Tekano ea Cell-Phone: Tlhahlobo (2016)

Front Psychiatry. 2016 Mphalane 24; 7: 175. Kopano ea 2016.

De-Sola Gutiérrez J1, Rodríguez oa Fonseca F2, Tlhaloso ea Rubio G3.

inahaneloang

Re hlahisa tlhahlobo ea lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng mabapi le ho lemalla liselefouno. Re sekaseka mohopolo oa bokhoba ba selefounu le ho ata, mekhoa ea ho ithuta, likarolo tsa kelello, le likotsi tse amanang le tsona tsa mafu a kelello. Patlisiso lefapheng lena ka kakaretso e bile teng ho tsoa ponong ea lefats'e ea selefounu e le sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea eona dessyecik likopo le litaba tse ka hare. Mefuta-futa ea mekhoa le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso e sebelisitsoeng e ea tsebahala, joalo ka khaello e itseng ea moeli o hlahisitseng phatlalatso e pharalletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling e atileng. Ho na le tumellano mabapi le boteng ba bokhoba ba selefounu, empa meeli le litekanyetso tse sebelisoang ke bafuputsi ba fapaneng li fapana. Ho lemalla selefounu ho bonts'a boemo bo ikhethileng ba mosebedisi bo bo khethollang ho lemalloang ke inthanete. Ntle le bopaki bo supang tšusumetso ea boemo ba setso le maemo a moruo, mokhoa oa tlhekefetso o kholo haholo har'a bacha, haholo basali. Liphapang tsa setso le libaka ha lia ithutoa ka ho lekana. Ts'ebeliso e thata ea liselefouno e 'nile ea amahanngoa le mefuta e fapaneng ea botho, joalo ka ho fetela pele, neuroticism, ho itšepa, ho se tsotelle, boits'oaro le boits'oaro. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, pherekano ea boroko, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, mme, hanyane, khatello ea maikutlo, e amanang le tlhekefetso ea inthanete, e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea hajoale e senola kamano e teng pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi joalo ka koae le joala.

LINKOTSO:  ho lemalla; ho lemalla boitšoaro; ho lemalla selefounu; ho itšetleha; ho lemalla inthanete

PMID: 27822187

PMCID: PMC5076301

DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2016.00175

Selelekela

Ho tloha ponahalo ea selefouno, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea sesebelisoa sena e belaelitse hore na ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea eona e ka lebisa bokhobeng. Bothata bona bo ts'oana le ba mabapi le boteng ba litlamorao tsa boitšoaro ho fapana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi (). Boteng ba ho lemalla selefounu, ho fapana le hore ke ponahatso ea lefu la ho se ts'oenyehe, ho 'nile ha botsoa lipotso ntle le ho nahana ka mohopolo oa bokhoba (, ). Ho fihlela joale, DSM-5 e amohetse feela papali ea papali ea chelete e tlatselletsang e le bokhoba ba boitšoaro, e nka mefuta ena kaofela ea tlhekefetso e le mathata a ts'usumetso, mme lefats'e la bongaka ha le so etse ho feta ho phatlalatsa hore bongata ba bona ke lithethefatsi tsa 'nete tse amang bakuli. 'maphelo.

Pele mohala oa thekeng o fihla, ho ne ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse ngata mabapi le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro ho lipapali tsa video (), ikoetlisa (), thobalano inthaneteng (), lijo (), ho reka (, ), sebetsa (), Le inthanete (-). Ho joalo, bakeng sa bangoli ba 'maloa, palo e kholo ea boits'oaro e kanna ea lemalla () haeba ho na le tumellano ea litlamorao tse mpe le matlafatso ea mmele le kelello maemong a itseng ().

Pele o lekola litšobotsi tsa bokhoba ba selefounu, ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa ho ikhetha ha boitšoaro bo hlephileng mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi kapa lithethefatsi. Bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi, ntle le joala bo bonts'ang boemo bo hlakileng, ho na le motsotso o hlakileng oo liphetoho le litšitiso tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi li ka bonoang. Tabeng ea boitšoaro, ho thata ho tseba hore na mathata a bakoa ke boitšoaro bo nang le mathata, litšobotsi tsa botho, kapa mafu a kelello. Leha ho le joalo, boteng ba karoloana ea motheo ea bioloji, e ka iponahatsang ka lits'ebetso tsa litlhare, ho ke ke ha qojoa. Kahoo, ho fana ka li-agonists tse ikhethileng tsa dopamine ho ka kenya tšebetsong boits'oaro bo neng bo le sieo pele, joalo ka papali ea chelete e qobelloang, ho ja ka mokhoa o qobelloang, bosodoma le ho ea mabenkeleng ka likhoka (-).

Palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lithuto e shebile 'meleng oa bohlokoahali oa boits'oaro kajeno - Marang-rang, lipapali tsa video le liselefouno. Ho tloha khale, ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ka hlahisa bokhoba ba lefatše ka bophara kapa ho sebelisana le litaba tse ka lemalloang le mesebetsi. Ka kutloisiso ena, Mocha () o ithutile mefuta e mehlano e fapaneng ea boitšoaro bo lemalloang inthaneteng: (1) khomphutha ka boeona, (2) ho batla tlhaiso-leseling, (3) ho qobelloa ho sebelisana, ho kenyelletsa le ho ikopanya le websaete ka lipapali tsa inthanete, mabenkeleng, jj. (4) ho kopanela liphate ka marang-rang, le (5) li-cybercontact. Kamora moo, Young o ile a ithuta lipapali feela, mabitso a amanang le thobalano inthaneteng le melaetsa ea selefouno ().

Haeba marang-rang qalong e ne e le bokhoba ba theknoloji ka bokhabane, mohala oa thekeng kapele o ile oa hlaha e le mohloli oa boitšoaro bo ka bang kotsi, haholo haesale ho tloha ha lisebelisoa tsa li-smartphone li fihla (, ), Hammoho le ho iphetola ha lintho ho tloha katamelong ea lefats'e ho ea ho phapang e tsoelang pele ea litlolo kahare le lits'ebetso tsa konkreite. Hore na bothata ke selefouno ka bo eona kapa litaba tsa eona le lits'ebetso () ke sehlooho sa ngangisano ea hajoale, e ts'oanang le liphehisano tse fetileng mabapi le inthanete (, ).

Ho latela pono ena, selefounu e fana ka mesebetsi e ka lebisang ts'ebelisong e thata (, ). Ho na le bopaki ba hore smartphone, ka bophara ba ts'ebeliso le ts'ebeliso, e etsa hore e be tlhekefetso e kholo ho feta liselefouno tse tloaelehileng ().

Ka kakaretso, Brown () le Griffiths (, Hlokomela hore bokhoba ba tahi bo kenyelletsa tlhekefetso ntle le taolo, ho fetoha hoa maikutlo, mamello, ho ithiba, le ho intša kotsi kapa likhohlano tikolohong, hammoho le tloaelo ea ho khutlela mokhoeng o mocha. Sussman le Sussman () bokhoba ba profil, ka kutloisiso ea eona e pharalletseng, joalo ka bokhoni ba ho "ts'oaroa" ho matlafatsa boits'oaro, ho tšoenyeha ho fetelletseng ka ts'ebeliso kapa boits'oaro bo matlafatsang, mamello, tahlehelo ea taolo, le bothata ba ho qoba boits'oaro bo boletsoeng, leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe. Ka ho khetheha, Echeburua et al. () e tsejoang e le likarolo tse hlalosang mekhoa ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng tahlehelo ea taolo, ho theoa ha likamano tse its'etlehileng, mamello, tlhoko ea nako e eketsehileng le boitelo, le tšitiso e matla bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Cía (e totobatsa boits'oaro boo mekhoa ena ea boitšoaro e lebisang ts'ebelisong e sa laoleheng, ntle le maikutlo a takatso e matla kapa tlhoko e ke keng ea hanyetsoa, ​​tahlehelo ea taolo, ho se natse mesebetsi e tloahelehileng, ho tsepamisa maikutlo lithahasellong tsa boits'oaro kapa ketso ea thahasello, phehello ea boitšoaro leha e na le litlamorao tse mpe, le ho teneha le malaise tse amanang le ho ithiba.

Ho latela litekanyetso tsa Hooper le Zhou (), O'Guinn le Faber (), le Hanley le Wilhelm () mabapi le ts'usumetso ea ts'ebeliso, Shambare et al. () nka ho lemalla selefounu e le e 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lekholong la ha joale la lilemo. Ba totobatsa mefuta e tšeletseng ea boits'oaro, tloaelo (litloaelo tse etsoang ka tlhokomeliso e fokolang ea kelello), e tlamang (e hlokoang ka molao o laetsoeng ke motsoali), ka boithatelo (e behiloeng mabaka le ho khanneloa bakeng sa litšusumetso tse ikhethileng) takatso e matla ea ho etsa boits'oaro ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele), le ho lemalla, kapa boits'oaro bo hlalositsoeng ke ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea mosebelisi ea mesebetsi e meng, e bakang kotsi 'meleng, kelellong le sechabeng, ha a ntse a leka ho laola maikutlo a ts'oaetso a mosebelisi. Ka hona, tlhokomelo e fetelletseng le boinehelo bo sa laoleheng selefounong ea motho ke temallo.

Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso le lingoliloeng tse fumanehang inthaneteng, papali ea video le ts'ebeliso ea selefounu li lula li eketseha. Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea bibliometric () e bonts'itse sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se tsoelang pele ebile se hola, ka inthanete e le sebaka se ithutoang haholo, se lateloe ke lipapali tsa video ebe liselefouno. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, thahasello ea lipatlisiso ts'ebelisong ea selefouno e eketsehile haholo.

Bokhoba ba selefounu

Ka Mmesa 2015, palo ea mehala ea selefounu e feta limilione tse 53.6 Spain, e neng e le 1.4% e phahameng ho feta ea selemo se fetileng, ka ho kenella ha 108.5% [Khomishene ea Naha ea Limmaraka le Bokgoni ()]. Sena se lekana le mohala o le mong ho feta motho a le mong, 'me karolo ea 81% ea mehala ena ea selefounu e ne e amahanngoa le li-smartphones ka 2014 [Telephonic Foundation ()]. Lilemo tsa ho qalisoa ha selefounu li ntse li eketseha ho ba banyane: 30% ea bana ba Spain ba lilemo li 10 ba na le selefouno; sekhahla se nyolohela ho hoo e ka bang 70% ha a le lilemo li 12 le 83% ha a le lilemo li 14. Ho feta moo, ho qala a le lilemo li 2-3, bana ba Spain ba tloaetse ho fihlella lisebelisoa tsa batsoali ba bona ().

Lintlha tsena li bolela hore mohala oa selefouno o thusa mathata le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, haholo ho bacha. Taba ena e se e totobala haholoanyane mecheng ea litaba tsa likhokahanyo, e hlohlelletsa mafu a macha, joalo ka "Nomophobia" (No-Mobile-Phobia), "FOMO" (Tšabo ea ho Lahleheloa) - tšabo ea ho hloka mohala oa selefouno, o hokeloe kapa kantle ho inthanete, "Textaphrenia" le "Ringxiety" - maikutlo a fosahetseng a ho amohela molaetsa oa mohala kapa mohala o lebisang ho ho lekola sesebelisoa ka linako tsohle, le "Textiety" - matšoenyeho a ho amohela le ho arabela hanghang melaetsa ea selefouno ().

Ho tlalehoa hore mathata a mmele le a kelello a bakiloe ke tlhekefetso ea mohala oa selefouno, ho kenyelletsa ho satalla le ho opeloa ke mesifa, mahlomola a mahlo a bakoang ke Computer Vision Syndrome a bonahatsang ke mokhathala, ho omella, pono e lerootho, ho teneha, kapa bofubelu ba mahlo (), likhopolo-taba tsa kutlo le tse bonoang - maikutlo a ho utloa lesale kapa ho utloa ho thothomela ha selefounu (, ), Le bohloko le bofokoli ba menoana e metona le liatleng tse lebisang ho palo e eketsehang ea linyeoe tsa de Quervain's tenosynovitis ().

Ka mantsoe a pharaletseng a boits'oaro, lipontšo tse latelang tse nang le mathata le tsona li hlokometsoe, khafetsa ha li bapisoa le ho tiisoa ke litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM (bona Tafole Lethathamo11):

  • - Ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata le tlhokomeliso maemong a kotsi kapa maemong a thibetsoeng () le likhohlano tsa kahisano le malapa le likhohlano, hammoho le ho felloa ke thahasello mesebetsing e meng (-). Tsoelo-pele ea boits'oaro e ea bonoa leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe kapa ho senyeha hoa motho ho bakiloeng ke (, ).
  • Kotsi, ho pheta-pheta litšitiso tsa 'mele, kelello, sechaba, mosebetsi kapa malapa, ho khetha mohala oa selefounu ho ikopanya le motho (-); lipuisano khafetsa le khafetsa khafetsa) ka ho hlobaela le ho sithabela ha boroko (, ).
  • Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, ho potlaka, ho ithiba, mamello, ho itšepa, ho ba le bothata ba ho laola, ho lakatsa, tšebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ho fihlela khotsofalo kapa boikhathollo kapa ho loants'a maikutlo a sithabetsang (, , ), tlhoko ea ho hokahanngoa, maikutlo a ho teneha kapa ho lahleha haeba o arohane le mohala kapa oa ho romella le ho shebella melaetsa e nang le maikutlo a ho hloka botsitso ha o sa khone ho e sebelisa (, -).
  • - Matšoenyeho le bolutu ha o sa khone ho romella molaetsa kapa ho fumana karabelo hanghang (); khatello ea maikutlo le ho fetoha ha maikutlo ka lebaka la tlhoko ea ho arabela hanghang ho melaetsa (, ).
Lethathamo 1  

Matšoao a ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu le litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 bakeng sa papali ea chelete e tlamang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Chóliz), a ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hae a sebelisa DSM-IV-TR bakeng sa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, o boletse lintlha tse 'ne tse hlalosang bokhoba le ho itšepa ho baithuti: ho ithiba, ho hloka taolo, mamello, 'me tlhekefetso le ho kena-kenana le mesebetsi e meng (, ). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputsong ea nako e telele ea nako e telele mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone tsa moithuti, boitšoaro bo lemalloang bo ne bo amana le ho jarolla le ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng hammoho le lipuisano tse qobelloang le ho ngola. Ka mantsoe a mang, mosebelisi ea seng lekhoba a ka sebelisa nako e lekanang le selefounu joalo ka mosebelisi ea lemaletseng lithethefatsi, empa nako ea mosebelisi eo e seng lekhoba ha e fetohe, e shebile haholo mesebetsing ea konkreite mme e sa hasane ().

Leha ho le joalo, ho na le maemo a fapaneng a nkoang ke bafuputsi, ho tloha bothateng bo felletseng ba temallo ho ea ho tlhaloso e pharalletseng ea matšoao ana, ka lebaka la lefu la taolo ea tšusumetso kapa litšobotsi tse thata kapa tsa kelello, tse fanang ka mefuta e mengata. ea menyetla ea boits'oaro ntle le bokhoba. Ka kutloisiso ena, Sansone le Sansone () hlokomela hore litlatsetso lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso, ts'ebeliso e mpe, ts'ebeliso e mpe le bokhoba ba tahi ha li so hlalosoe hantle. Toda et al. () hlokomela hore tlhekefetso ea selefounu e ka bonoa e le boits'oaro bo tsamaellanang le mokhoa o itseng oa bophelo.

Leha ho le joalo, ha ho nahanoa ka litlaleho tse akaretsang tsa bokhoba ba tahi li bonts'itsoe, matšoao le bothata bo ikhethileng bo hlokometsoe, le ho sekaseka ngollano ea eona le litekanyetso tsa papali ea chelete ho DSM-5 le ho lemalla lithethefatsi - sesebelisoa sa mantlha sa ho bapisa bafuputsi ba bangata ba lekolang bokhoba ba mohala - phapang ea bohlokoa e ka ananeloa, e hlokang ho nahanoa ka boteng ba eona ntle le ho khetholla mekhoa e meng e ka bang le mathata.

Kamora nako, ho na le ts'oaetso e tsebahalang kapa "sebaka sa ho ikatisa" se amanang le nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ka kakaretso, le litlamorao tsa boits'oaro haholo, tse hlalosoang ke boitšepo bo tlase, bothata ba likhohlano, ho hloka maikutlo le ho batla maikutlo, ho hloka mamello ea bohloko le ho hlonama, le / kapa tloaelo ea maemo a tepelletsang kapa a maiketsetso (). Sena se ka hlalosa ho ba teng khafetsa ha mathata a boits'oaro ba mohala oa selefounu le litšobotsi tse nang le mathata kapa mafu a kelello, joalo ka ha ho bonoe ka tlase.

Ho ata

Lintlha tse atileng ka bongata (bona Tafole Tafole2) 2) li entsoe ka karabelo ea litekanyetso tse ikhethileng tsa bokhoba, ts'ebeliso, ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng le boits'oaro bo kotsi. Boemong bo bong le bo bong, liperesente tse pharalletseng li tšehelitsoe ke mekhoa, lisebelisoa le lisampole tse fapaneng, ho etsa papiso e le thata

Lethathamo 2  

Lintlha tse atileng.

Hoa tsebahala hore lipotso tsa lipotso tse itlalehang li fapana ka boits'oaro le botshepehi ho latela hore na li fanoa ka seqo kapa ka ngollano. Ebile, boits'oaro bo bong bo tloaetse ho fokotsoa litlalehong tsa hau (). Ho nka hore lithuto tse 'maloa tsa ho lemalla selefounu li sebelisitse boits'oaro kapa boits'oaro ba motho eo ho buisanoang le eena (), Beranuy Fargues le al. () ba hlokometse hore ka kutloisiso ena, 22.1% ea bacha le 27.9% ea bacha ba nkuoa e le makhoba a selefounu, leha e le 5.35% feela le 5.26% ea bona ba bonts'itseng boits'oaro bo kotsi kapa bo kotsi. Billieux et al. () hape e fumane hore litekanyo tse itseng tsa ho se ts'oenyehe, joalo ka mamello, mamello e tlase, le bolelele ba ho ba le mohala oa selefounu, e ne e le likhakanyo tsa boits'oaro bo boholo ba bokhoba.

Ka hona, boits'oaro bo hlahisa tlhaiso-leseling e atileng mme e lebisa ho maikutlo a ikhethileng a bokhoba, a fokotsehang ha o sebelisa maemo a netefalitsoeng kapa a netefalitsoeng ho feta boits'oaro ba boithati ().

Mehlala ea tšoaetso hangata e ipapisitse le baithuti ba banyane le bacha, ho bolelang hore ho ata ha batho ho hlile ho bolela sechaba sena ntle le phumaneho e sa fetoheng ea lilemo tse nepahetseng. Leha re tseba hore tlhekefetso ea mohala oa mohala oa selefouno e ka ba bothata ho baithuti ba banyane le lilemong tsa bocha, ha re na kutloisiso e pharalletseng ea bothata mabapi le sechaba ka kakaretso. Ho bohlokoa ho lekola phapang lipakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo le ho bona litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea selefounu ho e mong le e mong oa bona (). Ntle le moo, liphapang tse amanang le setso le setso ha li so ka li ithutoa ho fihlela joale, leha lithuto tse ling li hlokometse ho ata ho hoholo Middle East (Iran) le baahi ba Asia Bochabela, haholo Korea moo baithuti ba univesithi ba bonts'itseng ho itšetleha haholo ( 11.15%) ho feta MaAmerika (6.36%) ().

Mathata a mokhoa oa thuto le thuto ea bokhoba ba selefounu

Lisebelisoa tsa mekhoa ea ts'ebetso le tlhahlobo (bona Tafole Tafole3) 3) li khethoa ke litekanyetso tsa bona tsa motheo tsa tšimoloho. Ha e le hantle, ho na le mola o le mong oa lipatlisiso o nkang ho lemalla lithethefatsi e le mohopolo o pharalletseng, o sa felle feela linthong, o nang le motheo motheong oa ona oa neurobiologic (, , ). Mohopolo ona o sebelisitsoe ho latela mokhoa oa papali ea chelete oa papali ea chelete (, , , ) le ho lemalla lithethefatsi [Yen et al. (), Chóliz le Villanueva (), Chóliz le Villanueva (), Chóliz (), Labrador Encinas le Villadangos González (), Merlo le al. (, Kwon et al. (), Roberts le al. (), le hara ba bang]. Bangoli ba bang ba thehile lipatlisiso tsa bona ho latela mekhoa ea ho lemalla litlamorao tsa inthanete kapa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro, bo neng bo na le ts'ehetso e hlakileng ho litekanyetso tse thehiloeng lipatlisisong tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (, , , , , , , ).

Lethathamo 3  

Liletsa le mekhoa.

Mofuta o mong oa lipatlisiso o amohela mohopolo oa ho lemalla selefounu, ho holisa menyetla le ho hlalosa boits'oaro, hammoho le poleloana "bokhoba" bo amanang le boitšoaro bo qobelloang), boitšoaro bo itšetlehileng ka (, , , , ), le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata, e fetelletseng kapa ea mafu, , ), e lebisang ho lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo tse nang le mekhahlelo e pharalletseng ea boits'oaro. Lenane lena la lipatlisiso le khetholloa ka ho hatisa ho ba teng ha ho haelloa ke taolo ea tšusumetso le ho lemalla. Ho latela pono ena, khaello ea taolo ke phello ea, kapa e phela le mafu a mang ao ho se ts'oenyehe ho nang le karolo ea ona (, ). Ka hona, taba ea hore ts'ebeliso ea selefounu ea matlafatsa e ka lebisa ho boitšoaro bo nang le mathata ntle le ho hloka hore o ba re ke lithethefatsi (, , ).

Ka mokhoa oa thuto, boholo ba lithuto tsena li arohane ka likarolo mme li ipapisitse le lipotso tse sebelisang baithuti le mehlala ea boiketlo e nang le mohlala o le mong feela, leha lithuto tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao li ipapisitse le lingoliso tsa longitudinal telematic. Hajoale, mela e latelang ea lipatlisiso e bohlokoa haholo:

  • - Patlisiso e sebelisang lipotso tse ipapisitse le bokhoba bo itlhalositseng [Beranuy Fargues et al. (); Chen (); Perry le Lee (); Halayem et al. (); Hashem (), hara tse ling] - mohopolo oa bokhoba o hlahisoa ho tloha qalong, mme ho itlhahloba ho itlhahloba ho motho eo ho buisanoeng le eena. Ka kakaretso li hlahisa tlhaiso-leseling e atileng ea ho ata, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana.
  • - Lipatlisiso li sebelisa lipotso tse mabapi le boits'oaro bo nang le mathata, ho khetholla basebelisi e le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea bona (, , , , ) ntle le ho sebetsana le mohopolo oa bokhoba - bokhoba boemong bona bo netefatsoa ke litekanyetso tsa kantle, joalo ka DSM-IV-TR kapa DSM-5, ho nka ts'ebeliso e kotsi, e nang le mathata, kapa e itšetlehileng ka boits'oaro [Hooper le Zhou (), Leung (), Leung (), Igarashi le al. (), Chóliz le Villanueva (), Chóliz le Villanueva (), Chóliz (Koo (), Walsh le al. (), Martinotti le al. (), Pawlowska le Potembska (), Merlo le al. (, Kwon et al. (), le hara ba bang].
  • - Liphuputso tsa nako e telele tse nang le lisebelisoa tsa ho ngolisa boits'oaro li sebelisa software e kentsoeng liselefounong tsa bankakarolo moo ts'ebeliso e ikhethang ea bankakarolo e ngoe le e ngoe e ngolisitsoeng ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele - ona ke mokhoa oa morao-rao haholo, mme ho sebelisoa lisampole tse nyane ho ngolisa litaba, nako ea ts'ebeliso, le khafetsa ea lipuisano. Phuputso e 'ngoe e joalo e bontšitse hore kakaretso ea nako ea ts'ebeliso e tlalehiloeng ho lipotso e ne e phahametse ya data e ngolisitsoeng hantle, , , ), ho bolelang hore boits'oaro ba nako e nehetsoeng ho litaba tse tlalehiloeng ka har'a lipotso li ne li le tlase ho nako ea nnete e ngolisitsoeng ke ts'ebeliso, e bonts'a ho nyenyefatsa ts'ebeliso e hlakileng ().
  • - Lithuto tsa boleng tse batlang boiphihlelo bo tobileng ba basebelisi (, , ) - tsena li ipapisitse le lipuisano tsa motho ka mong le tsa sehlopha, tse fanang ka tlhaiso-leseling e thusang haholo molemong oa meralo ea lisebelisoa tsa lipatlisiso tse ngata, le tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea liphetho tse fumanoeng.

Ka kakaretso, lisebelisoa tsena le lithuto li fetohile thutong ea boits'oaro ba ts'ebeliso ea mohala oa mohala oa selefouno mabapi le boits'oaro bo itseng, joalo ka ho sebelisa li-smartphones (, ), Inthanete ea mohala (), marang-rang ka kakaretso (, , Ka ho khetheha, Facebook (, ), melaetsa ea selefouno (, ), Le WhatsApp () kapa litlamorao tsa boitšoaro bo joalo, ke hore, nomophobia (). Ka hona, ntle le boithuto ba boits'oaro bo amanang le sesebelisoa ka bosona, bohlokoa bo fanoa ts'ebelisong le phapanong ea sona dessyecik mesebetsi e ikhethileng, lits'ebetso, le litlamorao. Ka kutloisiso ena, Lin et al. () e fana ka maikutlo a hore e kanna eaba smartphone e hlahisitse mofuta o mocha oa boits'oaro bo hlalosoang e le moaho oa mefuta-futa, hammoho le bokhoba ba inthanete.

Phapang ea Sociodemographic

Ho na le phapang e kholo boitsebisong le lipatlisisong tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu, leha bongata ba bona bo hlile bo sekaseka phapang ea lilemo le thobalano, ka tekolo ea boemo ba thuto le maemo a moruo li sa fella. Leha lithuto tseo re li hlahlobileng li ne li na le semelo sa libaka tse fapaneng haholo, tlhahlobo ea phapang ea setso sa libaka e haelloa ke lingoliloeng.

Liphapang ka Lilemo

Sehlopha se senyane ka ho fetesisa, haholo lilemong tsa bocha, se amehile haholo ebile se kotsing ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le boits'oaro (), e lebisitseng boholo ba lithuto ho sebetsana le lihlopha tsena tsa lilemo.

Ka kakaretso, tlhaiso-leseling e bonts'a hore nako eohle e sebelisitsoeng liselefounong e ea fokotseha ha motho a ntse a hola, ka linako tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse tlalehiloeng bakeng sa batho ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 20, haholo lilemong tsa bocha, tse ka bang lilemo tse 14 (, , , , , , ). Taba ena e amana le ho fokotseha ha boitšoaro bo fumanehang sehlopheng sena sa lilemo (). Haholo-holo tšebeliso ea nako ea bona e sebelisoa haholo ho romellana melaetsa (, , ), ka mefuta e meng ea puisano e eketseha ho feta nako).

Ts'ebeliso ea selefounu ho bacha e bohlokoa hoo bacha ba bang le ka mohla ba se keng ba tima liselefounu tsa bona bosiu, ba matlafatsa boits'oaro bo etsang hore ho be thata ho phomola). Haholo-holo, 27% ea bacha ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 11 le 14 ba lumela hore ha ba ke ba tima mehala ea bona ea selefouno, e leng boits'oaro bo eketsehang ka lilemo tse pakeng tsa lilemo tse 13-14, a le mong ho ba bararo ba bacha ha a ke a tima / sesebelisoa sa hae ().

Lilemo tsa ho ba le selefounu ea pele le tsona lia bohlokoa: lilemo tse nyane tseo sena se etsahalang ho tsona, monyetla o moholo oa ts'ebeliso e thata nakong e tlang. Ka ho khetheha, Sahin et al. () o fumane hore lits'oants'o tse kholo tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe kapa bokhoba li fumanoa ha mohala oa pele oa motho o fumanoa a le monyane ho feta lilemo tse 13.

Liphapang ka bong

Hoo e batlang e le lithuto tsohle li bonts'a hore basali ba na le maemo a holimo a ts'epahalo le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ho feta banna (, , , ). Ts'ebeliso ea basali ea selefounu hangata e amana le botsoalle), Likamano tsa batho ba bang le pōpo, le tlhokomelo ea mabitso le puisano e sa tobang, le ho romellana melaetsa le ho romellana melaetsa ke lits'ebetso tsa bona tse sebelisoang khafetsa (, ). Ntle le moo, selefounu e ka sebelisoa ho qoba maikutlo a sa thabiseng (, ), e lebisang boitšoarong ba ho fela pelo le ho hloka botsitso bo amanang le boits'oaro bo hlokolosi le mathata a tšebeliso ea chelete (, ).

Bakeng sa banna, ts'ebeliso ea selefounu ka nako e le 'ngoe e ipapisitse le melaetsa ea mongolo, lipuisano tsa lentsoe (, ), le lits'ebetso tsa lipapali (, ), 'Me ba bontša tloaelo e phahameng ho feta basali ho sebelisa selefounu ea bona maemong a kotsi (). Phuputso e entsoeng ke Roberts et al. () O fumane hore lits'ebetso tse nang le bothata bo boholo ke mehala ea lentsoe, melaetsa ea selefouno le liwebosaete tsa marang-rang. Phapang lipakeng tsa banna le basali e ipapisitse le nako ea ts'ebeliso ho fapana le ts'ebeliso. Basali ba qeta nako e ngata ho feta ba batona ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likopo tsena, e lebisang boitšoarong bo shebaneng le likamano tse matla le tse haufi tsa setsoalle, athe banna ba sebelisa nako ea bona ka tsela e sebetsang le e sebetsang.

Bakeng sa basali, ka hona, selefouno ke mokhoa oa ho ikopanya le batho, moo ho romellana melaetsa le liwebosaete ho etsang karolo ea bohlokoa, ha e le ho banna, ho sebelisoa mofuta o fapaneng haholo oa ts'ebeliso. Sena se fapana le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, e bonts'ang boemo bo fapaneng: boits'oaro bo nang le mathata bo bonoa khafetsa ho banna (). Tlhekefetso ea selefounu e arabela molemong oa ho hloka taolo e matla ea maikutlo (); ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho ba mosali ho ka ba sesireletsi bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang ().

Thuto, Boemo ba Setso le Phapang ea Boemo ba Moruo

Leha ho se na bopaki ba phapano ea boemo ba thuto le moruo ts'ebelisong (), Mazaheri le Najarkolaei () o fumane hore baithuti ba tsoang malapeng a nang le maemo a phahameng a setso le moruo ba na le maemo a phahameng a ho its'etleha, 'nete e amanang le ho itšehla thajana le bolutu ha ba ithuta hole le hae; mona, selefouno ke sesebelisoa sa ho ikopanya. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Tavakolizadeh et al. () e netefalitse kamano e tobileng lipakeng tsa boemo ba thuto le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata, eo ba e bolelang ka nako eo ba e qetileng ba le hole le hae le ho itšehla thajana ho bakoang ke nako e telele ea ho ithuta. Sanchez Martinez le Otero () e netefalitse kamano lipakeng tsa baithuti le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu, likamano tse mpe tsa malapa, le batsoali ba nang le boemo bo phahameng ba thuto ntle le mathata a moruo. Ba hlalosa hore kamano ena e bakoa ke tlhoko ea ho boloka likamano tse ntle tsa sechaba.

Sahin et al. (), ho fapana le moo, o fumane hore boemo ba bokhoba ba selefounu bo kholo ho baithuti ba tsoang malapeng a nang le moputso o tlase ha o bapisoa. Lopez-Fernandez et al. (Hape o hlokometse kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mohala oa mohala oa moithuti le boemo ba thuto ba batsoali ba bona. Boemo ba thuto ea ntate kapa mme bo ne bo phahame, ts'ebeliso ea mohala oa selefouno e ne e se na mathata. haeba batsoali ba ne ba na le li-degree tsa univesithi, boithabiso bo ikhethileng ba mahlale ba bana ba bona bo ne bo fokotseha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Leung () o fumane kamano lipakeng tsa maemo a tlase a moruo le moruo le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu.

Mabapi le thuto ea lelapa, Zhou et al. () hape e bone kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea batsoali le ho itšetleha ka liselefouno le ho lemalla bana inthaneteng le mahlale a mang, ao ba a hlalositseng e le litholoana tsa ho lahloa kherehloa.

Phapang ea Libaka le Setso

Hoa utloahala ho nahana hore ho na le phapang ea libaka le litso mabapi le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu; leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang ea libaka e teng ka sehlooho. Ho bonahala eka ts'epahalo e kholo ea selefounu e teng linaheng tsa Asia Bochabela, joalo ka Korea, e ka hlalosoang ka linyehelo tsa bona tse kholo tsa selefounu le ho kenella ho phahameng ha theknoloji har'a leqheka le lenyane haholo. Shin () ba entse thuto e bapisang ba lekola boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang ea baithuti ba univesithi United States le Korea. Lintlha tsa bona li netefalitse hore Makorea a bonts'a ts'epahalo e kholo (11.15%) ho feta MaAmerika (6.36%).

Botho le mefuta e fapaneng ea kelello

Ha e le hantle, lithuto tse nang le bothata ba mohala oa selefouno li ikemiselitse ho fumana mefuta-futa kapa litšoaneleho tsa botho tse kopanang le boits'oaro bo thata kapa bo lemalloang. Ka kutloisiso ena, motho a ka bua ka ho ba tlokotsing, ka ha e meng ea litsobotsi tsena e ka ba tse tlisetsang pele kapa tse ka lebellang ho lemalla lithethefatsi kapa boits'oaro bo itseng (Ka ho khetheha, ba shebane le sebopeho sa lintho tse hlano (FFM) sa botho le ho itšepa, ho inahana, ho itsebahatsa le ho se tsotelle.

Mehlala e Mehlano

"Boitšoaro bo Boholo ba Batho ba Mahlano," bo tsejoang hape e le FFM, bo sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho lemalla liselefounu le lithethefatsi (FFM e theha mekhahlelo e mehlano ea botho (ho fetela, ho buleha ho ba le boiphihlelo kapa ho fetoha, letsoalo, tumellano, le ts'oaetso kapa ho se tsitse ha maikutlo).

Takao (), ho sebelisoa lethathamo la lintlha tse hlano tsa NEO (), o hlokometse hore ho ba mosali, extrovert, neurotic, le ho buloa tlase ho ba le monyetla oa ho tseba esale pele 13.5% ea linyeoe tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu. Neuroticism e amana le ho itšepa ho tlase le tlhoko ea tumello ea sechaba, ha ho buleha ho tlase ha boiphihlelo ho bolela tloaelo ea ho qoba maemo a maikutlo a sa lumellaneng.

Kuss le Griffiths () Ba fumane hore basebelisi ba sebelisa marang-rang ho etsa le ho ntlafatsa mabitso, ha baetsi ba litaba ba li sebelisa ho lefella mathata a bona mabapi le batho. Li-extraverts le li-introverts li ka 'na tsa lemalla, haholoholo tse nang le lintlha tse tlase ho letsoalo le li-introverts tse nang le lintlha tse ngata ho neuroticism le narcissism. Giota le Kleftaras () o hlokometse hore ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata a marang-rang e amana le neuroticism le ho amoheleha hape le khatello ea maikutlo, haholoholo ho basali.

Tsela le Mokhoa () e netefalitse hore tlatsetso ke sesupo se matla sa ho ba le thepa ea smartphone, ka melaetsa ea selefouno le melaetsa ea hang-hang e le lits'ebetso tse sebelisoang khafetsa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lintlha tse phahameng tsa tumellano li bolela esale pele ho letsetsa mohala o phahameng ho feta ho romellana melaetsa, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore puisano ea sechaba e tšehetsoa ke puisano e otlolohileng.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Bianchi le Phillips () o ithutile ts'ebeliso e thata ea mohala oa selefouno e le ts'ebetso ea lilemo, tlatsetso le boitšepo. Ka ho khetheha, phetisetso e ne e amahanngoa le tlhoko ea ho ikhathatsa khafetsa dessyecik litemana ho feta puisano e tobileng. Thutong ea bona, neuroticism e ne e se phapang e ka lebelloang; leha ho le joalo, ba hlokometse hore ho itšepa ho tlase ho ne ho bolela tšebeliso e mpe ka nako eo e neng e khetha mokhoa oa puisano o sa tobang. Haholo-holo, boitšepo bo ka fetoha ho latela moelelo le nako 'me ho ka nkuoa e le naha () e ka sebelisoang ts'ebelisong ea mohala oa selefounu (). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu e amanang le boitšepo bo tlase e ka ba maemong a tlhaho.

Igarashi et al. () o ithutile ts'ebeliso e thata ea melaetsa ea selefouno ho ea ho likamano tse tobileng tsa batho. Ba fumane hore ts'epahalo le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng li hlalositsoe, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka ho fetelletsa, ho bonts'a tlhoko le takatso ea ho boloka puisano le ba bang le ho theha likamano tse ncha, ha ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho romellana melaetsa ho sebetsana le tlhoko ea ts'ireletso le ho putsa hobane tšabo ea tahlehelo ea sechaba e ka hlalosoa ke neuroticism.

Andreassen et al. () ba tsepamisitse thuto ea bona ho Facebook ho nts'etsapele Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS). Ba fumane hore BFAS e hokahane hantle eseng feela le Addictive Tendencies Scale () empa hape le neuroticism le extraversion mme e hokahane hampe le letsoalo. Maikutlo a mabeli a ka ananeloa mona: ho fetelletsa litaba ho boloka kamano e otlolohileng le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu, athe kamano ena e fapane mabapi le Marang-rang (). Kahoo, Facebook e ka lemalla, 'me profil ea extraversion e ka ba e otlolohileng kapa e khelohileng, ho latela hore na Facebook e sebelisitsoe dessyecik selefounu kapa komporo.

Ka kakaretso, tlhekefetso ea ho romella melaetsa ea selefouno e amahanngoa le tloaelo e matla ea ho fetelletsa lintho le boitšepo. Libakeng tsa marang-rang, ntle le tlatsetso, neuroticism ke lebaka le ka bang batho ba nang le matšoenyeho a phahameng le ho se sireletsehe ba ka sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa ts'ehetso le polokeho (). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba khomphuteng e bonts'a tloaelo ea ho baleha, ho tšaba sechaba, ho ba lihlong, ho kenella, ho se tsotelle, maemo a tlase a boitšepo, le khotsofalo, ntle le ho batla maikutlo ().

Ho Ts'oarana le Ho Batla Tlhahlobo

Ts'oaetso ke moetlo o mong o nkoang e le tlhekefetso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea mohala oa selefounu, mme pejana re ile ra sekaseka karolo ea eona e le selelekela kapa sesosa sa ts'oaetso ea litlamorao tsa boitšoaro (, ). Ka ho khetheha, Billieux et al. () o hlahlobile karolo ea ho se ts'oenyehe ho latela likarolo tse 'ne tsa UPPS [Potlako, (khaello ea) Premeditation, (tlhokeho ea) Ho phehella le ho batla Sensation] sekala sa litšupiso (). Ba fumane hore ho potlaka, ho haelloa ke kemiso esale pele, le ho hloka mamello li amana ka ho felletseng le boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo, ho potlaka, ho hlalosoang e le tloaelo ea ho ba le tšusumetso e matla e ke keng ea chechisetsoa morao ka lebaka la maemo a mabe, ke karolo e bolelang esale pele tšebeliso e thata ea selefounu. Kahoo, lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho potlaka li amana le palo e eketsehang ea mehala, bolelele ba nako le palo ea melaetsa e romelloang. Ho potlaka ho ts'oana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le maano a sa lekaneng a ho itlhophisa maikutlong, joalo ka mehopolo e khanyang e qholotsang le ho boloka maemo a mabe. Ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefouno ntlheng ena e bontša boiteko ba ho laola maemo ana a maikutlo a mabe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khaello ea mamello e ka bonts'oa ke palo le bolelele ba mehala ea selefounu hammoho le mathata a amanang le moruo, ha khaello ea boitokisetso e kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea eona maemong a kotsi kapa a thibetsoeng, a amanang le ho batla maikutlo ().

Ho batla maikutlo ke tšobotsi ea botho e kenyelletsang litekanyo tsa thabo le boithabiso, ho hloka thibelo, ho batla boiphihlelo le kutloisiso ea ho teneha (, ). E khetholloa ka tlhoko ea liphihlelo tse ncha tse sa tloaelehang, tse fapaneng le tse matla, tse tsamaeang le likotsi tsa 'mele, tsa kahisano, tsa molao, le / kapa tsa lichelete, mme khafetsa li lula le ho hloka takatso ea boitšoaro bo lemalloang (). Liphuputso tse fetileng li fumane kamano lipakeng tsa boithabiso le boithati; Leung, ) a tiisa hore ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho lekantsoe ke Leisure Boredom Scale (), Ho batla maikutlo, ho sebelisa subscale ea Boithabiso (), le boitšepo ka sekhahla sa boitšepo ba Rosenberg () ke likhakanyo tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu.

Boitšepo, Boitlhalo, Boitšoaro le Tikoloho ea Sechaba

Mehopolo e joalo ka boitšepo, boits'oaro kapa boitlhokomelo sechabeng, le ho its'etleha tikolohong li fumanoa liphuputsong tse ngata tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea mohala oa selefouno. Takao et al. () o hlokometse hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu ke mosebetsi oa tlhoko ea tumello ea sechaba le boitšoaro empa ha e amane le bolutu. Ea morao-rao, ho fapana le hoo, e amana le tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang (). Ka lebaka la hore bolutu bo kopana le boitseko, ho ka fihleloa qeto ea hore ka ho fapana, mefuta ena ke tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa bokhoba ba inthanete empa ha se hakaalo hore e lemalla selefounu. Leha ho le joalo, Bhardwaj le Ashok () o fumane khokahano lipakeng tsa ho lemalla selefounu le bolutu. Tlhoko ea tumello ea sechaba, e bontšitsoeng ka nako e nehetsoeng ho ngola le ho bala melaetsa, e boetse e amahanngoa le boitšepo bo tlase ().

Park et al. () o fumane hore ho etsisa ba bang, ho ikhella fatše le ho tšoenyeha sechabeng ho tlatselitse ts'ebetsong e mpe ea selefounu. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka lipatlisisong tse ling, ha se hakaalo lipuisano tsa lentsoe empa ke palo ea melaetsa ea mongolo eo hangata e leng litholoana tsa ts'ebeliso e thata.

Walsh et al. () a khetholla makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea mohala oa selefouno ho tloha molemong oa motho ka mong kapa ho itšetleha ka ona joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke Lenane la Lipotso la Kenyelletso ea Mohala oa Thelefono (MPIQ). Ba nkile boitsebahatso ba bona, kapa boleng bo lemohuoang ba mohala oa thekeng bakeng sa ho itlhahisa le ho amoheloa ke ba bang, e ka ba selelekela sa tšebeliso ea makhetlo, ha boitsebahatso le tumello ea ba bang li ka supa ho itšetleha kapa moelelo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba ne ba nka ho itšetleha ka selefouno ho amana le ho itšetleha ka tikoloho ea sechaba. Hamorao, Walsh et al. () o fumane hore ho itsebahatsa o sa le monyane ho bolela tšebeliso ea makhetlo a mangata, ha ts'epahalo kapa moelelo oa motho ka selefounu li boloka likamano tsa bohlokoa le ho ba basali, bocha, boits'oaro le melao ea sehlopha.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, boitšepo ke tloaelo e hlahlojoang hangata lithutong tse nang le mathata tsa ts'ebeliso ea selefouno. Tlhekefetso ea mohala oa selefounu le bokhoba li bile li hlalositsoe ho sebelisoa Khopolo-taba ea Attachment (), e tiisang hore masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa, ho tloha tsoalong, a tlameha ho theha kamano e haufi le bonyane mohlokomeli ea ka sehloohong ka nako e le 'ngoe le litlhoko tsa bona le maemo a maikutlo bakeng sa kholo e phetseng hantle ea sechaba le maikutlo. Ho na le bopaki ba hore mekhoa ea ho ikopanya e sa sireletseha e amahanngoa le boitšepo bo tlase (, ), ka hona, likhakanyo tse ka bang teng tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu ().

Qetellong, Billieux (e akaretsa mela ea hajoale e bulehileng ea lipatlisiso, e bonts'a lihlopha tse 'nè patlisisong e nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea mohala oa mohala oa selefouno: e le mokhoa oa ho fumana ts'ireletseho likamanong tse nang le tšebelisano 'moho' me o khetholloa ke boitšepo le maemo a phahameng a neuroticism, (c) ho fetelletsa lintho, ho amanang le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng le botsoalle le takatso e matla ea ho boloka likamano, le (d) Ho itšunya-tšunya ka tumellano le theknoloji ea smartphone, e lumellang phihlello ea lits'ebeletso tse fapaneng le lits'ebetso inthaneteng. Ea morao-rao o hlalosa tšebeliso e mpe ka lebaka la khoheli ea tikoloho ena ea mahlale. Ho latela pono ena, bokhoba bo ka lebisa ho mekhoa e meng e kotsi, joalo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete kapa video.

Mathata a kelello le likhathatso tsa kelello

Mabapi le mathata a kelello a bakoang ke tlhekefetso ea mohala oa selefouno, lipatlisiso li shebile ho kena-kenana le boroko le ho phela ha eona ka tšebeliso ea lintho tse kang joala le koae le matšoao a matšoao le mafu a kelello, haholoholo khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo.

Ho kena-kenana le Boroko

Bothata ba ho kena-kenana le boroko bo hlile bo bonoa bocheng, moo tšebeliso e mpe ea selefouno e ka sitisang mesebetsi le litloaelo tse phetseng hantle, tse amang nako ea boroko le boleng. Ka ho khetheha, Sahin et al. () o hlokometse hore lintlha tsa baithuti ba phahameng ke tsa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ho Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS) (), ho senyeha ho hoholo hoa boleng ba bona ba boroko, bo lekantsoeng ho sebelisoa sekala sa boleng ba boroko ba Pittsburgh ().

Ka tsela e tšoanang, Jenaro et al. () o fumane hore tlhekefetso ea mohala oa selefouno ea baithuti e amahanngoa le matšoenyeho le boroko, haholoholo ho basali. Thomée et al. (, ) hape o hlokometse kamano lipakeng tsa palo ea mehala le melaetsa le mathata a ho robala hape le tloaelo ea ho sebelisa mohala bosiu (). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, khatello ea motho e nahanoa hore e tsoa tlhekefetsong ea mohala oa mohala oa selefouno ka ha e boloka boemo ba tlhokomeliso ebile e sitisa boroko ().

Mabapi le marang-rang a marang-rang, matšoao a phahameng ho BFAS () li amana le nako le tšitiso ea boroko hara beke, ho netefatsa hore ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea Facebook e sitisa boroko, e fokotsa palo ea lihora tse robetseng, le likhathatso tse ntseng li eketseha.

Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi

Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha ho bapisoa le liselefounu hangata e kentsoe ka har'a patlisiso e pharaletseng e nahanang ka ho se khonehe ha mosebelisi ho boloka mekhoa e metle ea bophelo, hammoho le matšoao a matšoao le mafu a kelello.

Haele hantle, mathata a botho le matšoao a kelello li kopana le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro. Haeba re kenyelletsa metheo ea kelello le methapo ea kutlo, e ka ba e amana le lintho kapa boits'oaro (, , , , , , ), ke ha tlhaho ho bona ho phela hammoho ka bobeli, joalo ka ha ho fumanoa lipatlisisong tse fumanehang marang-rang (). Ka ho khetheha, Lee et al. () e bonts'itse boteng ba mofuta oa neurobiological oa lingoliso tse tloaelehileng tsa EEG bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo.

Thutong le baithuti, Sanchez Martinez le Otero () o fumane kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea mohala oa selefouno, ho hloleha sekolong, matšoao a sithabetsang, ho tsuba le ho ja hanf le lithethefatsi tse ling. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Toda et al. () hape e hlokometse kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea selefounu le ho tsuba, feela ho banna, ntle le ts'ebeliso ea joala, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho kenella ka tlase ho sampole ea bona ea Majapane. Liwebosaete tsa marang-rang le tsona li bontšitsoe hore li phela hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ().

Ka hona, ho na le kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Ebile, neuroticism e bolela esale pele ts'ebeliso ea koae, k'hok'heine, le heroine mme ho buleha ho ba le boiphihlelo ho bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea matekoane; boits'oaro bona bohle bo potlakileng bo leka ho laola maemo a ka hare a dysphoric (moelelong o ts'oanang hantle le tlhekefetso ea selefounu. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta ena ea lithuto e tloaetse ho fumanoa lipatlisisong tse pharalletseng, mme ho bile le liphuputso tse fokolang tse shebaneng haholo le ho ba teng ha mathata a ts'ebeliso ea selefounu le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Botho bo amanang le Mathata a kelello

Lipatlisiso mabapi le mathata le matšoao a kelello li ngata haholo inthaneteng ho feta liselefouno. Nakong ea morao tjena, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo lia bonoa, hammoho le mathata a boroko le bolutu. Boholo ba lithuto li entsoe ho sebelisoa baithuti le ka liteko tsa tlhahlobo tse sa tšehetsoeng kamehla ke lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng kapa tse laoloang tsa tlhahlobo.

Augner le Hacker () o fumane likamano tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea selefounu, khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng, botsitso ba maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo ho basali ba bacha. Tavakolizadeh et al. (Hape o hlokometse kamano pakeng tsa boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello - tloaelo ea ho itšehla thajana, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo - le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea selefounu.

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa ponahalo ea psychopathological ea ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e bonts'a palo e kholo ea boitseko le bolutu (). Ho sithabela maikutlo ho bonahala e le ntho e lumellanang le ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, athe matšoenyeho a bonahala a lekana haholo ka ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu, haholoholo dessyecik ho romellana melaetsa (). Sena se supa hore Marang-rang a araba mekhoa e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ba kelello ho fapana le mehala ea thekeng.

Mefuta e fapaneng ea marang-rang ea psychopathological e fapana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le kamano le marang-rang, moo ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo le methapo ea kutlo, haholoholo ho basali). Boemo bo ka bang teng ba phapang ea li-comorbidities tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu e amanang le lits'ebetso, joalo ka marang-rang a sechaba le melaetsa e potlakileng, e hloka ntlafatso e phethahetseng.

Kamano e fapaneng e bonahala lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu. Haholo-holo, baithuti ba nang le maemo a tlase a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le botsitso ba kelello ba kotsing ea ho hlaolela mekhoa e lemalloang ea ho sebelisa liselefouno. Baithuti bana ba batla phokotso ea tsitsipano le dysphoria ka ho ikopanya le batho, leha ho ba teng ha lipontšo tsa bokhoba har'a baithuti ba phetseng hantle ha ho qheleloe ka thoko mabapi le litlhoko tse ikhethileng kapa tsa maemo (). Hooper le Zhou () ho fapana le hoo, khatello ea maikutlo ho baithuti ba lemalloang e ka ba mathata a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu. Chen () hape o hlokometse kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho lemalla selefounu, ho ba teng ha Young le Rodgers () e ne e bontšitse pejana, leha ho le joalo e bontša hore matšoao a tepeletseng a amahanngoa le lipontšo tse ngata tsa bokhoba ba tahi le lithethefatsi. Ka hona, ha ho makatse ho fumana kamano ena mabapi le inthanete, leha ho sa tsejoe hore na khatello ea maikutlo e supa ts'oaetso kapa litlamorao.

fihlela qeto e

Re hlahlobile ts'ebeliso e thata ea mohala oa selefouno ka mekhoa e ts'oanang le e thehiloe bakeng sa ho lemalla lithethefatsi kapa papali ea chelete. Le ha re bonts'itse ka ho hlaka hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu ke bothata bo hlahang bo hokahantsoeng ka tieo le nts'etsopele ea mahlale, ho na le khaello ea tšebelisano le ho tšoana mokhoeng oa ho ithuta o hlokang hlokolosi ho amohela liqeto tse ngata tse bontšitsoeng.

Ntle le pelaelo, tšitiso e kholo ka ho fetesisa ea tlhekefetso ka tšebeliso e mpe ea selefounu ke phapang ea mantsoe, litekanyetso le kaho tse fumanehang lebaleng. Bafuputsi ba bang ba kholisehile hore re tobane le tahi e fapaneng le e meng. Ntle le moo, ho na le maikutlo a bohlale mabapi le tlhophiso ea bokhoba ba tahi. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le ts'ebeliso e batlang e sa khethollehe kapa e fapaneng haholo ea mantsoe a ho lemalla, tšebeliso e nang le mathata le tlhekefetso ho lingoliloeng. Sena se eketsa pherekano feela mme se hlalosa phapang e kholo ea datha ea ho ata lebaleng le ho hloka papiso; ka holim'a tsohle, ho fapana hona ha maikutlo le ho haella ha tlhaloso ea likhopolo ho lebisitse ho lithuto tse nang le mekhoa e fapaneng haholo ho sebelisa mehlala e bonolo, eo hangata e nang le baithuti ba boholo bo fokolang haholo le palo ea lintlha tsa mehlala.

Ha e le hantle, ebang ke bokhoba kapa che, liselefouno li baka mathata a amang bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi haholo-holo ntle le kotsi ea tšebeliso ea chelete e sa laoleheng ka ho theha litefiso tse bataletseng kapa phihlello ea mahala ea Wi-Fi le ts'ebeliso e se nang moeli. Haeba re bona ho tšoana ha matšoao a eona le litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi kapa papali ea chelete, ho tšoana ho hoholo ho netefalitsoe ke ho phelisana ha eona le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Re nka hore, ha e le hantle, re tobane le bokhoba ba 'mele boo ka sebele bo sa atang joalo ka ha bafuputsi ba bang ba etsa joalo. Ho na le tlhoko ea mohopolo o sebetsang oa poleloana ena le moeli oa meeli lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso le bokhoba ba tahi le boima ba mafu a kelello, moo ho leng thata ho tseba hore na ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata e lula le tsona kapa ke litlamorao tsa tsona, e leng ntho e thatafalang le ho feta litlamong tse kopaneng tsa boitšoaro le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boholo ba lithuto li shebane le bacha le baithuti, nako ea bophelo moo ho ts'oenyeha le ho batla maikutlo ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Kahoo, re nka hore mohopolo oa ho lemalla selefounu o ke ke oa fetisetsoa ho sechaba ka kakaretso ho fihlela lintlha le lithuto tse eketsehileng ho batho ba baholo li fumaneha.

Ka har'a mefuta-futa ea mekhoa, ho itlaleha ke sesebelisoa se sebelisoang khafetsa, se nang le mathata ohle le melemo e amanang le mefuta e fapaneng ea tsamaiso e sebelisitsoeng (mangolo, lengolo-tsoibila, kapa lipatlisiso tsa mohala tse sebelisitsoeng ka lihlopha, litsi, lireschorente tsa seterateng, kapa liunivesithi tsa univesithi). Rea tseba hore moelelo oa kopo o susumetsa litholoana tsa thuto. Kahoo, hoa utloahala ho sebelisa mehlala e pharalletseng, e hlophisitsoeng ka moelelo o laoloang oa tsamaiso ho nolofalletsa boiteko ba ho netefatsa le ho laola ho ts'epahala ha lipotso. Lithuto tsa longitudinal ke lipale 'me hangata li phetheloa ka lipotso tsa lipotso tse fapaneng, empa li ntse li na le boholo bo sa lekanang ba sampole.

Mabapi le lifaele tsa basebelisi, ts'ebeliso ea selefouno ho hlakile hore ha se katoloso ea ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha; ke mekhoa e 'meli e nang le litšusumetso tse fapaneng le li-profiles tsa basebelisi. Maemong ana ka bobeli, tšusumetso e kholo e fumanoa ho batho ba bacha le ba lilemong tsa bocha; molemong oa Marang-rang, basebelisi ba na le lilemo tse pharalletseng mme ba tloaetse ho ba banna, ba nang le monyetla o moholo oa ho itlhahisa le ho itšehla thajana sechabeng. Tlhekefetso ea mohala oa selefouno, ho fapana le hoo, e hlahisa boemo bo bonyenyane bo bocha ba basali ka mokhoa o fetelletseng o shebaneng le melaetsa le marang-rang a sechaba. Tlhekefetso ea inthanete le ea selefounu li amahanngoa le mathata a boitšepo, mohopolo le neuroticism.

Lits'oants'o tse ling tse hlakileng mabapi le boemo ba bothata ba mosebelisi oa lisele lia haella. Re kile ra bona hore tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le maemo a moruo oa batsoali le basebelisi ha e so fetohe. Ho belaelloa liphapang tsa bohlokoa tsa setso le libaka; leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le hore e be lintho tse ithutoang, liphapang tsena li nahane hore li na le leeme tse sitisang ho bapisoa.

Mabapi le mathata a kelello le a kelello a amanang le ts'ebeliso e thata ea selefounu, ho na le kamano e fapaneng lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, litloaelo tse phetseng hantle, le bokhoba ba selefounu. Likotsi tse tlalehiloeng li kenyelletsa ho ameha boroko, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo (le khatello ea maikutlo, hanyane), le ts'ebeliso ea lintho, joalo ka joala kapa koae, haholo ho bacha. Ntle le moo, ho phela hammoho le mafu a itseng a kelello, moo ho hloka taolo ea tšusumetso ho arolelanoang, ho a bonahala.

Ka kakaretso, ho ntse ho na le mosebetsi o mongata o lokelang ho etsoa lefapheng lena ho latela meeli ea eona, litekanyetso le mekhoa ea eona. Ho na le monyetla o moholo oa hore re ka nka selefounu e le ntho e lemalloang habonolo bakeng sa batho ba tlokotsing, ba lemalloang kapa ba nang le mathata ha re ntse re lumella ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata le e qobelloang maemong le maemong a itseng. Ntle le moo, ho hlokahala hore ho atolosoe mefuta e mengata ea tlhahlobo lefapheng lena ho batho ba baholo, ka sepheo sa ho fumana ts'ebeliso ea lefats'e ea ts'ebeliso le tšebeliso e mpe ea selefounu. Leha selefounu e hlile e na le likotsi ho bacha le lilemong tsa bocha, ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ha e na pelaelo hore e teng le ho batho ba baholo.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Dr. Gabriel Rubio le Dr. Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca ba thehile leano la tlhahlobo ea hajoale mme ba khetha lihlooho tse tla tšohloa. Moprofesa José de Sola Gutiérrez o batlile litšupiso, a bala libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho, 'me a ngola kemiso ea pele ea tlhahlobo. Bangoli ba bararo ba ile ba lekola sengoloa se ngotsoeng ka letsoho mme ba thusa ka sengoloa sa hoqetela. Dr. Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca o fumane tšehetso ea lichelete.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Network of Addictive Disorders (Red de Trastornos Adictivos), Carlos III Health Institute (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) le EU-ERDF (Sub-program RETICS RD12 / 0028/0001).

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