Botenya ba papali ea chelete ho bolela esale pele karabo ea li-midbrain ho liphello tse haufi-ufi (2010)

J Neurosci. 2010 May 5;30(18):6180-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5758-09.2010.

Ho lelekisa HW1, Clark L.

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli

  • 1Sekolo sa Psychology, Univesithi ea Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.

inahaneloang

Ho becha ke ketso e tloaelehileng ea boithabiso e fetoha e sa sebetseng setjhabeng se ikemetseng sa batho, ba nang le DSM 'metlae ea methapo ea bophelo' e nkoang e le sebopeho se boima haholo. Nakong ea papali ea chelete, libapali li ba le maikutlo a fapaneng a ntlafatsang mohopolo oa ho hlola. Liphetho tse haufi le ho fetoa ho nahanoa hore li matlafatsa litšila. Re hlokometse pejana hore batho ba haufinyane ba hloa lipotolohi ho hapa chelete e kenang thutong thutong ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle (Clark et al. 2009).

Phuputso e teng hona joale e batlile ho atolosa maikutlo ana ho becha khafetsa le ho hokahanya likarabo tsa boko ho index ea bosholu ba papali ea chelete. Barekisi ba mashome a mabeli ba kamehla, ba fapaneng ka ho nka karolo ho tloha libapali tsa boithabiso ho ea ho tsa papali ea papali ea chelete, ba ile ba hlahlojoa ha ba ntse ba etsa mosebetsi o bobebe oa slot o neng o fana ka moputso oa chelete, hammoho le sepheo sa haufinyane le se sa hloloheng. Sehlopheng ka kakaretso, liphetho tse haufi-ufi li ne li hokahanngoa le karabelo ea bohlokoa ho boemo ba moea ba moea, bo neng bo boetse bo hapiloe ke moputso oa chelete. Botebo bo matla ba papali ea chelete, bo lekantsoeng le Screen ea Oaks ea Papali ea chelete, bo boletse esale pele karabelo e kholo ho bohareng ba dopaminergic ho litlamorao tse haufi. Phello ena e ile ea phonyoha ho laoloa bakeng sa bo-ralitaba ba bongaka ba bongaka bo neng bo le teng ho barekisi ba tloaelehileng. Bosholu ba papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete ha boa ka ba bolela likarabo tse amanang le win bohareng ba mpa kapa kae kapa kae.

Liphetho tsena li bonts'a liketsahalo tse haellang nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete ho litefiso tse tsamaellanang le moputso ho libapali tse tloaelehileng. Mokhatlo o nang le bothata ba ho becha bohareng ba mpa o fana ka maikutlo a hore sephetho se haufi-ufi se ka ntlafatsa phetiso ea dopamine ho papali ea chelete e fetisisang, e eketsang ho ts'oana ho pakeng tsa papali ea papali ea chelete le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi.

Keywords: Ho becha, ho ba le kelello, ho lemalla, Dopamine, Striatum, Midbrain

Selelekela

Papali ea papali ea chelete ke mofuta oa boithabiso o ka fetoha mathata ho batho ba bang: 'ho becha ka methapo' ke bothata ba taolo ea DSM-IV Impulse Control Disorder (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000) le matšoao a kenyelletsang ho tlohela le ho mamella (Potenza, 2006). Lintlha tse fumanehang li bontša liphetoho tse teng tsamaisong ea moputso oa boko lihlopheng tsa papali ea chelete (Reuter et al., 2005, Tanabe et al., 2007, Potenza, 2008). Mohlala, phuputso ea fMRI e sebelisang mosebetsi oa ho hakanya ka chelete le tahlehelo ea chelete, e fumane tšebetso ea mesebetsi e amanang le win maemong a tšohanyetso a "ventral striatum" le "methapo ea methapo ea methapo"Reuter et al., 2005). Liphetoho tse tšoanang li hlalositsoe ho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe (Goldstein et al., 2007, Hlakola et al., 2007), 'me ho nahanoa hore e bonts'a tlhekefetso ea kenyelletso ea dopaminergic mehahong ena. Ho nka karolo ha Dopaminergic papaling ea chelete ho tšehetsoa ke litlaleho tsa bothata ba papali ea chelete e le litlamorao tsa meriana ho bakuli ba nang le Mafu a Parkinson (Dodd et al., 2005, Steeves et al., 2009).

Patlisiso e ncha mabapi le bothata ba papali ea chelete ho tla fihlela joale e hlokomolohile likhopolo tse rarahaneng tseo barekisi ba papali ea chelete ba lulang ba li bona khafetsa (Ladouceur le Walker, 1996). Lipapaling tsa menyetla e kang monyetla oa papali ea papali ea chelete kapa lothari, hangata batho ba betang hangata ba sebelisa hampe bokhoni bo itseng ba ho kenya letsoho ('thetso ea taolo') (Langer, ka selemo sa 1975). Tsena tse khelositseng tsa kelello li atile haholo ho barekisi ba bothata (Miller le Currie, 2008) mme ba khothaletsoa ka kotlolloho ke likarolo tse itseng tsa lipapali tsa papali ea papali ea chelete (Griffiths, 1993), ho kenyelletsa boteng ba liphoso tse haufi: sepheo se sa tlisoeng se amanang le jackpot. Batho ba haufi le bona ba khona ho khothaletsa papali ea chelete ho sa natsoe boemo ba bona ba ho se atlehe (tahlehelo).Kassinove le Schare, 2001, Cote et al., 2003). Mekhoa ea neural e tšehetsang litlamorao tse haufi tsa ho hloloheloa e na le bohlokoa bo boholo kutloisisong ea ho ithuta ho matlafatsa: lipapaling tsa bonono (mohlala, bolo ea maoto), liphoso tse haufi (mohlala, ho otla poso) ho fana ka letšoao le hlakileng la ho fumana tsebo le moputso o tlang, 'me ka hona Sistimi ea ho ithuta e matlafatsang e ka abela boleng ka liphetho tsena. Leha ho le joalo, lipapaling tsa monyetla, liphoso tse haufinyane ha li bonts'e katleho ea kamoso, mme ho ba teng ha bona ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lipapali tsa papali ea papali ea chelete li ka sebelisa mekhoa ea kelello e sebetsanang le maemo a bokhoni (Clark, 2010).

Re sebelisa mochini oa slot ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle, re fumane hore liphoso tse haufi li amana le ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tsa boko (ventral striatum, anterior insula) e arabelang ho hapa chelete (Clark et al., 2009). Boithuto ba hona joale bo reretsoe ho holisa lipono tsena sehlopheng sa ba bechang hangata. Taba ea mantlha, re ne re ikemiselitse ho tiisa sepheo sa rona sa hore sepheo se haufi-ufi se tla fumana likarolo tsa sistimi ea moputso oa boko ho bataki ba kamehla. Taba ea bobeli, re ne re batla ho supa libaka tse ka har'a sistimi ena moo ts'ebetso ea boko nakong ea papali ea chelete e amanang le ho teba ha papali ea chelete. Leha lithuto tsa FMRI tsa nakong e fetileng li hlahlobile bothata ba papali ea chelete li sebelisa meralo ea taolo ea linyeoe, ho ntse ho tsebahala hore papali ea chelete e arohantsoeng e shebahala ka sebopeho: barekisi ba sa fihlelleng litekanyetso tsa DSM khafetsa ba hlalosa likotsi tse hlakileng tse amanang le papali ea chelete (mohlala, mokoloto, likhohlano tsa batho ba bang), le tsena likotsi li eketseha ka sekhahla ka ho kenella papaling ea papali ea chelete (mohlala, khafetsa papali ea chelete kapa tšebeliso) (Currie et al., 2006). Ho bonts'a mokhoa ona o tsoelang pele oa papali ea chelete e litšila, re sebelisitse mokhoa o bohlale oa ho khetholla libaka tsa bokong moo ho neng ho buuoa ka ho hlaseloa ke papali ka mokhoa o mong le o mong mabapi le bosholu ba papali ea chelete.

mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Batho ba tloaetseng ho becha (n = 24, 3 basali) ba ile ba hiroa ka papatso. Lihlooho tse 'ne ha lia kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong ka lebaka la motsamao o fetelletseng nakong ea ho sekena, ho siea boholo ba sehlopha se tlalehiloeng ba 20 (basali ba 2). Bafo ba ile ba ea sebokeng sa ho lekola fMRI setsing sa Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, Cambridge, UK. Leano le ile la amoheloa ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Lipatlisiso ea Norfolk & Norwich (COREC 06 / Q0101 / 69) mme baithaopi bohle ba fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo. Baithaopi ba ile ba buseletsoa $ 40 bakeng sa ho nka karolo, mme ba ba le monyetla oa ho hapa chelete e eketsehileng mosebetsing (ho sa tsejoe ke bafo, ena e ne e le chelete e lekantsoeng ea £ 15).

Boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SOGS (Lesieur le Blume, 1987), sekepe sa tlaleho ea 16 se hlahlobang matšoao a mantlha le litlamorao tse mpe tsa papali ea chelete (mohlala: ho lelekisa, ho alima chelete, ho bua leshano ka papali ea chelete, likhohlano tsa lelapa). Pele ho seboka sa ho hlahlojoa, lithuto li ile tsa ea thupelong e hlahlobang tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea kelello le ngaka ea kelello ea morao-rao (Puisano le Clinical Clinical ea DSM-IV Axis I Dis shida; SCID) (Pele et al., 1996). Ha ho fanoa ka tšebelisano e phahameng lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete ea ho becha le mathata a mang a bophelo ba kelello (Kessler et al., 2008), re khethile ho mamella li-co-morbidities tsa kelello ho qoba khetho e kholo ea sampole e sa emeng. Co-morbidities e ne e le ka tsela e latelang: dysthymia ea morao-rao le / kapa khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le lithethefatsi (n = 5), lefu le leholo la khatello ea maikutlo (n = 4), lefu la ho ferekana kelellong hona joale (n = 1), matšoenyeho kapa ho tšoha ha ts'abo (n = 2) ), ts'ehetso ea lithethefatsi bophelo bohle (n = 3), lithethefatsi tsa joala / lithethefatsi tsa hona joale (n = 8), ho itšepa joala hajoale (n = 1). Lithuto tse tharo li ne li ntse li fumana meriana ea psychotropic (antidepressant n = 2, benzodiazepine n = 1). Ntle le moo, urinalysis (SureStep ™, Bedford, UK) ka letsatsi la fMRI scan e bone liteko tse ntle tsa cannabis (THC) ho barupeluoa ba 4. Mehato ea lipotso tsa ho itlhahisa e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlakola matšoao a hona joale a kelello: Beck Depression Inventory (phetolelo ea 2) (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Anxcare Inventory (BAI) (Beck et al., 1988), Batho ba baholo ba itlalehang tlalehong ea AdHDKessler et al., 2005), Patua Inventory ea matšoao a OCD (Burns et al., 1996), le lipotso tsa tšebeliso ea joala tse sebelisang joala (AUQ) (Townshend le Duka, 2002).

Tsamaiso

Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea fMRI, lithuto li ile tsa qeta li-block tsa 3 tsa liteko tsa 60 ho Slot Machine Task (Clark et al., 2009), e nka metsotso e ka bang 45. Lingolo li ile tsa etsoa mosebetsing (liteko tsa 10 ka li-wins tsa 2 hypothetical) pele li kenella sekeneng, 'me nakong ea ho hlahlojoa, likarabo li ile tsa ngolisoa li sebelisa lebokose la konopo. Sebopeho sa liteko le skrini se bonts'itsoeng li bonts'oa Setšoantšo sa 1. Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho hlahisoa li-reels tse peli skrineng, 'me "payline" e sekameng e hlahelletseng e bohareng. Ho bontšoa litšoantšo tse tšeletseng mokokotlong o mong le o mong ka tatellano e tšoanang. Litšoantšo tse tšeletseng li ile tsa khethoa ho mefuta e meng ea 16 qalong ea mosebetsi oa scan, ho matlafatsa maikutlo a ho nka karolo.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Moralo oa Mosebetsi. Mochini oa slot o hlahisa li-reels tse peli, tse nang le matšoao a tšeletseng a tšoanang a papali e bontšitsoeng mokokotlong ka mong, le 'payline' e otlolohileng bohareng ba skrini. Litekong tse nang le semelo se sekhurumetso se tšoeu (joalo ka ha li bonts'itsoe), moithaopi ...

Teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsamaile ka tsela e latelang: nakong ea khetho, e 'ngoe ea litšoantšo tse tšeletseng e ile ea khethoa mokokotlong oa mokokotlo (karolo ea khetho; Nako e tsitsitseng ea 5). Kamora ho khethoa, mokokotlo o nepahetseng o ile oa qhekelloa bakeng sa 2.8-6s (mohato oa ho lebella), mme e theoletsoe ho setepisi, ho qala karolo ea sephetho (Li-4 li thehiloe). Qetellong ea teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho ne ho e-na le nako ea liteko tsa nako e fapaneng (2-7s). Karolong ea sephetho, haeba mokokotlo o nepahetseng o eme setšoantšong se khethiloeng (ke hore, litšoantšo tse tsamaeang li bonts'itsoe ho payline), moputso oa £ 0.50 o ile oa tlisoa; liphetho tse ling kaofela ha lia ka tsa atleha. Liteko moo mokokotlo o nepahetseng o emeng sebakeng se le seng ka holimo kapa ka tlase ho molatsoana oa tefo o ne o khethiloe 'haufi-le bo-misses'. Liteko tse sa atleheng moo reisi e ileng ea emisa ho e 'ngoe ea maemo a mararo a setseng (ke ho re maemo a fetang a le mong ho tloha payline) a khethoa e le' likhetho tse felletseng '. Nakong ea khetho, litekong tse nang le semelo se sekhurumetso se tšoeu, morupeluoa o ile a khetha setšoantšo sa papali a sebelisa li-button tse peli ho phunyeletsa sebopeho, le konopo ea boraro ho netefatsa khetho (liteko tse khethiloeng) ka har'a fensetere ea 5s. Litekong tse nang le semelo se sekhurumetso sa k'homphieutha, komporo e ile ea khetha letšoao la papali, 'me sehlooho se ne se hlokahala ho tiisa khetho ka ho tobetsa konopo ea boraro ka har'a fensetere ea 5s (liteko tse khethiloeng ke khomphutha). Litefiso tse nkiloeng ke bankakarolo (n = 90) le liteko tse khethiloeng ke khomphutha (n = 90) li hlahisitsoe ka tatellano ea pseudo-random. Haeba khetho kapa netefatso e sa phethoa ka fensetere ea li-5s, molaetsa oa "Tooateate"! O ile oa hlahisoa, oa lateloa ke nako ea nako ea liteko. Liphetho li ile tsa etsoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho netefatsa palo e lekanang ea li-win (1 / 6, kakaretso ea 30 = £ 15), haufi le liphoso (2 / 6, kakaretso ea 60) le liphoso tse felletseng (3 / 6, kakaretso ea 90).

Litekong tsa 1/3, litekanyetso tsa boikokobetso li fumanoe lintlheng tse peli nakong ea nyeoe, ho sebelisoa sekala se bonoang sa analogue sa lintlha tse 21. Kamora ho khetha, lithuto li lekantsoe "U lekanya menyetla ea ho hlola joang?" 'me ho latela sephetho, lithuto li lekantsoe "U batla ho tsoela pele u bapala papali eo bokae?". Ha ho na moeli oa nako o behiloeng bakeng sa lintlha tse ikhethileng. Lintlha tse tsoang litekanyetsong tse ikhethileng li fetolelitsoe ho lintlha tsa standard, ho ipapisitse le moelelo oa motho ka mong le kheloho e tloaelehileng bakeng sa sekhahla seo, ho ikarabella bakeng sa phapano ea ho emisa lithuto tsohle. Lintlha tse ikhethileng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-paired t liteko (bakeng sa 'menyetla ea ho hlola') le tlhahlobo ea mehato e phetoang ea phapang (bakeng sa 'tsoelapele ho bapala') ka sephetho (maemo a 3: win, near-miss, full-miss) le control ( Maemo a 2: ea khethiloeng ke morupeluoa, ea khethiloeng ke komporo) e le lintlha.

Ts'ebetso ea ho etsisa

Scanning e entsoe ka matla a Motorola TimTrio 3 Tesla a sebelisa tatellano ea 32 slice axial oblique sequence, ka nako ea ho pheta-pheta ea 2s (TE 30ms, flip angle 78 °, size ea 3.1 × 3.1 × 3.0mm, size ea 64 × 64 201mm × 201mm, bandwidth 2232Hz / Px). Litekanyetso tse tharo tsa liteko tsa 60 li phethetsoe (phetisetso ea 630), ka li-scummy tsa 6 dummy li lahliloe qalong ea matha ka seng ho lumella litlamorao tse lekanang. Setšoantšo se hlophisitsoeng se nang le sephetho se phahameng se lokiselitse ho fumana thepa ka mokhoa o potlakileng oa gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) ka mor'a ts'ebetso e matha bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea sebaka sa tlhaho.

Lintlha tsa FMRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SPM5 (Statistical Parametric Mapping, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). Ho hlophisa pele ho ne ho na le khalemelo ea nako ea selae, phetoho ea kahare ho sehlooho, ho tloaela sebaka le ho nolofatsa sebaka ho sebelisa kernel ea 10mm ea Gaussian. Likarolo tsa motsamao oa lihlooho li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa motsamao o feteletseng (o hlalosoang e le> 5mm ka nako ea ho matha), ho fella ka ho qheleloa ka thoko ho bankakarolo ba 4 (1 mosali) tlhahlobisong eohle. Linako tsa nako li ne li tlhotliloeng ka mokhoa o phahameng (128s). Meqolo e ile ea tloaelloa ho litempele tsa International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) tse ka bang Talairach le Tournoux (1988) sebaka, sebelisa matrix e baloang ka ho etsa hore setšoantšo sa sebopeho sa MP-RAGE se arotsoe bakeng sa thuto e 'ngoe le e ngoe ho li-template tsa ICBM tse putsoa le tse tšoeu.

Canonical hemodynamic reaction function (HRF) e ile ea qaptjoa ho tloha qalong ea mohato oa khetho, karolo ea tebello le sephetho sa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, molemong oa ho fokotsa phapang e sa hlalosoang moqomong oa moralo. Ho sekaseka likarabo tsa boko tse amanang le sephetho, liketsahalo li ile tsa khetholloa ka mefuta ea teko ea 8, e kenyelletsa 2 (khetho: mokhethoa-karolo, ea khethiloeng ke khomphutha) ke 4 (win, near-miss before the payline, near-miss over the payline, full-miss) semmuso sebopeho. Methati ea Movement e tsoang ho realignment e kenyelelitsoe ho matrix a moralo e le li-covariate tse se nang phaello. HRF e sebelisitsoe e le covariate ka tatellano e akaretsang ea mola, 'me khakanyo ea paramente e ile ea fumanoa bakeng sa voxel e ngoe le e ngoe, bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa ketsahalo, e bonts'ang matla a ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa data le HRF e ngolisitsoeng. Litšoantšo tse arohaneng li ile tsa baloa lipakeng tsa likhakanyo tsa paramente ho tsoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea teko, 'me litšoantšo tse fapaneng tsa motho ka mong li ile tsa isoa tlhahlobisong ea sehlopha sa litlamorao tsa pheletso ea bobeli.

Ho ile ha bapisoa lipapatso tse 'ne ho lekola likarabo tse amanang le sephetho sehlopheng se akaretsang sa sehlopha sa papali ea papali ea chelete: 1) Meputso eohle ea chelete (ke hore, liteko tsa motho ea nkang karolo- le liteko tse khethiloeng ke khomphutha) ntle le liphetho tsohle tse sa atleheng. 2) Litefiso tse haufi (litlalehong tse nkang karolo tse nkang karolo le tse khethiloeng ke khomphutha) li hlahisa sepheo se felletseng (litekong tse nkang karolo tsa ba nkang karolo 'moho le tsa khomphutha). 3) Haufi le tšebelisano ea taolo ea motho ka mong: libaka tse hiriloeng ka mokhoa o fapaneng le liphoso tse haufi ho bapisoa le mehala e felletseng e le ts'ebetso ea motho ea nkang karolo ha a bapisoa le taolo ea khomphutha (mohlala. 1, −1, −1, 1). 4) Ts'ebetso ea Win ho liteko tse khethiloeng ke karolo ea ho nka karolo ho hapa liteko tse khethiloeng ke khomphutha. Ho hlahloba litlamorao tsena e le ts'ebetso ea ho tsitsa ha papali ea chelete, libaka tse ikhethileng tse bohlale tse sa sebetseng li ile tsa sebelisoa li sebelisa lintlha tsa SOGS joalo ka moetapele oa lintho tse ling. Ha re nahana ka karolo ea mantlha ea karolo ea moputso oa boko mekhoeng ea papali ea chelete le papali ea chelete, re kentse letsoho phapanyetsano (lipapatso tsohle tsa chelete li amohetse bohle bao e seng meputso, ho ba pherekano ho p.FWE<.05 e lokisitsoe) thutong ea rona e fetileng (Clark et al., 2009) joalo ka maske bakeng sa lipapatso tsena, hammoho le tlhahlobo ea khatello, u sebelisa sesebelisoa sa PickAtlas (Maldjian et al., 2003). Liphuputso tsena tsa tikoloho ea thahasello li ne li thibetsoe ho p <.05 e lokisoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata e sebelisang mohopolo oa tšimo o sa reroang (Worsley et al., 1996), joalo ka Phoso ea Bohlale ba Lelapa (FWE) e lokisitsoeng, ka mokhoa o qalang oa li-voxels tsa 10 ho fokotsa sekhahla sa positives ea bohata (Foran et al., 1995). Monyako ona oa lihlopha o ile oa khethoa ka mabaka a hore sebaka se nyane haholo sa thahasello ea sebaka sa mantlha (sebaka sa midbrain substantia nigra / ventral tegmental) se na le boholo bo lekantsoeng ba li-voxels tsa 20-25 (Duzel et al., 2009). Phetoho ea lipontšo e ile ea nkuoa ho tse entsoeng pele tse sebelisitsoeng ho sebelisa sesebelisoa sa MARSBAR (Brett et al., 2002) molemong oa ho rala data. Litlhahlobo tsa bong bo felletseng le tsona li hlahisoa ho sebelisoa monyako oa p <.001 o sa nepahalang.

Results

Phapang Pakeng tsa Papali ea Papali ea Chelete

Batho ba neng ba becha hangata e ne e le banna (n = 18) ba nang le lilemo tse mpe tsa 33.7 (sd 1.8), ba bolela lilemo tsa thuto ea 14.5 (sd 0.5) mme ba bolela IQ e lekantsoeng e felletseng ea IQ ea 111.5 (sd 7.3). Mokhoa o khethiloeng oa ho becha sehlopheng sa lipapali o ne o le ho becha ka lipapali tsa metsamao ntle le ho bapala bolo ea maoto, empa metjeko ea likarete, likarete le lotho e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng. Letlapa le tlatsetsang 1). Bohle haese taba e le 'ngoe e ne e le papali ea chelete e sebetsang, ba bapalang bonyane hanngoe ka beke ka mokhoa oo ba o ratang oa ho becha; monkakarolo ea neng a se a sa beche o ne a qetile selemo a sa tlohele. Ba leshome le metso e meraro ba sehlopha ba kopane le moeli oa SOGS oa> = 5 bakeng sa papali ea papali ea chelete e ka bang teng ea Pathological (kakaretso ea 0-20, e bolelang 7.25, e bohareng 6.5) (bona Setšoantšo sa tlatsetso 1). Lits'enyehelo tse phahameng ka letsatsi le le leng li ne li fapana ho tloha ho $ 10- £ 100 (n = 5), £ 100- £ 1000 (n = 8), £ 1000- £ 10,000 (n = 5), ho feta $ 10,000 (n = 2 ). Lintlha tse hlalosang bakeng sa mehato ea lipotso ea matšoao a kliniki li tlalehiloe ho Letlapa le tlatsetsang 2.

Litekanyetso tse kenang nakong ea mosebetsi oa Slot Machine

Lintlha tse khethiloeng kamora ho khetha "U lekanya menyetla ea ho hlola joang?" li ne li phahame haholo litekong tse khethiloeng ke bankakarolo ha li bapisoa le liteko tse khethiloeng ke komporo (t (19) = 5.2, p <0.001). Kameho ena ea taolo ea hau e ile ea fokotsoa e le ts'ebetso ea boima ba papali ea chelete joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke SOGS (r20= -0.53, p = 0.016). Lintlha tse hlahang kamora sephetho sa "U batla ho tsoela pele ho bapala bokae?" li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa ANOVA ea litsela tse peli ho senola sephetho sa mantlha sa karabelo (F (2,38) = 40.179, p <0.001), ha ho na tšusumetso e kholo ea agency (F (1,19) <1), le agency ka maikutlo ho sebelisana (F (2,38) = 3.604, p = 0.037) (bona Letlapa le tlatsetsang 3). Meputso e khethiloeng ke bankakarolo e ne e lekantsoe haholo ho feta moputso o khethiloeng ke khomphutha (t (19) = 2.199, p = 0.040), empa taolo ea hau ha ea ka ea susumetsa litekanyetso tsa haufi-ufi (t (19) = - 1.272, p = 0.217 kapa ho hloloheloa ka botlalo (t (19) = - 0.998, p = 0.331) sephetho. Lintlha tsa 'Tsoela pele ho bapala' li ne li phahame kamora ho hapa ho bapisoa le mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa ho se hlōle, ho sa tsotelehe taolo ea motho (t (19)> 3.889, p <0.002 maemong ohle), athe liphoso tse haufi le liphoso tse felletseng li ne li sa fapane ho motho ea nkang karolo liteko tse khethiloeng (t (19) = 1.104, p = 0.283) kapa liteko tse khethiloeng ke komporo (t (19) <1). Kahoo, ho ne ho se na phello e ka fumanoang ea sephetho se haufi le ho itlaleha ho batho ba becha khafetsa.

Likarabo tsa fMRI ho Liphetho tsa Papali ea Chelete

Libaka tsa bongo tse tsotellang katleho ea chelete e sa lebelloang li ile tsa bonoa ka ho bapisa liphetho tsohle tse hapileng khahlano le liphetho tsohle tse sa atleheng, ka har'a ROI e ikemetseng e hlalositsoeng ho fapana le win thutong ea rona e fetileng (Clark et al., 2009). Phetoho ea bohlokoa ea lets'oao e ile ea bonoa libakeng tse 'maloa tse hokahaneng le moputso le ho ithuta ho matlafatsa: ho nepahala ha ventral striatum (putamen) (tlhoro ea voxel: x, y, z = 20, 10, −6, Z = 3.66, li-voxels tsa 133, p.FWE= .029) le thalamus (x, y, z = 2, −6, 2; Z = 4.71, voxels tsa 14, pFWE= .001), e nang le subthreshold foci ho ventral striatum (x, y, z = −16, 2, −6, Z = 3.39, pFWE= .065), insula ea anterior bilterally (x, y, z = 28, 20, −6, Z = 3.46, p.FWE= .054; x, y, z = 36, 16, −8, Z = 3.36, pFWE= .070; x, y, z = −36, 18, −6, Z = 3.47, pFWE= .052), and probimal midbrain to substantia nigra / ventral tegmental area (S, / VTA) (x, y, z = −8, −20, −14, Z = 3.36, pFWE= .071) (e bonahala ho Setšoantšo sa 2A, e thibetsoe ho p <.001 molemong oa ho bonts'a). Phapang e ikemetseng e lekotseng likarabo tsa boko liphellong tse haufinyane, ha li bapisoa le liphoso tse felletseng. Ho bile le phetoho e kholo ea lets'oao le nepahetseng la ventral striatum (putamen) (x, y, z = 18, 6, -2, Z = 3.67, 52 voxels, leqFWE= .032) le mohono oa phahippocampal gyrus (BA 28) moeling oa striatum (x, y, z = −16, −2, −10, Z = 4.32, voxels tsa 27, p.FWE= .003) (bona Setšoantšo sa 2B). Phapang e teng pakeng tsa motho ea nkang karolo e khethiloeng e etsa hore win a khethiloeng ke khomphutha, le phapang e pakeng tsa tšebetso e haufi haholo e le ts'ebetso ea taolo ea motho, ha ea ka ea hlahisa ts'ebetso efe kapa efe ea bohlokoa kahare ho maske oa ROI.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

A) Ts'ebetso e amanang le win (win> non-win results) ho batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete ba tloaetseng ho etsa mesebetsi e hapileng mohlala o ikemetseng (Clark et al. 2009). Ketsahalo e bonts'oa ho p <0.001 e sa nepahala, k = 10, ho etsa mohlala ...

Litlamorao tsa ho becha ho teba ha likarabo tsa fMRI liphellong tsa papali ea chelete

Ho becha ho teba (lintlha tsa SOGS) ho ile ha kenngoa e le regressor e le 'ngoe ho fapana le chelete e tlisoang ke ho amoha bohle bao e seng win, ho sebelisa mask oa ROI o sa tsotelleng. Ha ho na li-voxels tsa bohlokoa moo lintlha tsa SOGS li boletseng esale pele li ka nyoloha kapa tsa fokotseha mesebetsing e amanang le win. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea regression bakeng sa karohano e haufi le ea phepelo e fositseng e bonts'a hore bophahamo ba papali ea SOGS bo ne bo amana hantle le karabelo ea boko ho liphetho tse haufi tsa nakong ea bohareng ba maqhubu a 48: x, y, z = −6, −18 , −16, Z = 4.99, leqFWE<.001; x, y, z = 10, -18, -12, Z = 3.90, leqFWE= .014) (bona Setšoantšo sa 3). Ntle le moo, re hlokometse botebo ba ho becha ho amanang hampe le karabelo ea boko ho liphetho tse haufi tsa haelloa ho "caxate" (x, y, z = −12, 8, 6, Z = 3.91, li-voxels tsa 11, p.FWE= .013). Sehlopha sena se ne se le ntlheng ea mokokotlo oa ROI, se koahela sekoaelo se ka hare, 'me re ne re sitoa ho khetholla win- (papiso ea 1) kapa haufi le-miss- (phapang 2) e amanang le ts'ebetso ena ho database ea hona joale, leha e le tokolohong monyako (p <.005 e sa nepahala). Ntle le moo, lets'oao le ntšitsoeng ho tsoa ho ventral striatum le lihlopha tsa midbrain li ne li le joalo ka tsela e nepahetseng amanang le win ka bobeli (r20= 0.72, p <.001) le sephetho se haufi-ufi (r20= 0.43, p = .06), joalo ka ha ho bonoa lithutong tse fetileng (D'Ardenne et al., 2008, Schott et al., 2008, Kahnt et al., 2009). Ka hona, leha tlhoro ena e kholo e kopane le tlhoko ea rona ea bohlokoa, re hlokolosi mabapi le ho kenya karolo ena sebakeng sa papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete.

Setšoantšo sa 3 

A) Litlamorao tsa ho tiea ha papali ea chelete (South Oaks Gambling Screen; SOGS) ts'ebetsong e amanang le phoso e haufi, sebakeng sa maske ea phaello (e bonts'itsoeng ho p <0.001 e sa nepisoe, k = 10). B) Letšoao le ntšitsoeng la phokotso e felletseng ea ho hloloheloa ka botlalo ho ...

Kernel e boreleli (10mm) e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea rona ea mantlha e lekanyelitse bokhoni ba rona ba ho rarolla ts'ebetso ka har'a mpeng. Re ile ra hlophisa bocha data ea fMRI re sebelisa kernel e nyane ea 4mm. Tlhatlhobong ea boko bo felletseng ho sebelisoa monyako oa phuputso (p <.001 e sa lokisoang), ts'ebetso e 'meli bohareng ba boko (x = -8, y = -18, z = -18, Z = 3.37, p <0.001; x = 12 , y = -16, z = -12, Z = 3.28, p = 0.001) e bonts'itse phello ea ts'oaetso e matla ea SOGS ho ts'ebetsong e amanang le phosolo (e bonts'itsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 4A monyako oa p <.005 e sa nepahala). Ts'ebetso ena e tsamaellana le lets'oao la SN / VTA ea kompone (Duzel et al., 2009).

Setšoantšo sa 4 

A) Kopano lipakeng tsa matla a papali ea chelete (lintlha tsa SOGS) le ts'ebetsong e amanang le ho hloloheloa (haufi le ho hloloheloa ka ho felletseng) bohareng ba bohareng (z = -18 le z = -12), e sebelisa kernel e nyane ea (4mm). Ketsahalo e thibetsoeng ho p <0.005 e sa nepahala ...

Bacha ba tloaetseng ho becha ba bontšitse likotsi tse ngata tsa bongaka tse amanang le ts'oaetso ea bona ea papali ea chelete. Ho hlahloba hore na mokhatlo oa midbrain o ne o amana ka ho khetheha le matla a papali ea chelete ho fapana le maloetse ana a kopaneng, re kenyelelitse mehato e tsoelang pele ea khatello ea maikutlo (BDI), matšoenyeho (BAI), ADHD Symbomatology (ASRS), impulsivity (BIS), matšoao a OCD (Padua scale ) le tšebeliso / tšebeliso e mpe ea joala (sekala sa AUQ) joalo ka li-regress tsa covariate tse eketsehileng ho khatello ea SOGS. Ketsahalong ka 'ngoe, ts'ebetso ea midbrain (tlhoro ea voxel: x = -6, y = -18, z = -16) bakeng sa mokhatlo oa SOGS e ne e ka fumaneha ka lipalo-palo tsa Z lipakeng tsa 2.20-2.56 (p = .014 ho p = .005 sa lokisoa). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa SOGS le mesebetsi e amanang le ho hloloheloa haufi le caudate ha ea ka ea phela ho laola matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (BDI) le OCD (Padua scale), moeling oa p <0.05 o sa nepahalang.

Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore moralo o lumellanang, karabelo e matla ea bohareng ba 'mele ho litlamorao tse haufi-ufi e ne e amahanngoa le papali ea chelete e litšila. Liphuputso tse fetileng tsa taolo ea baroetsana ba methapo ea methapo li bonts'a kakaretso tumello ea mosebetsi o amanang le moputso (Reuter et al., 2005). Ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le phapang ena e bonahalang e le teng, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea kamora-hoc lipakeng tsa lihlopha ho bapisa karabelo e akaretsang ea boko ho fumana moputso (ho hapa sephetho se sa hlolleng) ho batšoantšisi ba rona ba kamehla ho khahlano le baithaopi ba seng papali ea chelete ho tsoa thutong ea rona e fetileng (Clark et al., 2009). Sena se ile sa etsoa e le tlhahlobo ea kelello e felletseng ho sebelisoa moeli oa bohlokoa oa ho hlahloba (p <.001 e sa nepahala). Tumellanong le Reuter et al, batho ba papali ea chelete ba tloaetseng ho bapala papali ea chelete ba bontšitse karabelo e fokolang ho hlolang chelete libakeng tse 'maloa tse sa tsotelleng moputso ho kenyeletsoa le striatum le rostral anterior cingulate cortex (bona Setšoantšo sa 4B 'me Letlapa le tlatsetsang 5), kamora ho hlophisa liphapang tsa sehlopha ka lilemo. Ho ne ho se na liphapang tse akaretsang tsa karabelo e haufi-ufi. ANOVA ea mofuta o tsoakaneng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea litekanyetso ho batho ba becha hangata le ba sa tsubeng ha ea senola liphapang tsa sehlopha, leha ho le joalo, sehlopheng sa batho ba tlotsitsoeng (n = 34) ho bile le phello e matla ea karolo ea motho ea neng a khethiloe haufi-leseling. Liphetho tsa ho eketsa litekanyetso tsa 'Tsoela pele ho bapala' (t (33) = 1.87, p = .07) mabapi le ba nkang karolo-ba khethiloeng ba felletseng (bona Tlatsetso ea Tlhahiso ea Litlolo le Tafole ea Tlatsetso 6).

Puisano

Phuputso e teng hona joale e fuputse likarabo tsa boko nakong ea mochini o ikhethileng o ratoang sehlopheng sa libapali tse tloaelehileng tse fapaneng ho kenya letsoho ha bona ho tloha bathong ba boithabiso, ho tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete ho ea ho tsa papali ea chelete. Ho hapa chelete e sa lebelloang mosebetsing ho ile ha boela ha hira marang-rang a libaka tse amehang ka moputso ho kenyeletsoa le ventral striatum. Mosebetsi oa rona o ile oa thusa ho bapisa ka ho otloloha ha haufi tse sa hlolang hlolohileng ka botlalo tse sa atleheng, 'me phapano ena e senotse karabo ho likotlo tse haufi le litereke tse haufi le tsona tse arabelang ho win, leha ho se boemo ba sepheo se seng sa katleho. Tlhatlhobo ena ho ba bechang hangata e atisa seo re se fumaneng ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba nang le seabo sa ho becha ka mokhoa o itekanetseng (Clark et al., 2009), e totobatsang ho bokelloa ha litefiso tsa moputso oa boko ka liphetho tse haufi. Morero o ikhethileng oa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho hokahanya likarabo tsena tsa fMRI le phapang e le 'ngoe lithutong tsa papali ea chelete, ho hlahloba boleng ba likarabo tsena ho sengolo se hlahang holima bong ba bothata ba papali ea chelete (Reuter et al., 2005, Potenza, 2008). Lipalo tse teng lenaneng la rona la ho becha ka thata (SOGS) ho tloha 0 ho 19 (bona Setšoantšo sa tlatsetso 1), e nang le lintlha tsa 5 tse bonts'itseng tsa ho becha ho ka etsahalang ha motho a tsubella. Sena se totobatsa mofuta o tsoelang pele oa likotsi tsa papali ea chelete ho batho bao e seng baoki (Currie et al., 2006), hape e bonts'a mokhoa oa tlhahlobo o thehiloeng ho khatello o loketse ho lekola mats'oao a Neural a papali ea chelete. Le ha sekhahla sa SOGS se ne se sa amane le karabelo ea boko ho hlolang chelete, ho teba ha matla a papali ea chelete ho ile ha boleloa esale pele ka karabelo ea neural ho litlamorao tse haufi haholo, bohareng ba mpa. Ts'ebetso ena e ne e atile ho dopaminergic nuclei ho SN / VTA, sephetho se ileng sa ntlafatsoa le ho feta ke tlhaiso-bocha ea data ea rona re sebelisa kernel e nyane (4mm) e boreleli (Bunzeck le Duzel, 2006, D'Ardenne et al., 2008, Murray et al., 2008, Shohamy le Wagner, 2008, Duzel et al., 2009). Ntle le moo, kamano e lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea maqhubu a boloi ho isa haufi le ho hloloheloa papali ea chelete ea ho becha ha ea ka ea hlalosoa habonolo ke matšoao a mang a kliniki (khatello ea maikutlo, ho qhekella, OCD, tšebeliso ea joala) tse fumanehang ka mokhoa o itekanetseng ho becha hangata (Kessler et al., 2008).

Mokhatlo oa bo-midbrain o hlokometsoeng o lumellana le karolo ea phetisetso ea dopamine papaling ea chelete e senyehileng, e bontšitsoeng ke lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng tsa matšoao a phallo (Bergh et al., 1997, Meyer et al., 2004) le ts'ebetso ea papali ea chelete e bakoang ke ho becha ho mafu a Parkinson (Dodd et al., 2005, Steeves et al., 2009). Lefu lena le kopantsoe haholo le meriana ea agonist ea D3-preference dopamine, mme hoa hlokomeleha hore D3-receptors e ngata ho SN ea motho (Gurevich le Joyce, 1999). Bokhoni ba liphetho tse haellang ba ho phahamisa phetisetso ea phetisetso ea dopamine lihlopheng tse thata tsa papali ea chelete, li ka baka matla a liphetho tsena ho matlafatsa papali ea chelete (Kassinove le Schare, 2001, Cote et al., 2003, Clark et al., 2009). Boithuto ba electrophysiological ho rekota ho tsoa ho li-neuron tsa midbrain li bonts'itse karolo e tsebahalang ea sistimi ena ho saena liphoso tsa moputso le kh'outo ea kh'outo (Schultz, 2002, Montague et al., 2004). Lithuto tsa neuroimaging tsa batho li tiisa likarabo tsa midbrain BOLD mesebetsing ea moputso oa chelete (mohlala Bjork et al., 2004, D'Ardenne et al., 2008, Schott et al., 2008), e lumellanang le index e qaqileng ea tokollo ea dopamine ea dopamine ([11C] raclopride kuhamisoa)Schott et al., 2008). Ehlile ho na le monyetla oa hore liphoso tsa ho bolela moputso li hlahisitsoe litekong tse haelloang mosebetsing oa hajoale: phoso e kholo ea ho bolela esale pele e etsahala ha mokokotlo oa mokokotlo ebe taba e lebelletse sephetho. Hang-hang sena se lateloa ke phoso e mpe ea ho bolela esale pele, ha reisi e emisa boemo bo le bong ho tloha payline e amohelang. Lintlha tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore letšoao la midbrain BOLD le kanna la ikamahanya haholo le liphoso tse boletsoeng esale pele (D'Ardenne et al., 2008), e tsamaellanang le setaele se akaretsang sa ho becha ho feta tekano menyetla ea bona ea ho hlola (Ladouceur & Walker 1996). Lintlha tse ling tse peli tsa ho thunngoa ha maqhubu a bosesane tse bonoang ho data ea electrophysiological li ka sebetsa ho latela liphetho tsa hajoale tsa fMRI. Taba ea mantlha, li-neuron tsa "midbrain" li bontša kakaretso, moo li tukang maikutlo teng tse tšoanang le tse reretsoeng moputso pele (Tobler et al., 2005, Shohamy le Wagner, 2008). Ke khopolo-taba e ka lekoang ea hore batho ba betang ka mokhoa o hlakileng ba bonts'a kakaretso e fetelletseng ea meputso e lebelloang esale pele, e kopantsoeng le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea "midbrain". Taba ea bobeli, li-neuron tsa "midbrain" li ka bonts'a ho kenya likhakanyo ka har'a mosebetsi, moo karabelo ea tsona e phahameng e fuoang moputso o fumanehang (Tobler et al., 2005). Sena se ka re hlalosetsa hore na ke hobaneng ha re sa ka ra boloka setsoalle sa 'mele oa bo-maleshoane le ho teba ha papali ea chelete papaling ea ho hapa sepheo, leha ho na le karabelo e akaretsang ea bo-'mampiring ka katleho. Leha ho le joalo, ha rea ​​ka ra bontša ka ho hlaka bohlokoa Phapang ka matla a mokhatlo oa SOGS-midbrain ho liteko tse haufi le tsa win. Ho tloha moetlong o motle oa ts'ebetso ho Setšoantšo sa 3C, ho ka nahanoa hore mokhatlo oa SOGS-midbrain o ka bonoa bakeng sa ho hapa sephetho ka sampole e kholo.

Phuputso e fetileng ea taolo ea linyeoe tsa batšoantšisi ba maiketsetso e tlalehiloe e fokotsehile Pontšo e BOLD ho "ventral striatum" le "C" ea 'mele ka lebaka la ho hapa chelete (Reuter et al., 2005). Patlo ena e ile ea hlalosoa e le bopaki ba akhaonto ea khaello ea moputso ea papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete, moo tsamaiso ea meputso e fanang ka ts'oaetso e fana ka monyetla oa ho lemalla lintho tse ngata.Bowirrat le Oscar-Berman, 2005). Mosebetsi o sebelisitsoeng ho Reuter et al. Boithuto e ne e le mosebetsi o bonolo oa ho khetha o habeli o sa khone ho hlahisa maikutlo a rarahaneng a bokhoni le pono ea bokhoni eo e leng karolo ea boits'oaro ba papali ea chelete.Ladouceur le Walker, 1996, Clark, 2010). Re entse tlhahlobo ea lipakeng tsa lihlopha ho bapisa batho ba tloaetseng ho becha ho tsoa thutong ea hona joale khahlanong le baithaopi ba neng ba nka karolo ho tsoa thutong ea rona ea pele (Clark et al., 2009). Le ha potoloho e hapuoeng ke moputso oa chelete e ne e ts'oana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho lihlopha tsena tse peli, barekisi ba tloaelehileng ba papali ea chelete ba ile ba bontša karabelo ho hapa tlholisano eo e neng e le bohlokoa boikhathollong ba mopresidente le bo-PFC, bo kopantseng Reuter et al (2005). Ka mokhoa o makatsang, data ea hona joale e bonts'a hore boemo bona ba khaello ea moputso ka kakaretso bo kopantsoe le ho feteletseng ho hira litebeletso tsa moputso oa boko tlasa maemo a kelello a khopameng (haufi le liphoso), tse fapaneng joalo ka mosebetsi oa ho becha ho teba. Ho ka etsahala hore litla-morao tsena tse peli li hlakotsoe papisong e pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa tšebetso e haufi haholo, moo ho sa utloanoang liphapang.

Lintlha tse ling tse peli tsa ho bapisoa le thuto ea rona ea pejana li bohlokoa. Taba ea mantlha, thuto ea rona ea pejana e tlaleha tšebelisano lipakeng tsa liphoso tse haufi le taolo ea botho ho PFC ea kalafo (Clark et al., 2009). Ha rea ​​khona ho tiisa tšebelisano ena ho bathahaselli ba kamehla. Ho joalo, barekisi ba tloaelehileng ha baa ka ba bontša ho hloa tikoloho ena ho fapana le tlhoko ea mantlha ea katleho, 'me liphuputso tsa thuto ea methapo ea kelello li supa ho senyeha ho itseng mabapi le boteng ba botšepehi ba PFC ho batšoaruoa ba mathata (Goudriaan et al., 2006, Lawrence et al., 2009). Boithuto ba rona ba pejana bo boetse bo hatisitse karolo ea bohlokoa ea ts'usumetso ts'usumetsong ea liphoso tse haufi. Thutong ea hona joale, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ne e lekantsoe ka phapang e felletseng ea ho hapa, ka tekanyo e ka tlase ho bohlokoa ba FWE, 'me likarabo tsena li ne li sa amane ka ho teba ka ho becha. Re lumela likarabo tsena tsa insula li fetisa tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le physiology (per mohlala seteraeketso sa pelo) nakong ea papali ea chelete (mohlala Craig, 2003), 'me ho ka ba thata ho etsa hore batho bana ba bechang ba be le boiphihlelo hangata ba nang le boiphihlelo ba lipapali tse phahameng. Lithuto tsa kelello tsa kelello ho libapali tse tloaelehileng li bonts'itse phapang lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete maemong a laboratori le lintho tsa tlhaho (mohlala, casino) (Anderson le Brown, 1984, Meyer et al., 2004). Mosebetsi oa nako e tlang oa ho kopanya fMRI le tlhaiso ea kelello ea kelello e ea hlokahala ho lekola kamano ea pakeng tsa tšebetso ea kelello le kelello nakong ea papali ea chelete (cf) Critchley et al., 2001).

Meeli e meng ea thuto ea hona joale e lokela ho hlokomeloa. Taba ea mantlha, ha re ntse re batlana le li-co-morbidities tse ngata tse tloaelehileng, maemo a mang a amehang a kenyelletsa ho ts'epahalla ha nikotine le mathata a botho (Cunningham-Williams et al., 1998) ha lia hlahlojoa. Taba ea bobeli, ha ho bapisoa lihlopha tse pakeng tsa thuto ea rona ea pejana li ne li sa hlophisetsoa, ​​'me lihlopha li ne li sa lumellane hantle bakeng sa lilemo le bong. Re ratana ka lilemo empa eseng bong, hobane sehlopha sa rona sa libapali se tloaelehileng e ne e batla e le banna feela. Papali ea chelete e senyehileng e atile haholo ho banna (Kessler et al., 2008), empa ho boetse ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tse eketsehileng ho hlahloba hore na litlamorao tsa rona li akaretsa ho becha ha basali. Taba ea boraro, litekanyetso tsa ho itlaleha ha lia ka tsa bonts'a phello e kholo ea liphoso tse haufi ho ba bechang ka mehla. Mohlomong ena ke taba ea matla a lipalo a fuoang ho fokola ha litekanyetso tsa analogue: thutong ea rona e fetileng, litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso li ile tsa bonoa tekong e kholo ea boitšoaro ho baithaopi ba 40. Kameho e kholo ea "karolo" e nkiloeng (karolo-e khethiloeng) haufi le ho lahleheloa ke ts'usumetso ea ho bapala e bonoe tlhahlobisong e kentsoeng ea li-database tsa fMRI tse peli (n = 34, bona Letlapa le tlatsetsang 6). Kamora nako, ts'ebetso ea rona ea hore dopamine e kenelletse papaling ea chelete ea ho becha e haufi le ho hloloheloa e tlameha ho tšoaroa ka tekanyo e loketseng ea tlhokomeliso ha e fuoa mofuta o sa tobang oa lets'oa la BOLD le qeto e fokolang ea sebaka sa fMRI (bona Duzel et al., 2009 bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Li-neurotransmitters tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea papali ea papali ea chelete, ho kenyelletsa le serotonin, li teng bohareng ba mpa, mme li fetoloa ka tšusumetso ea maikutlo, leha e se karabelo ea phasic (Nakamura et al., 2008). Merero ea phephetso ea meriana e tla hlokahala ho hlahloba lipotso tsena ka kotloloho; ka mohlala, Zack & Poulos (2004) e tlaleha hore ngaka e sa sebetseng ea dopamine, amphetamine, e ile ea eketsa takatso ea ho becha le ho shebella ka leihlo le letšo ho ba bechang. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea kliniki litlamorao tse joalo ke hore lithethefatsi tse fokotsang phetisetso ea dopamine li ka ba le molemo o moholo oa kalafo ho fokotsa litšitiso tsa kelello bathong ba betang.

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

Supp1

Liteboho

E tšehelitsoe ke chelete ea projeke e tsoang ho Lekhotla la Patlisiso ea Moruo le Boiketlo ba Batho le Boikarabello ho Ts'ireletso ea Papali ea Chelete ho LC le TW Robbins (RES-164-25-0010). E phethetsoe ka har'a Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, e tšehetsoeng ke moputso oa tumellano e tsoang ho Lekhotla la Patlisiso ea Bongaka (UK) le Wellcome Trust. Re leboha barupeluoa, le basebetsi ba radiographic setsing sa Sebele sa Wolfson Brain, Cambridge, UK

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