Tlhahlobo le Mekhoa ea Boipheliso Ho Ameha ka Bothata ba ho Gaming: Matšoao a Ts'oaetsano le a Neurobiological (2019)

Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10: 405.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2019 Jun 14. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2019.00405

PMCID: PMC6586738

PMID: 31258494

Anthony G. Vaccaro 1, 2 'me Marc N. Potenza 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, *

inahaneloang

Lipapali tsa video le tšebeliso ea inthanete e fetohile karolo ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba batho ba bangata, haholo-holo nakong ea bocha. Ha ho fanoa ka matšoenyeho a bophelo bo botle a amanang le boits'oaro bo bobe ba lipapali, bothata ba lipapali (GD) bo kenyellelitsoe khatisong ea 11th khatiso ea Selemo sa Machaba sa Mafu (ICD-11) e netefalitsoe ke bongoli ba Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Ha ho nahanoa ka lintlha tsena le tse ling (ho kenyelletsa le ngangisano mabapi le tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ea GD le hore na u ka thibela boemo bona haholo hakae) ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho GD. Ka ho khetheha, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa li-phenotypes tse bohareng tse shebaneng le ts'ebetso ea kelello le neurobiological ho ka thusa ho hlakisa likamano tsa GD ho mafu a mang a ho lemalla le ho hlalosa likamano tsa bona ka likarolo tsa mantlha le tse amanang le GD. Ho ata ha tšebetso ea neural, ts'ebetso ea kelello, le likarolo tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore GD e arolelana ho ts'oana le mathata a papali ea chelete le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi 'me e ka khetholloa ka ho hlaka e le bothata ba ho lemalla. Batho ba nang le GD ba fapane le ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea tloaelo ea papali (RGU) maemong a methapo ea kutlo. Leha ho le joalo, lipelaelo li hlahisitsoe mabapi le phapang e teng lipakeng tsa GD le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi likarolong tse ling tsa pharologanyo, joalo ka mamello. Ntle le moo, ho bile le khang ea hore liphapang pakeng tsa GD le RGU li ka se ts'oaroe ka botlalo ke litsamaiso tsa nomenclature tse kang ICD-11. Le ha ho le joalo, batho ka bomong ba batla kalafo bakeng sa thuso ea GD, le ha ho na le data e fokolang e fumanehang bakeng sa kalafo e sebetsang. Ha lintlha tse ngata li ntse li bokelloa ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa GD, li lokela ho fetoleloa ho mekhoa e ntlafatsang ea GD le ho kenella lipakeng.

Keywords: bothata ba papali ea chelete, papali ea marang-rang, lipapali tsa boithabiso, bokhoba ba boitšoaro, DSM-5, ICD-11

Tsela e Molemohali ea ho Hlalosa Bothata ba Lipapatso, Hlaola esale pele hore Eona le ho Nahana ka Likamano le Phenotypes e Bohareng?

Ha lefatše le ntse le "fetoha ka mokhoa oa" oa digital, palo ea lipapali tsa video e eketsehile haholo. Ha e le 2016, 'maraka oa lipapali tsa video e ne e le indasteri ea lidolara tse limilione tse likete tsa 99.6 mme ho hakanngoa hore e fihle ho 118 billion ka 2019 (). Ha e le 2012, batho ba hakanyetsoang ba limilione tse likete tsa 1 ba bapala lipapali tsa khomphutha, mme ho latela maemo a moruo, ho ka etsahala hore palo ena e nyolohile (). Papali ea lipapali e atile haholo baneng le lilemong tsa bocha, 'me ho na le 68% e hakanyetsoang ea bacha ba lilemo li 8 ba United States ba bapalang bonyane beke le beke (). Joalo ka likarolo tse ling tsa mahlale le tšebeliso ea tsona, lipapali ka linako tse ling li shebiloe ka lebaka la likhokahano tse khothalletsoang tsa boitšoaro bo mabifi baneng, litlamorao tse mpe tsa nts'etsopele ea thuto, le ho hloka taolo. Lihokela tsa bompoli li tlalehiloe ke bafuputsi ba bang ho ba sieo kapa ho ba matla ho feta seo ba bang ba se rerileng (), mme ha papali ea lipapali e tlalehiloe e hokahane le bokhoni bo eketsehileng ba ho lemoha maemong a bonono le a tlhokomelo lithutong tse ling (), tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta e belaella liphetho tsena (). Le ha batho ba bangata ba bapala ntle le matšoenyeho a bohlokoa, ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore batho ba bang ba ka ba le mekhoa e litšila ea ho bapala papali ea papali, mohlomong ea ho lemalla. Sehloohong sena, re tla sheba hore na papali ea mathata e hlalositsoe joang lits'ebetsong tse kholo tsa mantsoe, hore na litlhaloso tse fapaneng li lebisitse joang lipapatsong tsa ho ata, le hore na ho etsa lipatlisiso ka lintlha tse amanang le methapo ho ka thusa joang ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso e ntle ea neurobiology ea bongaka ea mathata taolo ea lipapali kapa papali ea lipapali (GD).

Keketseho ea "boits'oaro bo bobebe ba ho bapala" e ka fapana litsong tsohle, ka likhakanyo tse tlase joalo ka 1.16% ea bacha Jeremane, ho fihlela 5.9% Korea Boroa., ), ka likhakanyo tse pharalletseng tse pharalletseng le tsona li boletsoe lithutong tsa pejana (). Likhakanyo li fetohile haholo, ho latela meeli ea "linyeoe", le likhakanyo ho bacha, mohlala, ho tloha ho 0.3% Jeremane ho isa 50% Korea Boroa.). Ntle le moo, lithuto tse ling li hlophisitse mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang hammoho, e lebisang ho litekanyetso tse kholo, joalo ka 2.1% Jeremane le 12.4% Korea Boroa (, ). Kahoo, ho lekola ho ata ha mathata a papali ha u ntse u nahana ka liphapang tsa setso / taolo hammoho le phapang e teng e amanang le lisebelisoa tse lekolang mathata a lipapali ho bohlokoa (, ).

Tekanyetso e kholo ea likhakanyo ka palo ea papali ea mathata ka karolo e amana le litlhaloso tse fapaneng. Lithuto tse akaretsang, mabitso a kenyelletsa "Disorder Display" (GD), "Tebello ea Lipapali," "Tlatsetso ea Lipapatso tsa Inthanete" le "Internet Gaming Disorder" (IGD). Leha mabitso a ka fapana, papali ke mokhoa oa mantlha, mme mathata ke karolo ea mantlha. Ntle le moo, mantsoe a reng "Internet Addiction Disorder" le a amanang le 'ona a ka kenyelletsa GD. Mohlala, ha Korea Boroa e sebelisitse ka molao poleloana ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi Inthaneteng (IAD), papali ea Marang-rang e na le 67% ea ts'ebeliso ea bashanyana ba sekolo sa mahareng ea boithabiso ea marang-rang, sehlopha se nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea IAD (). Buka ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disurb, khatiso ea 5th (DSM-5), e phatlalalitsoeng ho 2013 mme e batlisisitsoe le ho sebetsoa ka eona hoo e ka bang lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng, e fana ka maikutlo a hore bopaki ba IGD, ka karolo e nkiloeng ho data e neng e le teng ka nako ea IAD ho sa le monyane. banna ba tsoang linaheng tsa Asia, ba kanna ba se akaretse tšebeliso ea Marang-rang e seng ea papali (). Bafuputsi hohle, maikutlo a mabapi le ts'oaetso ena a ka ba teng ho tloha ho GD ho amoheloa ka molao e le tlhekefetso ea semmuso ho ea ho bonahala e le mokhoa oa boitšoaro o tloaelehileng o ka hlahisang tšabo ea boitšoaro (, , , ). Phehisano e 'ngoe e kenyelletsa hore na boitšoaro ba papali bo lokela ho nkuoa e le lekhoba la maikutlo, ka tseko e le hore papali e fetelletseng e kanna ea kenyelletsa ts'ebetso leha e le litlamorao tse mpe tse ka kenyang taolo e sa sebetseng ea nako, papali ho baleha lits'ebetso tse mpe tsa maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo, kapa likarolo tse lemalloang tsa lipapali (). Joalo ka bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha, IGD e ka arolelana likarolo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba tahi, ho kenyelletsoa ho kenella molemong leha ho e-na le litlamorao tse mpe, taolo e senyehileng kapa boitlamo bo qobelloang, le takatso ea takatso ea takatso kapa takatso e ka tlang pele ho boitlamo ba boitšoaro.). Ho DSM-5, IGD e kenyellelitsoe tlas'a "Maemo a ho Ithuta ho Eketsehileng," a fana ka maikutlo a hore ho batho ba nang le IGD, papali e ka kenya tšebetsong mekhoa e amanang le moputso joaloka lithethefatsi ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi (). Lintlha tse joalo, hammoho le liphumano tse amanang le ho khaotsa le ts'enyo e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea sechaba le kelello tse amanang le papali e feteletseng, li shebella mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi; leha ho le joalo, phapang e boetse e hlokometsoe. Litekanyetso tse ling tse kenyelitsoeng ho DSM-5 bakeng sa IGD, joalo ka mamello, li kanna tsa se be karolo ea IGD mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Batho ba nang le IGD ba kanna ba susumetsoa haholo ke lipheo tse thata le tse ikhethang tsa papali, le tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke lipapali tsa libapali tse ngata; hona ho kanna ha fapana le likarolo tsa mamello mathateng a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (). Phapang e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa IGD le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ka fumanoa lits'ebetsong tse ling ha ho etsoa lipatlisiso tse ngata.

Le moloko oa Selemo sa Machaba sa Mafu, Khatiso ea 11th (ICD-11), GD e kentsoe e le pherekano ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo bobe, ha bafuputsi ba bang ba ngangisana le ho kenyelletsoa () le ba bang ba qotsitseng bohlokoa ba bophelo ba motho le ba sechaba (). Tse ling tsa ngangisano e bua ka hore na ho na le bopaki bo lekaneng ba hore GD e kenyelletsoe ho ICD-11, ho qotsa monyetla oa pathologizing boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng. Leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba tlaleha hore ho ba le bothata bo hlalositsoeng ha hoa lokela ho kena-kenana le batho ba bangata ba kenang papaling 'me ka bohlokoa ba ho khothaletsa ho hlahisa moralo oa ho thusa ba ka' nang ba e-ba le likotsi tse amanang le papali. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho kenyelletsoa ka kenyelletso ea mokhatlo o kotsi oa papali, joalo ka o sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa boits'oaro bo joalo ba ts'ebeliso ea joala, empa ho bohlokoa haholo ho tsoa menahanong ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba (). Likhang tsena mabapi le likarolo tsa GD li arolelana likarolo le ba bang ho mafu a kelello (ka mohlala, mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi) mabapi le mokhoa oa ho hlalosa le ho khetholla mafu (). Ka litsamaiso tsa hajoale tsa mekhahlelo joaloka ICD-11 le DSM-5, ho hlahisitsoe likhathatso tse hlalositsoeng tse hlalosoang e le lihlahisoa tse sa hlalosoang e le leseli linthong tse ling ntle le tse ling (). Ts'ebetso ena e kanna ea khahlisoa haholo ha boitšoaro bo le teng ka har'a setsi ho tloha tloaelo e tloaelehileng ho ea ho e kotsi, joalo ka papali.

Mekhoa e meng e sa aroloeng kapa e sa fetoheng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng joalo ka mokhoa oa lipatlisiso tsa domain name (RDoC) kapa tse ling tse tsepamisang maikutlo lipakeng tsa phenotypes li ka ba bohlokoa ho li nka e le mekhoa e fapaneng kapa e tlatselletsang ea ho nka boits'oaro kapa lits'ebetso. Li-phenotypes tse ling tse mahareng li tsepamisa mohopolo lits'ebetsong tsa kelello kapa litakatso tse amanang le sebopeho sa boko le ts'ebetso. Kahoo, ha joale re tla sheba bopaki ba methapo ea kutlo mabapi le IGD eseng feela mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, empa hape joalo ka ha bo amana le papali ea boithabiso.

Li-Circuit tsa Neurochemical le tse Sebetsang ho Phallo ea Inthanete le Phokotso ea Lipapali

Mekhoa ea Dopaminergic e reriloe ho kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea moputso ho IGD, le ts'ebelisong e pharalletseng (), leha ho le joalo boits'oaro ba dopamine ho boitshwaro (, ) le ntho () litlatsetso li botsoa. Batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea marang-rang, ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang letho, ho tlalehiloe hore ba na le dopamine e tlase ea dopamine e fumanehang ka har'a striatum le ho ba le maemo a tlase a "striatal dopamine transporter expression", ). Ho fumaneha ha dopamine D2 joalo ka striatum ho boetse ho amana ka mokhoa o tebileng le ho teba ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le ho fokotseha ha metabolism ea glucose ho cortex ea orbitof Pambal (). Lithuto tsena tse tharo li kenyelelitse batho ba bahlano ba lemaletseng Inthanete kahoo liphetho li lokela ho nkuoa e le tsa pele haholo. Ka khokahano e ka bang teng tlokotsing ea lefutso, Tahal1A1 allele of DRD2, mofuta oa coding ea recopor ea dopamine D2, ho tlalehiloe hore e atile haholo ho batho ba nang le lipapali tse ngata haholo / tse nang le bothata 'me li amana le tebello e kholo ea moputso () Joalo DRD2 e ka har'a kamano e amanang le lefu la tsoekere le ankk1 le phokotso ea phapang tikolohong ea kh'outo ea ankk1 e hokahantsoe haholo le bokhoba ba tahi (mohlala, mathata a tšebeliso ea joala) ho feta ba kahare DRD2 ka se (, ), lipotso li teng mabapi le hore na liphumano tse bolokiloeng li ka hokahanya dopamine hakae. Bupropion, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, e ka fokotsa litakatso le ts'usumetso ea cueex ea dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) ho batho ba nang le IGD (). Ho fumanoe lintlha tse phahameng ho likala tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete tse amanang le sekhahla sa N-acetyl se fokotsehileng karolong e ka pele ea kotopo ho bacha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa inthanete ().

Lithuto tse sebetsang tsa ho nahana ka mokhoa oa ts'ebetso li hlahisitse likarolo tse matla tsa cortical le striatal ho IGD, haholo-holo ho banna. Ts'ebetso e hlahisitsoeng ke papali ea papali papaling ea striatum (ho kenella ka hare le ho dorsal) ho tlalehiloe hore e kholo ho batho ba nang le IGD ha e bapisoa le ba kantle ho eona, leha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum e ne e amana hantle le matla a litakatso tsa cue-ikiwa.). Likarabo tsa mekhoa ea papali li ka fetoha kamora ho itlama ka thobalano, mme liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho mesebetsing ea DLPFC nakong ea khatello e qobelloang e ka ba tlatsetso ea tlokotsi ea banna ho IGD (). Ho feta moo, liphetoho tse mabapi le ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa libaka tse kenelletseng ts'ebetsong ea meputso (mohlala, striatum) le taolo ea kelello (mohlala, DLPFC) pele ho papali le ka nako ea ho qobelloa ho tlohela thobalano e ka hlalosa tsoelo-pele ea IGD ka mokhoa o tsotelanang le bong.). Khokahano e sebetsang ea boemo ba phomolo pakeng tsa sebaka sa ho kenella ka sepheo sa moea le sebaka se bokellaneng, e tlalehiloe ka hore e hokahanya takatso le takatso e matla, le matla a kopaneng pakeng tsa libaka tsena tse boletsoeng ho batho ba nang le IGD ha ho bapisoa le ba se nang (). Insula e kentsoe IGD ka ho hokahanngoa ha tšebetso ea boemo ba phomolo bo fokotsehileng bo pakeng tsa libaka tsa insula le tse joalo ka libaka tse tlatsetsang makoloi, cingates cortex, le gyrus e ka pele e phahameng, e fanang ka maikutlo a fokotsang puisano pakeng tsa libaka tse kenelletseng ts'ebetsong ea maiketsetso, ho lakatsa, le lits'ebetso tse ling le tse amehang boits'oarong ba makoloi le taolo ea boits'oaro le boitšoaro (). Ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea lipapatso le kgokahanyo ea mmuso e ka ama le kalafo ea IGD. Mohlala, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea lipapali tsa lipapali tsa lipapali e bonoe ka mor'a ho kenella ha boitšoaro ho IGD, ka khokahano e fokolang pakeng tsa mochini (ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea cue le ts'ebetsong ea kutloano) le libaka tse kenelletseng takatsong ea lithethefatsi joalo ka li-precuneus le tsona lia bonoa (). Kamora ho kenella ha boitšoaro-boits'oaro, tšebelisano-mmuso e sebetsang ea phomolo e fokotsehile pakeng tsa orbitof Pambal cortex le hippocampus le pakeng tsa sebaka sa morao sa cingrate le sebaka sa makoloi se tlatsetsang (). Liphumano tsena li hokahanya liphetoho lipakeng tsa libaka tse amehang molemong oa ho lakatsa ba amehang mohopolong le mererong ea ho hlophisa makoloi, ka tsela e tšoanang, li fana ka maikutlo a mekhoa ea neurobiological bakeng sa kalafo ea boits'oaro ea IGD.

Lithuto tsa MRI tse sebetsang li ka etsa lipatlisiso tsa neural amanang le mekhoa ea kutloisiso ho kenyelletsa le tse amanang le taolo le tefello / tahlehelo ea tahlehelo, ka ha hypothesised e le bohlokoa ho IGD le mathata a mang a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (, ). Batho ka bomong ba nang le IGD, bapisoa le ba kantle, ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ho sebetsa libakeng tsa taolo e kholo, mme sena se hokahantsoe le mehato ea boitšoaro ea taolo ea kelello (). Batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea pele ea ts'ebetso ea cortical nakong ea ts'ebetso ea taolo ea kelello ho feta e sebelisoang hangata kapa kapa tšebeliso ea hangata ea papali (). Mosebetsing oa ho hakanya, sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea cortical e fokolang e fokolang haholo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tahlehelo le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea libaka tsa cortico-striatal nakong ea ts'ebetso ea moputso (). Nakong ea ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le kotsi, ho barupeluoa ba IGD ho ne ho e-na le phapang e fokolang bakeng sa kotsi e nang le boiphihlelo libakeng tsa cortical (DLPFC le libaka tse tlase tsa parietal) le ho eketseha hoa ts'ebetso ea li-cortices tsa striatal le tsa ventraledial le orbitofrontal nakong ea sephetho se khotsofatsang (). Kamano le boima ba IGD li ile tsa bonoa lithutong tsena ka bobeli. Phuputso e arohaneng e fumane hore lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse ho fokotseha ho kenyelletsoa ha "gyri" ea boemo bo tlase le ea pele ha ho etsoa likhetho). Phapang mabapi le ts'ebetso ea likhakanyo tsa maikutlo le eona e hlokometsoe ho IGD, ka ts'ebetso e batlang e le lerootho ea libaka tsa cortico-striatal tse tlalehiloeng ho arabela litheko tse mpe tse mpe le nakong ea taolo ea maikutlo ho striatum, insula, preortal preortal cortex, le anterior cingulate (). Tlhahlobo ea meta-analytic e bonts'itse hore batho ba nang le IGD ha ba bapisoa le ba sa bontsheng tšebetso e eketsehang ka mokokotlong oa kahare le ka morao ho cingate cortices, caudate, le posterior e ka tlase e ka pele ea boiketsi nakong ea moputso le mesebetsi e metle ea "ho bata", e fokotsang tšebetso maemong a tlase a kahare. gyrus e ka pele mabapi le mesebetsi e metle ea "ho chesa", le tšebetso e fokotsehileng posterior insula, somatomotor, le cortices tsa somatosensory nakong ea ts'ebetso ea moputso (). Ka bobeli, liphuputso tsena li bonts'a mekhoa ea neural bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto tse mpe, taolo e senyehileng, le ts'ebetso e ntle ea moputso ho IGD.

Lithuto tsa neurochemical le genetic tsa IGD li totobatsa likarolo tse arolelanoang le mafu a mang a tlatsetso. Lintho tsena tse arolelanoang li fana ka maikutlo a hore IGD le eona e na le liphapang tse tšoanang tsa tlhaho le mathata a tlhekefetso.

Ho se lemohe ka Lits'oaetso tsa Lipapali tsa Inthanete ha li bapisoa le litlatsetso tse ling

Le ha ho le liphuputso tse fokolang li bapisitse le ho bapisa melaetsa ea neural ka kotloloho ho IGD le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi joalo ka ha ho entsoe bakeng sa bothata ba papali ea chelete [mohlala, bona Refs. (, )], ho ts'oana ho hlokometsoe pakeng tsa li-neural correlates tsa IGD le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Batho ba nang le IGD ho tlalehiloe hore ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e tšoanang ea neural e fokotsehileng ka lebaka la tahlehelo, le kutloelo-bohloko e eketsehileng ho lithahasello, joalo ka ho ts'oenyeha ha papali ea chelete le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (). Likarabo tsa ho tsubela koae le ho bapala papali ea papali li ka kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea kameho ea ka ntle ea kahare le parahippocampus e nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea koae le IGD (). IGD le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala bo tlalehiloe hore li arolelana homogeneity ea setereke e ntseng e eketseha setulong se ka morao ho cortex, sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'a ho phomola ha 'muso homogeneity ea' muso sebakeng se phahameng sa nakoana sa moea ha se bapisoa le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala le lihlopha tse sa amehang (). Le ha lihlopha tsa IGD le ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea joala li bontšitse tšebelisano e ntle ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa DLPFC, cingulate, le cerebellum, sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntle ea boikhathollo ba mmuso lipakeng tsa DLPFC, lobe ea nakoana, le libaka tsa striatal le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala. Lihlopheng li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntle ea tšebelisano-mmuso lipakeng tsa libaka tsena ().

Tekanyo eo ka eona ho tšoana ho ka bonts'ang ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea boko ho feta maemo a ka hokahana le li-phenotypes tse mahareng (mohlala, ho ts'oaroa, joalo ka ha ho bile le tšusumetso lithutong tsa boko ho tlatselletsong ea lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi ()] le liphapang li ka amana le likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa maemo (mohlala, litla-morao tsa methapo ea kutlo) li tiisa lipatlisiso tse ling.

Bothata le Papali ea Kamehla

Lithuto tsa morao-rao li se li qalile ho kenyelletsa lihlopha tseo litho tsa tsona li bapalang khafetsa bakeng sa boithabiso, empa li sa fumane litlamorao tse mpe (mokhoa o bitsoang "tšebeliso ea lipapali tse tloaelehileng" kapa RGU). Ts'ebeliso ea sehlopha sa RGU se tlalehang lipapatso tse lekanang tsa nako ea papali e le sehlopha sa IGD empa ntle le litlamorao tse mpe se tlosa tlontlollo e ka bang teng mabapi le boiphihlelo ba papali eo e kanna ea ts'oaroa khahlano le lithuto tsa IGD le lihlopha tseo e seng tsa lipapali. Tse ling tsa liphumano li bapisa lihlopha le IGD le tse nang le RGU li ts'oana le tse bonoang ho batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, batho ba nang le IGD ha ba bapisoa le ba nang le RGU ba bonts'itse taolo e fokolang e hlokofatsang e amanang le ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea libaka tsa pele le tsa cortico-nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tahlehelo le moputso (). Batho ba nang le IGD ha ba bapisoa le ba nang le RGU ba tlalehiloe hore ba bonts'a botenya bo fokolang ba cortical ho cortex ea orbitofrontal, cuneus, gyrus ea pele, le gyrus e bohareng ea "temple"). Litsela tsa Cortico-striatal li boetse li khetholla ba nang le IGD ho ba nang le RGU mabapi le ho lakatsa, ka lithuto tsa IGD tse bonts'a khokahanyo e kholo ea "striatal-thalamic" mme e fokotse khokahanyo ea DLPFC-prime frontal gyrus nakong ea thibelo e potlakileng, ka mekhoa e 'meli ea khokahano e lumellanang le takatso e matla (). Batho ka bomong ba nang le RGU bao ka mor'a moo ba ntlafatsang IGD ho tlalehiloe hore ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea lentiform e eketsehang ho lits'ebetso tsa lipapali ka mor'a papali (). Ntle le moo, ho fumanoe liphumantso tse fanang ka maikutlo a ntlafatso ea taba e tšoeu ho batho ba nang le IGD ha ba bapisoa le ba RGU, ba hlahisa lipampitšana tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea meputso le ho hlahisa taolo ea maikutlo le taolo ea makoloi le ho hokahana le mehato ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla.). Batho ka bomong ba nang le IGD ha ba bapisoa le bao e leng litsebi tsa papali ea papali ba fokotsehileng molumo oa litaba tsa ging le ho eketseha ha molumo oa litaba tse putsoa, ​​ka ho se tšoane ha liphapang pakeng tsa lihlopha, ho kenyelletsa le lipalo tse fokolang tsa IGD le lihlopha tsa lipapali tsa bongaka tse amanang le taolo e seng ea lipapali. sehlopha (). Bonneteng, sehlopha sa IGD se ne se le leqe ho feta mme se bonts'a liphoso tse mamellehang tse amanang le sehlopha seo e seng papali, se lumellanang le maikutlo a hore likarolo tsa taolo e senyehileng le ts'usumetso li ka ba bohlokoa ho IGD ho feta ho lihlopha tse ling tsa lipapali le tse seng tsa lipapali (, ).

Ntle le nako e sebelisitsoeng ho bapala papali ea chelete, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ho IGD. Li-phenotypes tsa bohareng, tse joalo ka ho hloka matla le ho khothaletsa kapa ho lakatsa, li bohlokoa ho IGD joalo ka mathata a mang a batlisisitsoeng a lemalloang. Mabaka ana a kelello a amana le mehato ea taba e putsoa le e tšoeu lithutong tsa IGD, 'me ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho fumana hore na liphumano tsena li ka rera kapa tsa ba sephetho sa papali ea mathata.

Litaelo tsa nakong e tlang

IGD ho DSM-5 le GD ho ICD-11 e kanna ea ba mekhahlelo e meholo, mme kutlwisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea phapang e fapaneng ea motho ka mong e ka thusa ho hlahloba, ho khetholla, ho thibela, le liteko tsa kalafo. Tlhahlobo e eketsehileng e tobileng ea IGD ha e bapisoa le mathata a mang a ho lemalla e loketse. Litlhahlobo tse lebisang lits'ebetsong tse pharalletseng tsa lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo li kenelletse mekhoeng ea boitšoaro le lithethefatsi, joalo ka glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, GABAergic, le khatello ea li-hormone), e lokela ho tsamaisoa ho IGD. Litaba tse mahareng tse kenyelletsoang ho kenyelletsa ho ts'oaroa, ho qobelloa, mekhoa e metle le e mpe ea valence, ts'ebelisano ea sechaba, karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo, ts'ebetso ea maikutlo, le ba bang, netefatso ea lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le bohlokoa ba bona ho IGD (-), haholoholo ha tse ling tsa likarolo tsena li hokahane le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho IGD (). Likarolo tse ling joalo ka ho baleha le lintlha tse ikhethang tsa papali (mohlala, tšebeliso ea li-avatars, liphapang pakeng tsa motho ea itlhommeng / ho iketsa) le tsona li lokela ho nahanoa (-). Patlisiso e joalo e boetse e lokela ho atolosoa ho mefuta e pharaletseng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (), haholoholo ha papali e bonahala e hokahana le boits'oaro bo bong bo sebelisang marang-rang bo kang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (), le ts'ehetso ea lipatlisiso tse joalo e tla ba tsa bohlokoa (). Mefuta ea libapali (ho kenyeletsoa inthaneteng le ntle le naha, le mefuta / mefuta) le eona e lokela ho tsotelloa (, ), haholoholo ha mefuta ea lipapali tseo batho ba li bapalang haholo li ka amana le liphetho tsa kalafo haholo ().

Ho khetholla batho ba nang le IGD ho tla ba bohlokoa, 'me ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaiso-leseling tse tebileng le tse netefalitsoeng li tla thusa ts'ebetsong ena (). Ts'ebetso ena e lokela ho atolosoa ho matla a mang le ho loanela lisebelisoa tse khutšoane, 'me boiteko bo joalo bo ntse bo tsoela pele ka kopanelo le Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Sena se tla ba bohlokoa haholo ha batho ba bangata ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba sa fumane kalafo (), mme mohlomong ho joalo ka IGD le (). Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le kalafo e sebetsang (haholo-holo e laoloang ke placebo, liteko tsa bongaka tse sa sebetseng), haholo hobane batho ba bangata ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa IGD ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho thulana le mathata ho lateleng ha 1- ho isa ho 5). Le ha datha tse ling li ts'ehetsa ho sebetsa hoa ts'ebetso e itseng (mohlala, ts'ebetso e kenang ea boitšoaro e kenyelletsang likarolo tsa ho ba le kelello le kalafo ea boitsoaro), liteko tse sa sebetseng tsa bongaka li hlokahala (, ). Ha ho nahanoa ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea boits'ebetso le ea meriana e sebetsang hantle kalafong ea lits'oaetso kapa mathata a mang a etsahalang khafetsa a amanang le IGD (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea kelello ea ho fokola) e ka tsamaisa le ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ena, joalo ka ha ho nts'etsitsoe moferefereng oa ho becha ho tseo mathata a hlahang a kopaneng a tlalehiloeng a thusa ho khetha litlhare tse nepahetseng tsa meriana moo ho se nang meriana e nang le matšoao a itseng a bokuli ba ho becha (). Ho shebana le litlamorao tse ka ntlafatsang tsa papali le GD le hona ho bohlokoa (). Ho kenyelletsoa ha GD ho ICD-11 ho lokela ho thusa ho netefatsa hore ho na le tlhokomeliso ea papali e amanang le papali sehlopeng sa batho ka tsela e sa ts'oereng RGU (), haholoholo ha ho nahaneloa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso.), mme ho kenyeletsoa ho lokela ho thusa ho khothaletsa thibelo, kalafo le liteko tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ().

Menehelo ea Mongoli

AV e ngotse moralo oa pele ka ho buisana le MP, 'me MP e hlophisitse le ho ntlafatsa moralo. Bangoli ka bobeli ba lumellana le mofuta oa ho qetela o kentsoeng.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

AV le MP ha ba na likhohlano tse khahlisang mabapi le litaba tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho. MP e phatlalatsa tse latelang. MNP e kopanetse le ho eletsa Shire, INSYS, HealthMend Health, Lenaneo la Pholisi ea Bokhoba, Tlaleho ea Letsatsi la Lipapali, Lekhotla la Naha ka Bothata ba Papali ea Chelete, Opiant / Lightlake Therapeutics, le Jazz Pharmaceuticals; o amohetse tšehetso e sa lekanyetsoang ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa ho Mohegan Sun Casino le ho fana ka tšehetso ho Setsi sa Naha sa Lipapali se Ikarabellang; hape e buisane le ho eletsa mekhatlo ea molao le ea papali ea chelete mabapi le litaba tse amanang le bokhoba ba taolo le tšusumetso ea taolo. Hape o nkile karolo libokeng tsa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo tse amanang le IGD le GD. Sengoli se setseng se phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso li entsoe ho se na likamano tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano ea phaello e ka bang teng.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

MP e fumane tšehetso ho tsoa Lefapheng la 'Muso oa Bophelo le Litlatsetso tsa Connecticut, Setsi sa bophelo ba kelello sa Connecticut, Lekhotla la Connecticut mabapi le Ho becha ka Mathata, le Setsi sa Naha sa Papali e Ikarabellang. Mekhatlo ea lithuso ea lichelete ha ea ka ea fana ka maikutlo kapa ho fana ka maikutlo a se ngotsoeng, 'me litaba tsa sengoloang li bontša liphallelo le mehopolo ea bangoli' me ha ho hlile ha li hlahise maikutlo a mekhatlo ea lichelete.

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