Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 77.
E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2018 Mar 27. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00077
PMCID: PMC5881242
PMID: 29636704
Ji-Woo Seok1 'me Jin-Hun Sohn2,*
inahaneloang
Liphuputso tsa Neuroimaging mabapi le litšobotsi tsa batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) li ntse li bokellana ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a ntseng a hola mabapi le mathata a kelello le a kahisano a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka litšobotsi tsa boko tse ipapisang le IGD, joalo ka khokahano e sebetsang e amanang le sebopeho. Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka liphetoho tsa bophahamo ba modumo oa taba e bohlooho (GM) le khokahano e sebetsang nakong ea phomolo ho batho ba nang le IGD ba sebelisang morphometry e thehiloeng ho voxel le tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea naha ea phomolo. Barupeluoa ba kenyelelitse batho ba 20 ba nang le IGD le lilemo tse 20- le taolo e ts'oanang ea thobalano. Litšoantšo tse sebetsang le tsa sebopeho sa mmuso tsa phomolo li fumanoe bakeng sa bankakarolo bohle ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa 3 T magnetic resonance. Re boetse ra lekanya ho tiea ha IGD le ho se ts'oenyehe ho sebelisa sekala sa kelello. Liphetho li bonts'a hore ho tiea ha IGD ho ne ho tsamaisana hantle le bophahamo ba GM ho caudate ea leqele (p <0.05, e lokisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata), 'me e amahanngoa hampe le khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa caudate ea leqele le gyrus e ka pele e ka pele e bohareng (p <0.05, e lokisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata). Phuputso ena e bonts'a hore IGD e amahanngoa le liphetoho tsa neuroanatomical karolong e ka ho le letona e ka pele ea cortex le caudate ea leqele. Tsena ke libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa boko bakeng sa meputso le lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello, mme maemo a sa tloaelehang le a sebetsang libakeng tsena a tlalehiloe bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse ling, joalo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete. Liphuputso li fana ka maikutlo a hore bofokoli ba sebopeho le bofokoli bo sebetsang ba mmuso marang-rang a frontostriatal a ka amahanngoa le IGD mme a fana ka leseli le lecha mekhoeng ea mantlha ea neural ea IGD.
Selelekela
Ho bapala inthaneteng ho fana ka thabo le ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo, ntle le melemo e meng e mengata. Ka lebaka leo, palo ea libapali tsa inthanete e ntse e eketseha kamehla lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho bapala lipapali tse ngata Inthaneteng, leha ho le joalo, ho ka fokotsa boiphihlelo ba bophelo ba 'nete, ho baka litlamorao tse fapaneng tse mpe tsa kelello (1-3). Mathata a Inthaneteng a Lipapali (IGD) a hlalosoa e le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang le e mpe ea lisebelisoa tse nolofalletsang marang-rang mme e na le litlamorao tse mpe. Karolo ea III ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) e re IGD ke boemo bo hlokang lipatlisiso tse ling tsa bongaka (4).
Haufinyane, lithuto tsa neuroimaging tsa IGD li batlisitse liphetoho tse sebetsang le tsa sebopeho bokong ho supa li-neuronal correlates tse amanang le nts'etsopele ea IGD (5). Litšoantšo tse amanang le ts'ebetso tse amanang le mosebetsi (fMRI) li senotse pherekano e sebetsang ho batho ba nang le IGD (2, 6, 7-11). Liphetho tsa lithuto tsena tsa fMRI li bonts'a hore nakong ea ho pepesehela lipapali tsa likhomphutha, lipapali tsa video, kapa lipapali tsa inthanete, batho ba nang le IGD, ha ba bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (HC), ba bonts'a takatso e eketsehileng ea papali le ho fetola ts'ebetso ea boko libakeng tse fapaneng joalo ka. joalo ka mokokotlo oa caudate, sebaka se ka pele sa dorsolateral, li-nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, le hippocampus (7-10).
Leha lithuto tse thehiloeng mosebetsing tsa fMRI li ka supa tšitiso e itseng e sebetsang ho batho ba nang le IGD, tlhahlobo ea likhokahanyo tse sebetsang tsa mmuso e ka fana ka bohlokoa bo fapaneng le bo ka bang bophara (12). FMM ea phomolo ke mokhoa oa ho lekola likhokahano tse sebetsang le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa libaka nakong ea ho hloka mosebetsi. Tlhahlobo ea marang-rang a naha ea phomolo ea fMRI e ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le ho ajoa hoa maemo a potoloho maloetseng a neuropsychiatric (13, 14). Lithuto tsa fMRI tsa phomolo tsa mmuso tsa IGD li entsoe ho supa marang-rang a ikhethang a moputso le lits'ebetso tsa kutloisiso mabapi le khokahano e sebetsang (15-18). Lithuto tsena li tlalehile khokahano e ntlafalitsoeng ea tšebetso kapa homogeneity ea tikoloho bohareng ba gyrus ea nakoana le cerebellum (15, 16, 18). Ho feta moo, Hong et al. (17) e hlokometse phokotso ea khokahano e sebetsang libakeng tsa subcortical brain.
Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa boqapi ba boko bo senotse hore IGD e kanna ea hokahanngoa le liphetoho tse ka bang teng tsa sebopeho kahare ho boko17, 19-22). Mekhoa e sebelisoang haholo ea ho sekaseka morphometric bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea boko ke litekanyo tsa bophahamo ba modumo (GM) joalo ka voxel-based morphometry (VBM) le litekanyo tsa bokalo ba cortical thickness tse sebelisang FreeSurfer23). Monghali Han et al. (19) le Weng et al. (21o ile a batlisisa ho se ts'oanehe hoa sebopeho bokong ba bacha ba nang le IGD ba sebelisa VBM mme a tlaleha hore ho fokotsoe lipalo tsa GM ho orbitofrontal cortex, insula, tempor gyrus le occipital cortex. Liphuputso tse lekolang botenya ba cortical ho bona liphetoho tsa sebopeho bokong ba batho ba nang le IGD li senotse ho fokotseha ha cortical botenya ho orbitofrontal cortex, insula, parietal cortex, le postcentral gyrus (17, 22).
Haufinyane tjena, thuto e kopaneng le e sebetsang ea MRI e tlalehile kamano e fosahetseng lipakeng tsa ho se ts'oanehe le bophahamo ba amygdala bophahamo, le khokahano e tlase ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa amygdala le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (13, 14). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore molumo o fetotsoeng oa GM le khokahano e sebetsang ho amygdala li kanna tsa amana le ho se ts'oenyehe le ho bontša ho ba kotsing ea IGD (13, 14). Liphuputso tse peli li sa tsoa lekola phapang ea khokahano kahehong ea bokong le khokahanong e sebetsang. Pele, Jin et al. (24) o fumane hore batho ba nang le IGD ba fokotsehile haholo bophahamo ba GM sebakeng sa preortal cortex, ho kenyeletsoa DLPFC, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, le sebaka sa tlatsetso sa makoloi, le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea khokahano ho potoloho ea pele ea pelehi. Ea bobeli, Yuan et al. (25) e fumane phokotso ea molumo oa striatum le phapang ea khokahano e sebetsang ea mmuso lipotolohong tsa frontostriatal lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le IGD le HC. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore maemong a potoloho, IGD e ka arolelana mekhoa e tšoanang ea methapo le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi24, 25).
Qetellong, liphetho tsa lithuto tse fetileng le litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao tse sebelisang mekhoa ea neuroimaging li fana ka maikutlo a hore IGD e amana le liphetoho tsa neuroanatomical lipotolohong tsa frontostriatal, tse ts'oanang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (7-11, 24-28). Ho feta moo, ho tšoana ha matšoao a psychopathological le lits'ebetso tsa methapo pakeng tsa IGD le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho fana ka maikutlo a mokhoa o ka bang teng oa ts'oaetso e arolelanoeng (9, 27, 28).
Ho fihlela hajoale, ho entsoe liphuputso tse fokolang mabapi le liphetoho tse sebetsang le tsa sebopeho ho IGD ho sebelisoa sebopeho se kopaneng le tlhahlobo ea marang-rang e sebetsang ea mmuso (13, 14, 25, 29). Ntle le moo, lithuto tsena tsa IGD ha lia ka tsa felisa tšusumetso ea litšoaneleho tsa boits'oaro (ke hore, nako ea papali ea papali) kamanong pakeng tsa IGD le phetoho ea boko le ha boits'oaro bo phetoang bo ka fetola sebopeho sa boko (30). Ka hona, ho matlafatsa tšebetso ea litšobotsi tsa IGD ho kenyeletsoa boloetse ba kelello (ke hore, bokhoba) phetohong ea boko, re ile ra laola tšebetso ea papali ea papali liphetohong tsa sebopeho sa boko le khokahano ho IGD.
Thutong ena, re hlahlobile liphetoho mohahong le khokahanyo e sebetsang bokong ba batho ba nang le IGD, re sebelisa litšoantšo tsa 3 T tsa matla a khoheli a molumo oa boko ba GM le tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea naha ea phomolo. Haholo-holo, re ile ra batlisisa hore na bophahamo ba GM bo fetotsoe lipotolohong tsa batho ba nang le IGD, le hore na phokotso ea molumo oa GM e amahanngoa le khokahano e sebetsang e sebetsang. Re boetse ra supa hore na liphetoho tsena li bontšitsoe kamora ho kenyelletsa mesebetsi ea papali.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
Barupeluoa le Lisebelisoa tsa Tekanyo
Barupeluoa ba mashome a mabeli ba letsohong le letona ba nang le IGD (lilemo tsa lilemo: lilemo tse 20-26) ba ile ba hiroa hape dessyecik ho phatlalatsa liboto tsa phatlalatso tsa inthanete le har'a batho ba kenang setsing sa kalafo sa lithethefatsi tsa marang-rang, setsi sa tlhaiso-leseling ka lithethefatsi, kapa liboka tsa sehlopha sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Bohle ba nkang karolo sehlopheng sa IGD ba ile ba botsoa lipotso ke lingaka tse peli tse tšoanelehang tsa mafu a kelello, ho latela litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD e boletsoeng ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (31). Ho sebelisa mekhoa e tšoanang, HC ea lilemo tse 20- le e tšoanang le thobalano (lilemo tsa lilemo: 20-27 lilemo) le tsona li ile tsa hiroa. Ha ho le ea mong oa bankakarolo ea phethisitseng litekanyetso tsa lefu le leng la kelello kapa la methapo joalo ka schizophrenia, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, ho lemalla papali ea chelete kapa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi. Ha ho le ea mong oa bankakarolo ea tlalehileng boiphihlelo ba pejana ka papali ea chelete kapa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong.
Barupeluoa bohle ba fane ka tumello ea bona e ngotsoeng ka mor'a ho tsebisoa ka botlalo ka lintlha tsa liteko. Chungnam National University Institutional Review Board e amohetse lits'ebetso tsa liteko le tumello (nomoro ea tumello: P01-201602-11-002). Barupeluoa bohle ba fumane matšeliso a lichelete (lidolara tse 50 tsa Amerika) bakeng sa ho nka karolo.
Barupeluoa ba phethile phuputso e nang le lipotso mabapi le sebopeho sa bona sa lipapali le lipapali tsa inthanete likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng, joalo ka "Selemong se fetileng, ka karolelano, o ne o bapala lipapali tsa inthanete matsatsi a makae ka beke?" le “Selemong se fetileng, ka karolelano u sebelisitse metsotso e kae ka letsatsi papaling ea Inthanete?” Ntle le moo, litekanyo tse lekantsoeng tse kang Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-II [BIS (32)], Teko ea Boitsebiso ba Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Joala (33), le Beck Depression Inventory [BDI (34)] li sebelisitsoe ho lekola litšobotsi tsa kelello tsa bankakarolo.
Boima ba IGD bo ne bo lekanngoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba inthanete ea Young inthaneteng (IAT) (35). IAT ke sesebelisoa se tšepahalang le se nepahetseng bakeng sa ho arola bothata ba ho lemalla ho sebelisa Inthanete (36). IAT e na le lipotso tse 20 tse etselitsoeng ho lekola tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete, matšoao a ho ikhula, ho itšetleha ka kelello le mathata a amanang le ona bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Lintlha li entsoe ho latela sekala sa lintlha tse 5, ho tloha 1 (ha ho mohla) ho isa ho 5 (haholo). Lintlha li tloha ho 20 ho isa 100, 'me palo e felletseng ea 50 kapa e phahameng e supa mathata a amanang le marang-rang ka linako tse ling kapa khafetsa ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e sa laoloeng ea inthanete (http://netaddiction.com/internet-addiction-test/).
Tlhahlobo ea Dintlha
Sekena sa 3.0 T MRI (Achieva Intera 3 T; Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands) se sebelisitsoe bakeng sa ho fumana litšoantšo. Litšoantšo tsa boima ba 'mele tsa T1 li fumanoe ho sebelisoa mekhahlelo e latelang: Nako ea ho pheta-pheta = 280; nako ea echo = 14 ms; phetla angle = 60 °; tšimo ea pono = 24 cm × 24 cm; matrix = 256 × 256; botenya ba selae = 4 mm. Nakong ea ho sekaseka boemo ba ho phomola, litšoantšo tse 180 li ile tsa fumanoa ka ho thunngoa hanngoe, ka tatellano ea pulse-planar (nako ea ho pheta-pheta = 2,000 ms; nako ea echo = 28 ms; botenya ba selae = 4 mm, ha ho na lekhalo; matrix = 64 × 64; tšimo ea pono = 24 cm × 24 cm; le flip angle = 80 °). Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho boloka mahlo a koetsoe hantle, ho lula ba falimehile, ho se nahane ka eng kapa eng, le ho se robale kapa ho otsela nakong ea ho phomola ha mmuso. Kamora skena, bankakarolo bohle ba ile ba botsoa hore na ba lutse ba falimehile mahlo a koetsoe nakong eohle ea ho lekola. Lintlha tse tsoang ho bankakarolo ba tlalehileng mathata a ho lula ba falimehile ka botlalo li lahliloe mme ha li sebelisetsoe tlhahlobo e ngoe.
Tlhahlobo ea VBM
Tlhahlobo ea morphometry e thehiloeng ho Voxel e entsoe ka software ea SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) le lebokose la lithulusi la VBM8 (http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/vbm.html). Litšoantšo tsa MR li ile tsa sebetsoa ka ho sebelisa algorithm ea diffeomorphic non-linear algorithm (ngodiso ea diffeomorphic anatomical ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng oa leshano la algebra, DARTEL) ho ntlafatsa ngoliso ea litšoantšo tsa boko ba intersubject (37). Ka bokhutšoanyane, tlhahlobo ea VBM e bile le mehato e mene e latelang: (1) Litšoantšo tsa MR li arotsoe ka GM, taba e tšoeu (WM), le mokelikeli oa cerebrospinal; (2) li-template tsa GM tse ikhethileng li entsoe ka litšoantšo tsa boithuto li sebelisa mokhoa oa DARTEL; (3) kamora ho ngolisoa ka tatellano ea li-template tsa GM DARTEL ho 'mapa oa monyetla oa sebaka sa Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), ho sotha litšoantšo tse sa amaneng le mohopolo ho ile ha sebelisoa ho template ea DARTEL GM ebe e sebelisoa mohato oa modulation ho netefatsa hore palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lipalo tsa GM e bolokiloe kamora ts'ebetso ea maemo a tikoloho; (4) litšoantšo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa GM li ntlafalitsoe ho sebelisoa bophara ba 8-mm e felletseng ka halofo ea kernel ea Gaussian bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo.
Kamora ho etsa pele, bophahamo ba GM bo ile ba bapisoa lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le IGD le HC. Ho ne ho sebelisetsoa maske e felletseng ea 0.1 bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea GM ho qoba litlamorao tse ka bang teng moeling o pakeng tsa bohlooho le WM.
Ho laola litlamorao tse ka ntle tsa lilemo, lilemo tsa thuto, ho se ts'oenyehe le khatello ea maikutlo, mefuta ena e ile ea eketsoa joalo ka li-covariate. Re boetse re tsamaisitse lipakeng tsa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha ka ho eketsa lihora tse tloaelehileng tsa papali e le covariate ho khetholla phello ea IGD ho sa kenyeletse tšusumetso ea litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro tse amanang le IGD.
Sehlopheng ka seng, ho ile ha etsoa litlhahlobo tsa likamano tse sa lekanyetsoang ho fuputsa kamano lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba GM le ho tiea ha IGD (ke hore, lintlha tsa IAT) ka ho khetholla mefuta e meng e fapaneng (ke hore, lilemo, lilemo tsa thuto, ho se tsotelle le khatello ea maikutlo). Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea khokahano e ile ea etsoa ka ho laola mefuta e meng e fapaneng le covariate e eketsehileng (ke hore, lihora tse tloaelehileng tsa papali). Bohlokoa ba lipalo ba liphapang tsa sehlopha bo behiloe ho p <0.05, e lokisitsoe bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa bohata oa ho sibolla (FDR), ka sehlopha sa> li-voxels tse 50.
Ts'ebeliso ea Ts'ebetso ea Kopano
Ts'ebetso ea khokahano e sebetsang e sebelisitsoe ho sebelisoa lebokose la lisebelisoa la khokahano le sebetsang la CONN v.15 [http://www.nitrc.org/projects/conn; e qotsitsoeng Whitfield-Gabrieli et al. (38)] ho khetholla thepa ea naha ea phomolo libakeng tse fetotsoeng ka bokong. Lintlha tsa mmuso oa phomolo li ile tsa ntlafatsoa pele ho sebelisoa mehato e tloaelehileng ea ho e lokisa, ho kenyeletsoa khalemelo ea nako ea selae, khalemelo ea motsamao ka ho lahloa ha maiketsetso, ho tloaela sebaka sa sebaka se lekaneng sa boko ho sebelisa setšoantšo sa template, le ho boreleli ka kernel ea 8-mm isotropic Gaussian. Pele ho tlhahlobo ea boemo ba sehlooho, lits'ebetso tsa ho tlosa meno li ne li etsoa ho data ho sebelisoa lets'oao la BOLD (mali le oksijene ea mali) le tsoang ho maske a WM le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, le mekhahlelo ea tokiso ea motsamao ho tloha sethaleng sa tokiso ea sebaka, joalo ka li-covariate tsa ha ho na thahasello ea mokhoa o ts'oanang oa khatello. Eaba ho sebelisoa sefahleho sa sefahleho se pakeng tsa 0.01 le 0.08 Hz letotong la nako ho ntša lets'oao le itseng la sebaka sa maqhubu a amanang le ts'ebetso ea sele ea methapo.
Kamora ho etsa lits'ebetso tsa pele ho ts'ebetso le ho hlakola, ts'ebetso ea khokahanyo e sebetsang e ile ea etsoa ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o ipapisitseng le peo ka ho khetha tlhoro ea sehlopha se setseng sa caudate ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea VBM, (-9 +8 +15) sebakeng sa MNI. Re khethile mokokotlo oa caudate joalo ka sebaka sa peo se khahlisang bakeng sa tlhahlobo e latelang ea khokahano ea ts'ebetso hobane karolo e ka letsohong le letšehali e ne e hokahantsoe le ho tiea ha IGD tlhahlobisong ea VBM, le hobane lithuto tsa pejana li senotse liphetoho tse sebetsang le tsa sebopeho ntlheng ea caudate ea batho ba nang le IGD (24, 25). Sekhahla sa khokahano lipakeng tsa li-voxels tsa peo le li-voxel tse ling kaofela se ne se baliloe ho hlahisa 'mapa oa khokahano. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa boemo ba bobeli, li-coefficients tsa khokahano li fetotsoe ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng z-e koahela sebelisa phetoho ea Fisher. Ho ile ha eketsoa lilemo, lilemo tsa thuto, ho potlaka le khatello ea maikutlo e le li-covariate tlhahlobisong ea boemo ba bobeli. Bakeng sa papiso ea boemo ba sehlopha, mehlala e 'meli t-liteko li ile tsa etsoa ho bapisa zlimmapa tsa boleng bo pakeng tsa batho ba nang le IGD le HC, tse nang le moeli o phahameng oa se sa nepang p <0.001 le tekanyo ea FDR e lokisitsoeng p <0.05 sehlopheng. ANCOVA e boetse e khannoa ka ho eketsa lihora tse tloaelehileng tsa papali e le covariate ho khetholla phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha ntle le tšusumetso ea litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro tse amanang le IGD.
Ka har'a sehlopha ka seng, khokahano e sa lekanyetsoang e lekola pakeng tsa boima ba IGD (ke hore, IAT) le karolelano z-Lihlahisoa tsa libaka tsa boko tse bonts'ang khokahano ea ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng le khubu ea caudate e ka letsohong le letšehali li ile tsa etsoa ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa ho tiea ha IGD le ho fetola khokahano ea ts'ebetso ntle le mefuta e meng e ka ntle (ke hore, lilemo, lilemo tsa thuto, ho se tsotelle le khatello ea maikutlo). Khokahano e 'ngoe hape e entsoe ka ho eketsa lihora tse tloaelehileng tsa papali e le covariate le mefuta e meng e fapaneng.
Tlhatlhobo ea Correlation Pakeng tsa Sebopeho sa Brain le Khokahano e Sebetsang
Ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa sebopeho le khokahano e sebetsang mokokotlong oa caudate oa batho ba nang le IGD, tlhahlobo ea khokahano e ile ea etsoa kamora ho laola lipalo bakeng sa ho qhekelloa le khatello ea maikutlo.
Results
Litšobotsi tsa Barupeluoa
Joalokaha ho bontšoa Lethathamong Lethathamo1,1, Batho ka bomong ba nang le IGD le HC ha baa ka ba fapana haholo ka lilemo (t = 0.83, p > 0.05) le bolelele ba thuto (t = 0.67, p > 0.05). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho bapisoa le HC, batho ba nang le IGD ba fumane lintlha tse holimo litekanyetsong tsa lihora tse tloaelehileng tsa papali ka letsatsi (t = 7.25, p <0.001) le matsatsi a karolelano ea papali ka beke (t = 7.42, p <0.001), 'me ke bile le lintlha tse phahameng tsa IAT (t = 11.37, p <0.001). Batho ba nang le IGD le bona ba ne ba sithabetse maikutlo (t = 4.88, p <0.001) le ho nkeha maikutlo (t = 5.23, p <0.001) ho feta litsamaiso. Lintho tse ngata tse lemalloang marang-rang li ne li amahanngoa le maemo a khatello ea maikutlor = 0.71, p <0.001) le lintlha tsa ho se ts'oenyehe (r = 0.66, p <0.001).
Lethathamo 1
Palo ea batho le litšoaneleho tsa bongaka tsa sehlopha sa IGD le HC.
| Mefuta-futa (e bolela ± SD) | IGD | HC | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lilemo (lilemo) | 21.70 ± 2.74 | 22.40 ± 2.62 | 0.83 |
| Thuto (lilemo) | 14.55 ± 2.93 | 15.15 ± 2.72 | 0.67 |
| Karolelano ea lihora tsa papali ka letsatsi | 11.87 ± 5.33 | 1.90 ± 3.06 | 7.25 *** |
| Karolelano ea matsatsi a papali ka beke | 6.75 ± 0.71 | 2.4 ± 2.52 | 7.42 *** |
| Lintlha tsa AUDIT | 4.73 ± 3.07 | 3.75 ± 2.59 | 1.09 |
| Lintlha tsa BDI | 12.4 ± 7.36 | 3.3 ± 3.89 | 4.88 *** |
| Lintlha tsa BIS-II | 56.00 ± 5.34 | 47.50 ± 4.92 | 5.23 *** |
| Lintlha tsa IAT | 71.85 ± 12.82 | 29.80 ± 8.80 | 12.09 *** |
BDI, Beck khatello ea maikutlo; BIS, Barrett's Impulsiveness Scale-II; IGD, bothata ba papali ea inthanete; IAT, teko ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete; HC, taolo e phetseng hantle.
*** p <0.001 bakeng sa papiso ea sehlopha.
Tlhahlobo ea VBM
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong Lethathamo22 le Setšoantšo Setšoantšo sa 1A, 1A, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea VBM li bonts'a hore batho ba nang le IGD ba fokolitse bophahamo ba GM sebakeng se ka pele se bohareng ba cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 10] (ka ho le letona: t = 4.82, ka ho le letšehali: t = 4.30, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe) mme ea eketsa molumo oa GM haholo mokokotlong oa caudate (t = 5.37, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe), ha e bapisoa le HC. Kamora ho laola litlamorao tsa tšebetso ea papali, li-volum tsa GM tsa cortex e bohareng ea linaha tse peli [ka ho le letona: F(1, 38) = 5.58, p <0.05,
Lethathamo 2
Liphapang tsa tikoloho ea bohlooho (GM) lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le HC li senola kamano e ntle le matla a IGD.
| Sebaka sa boko | MNI e hokahanya | t, max | Boholo ba sehlotšoana (li-voxels) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | y | z | |||
| IGD> HC | |||||
| L caudate | -8 | 14 | 10 | 5.37 | 234 |
| IGD <HC | |||||
| R / L MFG (BA 10) | 44 | 51 | 8 | 4.82 | 417 |
| -37 | 45 | 20 | 4.30 | 247 | |
| Khokahano lipakeng tsa segokanyipalo sa GM le lintlha tsa IAT | |||||
| L caudate | -9 | 8 | 15 | 4.91 | 75 |
BA, sebaka sa Brodmann; L, ka ho le letšehali; MNI, Setsi sa Mahlale sa Montreal; MFG, gyrus e ka pele e bohareng; R, ho nepahetse; IGD, bothata ba papali ea inthanete; IAT, teko ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete; HC, taolo e phetseng hantle.
MNI e hokahanya boholo ba li-t-scores e bontšoa sehlopheng ka seng.
Bohlokoa libakeng tsa phaello, p <0.05, sekhahla se fumanoeng se fosahetse sa sekhahla sa ho sibolla.
Tlhahlobo ea Voxel-based morphometry (VBM). (A) Litaba tse fapaneng tsa bohlooho li pakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le HC (p <0.05, sekhahla sa ho sibolla ho fosahetseng se lokisitsoeng) (MNI e hokahanya: L caudate, -8, 14, 10; R MFG, 44, 51, 8; L MFG, -37, 45, 20). (B) Tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea VBM (p <0.01) (MNI e hokahanya: L caudate, -9, 8, 15). Likhetho: HC, taolo e phetseng hantle; IAT, teko ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete; IGD, bothata ba papali ea inthanete; L, Ka ho le letšehali; MFG, gyrus e ka pele e bohareng; R, ho nepahetse; MNI, Setsi sa Mahlale sa Montreal.
Bakeng sa sehlopha sa IGD, khokahano e ntle haholo e fumanoe lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba GM bokong ba caudate le ho tiea ha IGD (ke hore, lintlha tsa IAT) ntle le mefuta e fapaneng ea kantle. r = 0.58, p <0.01, FDR e lokisitsoe) (Setšoantšo (Setšoantšo sa 1B), 1B), mme ntle le phello ea ts'ebetso ea papali le mefuta e meng e kantle, likamano tsena tse ntle le tsona li fumanoe lipakeng tsa khubung ea caudate le lintlha tsa IAT (khokahano e sa fellang r = 0.56, p <0.05). Tšebelisano e mpe haholo e ile ea bonoa lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba molomo o bohareng le ho potlaka ha ho lekanngoa ho sebelisoa Barrett's Impulsiveness Scale (khokahano e sa fellang r = 0.39, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe) 'me khokahano ena ha ea ka ea bontšoa kamora ho khetholla phello ea ts'ebetso ea papali (p > 0.05). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho sebaka sa boko se bonts'itseng kamano e kholo le lintlha tsa BDI (p > 0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe).
Ho HC, ha ho na kamano ea bohlokoa e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa mefuta efe kapa efe ea kelello (ke hore, IAT, BIS, le lintlha tsa BDI) le bophahamo ba modumo oa GM sebakeng sefe kapa sefe sa boko (p > 0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe).
Ts'ebeliso ea Ts'ebetso ea Kopano
Ho batho ba nang le IGD, caudate e ka letsohong le letšehali e ne e hokahane le libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko, ho kenyeletsoa thalamus ea linaha tse peli, putamen, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, pallidum, accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, cortex e phahameng ea occipital, pole e ka pele, bokone bo ka pele bo ka pele, bokapele bo bohareng cortex, le orbitofrontal cortex (bophahamo, p <0.001, e sa nepahala; monyako oa lesihla, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe). Har'a HC, mokokotlo oa caudate o ka letsohong le letšehali o ne o hokahantsoe le thalamus, putamen, posterior cingulate cortex, pallidum, accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, cortex e ka pele e ka pele, cortex e bohareng e bohareng, le li-cortices tse bohareng tsa bophahamo. p <0.001, e sa nepahala; monyako oa lesihla, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe).
Joalokaha ho bontšoa Lethathamong Lethathamo33 le Setšoantšo Setšoantšo sa 2A, 2A, khokahano e sebetsang ea ts'ebetso e ile ea bonoa lipakeng tsa caudate le letšehali la posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG) (BA 31) (t = 5.97, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe), gyrus e ka pele e bohareng (MFG) (BA 8) (t = 11.39, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe), 'me e siile precuneus (BA 31) (t = 5.48, p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe) kahare ho batho ba nang le IGD e amanang le taolo. Kamora ho laola litlamorao tsa tšebetso ea papali, likhokahano tsena tse eketsehileng lipakeng tsa lithuto tsa IGD li ile tsa bontšoa ho caudate e ka letsohong le letšehali le ho linaha tse peli tsa PCG [F(1, 38) = 6.27, p <0.05,
Lethathamo 3
Liphapang mabapi le khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le HC li senola kamano e ntle le matla a IGD.
| Peo ROI | Sebaka se hokahaneng | MNI e hokahanya | t, max | Boholo ba sehlotšoana (li-voxels) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | y | z | ||||
| IGD> HC | ||||||
| L caudate | R / L PCG (BA 31) | 0 | -28 | 44 | 5.97 | 391 |
| R MFG (BA 8) | 35 | 12 | 40 | 11.39 | 506 | |
| L precuneus (BA 31) | -16 | -56 | 26 | 5.48 | 381 | |
| Khokahano lipakeng tsa khokahano e sebetsang le lintlha tsa IAT | ||||||
| L caudate | R MFG (BA 8) | 22 | 36 | 34 | 6.26 | 446 |
BA, sebaka sa Brodmann; HC, taolo e phetseng hantle; IGD, bothata ba papali ea inthanete; L, ka ho le letšehali; MFG, gyrus e ka pele e bohareng; MNI, Setsi sa Mahlale sa Montreal; PCG, morao-rao oa cingate gyrus; R, ho nepahetse; ROI, sebaka se khahlang.
Boemo ba Cluster FDR bo lokisitsoe, p <0.05, moeli oa bophahamo ba mantlha ke p <0.001.
Ts'ebetso ea khokahano e sebetsang. (A) Khokahano e fapaneng ea boko lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa IGD le HC (p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe) (MNI e hokahanya: L caudate, -9, 8, 15; R / L PCG, 0, -28, 44; R MFG, 35, 12, 40; L precuneus, -16, -56, 26). (B) Tlhahlobo ea Correlation lipakeng tsa boima ba IGD le boleng ba khokahano e sebetsang (p <0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe) (MNI e hokahanya: L caudate, -9, 8, 15; R MFG, 22, 36, 34). Likhetho: HC, taolo e phetseng hantle; IAT, teko ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete; IGD, bothata ba papali ea inthanete; L, Ka ho le letšehali; MFG, gyrus e ka pele e bohareng; PG, ho qhekella gyrus; R, ho nepahetse; FDR, sekhahla sa ho sibolla ho fosahetseng; MNI, Setsi sa Mahlale sa Montreal; PCG, morao-rao oa cingate gyrus.
Ka har'a sehlopha sa IGD, ho fumanoe kamano e ntle haholo lipakeng tsa matla a IGD (ke hore, lintlha tsa IAT) le khokahano e sebetsang ea khubung ea caudate e ka letsohong le letona le bohareng le ka pele ka ntle le likhetho tse ling tse fapaneng. r = 0.61, p <0.01, FDR e lokisitsoe) (Setšoantšo (Figure2B) .2B). Kamora ho khelosa phello ea ts'ebetso ea papali, ho bile le kamano e ntle e ntle lipakeng tsa matla a IGD le khokahano e sebetsang ea khubung ea caudate e ka letsohong le letona le bohareng le ka pele ntle le phello ea ts'ebetso ea papali le mefuta e meng e kantle. r = 0.63, p <0.01).
Ha ho na kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa mefuta e meng ea kelello (ke hore, lintlha tsa BIS le BDI) le khokahano ea karolo e ka letsohong le letšehali ea caudate le cortex e ka pele e ka pele e boletsoeng sehlopheng sa IGD (p > 0.05, FDR e lokisitsoe). Har'a HC, ho ne ho se na khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa mefuta-futa ea kelello (ke hore, IAT, BIS, le lintlha tsa BDI) le khokahano ea khubung ea caudate e letšehali le libaka tse ling tsa boko.
Tlhatlhobo ea Correlation Pakeng tsa Sebopeho sa Brain le Khokahano e Sebetsang
Ho ne ho se na khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba GM le khokahano e sebetsang kahare ho mokokotlo oa caudate (r = 0.08, p > 0.05).
Puisano
Phuputso ena e ile ea batlisisa sebopeho sa li-neural correlates tsa IGD ka ho kopanya sebopeho sa MRI le litlhahlobo tsa fMRI tsa naha ea phomolo. Tumellanong le lithuto tse fetileng tsa psychopathology ea comorbid ea ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete (39, 40), re hlokometse hore batho ba nang le IGD ba na le maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo le ho potlaka. Liphetho tsa neuroimaging li bonts'a hore lintlha tsa IAT li hokahane hantle le bophahamo ba GM kahare ea caudate le boleng ba khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa khubung ea caudate le bokone bo bohareng bo ka pele. Ho khahlisang ke hore khaello ea GM mokokotlong o ka letsohong le letšehali le khokahano e fetotsoeng ea boemo ba ho phomola lipakeng tsa khubung ea caudate le bokone bo kahare bo ka pele bo bontšitsoeng kamora ho laola sephetho sa ts'ebetso ea papali har'a batho ba nang le IGD. Leha ho le joalo, ha rea ka ra bona khokahano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa sebopeho le ts'ebetso. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore mokokotlo oa caudate ke sebaka sa bohlokoa ho pathogenesis ea boits'oaro bo feteletseng ba papali ea inthanete.
Re fumane liphetoho tsa sebopeho mokokotlong oa caudate oa batho ba nang le IGD e amanang le taolo, 'me bophahamo ba GM bokong la caudate le letšehali bo ne bo amana hantle le ho tiea ha IGD. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le lithuto tsa pejana tsa bokhoba ba tahi, ho kenyeletsoa le lithuto tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (41, 42), bokhoba ba papali ea chelete (43), le IGD (25, 44). Mokokotlo oa caudate ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea striatum mme o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ithuteng ka boits'oaro bo ipapisang le moputso. Ho feta moo, khubu ea caudate e hokahane ka mokhoa o rarahaneng le thabo le tšusumetso, le nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang (45-47). Liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile hore IGD e amahanngoa le maemo a sa tloaelehang ho striatum, haholo-holo mokokotlo oa caudate. Mohlala, Kim et al. (3) le Hou et al. (48) e tlalehile maemo a fokotsehileng a dopamine D2 receptor le dopamine transporter ho caudate har'a batho ba nang le IGD, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore IGD e amahanngoa le maemo a tlase a ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic litseleng tsa moputso oa boko, tse ts'oanang le mathata a mang a lemalloang. Ntle le moo, thuto ea pejana ea fMRI ea sehlopha sa rona e sebelisang mosebetsi oa ho etsa liqeto e senotse hore ts'ebetso e phahameng ho caudate e ka letsohong le letšehali e ne e amahanngoa le ho khetha likhetho tse kotsi, tse fanang ka leseli le eketsehileng mabapi le ho nka karolo ha karolo e ka letsohong le letšehali ea caudate mesebetsing ea methapo ea ho bolela esale pele ka moputso le tebello (11). Hammoho, liphuputso tsena, li fana ka maikutlo a hore phokotso ea bophahamo ba GM mokokotlong oa caudate o ka tlatsetsa ho ekeng kutloisiso ea tebello ea tebello ho batho ba nang le IGD; mokokotlo oa caudate o ka letsohong ka hona e ka ba karolo ea lipotoloho tse sebetsang tse amanang le IGD.
Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka kamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa sebopeho le khokahano e sebetsang e sa sebetseng, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea khokahano e sebetsang ea naha ea phomolo. Ts'ebetso ea khokahanyo e sebetsang le peo bokong ba caudate e senotse hore bokone bo ka pele bo ka pele bokong (ke hore, DLPFC) bo ne bo hokahane hantle le ho tiea ha IGD, ho bonts'a hore batho ba neng ba tšoarehile haholo ka papali ea inthanete ba ne ba na le khokahano e matla lipakeng tsa karolo e ka letsohong le letšehali ea caudate le DLPFC e nepahetseng. Sebaka se bontšitsoeng sephethong sa VBM se ne se sa lumellane hantle le sebaka se bontšitsoeng ho sephetho sa rs-fMRI. Sebaka se bontšitsoeng ho VBM le liphetho tsa rs-fMRI e ne e le BA 10 le 8, ka ho latellana, 'me sebaka se koahelanang ha se karolo feela. Leha ho le joalo, sebaka sohle se kenyelelitsoe ho DLPFC. Potoloho ea DLPFC-striatal ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea potoloho ea moputso oa dopamine mme e na le tšusumetso e matla mesebetsing ea phethahatso e kang ho rala, ho hlophisa, ho fetoha le ho tsepamisa maikutlo (49). Ho se sebetse ha marang-rang ana ho ka ama tlhokomelo ea lithethefatsi ka ho fokotsa bokhoni ba ho laola kopanyo le khetho ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo susumetsoang ke sepheo (49). Lipotoloho tsa Aberrant frontostriatal li kile tsa senoloa ho batho ba nang le IGD. Phuputso e mabapi le khokahano e sebetsang ea mmuso oa phomolo e fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba nang le bokhoba ba inthanete ba na le liphetoho lipotong tsa bona tsa pele ho nako tse ka amang tšusumetso, ts'ebetso ea tšusumetso le taolo ea kutloisiso (50). Tumellanong le liphetho tsa rona, phuputso e 'ngoe e bonts'itse khokahano e sebetsang marangrang a frontostriatal e ne e amahanngoa le ts'oaetso e matla ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete (51). Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le liphetho tsa hajoale, lithuto tse ling tsa khokahano e sebetsang li bonts'itse hore batho ba nang le IGD ba fokotse ts'ebetso ea khokahano ho potoloho ea frontostriatal (24, 25). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao liphuputsong tsa neuroimaging ho IGD le eona e bonts'itse sephetho se sa lumellaneng lipakeng tsa lithuto mme ea fana ka maikutlo a hore boko bo fetotsoeng ha bo na matla ebile bo tšoaneloa ke lipatlisiso tse ling (28). Phapang lipakeng tsa liphuputso tsena e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la palo ea batho kapa tsa bongaka tse kang thobalano, lilemo, nako ea bokuli, kapa boemo ba ho batla kalafo. Boithuto bo bongata ba neuroimaging le bona bo bonts'itse hore khubu ea caudate le DLPFC li kentse letsoho papaling ea papali ea video (52-54). Lithuto tsena li bontšitse hore striatum ea leqele le polasetiki ea DLPFC li amana le palo ea ho bapala / ho ikoetlisa lithutong tse seng lemallo. Thutong, ho tseba hore phetoho libakeng tsena e amana haholo le tšobotsi ea IGD ho kenyelletsa tšobotsi e lemalloang kapa e hokahantsoeng haholo le ts'ebetso ea papali, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo e ngoe kamora ho laola phello ea papali ea papali (ke hore, lihora tse tloaelehileng tsa papali). Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele li bontšitse phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Ka hona, phetoho libakeng tsena e kanna ea amana haholo le litšobotsi tsa IGD ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea papali. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, ho sa tsotelehe ho se lumellane ho joalo, liphuputso ho fihlela joale li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse ha potoloho ea "frontostriatal" nakong ea phomolo le kamano ea eona le matla a IGD e kanna ea amahanngoa le likhetho tse fosahetseng tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka ho batla ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse mpe.
Ho na le meeli e mengata ea thuto ena. Taba ea mantlha, ka lebaka la sebopeho sa likarolo tsa thuto, likamano tsa sesosa le phello ha lia hlaka. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho supa litlamorao tsa bolelele ba nako ho IGD. Taba ea bobeli, re lekanyelitse sehlopha sa rona sa boithuto ho banna ba lilemo li 20-27, mme tlhokomeliso e lokela ho sebelisoa ha ho akaretsoa sephetho sa thuto ea rona ho batho ka kakaretso, hape ho nahanoa ka boholo ba sampole e nyane. Taba ea boraro, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li kanna tsa nahana ho lekanya nako ho tloha ha ho hlahlojoa IGD ho hlalosa phapang e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea neural. Kamora nako, ho na le khanyetsano lipakeng tsa seo re se fumaneng le se seng se bonts'a khokahano le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ts'ebetso ho potoloho ea pele. Ka hona, liphetho li lokela ho tolokoa ka hloko le lithuto tse tsoelang pele tlasa maemo a ts'oanang (ke hore, litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho kapa ka barupeluoa ba tšoanang le bona litleleniking) lia hlokahala ho hlalosa khanyetsano (24, 25, 28).
Qetellong, phuputso ena e senola liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa li-nucleus tsa caudate le ho se sebetse ha marang-rang a pele ho nako ho batho ba nang le IGD. Habohlokoa le ho feta, mefuta ka bobeli ea liphetoho e ne e amahanngoa le ho tiea ha IGD. Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore mokokotlo oa caudate o letšehali o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho pathogenesis ea IGD le hore IGD le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi li arolelana mekhoa e tšoanang ea methapo.
Boitšoaro ba Melao
Barupeluoa bohle ba fane ka tumello ea bona e ngotsoeng ka mor'a ho tsebisoa ka botlalo ka lintlha tsa liteko. Chungnam National University Institutional Review Board (IRB) e amohetse lits'ebetso tsa liteko le tumello (nomoro ea tumello: P01-201602-11-002). Barupeluoa bohle ba fumane matšeliso a lichelete (lidolara tse 50 tsa Amerika) ka ho nka karolo.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
JWS e kentse letsoho kholisong le moralo oa liteko, kapa ho fumanoa ha data, kapa tlhahlobo le tlhaloso ea data, mme JHS e kentse letsoho haholo ho hlaloseng data mme ea ngola sengoloa kapa ea e nchafatsa haholo bakeng sa litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa mahlale.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
Lithuso. Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Lenaneo la Basic Science Research ka National Research Foundation ea Korea (NRF) e tšehelitsoeng ke Lefapha la Thuto (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01059095).
khutsufalitsoeng
BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-II; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; DLPFC, sebaka se ka pele sa cortex; FDR, sekhahla sa ho sibolla ho fosahetseng; fMRI, litšoantšo tse sebetsang ka matla a khoheli; GM, taba e putsoa; IAT, teko ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete; IGD, bothata ba papali ea inthanete; VBM, morphometry e thehiloeng ho voxel; MNI, Setsi sa Mahlale sa Montreal; WM, taba e tšoeu.
References
;
