Mesebetsi ea bokooa e fetotsoeng e kopantsoeng le Craving le Cue Reactivity ho Batho ba nang le Inthaneteng Mathateng a ho bapala: Bopaki bo tsoang ho Bapisoa le Basebelisi ba Inthanete ba Recreational Game (2017)

Lingxiao,^1,2,3 Lingdan Wu,⁴ Yifan Wang,¹ Hui Li,¹ Xiaoyue Liu,¹ Xiaoxia Du,⁵ 'me Guangheng Dong^1,6,*

Leha maqhubu a neural subacates a cue reactivity ho Internet libapali a hloka tsebo (IGD) a hlahlobiloe lithutong tse fetileng, boholo ba lithuto tsena li ne li shebane haholo le papiso lipakeng tsa lithuto tsa IGD le taolo e phetseng hantle, e ke keng ea qolla phello e ka bang tloaelo ea cue. Ho hlola phokotso ena, thuto ea hajoale e shebana le papiso lipakeng tsa lithuto tsa IGD le basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete (RGU) ba bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete ka boiketlo empa ba sa ntlafatse ho itshetleha. Lintlha tse tsoang ho 40 RGU le lithuto tsa 30 IGD li ile tsa bokelloa ha li ntse li etsa mosebetsi o amanang le cue o amanang le mokete fekthering ea fMRI. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore lithuto tsa IGD li ne li amana le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) mme e fokotse ts'ebetso ka letsohong le letona la cingate cortex (ACC), leeme la ho nepahala ka ho le letšehali, lejeremane le letšehali le ka morao ho le letona ha le bapisoa le lithuto tsa RGU. OFC e kenelletse tekong ea moputso mme ACC e kenelletse ts'ebetsong ea taolo e phahameng e thehiloeng lipatlisisong tse fetileng. Ho feta moo, ts'ebetso ea OFC e ne e kopantsoe le takatso ea ho bapala papali. Kahoo, ts'ebetso e phahameng ho OFC e ka supa takatso e phahameng ea ho bapala papali, mme ts'ebetso e tlase ho ACC e ka supa bokhoni bo sa sitiseng ho thibela takatso ea ho susumetsoa ke papali lithutong tsa IGD. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho "precuneus", "grey" ea pele le ea morao-rao e ka bonts'a bofokoli ba ho ferekanya ts'usumetso ea papali ea papali. Liphumano tsena li hlalosa hore na hobaneng lithuto tsa IGD li nts'etsapele ho itšetleha ka papali-papali ha lithuto tsa RGU li ka bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ka boiketlo le ho thibela phetoho ea papali ea boithaopo ho fihlela qetellong IGD.

barupeluoa ba

Boithuto ba hona joale bo amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Patlisiso ea Botho ea Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Zhejiang. Batho ba 40 ba RGU le 30 ba nang le IGD ba ile ba hapuoa hape thupelong ena. Barupeluoa bohle ba ne ba tsamaea ka letsoho le letona mme ba fana ka litaba tse ngotsoeng tse nang le tsebo ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa ho latela lintlha tsa bona tlhahlobo ea Inthanete ea ho lemalla Inthanete (IAT) (E monyenyane, 2009), lintlha tse robong tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD tse khothalelitsoeng ke komiti ea DSM-5 (Petry et al., 2014), le nako ea bona ea lipapali tsa papali ea beke le beke. IAT ea Young e na le lintho tsa 20. Lithuto tse fetileng li fane ka bopaki ba ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala ha IAT ea ho khetholla IAD (Widyanto le Mcmurran, 2004; Widyanto et al., 2011). Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea IAT ea Young e lekola tekanyo ea mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea marang-rang (ke hore, ho itšetleha ka kelello, ho itokolla le mathata a amanang le boroko, sekolo, kapa mosebetsi) ka 5-point-wadogo. Batho ba pakileng lipakeng tsa 31 le lintlha tsa 49 ba nkoa e le basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthaneteng ba bolokang taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, leha ka linako tse ling ba ka qeta nako e telele haholo ho Internet. Lintlha pakeng tsa 50 le lintlha tsa 80 li senola mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea inthanete ka linako tse ling ka lebaka la tšebeliso e sa laoleheng ea Marang-rang¹.

Litekanyetso tsa ho kenyelletsa sehlopha sa IGD e ne e le tse latelang: (1) e filoe lintlha tse kholo ho feta 50 ho IAT ea Young (Lin et al., 2015a,b; Wang L. et al., 2016a,b); (2) e kopane le bonyane mekhoa ea 5 DSM-5; (3) ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ke mesebetsi ea bona e meholo ea inthanete; (4) bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ho feta 14 h ka beke, bakeng sa bonyane lilemo tsa 2; (5) ts'ehetso ea League of Legends (papali e tummeng ea inthaneteng Chaena) e le oona feela mohloli oa lipapali tsa inthanete tsa inthanete. Ho kenyelletsoa ha RGU ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa boithuto ba hajoale. Mekhoa ea ho kenyeletsoa sehlopha sa RGU e ne e sebelisoa pele (Wang Y. et al., 2016a) mme e hlalositsoe hanyane ka hanyane ka tsela e latelang: (1) e fupere tlase ho 50 ho IAT ea Young; (2) e kopane ka tlase ho mekhoa ea 5 DSM-5; (3) bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ho feta 14 h ka beke, bakeng sa bonyane lilemo tsa 2; (4) ts'ehetso ea League of Legends e le ona feela mohloli oa lipapali tsa inthanete Inthaneteng; (5) e tlaleha ho se ikutloe e soabile kapa ho ikutloa e le molato mabapi le ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete mme e boletse hore ts'ebeliso ea bona e tloaelehileng ha e kena-kenane le sekolo, lelapa, mosebetsi kapa boikarabello ba sechaba. Litekanyetso tsa ho se kenyeletsoe ho barupeluoa bohle li kenyellelitsoe (1) litlaleho tsa nalane ea methapo ea kelello kapa mathata a kelello a morao-rao (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, schizophrenia le ts'ehetso ea thepa) e hlahlojoang ke lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng tsa kelello tsa kelello (MINI) (Lecrubier et al., 1997); (2) ts'ebeliso ea pele kapa ea hajoale ea papali ea papali ea chelete le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (ke hore, heroin, matekoane) kapa mefuta efe kapa efe ea litlatsetso (mohlala, joala). Barupeluoa ba ile ba koptjoa ho se nke moriana kapa lintho tse kenyeletsang tee le kofi ka letsatsi la ho hlahlojoa.

Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e bonts'a tlhahisoleseling ea lihlopha tsena tse peli. Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo ea lilemo, palo ea BDI, boemo ba thuto le nako ea lipapali tsa inthanete pakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le RGU, ha lintlha tsa IAT le lintlha tsa DSM-5 tsa sehlopha sa IGD li ne li phahame haholo ho feta sehlopha sa RGU.

 

Lethathamo 1

Tlhahisoleseling ea demographic le liphapang tsa sehlopha.

Mosebetsi le Tsamaiso

Mosebetsi o amanang le cue o amanang le mokete o kentsoe thutong ena. E na le mefuta e 'meli ea litšoantšo tsa cue: Litšoantšo tse amanang le lipapali tsa 30 le linepe tse amanang le 30 tse amanang le tsona (baseline). Mefuteng ka 'ngoe, halofo ea litšoantšo tsa 30 e ne e na le sefahleho' me halofo e ne e tšoere letsoho. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Figure Figure1A1ALitšoantšo tse amanang le papali li bua ka motho ea bapalang papali ea inthanete (LOL) k'homphieutheng, a e-na le linepe tse halofo tse bontšang lifahleho le halofo e 'ngoe e bontša matsoho. Litšoantšong tse amanang le ho ngola, motho eo o ntse a ngola mongolo ka har'a keyboard ka pel'a khomphutha. Mosebetsi oa bankakarolo e ne e le ho araba hore na ho na le sefahleho setšoantšong. Ba ne ba tlameha ho tobetsa konopo '1' (lebisa ho 'e') ka k'honthinenteng ha sefahleho se ne se le teng ebe o tobetsa '2' (lebisa ho 'che') ha ho ne ho se na sefahleho se hlahisitsoeng.

 

Tšoantšiso 1

(A) Mehlala ea khothalletso e amanang le papali (ka ho le letšehali) le tšusumetso e amanang le papali (ka ho le letona). (B) Lethathamo la teko e le 'ngoe mosebetsing tse amanang le cue-reacaction. Mofuta oa teko ea mosebetsi ona o ka Sechaena. “”E bolela" Tekanyo ea ...

Figure Figure1B1B e bonts'a tatellano ea nako ea tlhahlobo ea sampole mosebetsing. Pele, ho ne ho hlahisoa setšoantšo sa 500 sa sefapano se tiisitsoeng, se lateloe ke setšoantšo sa cue joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo. Litšoantšo tsohle li hlahisitsoe ka tatellano e sa reroang. Setšoantšo se seng le se seng se ile sa hlahisoa bakeng sa 3000 ms, eo ka eona barupeluoa ba ileng ba tlameha ho araba. Screen se ile sa fetoha se ntsho ka mor'a ho tobetsa konopo mme sa tšoarella bakeng sa (3000 - nako ea karabo) ms. Ebe mothating oa tlhahlobo ea litakatso, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho lekola boemo ba litakatso tsa bona bakeng sa mohopolo o lumellanang sekepeng sa 5-point, 1 (ha ho na takatso ea letho) ho 5 (takatso e phahameng haholo). Mokhahlelong ona o ile oa tšoarella ho fihlela 3000 ms mme o ile a emisoa ke mochini-konopo. Qetellong, ho ile ha hlahisoa sekheo se se nang letho sa 1500-3500 ms pakeng tsa teko ka 'ngoe. Mosebetsi oohle o ne o e-na le liteko tsa 60 mme o nkile metsotso e ka bang 9. Mosebetsi o hlahisitsoe mme data ea boitsoaro e bokelletsoe ke software ea E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.). Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba botsoa ho tlatsa tlhahlobo ea lipapatso tsa 10-factor, ho tloha 1 ho 10 ho lekola takatso ea papali ea papali pele ho tlhaiso ea fMRI (e sebetsang ka matla a matla a matla a matla a matla)Cox et al., 2001).

Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo ea Boitšoaro

Litekanyetso tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa mosebetsi oa ho etsa ntlafatso ea cue e ne e le nako ea karabelo (RT) mme li bolela lintlha tse ngata tsa litakatso (tse amanang le papali tse amanang le papali), tse bitsoang li khelosa lintlha tse lakatsang. Ntle le moo, ho ile ha boela ha hlahlojoa lintlha tse ngata tsa litakatso tsa pele ho tlhahlobo ea fMRI, eo ho thoeng e le loto tsa pele. Bakeng sa ho hlahloba phapang pakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le RGU, re ile ra etsa sampole e ikemetseng t-Sena maemong ana a mararo.

Ho Fumana litšoantšo le ho li lokisa pele

Lintlha tsa MRI tse sebetsang li ile tsa bokelloa ke sistimi ea 3T MR (Motorola Trio) e nang le gradient-echo EPI T2^* tatellano e bonolo ea masapo a methapo ea 33, tatellano e kopantsoeng, botenya ba 3 mm, 30 ms echo nako (TE), 2000 ms phetiso nako (TR), 220 mm x 220 mm ea tšimo ea pono, 90 ° flip angle le 64 × 64 bakeng sa matrix . Liteko tsohle li ile tsa hlahisoa ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa synovronous sa Attivo (Khamphani ea Attivo²) ka ho beha leihlo hloohong, e neng e lumella litho tsa sehlopha ho sheba liteko tse hlahisitsoeng skrineng.

Lintlha tsa fMRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SPM8 (Statistical Parametric Mapping³). Litšoantšo li ile tsa fokotsoa nako, tsa hlophisoa bocha 'me tsa abeloa moqolo oa pele. Mme meqolo e ngolisitsoeng ka T1 e ile ea hlophisoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho template ea SPM T1 mme ea ntlafatsoa e sebelisa 6 mm FWHM Gaussian Kernel ka sebaka. Ha ho monkakarolo ea khethetsoeng thoko ka lebaka la li-coefficients tse kholo tsa motsamao oa hlooho ho latela litekanyetso (ho sisinyeha ha hlooho <2.5 mm le 2.5 degree).

Tlhahlobo ea FMRI ea Pele-pele

Phuputsong e teng hona joale, re sebelisitse mohlala o akaretsang oa "mala" oa tlhahlobo ea mali (BLOD) ho hlahloba mefuta ea liketsahalo tsa ts'ebetso (liteko tse amanang le papali, liteko tse amanang le typing) le ba bang (karabelo e fosahetseng kapa e fosahetseng). GLM e hahile matriki ea moralo ho emela motsoako oa liteko tse qalileng le mosebetsi oa ho araba oa canonical haemodynamic (HRF), o neng o kenyelletsa maemo ohle a liteko (liteko tse amanang le lipapali, liteko tse amanang le thaepa, le liteko tse fetotsoeng) le litekanyetso tse tšeletseng tsa hlooho. Ebe ho ntlafatsa tekanyo ea lets'oao la molumo, ho sebelisoa filthara e phahameng ea ho fetisa (nako e felisitsoeng e ne e le 128 s) ho sefa molumo oa lerata le tlase.

Tlhahlobo ea Sehlopha sa Leseli la Leseli la II-Leseli la MOTHO

Tlhahlobo ea boemo ba bobeli e ile ea etsoa sehlopheng sa sehlopha. Qalong, re ile ra supa li-voxels tse bonts'ang phello e kholo litekong tse amanang le lipapali ho bapisoa le liteko tse amanang le thaepa hara sehlopha ka seng (IGD, RGU). Taba ea bobeli, re ile ra khetha li-voxels tse neng li fapane haholo ka lets'oa la BOLD lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli [(IGD _dipapadi - IGD _{ho thapa}) - (RGU _dipapadi - RGU _{ho thapa})]. Re ntan'o supa lihlopha tsa li-voxel tse fapaneng haholo monyako o sa lokang p <0.005. Kamora nako, lihlopha tsena li ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa tokiso ea boemo ba sehlopha sa FWE (phoso ea lelapa-bohlale) p <0.05. Ka ho khetheha, khakanyo ea AlphaSim e bontšitse hore boholo ba li-voxels tse 15 tse kopaneng li ka fihlela moeli o fokolang p <0.05 ka nepo. Kernel e boreleli e sebelisitsoeng ho etsisa limmapa tse haelloang (lerata) tse sebelisang software ea AlphaSim e ne e le 6.0 mm mme e hakantsoe ho tsoa masimong a setseng a limmapa tse fapaneng tse kopantsoeng sampong e le 'ngoe t-teko.

Ho Ipapisa le Boipelaetso

Ho supa khokahano lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa boko le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro, re qalile re ntša lets'oa la BOLD ho boleng ba lihlopha tse setseng tse bonts'itseng phapang pakeng tsa sehlopha. Ebe lintlha tsa BOLD bakeng sa lithuto tsohle li ile tsa kenngoa tlhahlobisong ea khatello e matla le RT, lintlha tse lakatsang takatso, lintlha tse qalang tsa ho lakatsa, le lintlha tsa IAT le DSM. Hlokomela, tlhahlobo ea khatello ea matla e sebelisitsoe mona ho felisa phello ea barekisi, e emelang kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro.

Ts'ebetso ea Boitšoaro

Liphetho tsa boits'oaro li bonts'itse lipalo tse matla tsa ho lakatsa (IGD: 1.98 ± 1.10, RGU: 1.21 ± 0.78, t(1,69) = 3.25, p = 0.002) le lintlha tsa pele tse lakatsang (IGD: 53.10 ± 15.36, RGU: 39.13 ± 15.71, t(1,69) = 3.72, p = 0.000) sehlopheng sa IGD ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa RGU. Ha ho phapang e kholo ea sehlopha e fumanoeng ho RT ea ho supa litšoantšo. Ntle le moo, re fumane khokahano e ntle pakeng tsa lintlha tsa IAT, DSM le lintlha tse qalang tsa litakatso tsa lithuto tsohle (lipalo 2A, B) le bakeng sa sehlopha sa IGD (lipalo 2C, D). 'Me lintlha tse lakatsoang li bontšitse khokahano e nepahetseng le IAT, lintlha tsa DSM bakeng sa bohle ba nkang karolo, ka ho latellana (lipalo 2E, F).

 

Tšoantšiso 2

Litšebelisano lipakeng tsa ho teba ha matla le lintlha tse lakatsang. (A, B) Lipalo tse qalang tsa ho lakatsa li bonts'a khokahano e ntle haholo le lintlha tsa IAT, lintlha tsa DSM bakeng sa lithuto tsohle, ka ho latellana. (C, D) Lipalo tse qalang tsa ho lakatsa li bontša tse ntle haholo ...

Liphetho tsa ho bapisa

Re ile ra hlahloba mesebetsi ea boko mosebetsing oa ho hlophisa lintho ka botebo pakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le RGU (Figure Figure33 'me Lethathamo Lethathamo22). Sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea pontšo ea BOLD e matla ka ho le letšehali OFC ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa RGU, mme e fokotse ts'ebetso ea boko ho ACC e nepahetseng, precuneus e letšehali, leqele le letšehali la pele le sehlopha sa IGDU ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa RGU.

 

Tšoantšiso 3

Libaka tsa brain tse bontšang phapang e kholo lithutong tsa IGD ha li bapisoa le lithuto tsa RGU. Lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng (e bonts'itsoeng ka bofubelu) ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), mme e fokotse ts'ebetso (e bonts'itsoeng ka boputsoa) ka ho le letona le letona ...

 

Lethathamo 2

Libaka tsa methapo e bonts'a phapang e kholo ea sehlopha ho lets'oa la BOLD.

Liphetoho tsa tlhahlobo ea khatello

E le robust regression mela le Figure Figure44, ho bile le khokahano ea bohlokoa ea regression pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho OFC, ACC, precuneus, leqele le ka ho le letona la pele le morao-rao le li-IAT, lintlha tsa DSM, tse bolelang hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello libakeng tsena e ile ea hokahana hantle kapa e le mpe le IAT, lintlha tsa DSM bakeng sa bohle ba nkang karolo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, li-connection tsa regression lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko libakeng tsena (ntle le ACC) le lintlha tse qalang tsa takatso li ne li le bohlokoa kapa li le bohlokoa bo boholo. Hape, re beha sephetho sa "regar regression" ka palo ho bonts'a phapano lipakeng tsa taolo ea morao-rao le khatello e matla.

 

Tšoantšiso 4

Kamano ea khatello pakeng tsa mesebetsi ea boko le liketso tsa boits'oaro. p (moedi) papisong ka 'ngoe e bua ka p-Helele ea khokahano ea "regression" ea moeli. p (robust) ntlheng ka 'ngoe e bua ka p- Seemo sa ho lekana ha khatello ea matla. (A) E bonts'a ...

Takatso e Phahameng ea ho Bapala Lipapali ho IGD

Liphetho tsa morao-rao tsa monahano li bonts'itse hore lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea boko ka ho le letšehali la OFC ho feta sehlopha sa RGU ha se pepesetsoa lintlha tse amanang le lipapali. OFC e nahanoa haholo ho nka karolo boits'ebetsong bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo ka ho hlahloba sepheo sa bohlokoa le ho khetha boitšoaro bo nepahetseng ho fihlela sepheo se lakatsehang (Rolls, 2000). Ho tlalehiloe karolo e tšoanang ho lithuto tse nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lintho tse itseng, ho becha ka methapo ea kutlo le papatso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang.Hlakola et al., 2002; Myrick et al., 2004; Kosten et al., 2005; Franklin et al., 2007; Filbey et al., 2008). OFC e fumanoe e ts'ebetsoa ka litebello le ho tlisa meputso (Elliott et al., 2000; Rolls, 2000; Schultz et al., 2000). E hlahisa le ho boloka litebello tsa moputso o ka bang teng o amanang le matlafatso ka ho kopanya nalane ea boiphihlelo le liketsahalo tsa hajoale (Bonson et al., 2002). Liphumano tsena li ka senola karolo ea bohlokoa ea OFC ho lakatseng papali ea papali ho IGD.

Thutong ea hajoale, sehlopha sa IGD se tlalehiloe ka takatso e phahameng haholo bakeng sa lipapali tsa marang-rang ho feta sehlopha sa RGU ka bobeli le pele ho fMRI scan. Ho bile le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa lets'oa la BOLD la OFC, lintlha tsa pele tse lakatsang, le litekanyetso tsa boleng ba IGD (lintlha tsa IAT, lintlha tsa DSM) har'a bohle ba nkang karolo. Kahoo, ha litekanyetso tsa IGD li le kholo, takatso e matla ea ho bapala papali le ts'ebetso e phahameng ho OFC e tla bonoa. Ho nka tsohle, re fana ka maikutlo a hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li hlahisa litebello bakeng sa papali-papali ka ho lekola boleng ba moputso oa boitšoaro ba papali (bo ileng ba susumetsoa ke lintlha tse amanang le papali) ho OFC. Ka hona, ba bonts'a takatso e matla ea ho bapala lipapali ho feta sehlopha sa RGU, tumellanong le takatso e matla ea ho ts'oara lithethefatsi bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi (Arthur et al., 2001; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002). Ntle le moo, OFC e kanna ea ameha mesebetsing e meng, joalo ka thibelo le tse ling. Boithuto bo bong hape bo lokeletsoe ho fuputsa monyetla ona.

Bokhoni ba Taolo e Laoloang ho IGD

Phuputsong ea morao-rao, ts'ebetso ea bongo e fokotsehileng e fumanoe ho ACC e nepahetseng sehlopheng sa IGD se bapisoa le sehlopha sa RGU ha se araba likotsi tse amanang le papali. Hape, mekhoa e mebe lipakeng tsa mesebetsi ea ACC, lintlha tsa DSM le IAT li fumanoe har'a bohle ba nkang karolo, tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e tlase ho ACC e tsamaisana le ho teba ha IGD. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore ACC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ho nchafatsoa hoa IGD, ho latela lipatlisiso tsa pejana mabapi le ho nchafatsoa hoa IGD le litabatabelo tse ling (Ko et al., 2008; Goudriaan et al., 2010; Engelmann et al., 2012; Letsatsi le al., 2012; Liu et al., 2016).

Bopaki ba bo-ralitaba bo bonts'itse hore ACC e kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea taolo e kholo (Kerns et al., 2004; Dong et al., 2011a; Goldstein le Volkow, 2011; Wheelock et al., 2014). Taolo e phahameng e bua ka bokhoni ba motho ba ho tsamaisa kapa ho emisa boits'oaro le menahano, haholoholo ha boits'oaro (kapa menahano) bo ka se be molemo kapa ba nkuoe e le bo sa lokelang (Goldstein le Volkow, 2011). Patlisiso tse 'maloa tsa neuroimaging li hlahlobile bokhoni ba taolo ea taolo e senyehileng bo senotsoeng ke ho se sebetse kapa ho senyeha hoa sebopeho ho ACC bathong ba nang le IGD (Dong et al., 2011a, 2013a; Zhou et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Dong le Potenza, 2016), hammoho le bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete (Ruiter et al., 2011; Moeller et al., 2013; Santangelo et al., 2013; Schmidt et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2015). Bokhoni ba taolo bo betere ho basebelisi ba papali ea inthanete ho feta ba lemaletseng papali ea inthanete bo amana le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ACC mosebetsing oa ho etsa liqeto (Wang Y. et al., 2016b). Ha li kopantsoe le liphumano tsena, sephetho sa hona joale se ka senola bokhoni bo boholo ba taolo ea bolaoli lithutong tsa IGD, bo tsamaisana le bokhoni bo tšoanang hantle ba taolo lithutong tsa RGU. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho tlalehiloe lithuto tse nang le IGD tse amanang le bofokoli ba bokhoni ba taolo ea phethahatsong ea mesebetsi ea kelello (Hester et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2011b; Wang et al., 2017) mme li supiloe ke bokhoni ba taolo bo fokotsehileng ba papali ea inthanete (Lin et al., 2015a). Ntle le moo, ba bonts'a litheko tse phahameng ho impulivity (Lee le al., 2012) 'me ka hona li ngotsoe e le khatello ea taolo ea tšusumetso (Sadock le Sadock, 2007). Liketsahalo tsena tsa boitšoaro tsa IGD li lumellana le sephetho sa rona. Ntle le moo, ACC e boetse e kenella lits'ebetsong tsa tlhokomelo (Bush et al., 1999; Seidman et al., 2006), ka hona, ts'ebetso e tlase ho ACC e kanna ea fana ka tlhahiso ea phokotso ea tlhokomelo lithutong tsa IGD. Leha ho le joalo, ha re nahana ka karolo ea mosebetsi oa morao-rao o amanang le cue-reacaction o hlokang hore barupeluoa ba hatelle takatso ea bona ea ho bapala lipapali le ho tsepamisa maikutlo mosebetsing (ho tobetsa konopo e nepahetseng), le ho nka liphumano tse kaholimo mmoho, re boletse hore Lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'a bofokoli ba taolo ea takatso ea bona e matla ea ho bapala papali (e susumetsoang ke lithahasello tse amanang le papali) ha li bapisoa le lithuto tsa RGU, tse lumellanang le bokhoni ba taolo ea ho sitisa takatso ea lithethefatsi bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi (Arthur et al., 2001; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002; Sinha le Li, 2007). Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling hape ho etsa lipatlisiso ka taba ena. Haholo, mohlala oa boits'oaro oa IGD o hlahisitsoeng ke Dong le Potenza (2014) e senotse litakatso tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa ho bapala lipapali le taolo e fosahetseng holim'a litakatso tse joalo tse nkuoang ke litsotsi tsa ts'ebetso ea taolo e phahameng ho batho ba nang le IGD. Sephetho sa hona joale se ka kenya letsoho ho netefatsa kakaretso le ho fumaneha ha mohlala.

Likarolo tsa Precuneus, Precentral, le Postcentral Gyrus

Ts'ebetso e fokolisitsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ho li-precuneus tse nepahetseng, li-gyrus tsa pele le tse ka ho le letona li fumanoe lithutong tse nang le IGD ha li bapisoa le lithuto tsa RGU ha li araba likotsi tse amanang le papali. Liphethong tsa tlhahlobisiso ea khokahano, re fumane lits'oaetso tse mpe lipakeng tsa lets'oa la BOLD la precuneus, pele, gyrus ea morao-rao le lintlha tsa pele tse lakatsang. Mesebetsi e fetotsoeng libakeng tsena e tlalehiloe lithutong tse fetileng mabapi le ho nchafatsoa hoa IGD (Han et al., 2010; Letsatsi le al., 2012; Liu et al., 2016). Liphetho tsena li ka bonts'a hore li-precuneus, gypus ea pele le ea morao-rao li na le kamano e matla le ts'ebetso ea cue ho IGD.

Tlhahlobo mabapi le ho khutlisetsoa hoa moko-taba oa ho tsuba ke ho re reisuction e boletse hore li-precuneus li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho reacise reice (Engelmann et al., 2012). Ho reriloe hore li-precuneus li tla kenya letsoho ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa mohopolo le litokisetso tsa boits'oaro ba makoloi (Cavanna le Trimble, 2006). 'Me e ameha ho fetoleng tlhokomelo lipakeng tsa sepheo sa koloi le litšoantšo tsa koloi (Cavanna le Trimble, 2006). Gyrus ea pele e sebakeng sa Brodmann 6 (pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex) e na le tšusumetso ho moralo oa makoloi le ho bolaoa. 'Me "gyrus" ea morao-rao, joalo ka "cortex ea mantlha ea mantlha," ke eona karolo e ka sehloohong e amohelang mohopolo bakeng sa ho ama. Ntle le moo, re fumane hore lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'a ho nepahala ho tlase le RT e telele ho feta lithuto tsa RGU, tse bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e mpe ea boitšoaro lithutong tse nang le IGD. Karolong ea mosebetsi oa rona oa liteko, barupeluoa ba ile ba kopuoa ho tobetsa likonopo ka ho bona hore na ho na le sefahleho litšoantšong tsa cue tse nang le semelo sa papali. Ts'ebetso e tlase ka ho pele ho li-pruneus, precentral le postcentral ho IGD e kanna ea bonts'a bofokoli ba ho kenyelletsa leseli la pono le koloi ho tloha litšoantšong tsa cue-le ho tlosa tlhokomelo ho tloha tsusumetso ea papali ea papali ho ea mosebetsing oa liteko (ho tobetsa likonopo tse nepahetseng). Ho fihlela hajoale, gyrus ea pele le ea morao-rao e amohetse tlhokomelo e fokolang lithutong tsa pejana mabapi le ho nchafatsa hoa IGD. Kahoo, monahano o makatsang oa hona joale o ka fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tsena tse tharo e ka ba libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa khahleho bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling hape tsa ho busetsoa hoa cue ho IGD.

sheba mefokolo ea

Ho na le meeli ea thuto e teng hona joale e lokelang ho hlokomeloa. Taba ea mantlha, kamano ea ho senya lipakeng tsa IGD le ketso e sa tloaelehang libakeng tse boletsoeng ka holimo e ke ke ea tiisoa thutong ea hona joale. E tla ba ho khahlisang ho hlahloba kamano ena lithutong tsa nakong e tlang. Taba ea bobeli ke basali ba supileng feela ba ileng ba ngolloa phuputsong ena ka lebaka la ho tsebahala ho hoholo ho papali ea inthanete ho banna ho feta basali. Le ha li ne li leka-lekane lihlopheng tsena tse peli (3 basali IGD, 4 basali RGU), litholoana li ka ba leeme. Patlisiso tse ling hape lia hlokahala ho lekola phello ea bong ho IGD. Taba ea boraro, lintho tse ling tse fapaneng, mohlala, IQ, boits'oaro le boemo ba boiketlo ba lithuto, li ne li sa lekanyetsoe thutong ea hajoale. Phapang e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng lipapisong tsena e ka khetholla litholoana. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho nka lintlha tsena. Kamora nako, ha litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD li ne li ntse li hlahlojoa, liphetho tse thehiloeng ho litekanyetso tsena li ka ameha ke eona. Tsela e ntle ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea IGD e ka tlisa temohisiso e ncha mabapi le bothata bona.

GD e tšehelitsoe ke National Natural Science Foundation ea China (31371023). Mekhatlo ea lithuso ea lichelete ha ea ka ea kenya letsoho morerong oa ho leka kapa sephetho. Maikutlo a hlahisitsoeng bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ke a bangoli 'me a kanna a se supe a mekhatlo ea lithuso tsa lichelete.

¹http://netaddiction.com/internet-addiction-test/

²http://www.invivocorp.com/

³http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm

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