Ntlafatso ea korean smartphone ho lemalla proneness scale bakeng sa bacha (2012)

PLoS One. 2014 May 21; 9 (5): e97920. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.

Kim D1, Lee Y1, Lee J1, Ke JK1, Chung Y2.

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli

  • 1Lefapha la Thuto, Univesithi ea Naha ea Seoul, Seoul, Korea Boroa.
  • 2Lefapha la Thuto, Korea National University of Education, CheongJu, Korea Boroa.

inahaneloang

Phuputso ena e hlahisitse Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) e ipapisitse le sekala se teng sa inthanete le likala tse lemalloang ka selefouno. Bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea sekala sena, lintho tsa 29 (makhetlo a 1.5 palo ea ho qetela ea lintho) li ile tsa khethoa qalong e le lintho tsa pele, ho ipapisitsoe le lithuto tsa pejana tsa bokhoba ba inthanete / mohala le boiphihlelo ba bongaka ba litsebi tse amehang. Sekala sa pele se ne se fuoa sampole e emelang naha ka bophara ea baithuti ba 795 likolong tsa mathomo, tse bohareng le tse phahameng ho pholletsa le Korea Boroa. Eaba ho khethoa lintho tsa ho qetela tse 15 ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa ts'epahalo. Sekala sa hoqetela se ne se na le li-subdomain tse 'ne: (1) pherekano ea mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, (2) tloaelo ea bophelo, (3) ho hula, le (4) mamello. Sekala sa hoqetela se bontšitse ts'epahalo e phahameng le Cronbach's α ea .880. Ts'ehetso ea boleng ba sekala e bontšitsoe ke kamano ea eona le sekala sa ho lemalla inthanete, KS-II (r = .49). Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bonnete ba kaho, re ile ra leka Setso sa Meetso ea Tekano. Liphetho li bonts'itse sebopeho sa lintlha tse 'ne hore se sebetse (NFI = .943, TLI = .902, CFI = .902, RMSEA = .034). Bokhoba ba Smartphone bo ntse bo bonahala haholoanyane e le mofuta o mocha oa tahi hammoho le bokhoba ba inthanete. SAPS e bonahala e le sekala se ts'epahalang le se nepahetseng sa tlhahlobo ea bacha ba ka bang kotsing ea ho lemalla li-smartphone. Ho tšohloa litlamorao tse ling le mefokolo.

lipalo

Tlhaloso: Kim D, Lee Y, Lee J, Nam JK, Chung Y (2014) Nts'etsopele ea Korea Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale bakeng sa Bacha. LITLHAKISO TSE PELE 9 (5): e97920. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920

mohlophisi: Amanda Bruce, Univesithi ea Missouri-Kansas City, United States of America

Re amohetse: December 19, 2013; E amohetse: April 16, 2014; E phatlalalitsoe: E se eka 21, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Kim et al. Ena ke sengoloa se fumanehang habonolo se fanoang tlasa lipehelo tsa License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang hore ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa, le ho beleha ho sa sebelisetsoe, ho fana ka moqapi le mohloli oa pele.

Lithuso: Bangoli ha ba na tšehetso kapa chelete ea ho fana ka tlaleho.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Ho phatlalatsoa ha likhomphutha tsa hau ka bo-1990 ho ile ha tsoala phetoho ea dijithale. Lidesktops tsa hau li ile tsa fetoha li-PMP, li-PC tsa li-tablet le li-smartphones - lisebelisoa tse seng li atile haholo maphelong a batho. Haholo-holo, sekhahla sa kabo ea li-smartphone se ntse se nyoloha lefatšeng ka bophara ho tloha ka 2000 [1]. Ts'ebeliso e atileng joalo ea li-smartphones e reiloe "Smart Revolution," mme e ntse e tlisa liphetoho tse kholo maphelong a batho a letsatsi le letsatsi. Le ha ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone e entse hore bophelo bo be bonolo ho batho ba bangata, e boetse e tlisitse litlamorao tse mpe maemong a boiketlo ba kelello, likamano tsa batho ba bang le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele. Mohlala, ka lebaka la phihlello e bonolo ea tikoloho ea inthanete ka li-smartphone, litlamorao tse mpe tsa phello ea likokoana-hloko inthaneteng e khetholloang ka boits'oaro bo theohileng ba boits'oaro [2] [3] li atile haholo, haholo-holo ka mefuta ea pefo ea cyber.

Bacha ba kajeno ba amohela mefuta e mecha ea litaba joaloka li-smartphone [4] kaha ke moloko oa pele oa ho hola ba lika-likelitsoe ke mefuta e fapaneng ea bophatlalatsi bo phahameng [5]. Sena se ka bolela hore bacha ba angoa habonolo ke litlamorao tse mpe tsa mecha ea litaba e bohlale ho feta batho ba baholo. Korea Boroa, bacha ba lemaletseng smartphone ba fihlile ho 11.4% ea baahi, 'me ba holimo ho 2.2% ba tobane le bothata ba ho phela bophelo ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la bokhoba ba bona [6]. Pele li-smartphone li hasana, liselefouno li nkile karolo e kholo ea bophelo ba bacha ho fihlela moo ba bang ba tlalehileng hore ba na le matšoenyeho a mangata ha mohala oa bona o sa sebetse kamehla [4]. Ho lemalla lithelefono tsa cellular le lilemo li bonahala li lekana ka mokhoa o fapaneng, le bacha ba sebelisa mehala ea bona khafetsa [8], hape re na le menyetla e fetang e mabeli ea ho lumela hore ke "lekhoba la liselefounu" ho feta batho ba baholo [9]. Bakeng sa bacha, puisano e thehiloeng mohala ke tsela ea bohlokoa ea ho boloka likamano tsa bona le batho ba bang [7]. Ha ho lemalla li-smartphone e se e le bothata bo boholo har'a bacha, ho hlahisa sekala se ka lekanyetsang maemo le maemo a ho lemalla li-smartphone har'a bacha ho bonahala ho potlakile molemong oa ho ba sireletsa liphellong tse mpe tsa bokhoba ba tahi.

Hobane kabo ea li-smartphone ke ntho e sa tsoa etsahala, lithuto tse hlalositseng matšoao a ikhethileng a ho lemalla li-smartphone ha li fumanehe hangata. Mohopolo o haufi haholo le ho lemalla li-smartphone e ka ba ho lemalla liselefounu, tse nkoang e le mofuta oa boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo khetholloang ke mathata a ho laola maikutlo. Matšoao a tlalehiloeng a ho lemalla lithelefono tsa cellular a kenyelletsa ho tlohela, ho mamella, ho sitisa mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, ho qobelloa le ho qoelisoa [12] le ho ithiba, ho hloka taolo le mathata a tsoang ts'ebelisong, le mamello le ho kena-kenana le mesebetsi e meng [13]. Sekala se teng sa lithethefatsi tsa liselefouno [47] [48] [49] ntshetswa pele e thehiloeng Young [10]Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Inthanete (IAT) le Goldberg [11]Mekhoa ea ho hlahloba ts'oaetso ea inthanete.

Leha ho le joalo, li-smartphone li fapane le liselefouno ka litsela tse 'ne tse kholo. Taba ea mantlha, basebelisi ba li-smartphone ba amehile haholo ka sesebelisoa ho feta basebelisi ba mehla ea selefouno. Basebelisi ba Smartphone ba ikakhela ka setotsoana le sesebelisoa ka bobona le litaba tse ka hare ka nako e le ngoe, 'me ba ka bapala karolo ea mohlahisi ka ho iketsetsa lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng. Kaha lits'ebetso li lumella basebelisi ba li-smartphone ho fana ka maikutlo kapele, ba lumellanang, basebelisi ba li-smartphone ba tloaetse ho ba mafolofolo, ho nka karolo, ho ba le kamano, ho ba le bokhoni le tlhahiso. [15]. Ka lebaka leo, ts'ebeliso ea smartphone e bontšitsoe e lekana ka kotloloho le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso [14]. Taba ea bobeli, li-smartphone li nka bohlokoa ba ho feta linthong tse amang maikutlo tse hlasimollang basebelisi [16]. Sesebelisoa se ikhethileng sa "Smartphone" se kenyeletsang ts'ebetso ea sekirini se ts'oaroang, litokisetso tsa keyboard, litšoantšo, moralo o utloahalang, le likarolo tse ling, se nolofalletsa mosebelisi ho senola semelo sa hae [17]. Bohlokoa ba karolo e hlakileng ea ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone bo ka bonoa hape ka hore basebelisi ba khetha likopo tse lumellang basebelisi ba bangata ho ithabisa hammoho le ho ba le maikutlo a sechaba ka likopo tse ka natefeloang ke motho a le mong [18]. Taba ea boraro, li-smartphones li fana ka ts'ebelisano ea lits'ebeletso tse kang kh'amera, MP3, GPS, ho bala marang-rang, ho letsetsa, e-mail, ho bapala le lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang (SNS) [19] [20] sesebelisoa se le seng se nkehang. E boetse e bitsoa "Inthanete e tšoaroang ka letsoho," ho khoneha ha li-smartphone ho lumella litšebeletso tsa nako ea sebele le tsa motho ka mong kae kapa kae tse ke keng tsa phethahala ho komporo e tloaelehileng ea desktop. Ho feta moo, "Push Service" ea smartphone e tsebisa basebelisi ka liapdeite tse nepahetseng, joalo ka li-imeile tse ncha ka ho fetesisa kapa likarabo tsa Facebook, le pele mosebelisi a li botsa [21]. Litšebeletso tse joalo tse etselitsoeng motho ka mong tse fanoang ke li-smartphone li ka thusa, empa hape li ka susumetsa batho hore ba sebelise li-smartphone tsa bona hampe [22] [23]. Kamora nako, batho ba lilemo tse fapaneng ba bonts'a mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone. Bacha haholo-holo ba sebelisa li-smartphone tsa bona bakeng sa kh'amera, MP3 le mesebetsi e meng ea boithabiso; batho ba lilemong tsa bo-20 haholo-holo ba sebelisa SNS; 'me batho ba lilemong tsa bo-30 le bo-40 ba laola linako tsa bona, lenane la mabitso, lengolo-tsoibila le mesebetsi e meng e amanang le khoebo [24] [25].

Leha ho na le litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa li-smartphone joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, likala tse ngata tse neng li le teng tsa ho lemalla li-smartphone li ne li ts'oana le sekala sa ho lemalla lithelefono tsa cellular, ka lentsoe "mobile phone" le nkeloa sebaka ke "smartphone". E mong oa morao-rao, Casey [26] Tekanyo ea ho lemalla li-smartphone ea smartphone e ne e boetse e nkile lintho sekaleng tse lekanyang mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ba media joalo ka Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale [27], Teko ea Bokhoba ba Marang-rang [10], le Tekanyo ea Bokhoba ba Thelevishene [28]. Ntle le moo, kaha bokhoba ba selefounu bo ne bo boetse bo bonoa e le mofuta oa tahi ea boits'oaro ka lebaka la mathata a ho laola maikutlo, hangata e ne e na le likarolo tsa ho lemalla inthanete.

Ka hona, boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahisitse Korea Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) ea Bacha ka ho eketsa lintho tse bonts'ang litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa li-smartphones ho Internet Addiction Proneness Scale (IAPS) bakeng sa Bacha [29]. IAPS ke sekala sa lintho tse 20 se sebelisitsoeng ho lekola boemo ba bokhoba ba inthanete har'a bacha ba Korea Boroa ho tloha ka 2007. SAPS e ntlafalitsoeng ka boithuto ba hajoale e tla ba sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola ketsahalo ea tšebeliso e mpe ea li-smartphone har'a bacha, 'me e tla qetellong e kenya letsoho ho thibela ho lemalla li-smartphone.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Phuputso ena ke tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling ea naha e tsoang ho projeke ea National Information Agency ea Korea mabapi le bokhoba ba li-smartphone bo entsoeng ka 2012 [34]. Bafuputsi ba phuputso ena ba nkile karolo morerong ona e le mofuputsi ea ka sehloohong le bathusi ba bafuputsi. Hobane projeke ena e ne e tsamaisoa boemong ba naha, tlhaiso-leseling e hlahisitsoeng e ne e tsoa ho sampole e kholo e emelang ho latela tikoloho, lilemo le bong. Phuputso e ajoeng e boletse ka ho hlaka sepheo sa morero mme ea tsebisa bankakarolo hore ba lumela ho nka karolo ka ho tlatsa lipatlisiso. Ho latela karolelano ea palo ea baahi Korea ka bophara, baithuti ba sekolo sa mathomo, ba mahareng le ba phahameng ba 795 (banna ba 461 le basali ba 324) ba phethile patlisiso. Mekhatlo ea libaka e khethiloe ka mokhoa o sa reroang ho tsoa ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea libaka tse 'ne: sebaka sa Metropolitan ea Seoul, sebaka sa Chungcheong / Gangwon, Honam (ho kenyeletsoa Jeju) le sebaka sa Yeongnam. Bongata (44.7%) e ne e le baithuti ba sekolo se mahareng, ba lateloa ke baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng (37.7%) le baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng (17.6%).

Mehato

Lenane la lipotso tsa batho.

Lenane la lipotso tse mabapi le palo ea batho le kenyellelitseng lintho tse amanang le tlhaiso-leseling ea seithuti, boholo le mofuta oa ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone, le ts'ebetso ea thuto li kenyelelitsoe paketeng ea lipatlisiso.

Lintho tsa Sekhahla sa Tlatsetso ea Smartphone.

Ho ipapisitsoe le sekala sa tlhahlobo le liphuputso tse entsoeng pele, hammoho le boiphihlelo ba bongaka ba litsebi tse ngata, lintho tse khethiloeng ka boits'oaro le matla li khethiloe ho ba le sekala. Sekala sa pele se ne se entsoe ka lintho tse mashome a mabeli a metso e robong, 'me ntho ka' ngoe e fumanoe ka sekala sa Likert sa 4 (1 = ha ke lumellane ka matla, 2 = ha ke lumellane, 3 = lumela, 4 = lumela ka matla). Lintho tsa pele tse mashome a mabeli a metso e robong li ne li hlophisitsoe ho potoloha libaka tse 'ne tsa subdomain: pherekano ea mesebetsi e ikamahanyang (lintho tsa 9), ho hula (lintho tsa 7), mamello (lintho tsa 6), le tsela ea bophelo e hlakileng (lintho tsa 7).

Mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

Ho lekola bonnete ba SAPS, ho ile ha hlahisoa mohato o lekolang mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a amanang le bokhoba ba li-smartphone. Mathata a kelello a ka tsamaeang le ho lemalla li-smartphone a kenyelletsa ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, ho potlaka le ho ba mabifi [50]. Kahoo, Teko ea Botho ba Bocha ba NEO [30] lintho tse amanang le mathata ana (lintlha) li fetotsoe mme tsa kenyelletsoa sekoleng sa hajoale. Sekala se na le lintho tse 32, lintho tse 8 nthong ka 'ngoe. Lintho li lekantsoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse 4 (1 = ha ke lumellane ka matla, 2 = ha ke lumellane, 3 = lumela, 4 = ke lumela ka matla). Ts'ebetsong ea lintho tse kenelletseng sekaleng e phahame ka alpha ea Cronbach ea .944 ka kakaretso le .865, .870, .820, .878 nthong ka 'ngoe.

Tekanyetso ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho bacha inthaneteng (KS-II).

Ho bapisa bokhoba ba smartphone le bokhoba ba inthanete, ntho ea 15 KS-II e sebelisitsoe. KS-II e ntlafalitsoe ke Setsi sa Naha sa Boitsebiso [31] o fetile ts'ebetsong ea maemo ho Korea ka tlhahlobo ea naha ka bophara. KS-II e hlophisitsoe ho potoloha lintlha tse 'ne: (1) pherekano ea mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, (2) ho hula, (3) mamello, le (4) tloaelo ea bophelo. Lintho li lekantsoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse 4 (1 = ha ke lumellane ka matla, 2 = ha ke lumellane, 3 = lumela, 4 = ke lumela ka matla). Ts'ebetsong ea lintho tse pakeng tsa sekala e phahame ka alpha ea Cronbach ea .87.

Tsamaiso

Taba ea mantlha, ha ba hlahloba sekala se amanang le seo pele se neng se ntlafalitsoe le ho lekola semelo sa bona sa thuto, litsebi li ile tsa khetha lintho bakeng sa lenane la lipotso la pele. Letamo lena la pele le ne le na le lintho tse ngata habeli ho feta sekala sa hoqetela. Sekala sa pele se ne se fuoa baithuti mme ho bokelloa lintlha. Eaba ho khethoa lintho tsa hoqetela ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa ts'epahalo bakeng sa subscale ka 'ngoe. Kamora nako, mofuta oa semmuso oa kaho bakeng sa subdomain ka 'ngoe o netefalitsoe ho AMOS. Tlhaloso e qaqileng ea mohato o mong le o mong oa ts'ebetso e tjena.

Tekanyetso ea pele ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea Smartphone bakeng sa Bacha.

Letamo la lintho tsa pele tsa Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) bakeng sa bacha le thehiloe ho latela liphuputso tse tsoang lingoliloeng tse fetileng mabapi le bokhoba ba inthanete, bokhoba ba mehala ea mehala ea thekeng le bokhoba ba media oa dijithale. Kaha smartphone ke sesebelisoa sa mohala se nolofalletsang tšebeliso ea inthanete, ho ile ha sebelisoa sekala se teng sa ho lemalla inthanete bakeng sa ho buuoa. Litšobotsi tsa bokhoba ba media oa dijithale bo khothalelitsoeng ke Young [38] le Greenfield [44] le tsona li bontšitsoe linthong tse ntlafalitsoeng. Ha ho nahanoa hore li-smartphones li ka bonoa e le mefuta e tsoetseng pele ea mehala e tloahelehileng ea selefouno, sekala se teng sa mehala ea thekeng [12] [8] li ile tsa hlahlojoa hape. Ka lebaka leo, libaka tse tlasa taolo ea SAPS li ile tsa kenyelletsa ho senyeha ha mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, ho khaotsa, ho mamellana le maemo a bophelo. Kamora nako, litsebi (litsebi tsa thuto, lingaka tsa mafu a kelello) li thehile lintho tsa pele tsa 29 tse bonts'ang libaka tsena tse 'ne tsa temallo ea li-smartphone.

Tsamaiso ea Scale.

SAPS e ile ea ajoa likolong tsa mathomo, tse mahareng le tse phahameng tse khethiloeng ka lootho e le hore bankakarolo ba ka khethoa ho lekana le kabo ea baahi ho pholletsa le Korea.

Khetho ea Item ka Tlhatlhobo e Tšepahalang.

Litlhahlobo tsa ts'epahalo linthong tsa pele tsa 29 li ne li etsoa ke subdomain. Kakaretso ea lintho tse 15 tse bonahalang li lekane li khethiloe. Qetellong, alpha ea Cronbach ea sekala sa ho qetela se nang le lintho tse 15 e ile ea baloa.

Theha Bokhoni ba Mohlala bakeng sa Setsi ka seng.

Ho netefatsa bonnete ba SAPS, moetso oa bonnete ba setsi se seng le se seng o netefalitsoe ho AMOS.

Results

Khetho ea lintho tsa hoqetela ka tlhahlobo e tšepahalang ea li-Subdomains

Ho tsoa linthong tsa mantlha tsa 29, lintho tse neng li bonahala li sa tšoanelehe bakeng sa subdomain ka 'ngoe li ile tsa hlakoloa kapa tsa ntlafatsoa ho ipapisitsoe le litlhahlobo tsa ts'epahalo. Ho netefatsa bonnete ba lintho tse sebakeng se seng le se seng, li-alphas tsa Cronbach li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Lintho tse theotseng ts'epahalo e akaretsang ea subdomain haeba li tlositsoe hammoho le lintho tse nang le ts'epahalo e phahameng li khethiloe bakeng sa sekhahla sa hoqetela. Hape, ho fumana ba arabelang ba sa tsotelleng kapa ba sa lumellaneng, ho kenyelelitsoe lintho tse nang le linomoro tse khutliselitsoeng ka ts'epahalo e phahameng. Lethathamo 1 ka tlase e bonts'a liphetho tsa ts'epahalo ea subdomain ka 'ngoe, le Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a lintho tsa ho qetela tse 15 tse khethiloeng.

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole ea 1. Khetho ea lintho tsa hoqetela ka tlhahlobo ea ts'epahalo ho Subscales.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.t001

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole ea 2. Lintho tsa hoqetela.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.t002

tšepahala

Ho tšepahala ha SAPS ho netefalitsoe ka alpha ea Cronbach ea 0.88.

Ho netefala

Tlhahlobo ea bonnete ba boleng.

Ho netefatsa bonnete ba sephetho sa SAPS, lintlha tse tsoang ho SAPS le Mental Health Problems Scale li ile tsa bapisoa. Lethathamo 3 e bonts'a liphetho tsa pearson tsa likala tse peli. Ka lebaka leo, coefficient ea khokahanyo e ile ea ba 0.43. Ntle le moo, likamano lipakeng tsa liphallelo tsa SAPS le Mental Health Mathata a Boemo kaofela li ne li le mokokotlong oa 0.49 ~ 0.67, li tiisa boemo bo itseng ba khokahano.

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole ea 3. Tlhatlhobo ea kamano pakeng tsa SAPS le Boemo ba Mathata a Bophelo ba kelello.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.t003

Khokahano lipakeng tsa SAPS le KS-II li ile tsa hlahlojoa; Lethathamo 4 e bonts'a sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea Pearson ea khokahano. Coefficient ea khokahano ea 0.49 e bontšitse hore haeba lintlha ho SAPS li ne li le holimo, lintlha tsa KS-II le tsona li ne li ka ba holimo. Ntle le moo, likamano lipakeng tsa liphallelo tsa KS-II le SAPS li ne li le lipakeng tsa 0.12 le 0.51, hape li bonts'a boemo bo itseng ba khokahano.

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole ea 4. Khokahano e sekaseka lipakeng tsa SAPS le KS-II.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.t004

Haha Netefatso ea Bopaki.

Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha e netefalitsoeng e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa AMOS 7.0 ho netefatsa sebopeho sa SAPS. Bakeng sa sena, mofuta oa sebopeho sa lintlha o hlophisitsoe ka tsela e latelang (Setšoantšo sa 1).

ponahalo e nyane

Setšoantšo sa 1. Sebopeho sa lintlha tsa SAPS.

Meetso ea likarolo tse 'ne tsa taolo ea li-smartphone (pherekano ea mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, bophelo ba bophelo, ho tlohela le mamello) le lintho tsa bona tse amehang li bonahala li nepahetse.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.g001

Taba ea mantlha, li-indices tse tšoanelehang tsa mofuta oa NFI, TLI, CFI, le RMSEA e ne e le .943, .902, .962, le .034 ka ho latellana, ho bontša hore mofuta o loketseng o ne o tšoanetse data hantle. Ka hona, sebopeho sa meralo e mene ea li-subdomain tsa temallo ea li-smartphone (pherekano ea mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, tloaelo ea bophelo, ho tlohela le mamello) le lintho tsa bona tse amehang li bonahala li nepahetse.

Hape, ho fumana hore na ntho ka 'ngoe e hlalosa ka botlalo lintho tse amanang le tsona, ho ile ha hlahlojoa sekhahla sa khatello ea se seng le se seng se ka bonoang le boleng ba sona ba lipalo. Mefuteng eohle e ka bonoang ntle le "tloaelo ea bophelo", li-coefficients tse hlophisitsoeng li ne li le kholo ho feta .5 ka karolelano, e neng e le bohlokoa lipalo-palo (p<.001). Lethathamo 5 e bonts'a lipalo-palo tsena.

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole ea 5. Li-coefficients tsa khatello ea lintho tse ka bonoang mabapi le ntlha ka 'ngoe.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0097920.t005

Puisano

E le karolo ea morero oa National Information Agency of Korea mabapi le bokhoba ba bacha ba li-smartphone bo entsoeng ka 2012 [34], boithuto bona bo batlile ho rala metheo bakeng sa boiteko ba ho thibela / ho kenella bakeng sa bokhoba ba bacha ba li-smartphone. Haholo-holo, thuto e hlahisitse sekhahla se sekhutšoane sa lisebelisoa tsa li-smartphone tsa 15 se ka sebelisoang boitekong ba ho bokella lintlha ho pholletsa le naha. Bahlahisi ba ile ba lebisa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho bonolo ba lintho tsa sekala le boiketlo ba tšebeliso ea tsamaiso ea sekala e le ho nolofalletsa tšebeliso ea 'nete.

Alpha ea Cronbach ea SAPS ea hoqetela e ne e le .880, e bontšang hore sekala sena sea tšepahala. Bokhoba ba inthanete bo leng teng kapa sekala sa smartphone le sona se tlalehiloe se ka tšeptjoa ka li-alphas tsa Cronbach tse kaholimo. Leha ho le joalo, e kanna ea se be bohlale ho ts'epa litekanyetso tsa bona tsa ts'epahalo hobane ts'ebetso ea bona ea pokello ea lintlha e ne e sa beoa maemong kapa sampole ea bona e ne e le nyane. Mohlala, Litelu le Phiri [37] e lekile ho ntlafatsa ho Young [38] Litekanyetso tsa Tlhatlhobo ea Bokhoba ba Inthanete, empa ts'ebetso ea bona ea nts'etsopele e ne e sa hlophisoa. Widyanto le McMurren [39]Ka lehlakoreng le leng, o ile a latela mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa nts'etsopele ea sekala, empa a hloleha ho bokella data e lekaneng (n = 86). Ho feta moo, ba ile ba bokella lintlha inthaneteng, ho ka bolelang hore pokello ea bona ea lintlha e ne e le leeme. Ho na le meeli e tšoanang le litekanyetsong tse teng tsa tšebeliso ea li-smartphone. Kwon et al. [36] e ne e ntlafalitse sekala se ipapisitse le lintho tsa sekala sa K le litšobotsi tsa sesebelisoa se bohlale, mme e tlalehile sekala ho ba le alpha ea Cronbach ea .91. Leha ho le joalo, ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe hore pokello ea bona ea data e etsahetse likolong tse peli tse sebakeng se le seng Korea, ka hona ho hlahisa lipotso ka boleng ba bona ba ts'epahalo. Kahoo, SAPS ea boithuto bona e ka nkuoa e ts'epahala ha e bapisoa le sekala se teng kaha e ile ea ntlafatsoa ho ipapisitsoe le tlhaiso-leseling e bokelletsoeng ho tsoa ho baithuti ba 795 ho pholletsa le Korea ho lekana le kabo ea sechaba ea sechaba.

SAPS e bonahala e hlophisitsoe ka nepo ho potoloha libaka tse 'ne tsa subdomains (mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, ho hula, ho mamellana le maemo a bophelo) a ho lemalla li-smartphone. Bakeng sa ho nka qeto ka libaka tse ka tlase tsa sekala, lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse neng li shebane haholo le lithuto tsa litekanyo tsa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea lithethefatsi tse ling tsa boitšoaro li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Lintho tse hlahang hangata liphuputsong tsena hammoho le lintlha tse bonts'ang litsobotsi tsa li-smartphone li kenyelelitsoe. Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha e netefalitsoeng e entsoe ho sebelisoa AMOS 7.0 ho netefatsa bonnete ba sekala. Kamora nako, likamano lipakeng tsa SAPS le KS-II (sekala sa tahi ea inthanete) hammoho le lipakeng tsa SAPS le Mental Health Mathata a Tekanyo li ile tsa hlahlojoa molemong oa ho netefatsa bonnete ba SAPS.

Litekanyo tsa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete tse ntlafalitsoeng le ho netefatsoa linaheng tse fapaneng li fapana ka sebopeho sa tsona. Canan le al. [40] e hlahisitse sekhahla sa ho lemalla inthanete bakeng sa bacha ba Turkey mme ea fumana hore lintho tsa eona li hlophisitsoe e le ntho e le 'ngoe. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Khazaal et al. [41] e hlahisitse sekala sa ho lemalla inthanete bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba Fora mme ea fumana hore lintho tsa eona li hlophisitsoe e le ntho e le 'ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ling li tlalehile hore thepa ea bona ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete e arotsoe ka lintlha tse fapaneng, joalo ka ho se tsotelle, ho se tsotelle le taolo ea taolo [42] [43]. K-scale e sebelisoang khafetsa Korea e boetse e na le lintlha tse ngata, joalo ka mesebetsi e ikamahanyang le maemo, ho ikhula, mamello le maemo a bophelo. Kahoo, litsebi li bonahala li sa lumellane ka li-subdomain tsa litekanyo tsa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete, ho bolelang hore sebopeho sa sekala sa tahi ea inthanete se kanna sa tsitsa.

Meeli ea thuto ena le litlhahiso tsa lithuto tsa nako e tlang ke tse latelang.

Taba ea mantlha, 'mamello,' karoloana ea SAPS hammoho le sekala sa ho lemalla inthanete, ha se lebaka la mantlha la tahi ho latela Charlton le Danforth [45]. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho sebelisa marang-rang lihora tse ngata ka bohona e ka se be lebaka la bokhoba ho fihlela boitšoaro bo joalo bo baka litlamorao tse mpe [35]. Kaha li-smartphone ke lisebelisoa tseo batho ba li tsamaisang le ho li sebelisa hohle, mamello e kanna ea se tšoanelehe e le eona ntho ea mantlha ea ho lemalla li-smartphone. Sena se hloka tlhatlhobo e eketsehileng ea naha ka bophara le tlhahlobo ea data ka taba ena. Ho feta moo, netefatso ea sekala e ka ntlafatsoa ka ho etsa mohlala, ka ho fana ka sekala ho baahi ba bacha ba lemaletseng le ba sa lemalloang ho lekola bonnete ba khethollo.

Ka mor'a moo, SAPS ea bacha e ka sebelisoa haholo lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba li-smartphone tse ntseng li eketseha matsatsing ana. Lisebelisoa tsa kajeno tsa media tsa dijithale li ntlafalitsoe ka potlako ho tloha liforomong tse thehiloeng ho PC ho isa ho li-smartphone le li-PC tse fapaneng tsa li-tablet. Ka mantsoe a mang, mecha ea litaba e seng e ntse e le teng le mecha ea litaba ea morao tjena li ntse li tsoela pele ka tlholisano hammoho le tšebetso ea ho li kenya sebaka. Kaha bacha matsatsing ana ba nkuoa e le matsoalloa a dijithale [46] ba amohelang le ho sebelisa litaba tsa morao-rao ka mafolofolo [32], ho batlisisa litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea media ho bophelo ba bona ba kelello ho bonahala ho potlakile. Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea media ea dijithale e ka tlisa litlamorao tse mpe 'meleng, kelellong le sechabeng maphelong a bacha, mme e ka ba ea baka boits'oaro bo bobe. Mohlala, Kross et al. [33] o fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea Facebook ha e na thuso bakeng sa ts'ebelisano 'moho mme e amahanngoa le maemo a tlase a boiketlo ba kelello bo botle. Ka hona, ho etsa lipatlisiso ka matšoao a ho lemalla li-smartphone le litlamorao tsa ho lemalla li-smartphone ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba bocha hoa hlokahala, mme SAPS e ka sebelisoa hantle morerong o joalo.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Re tseba le ho rala liteko: DK YHL. E hlahlobile data: JYL YJC. Lisebelisoa tsa li-reagents / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: DK YHL. Ngola pampiri: DK YHL JYL JEKN YJC.

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