlo (, ). Ka lebaka leo, ho ja lijo tse qobelloang ho ka 'na ha e-ba bo-'mampoli ba ho itšehla thajana, ho tšoana le ho fetiselitsoe ho lemalla lithethefatsi (; ).

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba leboha Stephen St Cyr bakeng sa thuso ea theknoloji, le Duncan Momaney le Tamara Zeric bakeng sa thuso ea mohlophisi. Khatiso ena e ile ea khoneha ka Grant Numbers DA023680, DA030425, MH091945, MH093650A1, le AA016731 ho tloha Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Tlhekefetso ea Meriana (NIDA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), le National Institute ea Tlhekefetso ea Joala le Tahi (NIAAA). ), ea Peter Paul Career Development Professorship (PC). Litaba tsa eona ke feela boikarabelo ba bangoli 'me ha se bolele lipolelo tsa molao tsa Mekhatlo ea Sechaba ea Bophelo.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Likhohlano tsa thahasello

Ha ho lintoa tse thahasellisang.

 

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