Tlhaloso ea DSM-5 ea Inthanete ea lipapali tsa ho bapala: Litsela tse ling tse tsoelang pele ho hlōla lintlha le lintho tse amehang tšimong ea thuto ea lipapaling (2017)

Karabelo ho litlhaloso

Daria J. Kuss Tlhahisoleseling e amanang

¹Setsi sa Machaba sa Lipatlisiso sa Lipapadi, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent, Nottingham, UK
* Sengoli se lumellanang: Daria J. Kuss; Yuniti ea Machaba ea Lipatlisiso ea Lipapaling, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent, Seterata sa 50 Shakespeare, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; Fono: + 44 115 848 4153; Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

Mareka D. Griffiths Tlhahisoleseling e amanang

¹Setsi sa Machaba sa Lipatlisiso sa Lipapadi, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent, Nottingham, UK

Halk M. Pontes Tlhahisoleseling e amanang

¹Setsi sa Machaba sa Lipatlisiso sa Lipapadi, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent, Nottingham, UK

* Sengoli se lumellanang: Daria J. Kuss; Yuniti ea Machaba ea Lipatlisiso ea Lipapaling, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent, Seterata sa 50 Shakespeare, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; Fono: + 44 115 848 4153; Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.032

Ena ke sengolo sa phihlello e bulehileng se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le tlhahiso hape ka mokhoa o mong le o mong bakeng sa merero e seng ea khoebo, ha feela moqapi oa mantlha le mohloli ba ngolisoa.

inahaneloang

Tlhahlobo ea hajoale ea DSM-5 ea Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) e lebisitse ho mathata le lipelaelo tse 'maloa tseo re li totobalitseng pampiring ea rona ea morao-rao (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). Litsebi lebaleng li arabetse tlhahlobo ea rona ea litaba tsena e hlahisitseng litlhaloso tse tšeletseng.

mekhoa

Ka pampiri ena, re fana ka likarabo ho litlhaloso tse tšeletseng ho tsamaisa lefapha la mahlale pele. Likarabo tsohle ho pampiri ea rona ea mantlha li totobalitse mathata a mangata a kelello, theoretical, le / kapa mokhoa ka tlhahlobo ea IGD e hlalositsoeng joalo ka ha e hlalositsoe ho DSM-5. Re bontša mekhoa e meng e eang pele ho hlola litaba le matšoenyeho lebaleng la lithuto tsa lipapali.

Results

Re pheha khang ea hore ho e-na le ho khetholla lipapali ka bomong, karolo ea bo-ramahlale le litsebi ke ho theha phapang e hlakileng pakeng tsa motho ea ka sebelisang lipapali ka mokhoa o fetelletseng empa e seng bothata le motho ea nang le tsietsi e kholo maphelong a bona a letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la lipapali tsa bona tse fetelletseng. Boikarabello bona bo hloka ho arolelanoa ke boralitaba ba tummeng bao hangata ba potlakileng ho haha ​​tšabo ea boitšoaro mabapi le boitšoaro ba lipapali, hangata bo thehiloeng ho lithuto tsa linyeoe tse ikhethang le likarolo tsa lipatlisiso tse tšehetsang lihlooho tsa bona.

fihlela qeto e

Bafuputsi, litsebi, baetsi ba lipapali, le bophatlalatsi ba hloka ho sebetsa 'moho le tšebelisano-mmoho ho aha kutloisiso ea' nete le e felletseng ea papali e le tloaelo e tloaelehileng, e monate, 'me hangata e nang le ts'ebeliso e ntle ea batho ba bangata e ka amahanngoang le boiphihlelo ba matšoao a amanang le bokhoba bo ka hlokang tšehetso ea litsebi.

Keywords: Mathata a Papali ea Inthanete, ho bapala lipapali, ho hlahlojoa, DSM

Tlhahlobo ea hona joale ea DSM-5 ea Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) e lebisitse ho mathata le matšoenyeho a mangata ao re a hlakisitseng pampiring ea rona ea morao-rao (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). Litsebi lefapheng li arabetse tlhahlobo ea rona ea litaba tsena, 'me likarabo tsohle tsa pampiri ea rona ea mantlha li totobalitse mathata a mangata a kelello, theoretical, le / kapa mokhoa ka tlhahlobo ea IGD e hlalositsoeng joalokaha e hlalositsoe ho DSM-5. Ho tse latelang, re tla araba maikutlo, 'me re ts'epa hore puisano ea mahlale mabapi le litaba tse boletsoeng e tla thusa ho nts'etsapele lekala la mahlale le ho tšehetsa batho bao ba ka hlokang thuso ea litsebi ho hlola mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea bona ea lipapali tse ngata haholo tse ka bakang khatello ea maikutlo le ho fokola bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi.

Boholo ba litlhaloso - haholo-holo tse boletsoeng ke Starcevic (2017) le Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) - - phete mabaka a tšoanang ao ba a hlalositseng lipampiri tse fetileng. Starcevic (2017, leq. 2) e tiisa hore ho theha IGD ka har'a sebopeho sa ho lemalla "qobella hobane e kena-kenana le nts'etsopele le tlhahlobo ea melaoana e meng ea lipapatso bakeng sa papali e nang le mathata, joalo ka e thehiloeng khopolong ea hore boitšoaro bona e ka ba sephetho sa ts'ebetso e mpe kapa mokhoa oa ho fihlela litlhoko tse itseng."(Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka Griffiths (2017) o hlokometse, tse ngata - haeba e se tse ngata haholo - litla-morao (ebang li thehiloe ke lithethefatsi kapa boits'oaro) ke sesupo sa ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata mme ka hona sena ha se taba ea "ebang / kapa" ketsahalong ena. Phuputso ea morao-rao e entsoeng ke Kuss, Dunn, et al. (2017) Ho feta moo e fana ka maikutlo a ho sebetsana ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng o hakanya ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete le papali, ho fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa hypothesis ea meriana ea ho itšireletsa mafung, ho kenyeletsa le lipapali. Hypothesis ea boikoetliso e boetse e thehiloe bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (bona Khantzian, 1985, 1997) mme hona ha ho nke bonnete kapa bohlokoa ba bohlasoa ba mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka lena, IGD e le mokhoa o sa nepahalang oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le boemo ba tlhekefetso e lumellana hantle sebopeho sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi 'me ha e hlahise boemo ba eona e le bokuli ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo amang batho ba fokolang.

Starcevic (2017) e boetse e bonahala e ts'oara hore ba sebetsang lefapheng la IGD le ba kenyang maikutlo a IGD e le tšibollo ea ho nahana hore boitšoaro bo phehellang ba papali ea chelete bo kenelletse joalo ka tsela ea ho qoba matšoao a bang teng. Hona ha se pono ea rona mme re lumela feela hore batho ba lemaletseng papali ea boiphihlelo ha ba sa khone ho bapala empa ba sa lumele hore libapali tse lemalloang li bapala lipapali ho qoba matšoao a bang teng (leha seo se sa tlose monyetla oa hore batho ba bang ba lemaletseng. libapali li etsa sena).

Re lumellana le Starcevic hore "Mathata a ho lemalla hangata a sa foleng ebile a tsoela pele, haeba a sa phekoloe”(Leq. 2) le hore ho qala papali e kholo haholo e ka ba karolo ea nakoana le ea nakoana. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a kang ana, boitšoaro ha boa lokela ho hlalosoa e le temallo. Lipampiri tsa rona tsa pejana li hlokometse ka ho hlaka hore libapali tse ling li ka bapala ka mokhoa o fetelletseng ntle le ho hlaheloa ke mathata afe kapa afe a hore le lipapatso tsohle tsa 'nete tsa papali ea chelete ha li na mathata, ha se libapali tsohle tse nang le bothata tse lemalloang tse nang le ts'oaetso.Griffiths, 2010b).

Starcevic (2017) hape o re haeba bokhoba ba papali e le litlamorao tsa mafu a mang a kelello, ha ea lokela ho talingoa e le tahi ea 'nete. Khang ena e sa tsoa hlahisoa ke Kardefelt-Winther et al. (2017) empa ha a araba sena, Griffiths (2017) o hlokometse hore litlatsetso tse ling tsa 'nete (mohlala, bokhoba ba tahi le bothata ba papali ea chelete) ha li fokotsoe e le lithethefatsi haeba ho na le lintho tse ling tse mpe. Bokhoba bo hlalosoa ke litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro ka bo bona le litlamorao, eseng lisosa tsa motheo. Ntle le sena, bopaki ba bongaka bo fana ka maikutlo a hore haeba ho na le bothata bo le bong ba kelello, boteng ba mathata a mang ke ntho e tloaelehileng, eseng mokhelo, mme sena se ts'oara maemo a marang-rang a kelello le a papali ea papali ea papali (Kuss le Griffiths, 2015) hammoho le mathata a mang a kelello (Starfield, 2006).

Taba ea hore na “mamello” le “ho tlohela” ke litekanyetso tsa mantlha tsa IGD (le litumeliso tse ngata haholo) e boetse e hlahisitsoe ke Starcevic (2017). Hobane litlhaloso tse ling tsa morao-rao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litheko tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi ha li kenyeletse mamello le ho itokolla ha ho bolele hore ha se matšoao a bohlokoa a boitšoaro bo lematsang. Ho rona, bothata bo boholo ke hore na mehopolo e kang "mamello" le "ho tlohela" e hlalosoa joang ha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bonts'itse hore litekanyetso tsena tse maemong a IGD li ntlafalitsoe haholoanyane (King, 2017; Morena & Delfabbro, 2016). Mohlala, hoo e ka bang mashome a mabeli a lilemo a fetileng, Griffiths o hlokometse nyeoeng ea hae hore mofuta o le mong oa mamello e neng e ikhethile ho lemaletseng marang-rang e ne e le ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha le software (Griffiths, 2000). Ka hona, re ka lumellana le Starcevic (2017) hore conceptualization ea hona joale ea mamello ho DSM-5 ha e ea lekana (hobane ho mamella ho amana feela le nako e sebelisitsoeng ea papali ho fapana le liketso tse ling tse ka bonts'ang pontšo ea mamello), le hore e lokela ho ntlafatsoa.

Leha ho le joalo, re lumellana le Starcevic hore lintlha tsa DSM-5 li theha "maemo a phahameng a heterogeneity”(Leq. 2) kaha ho hlokahala hore ho hlanoe tse hlano feela ho tse robong tsa li-DSM tlhahlobo ea lefu la IGD. Patlisiso e eketsehileng le temohisiso ea bongaka mabapi le hore na "li-mantlha" (ho fapana le litšila) tsa IGD li ka ba molemo haholo ho bohle ba sebetsang tšimong ea IGD. Starcevic (2017) e boetse e tiisa hore ba tšimong ba lokela ho tloha “lethathamong la tlhahlobo” la ho fumana tšoaetso ea lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka pheha khang ea hore tlhahlobo efe kapa efe ea lefu la kelello ea kelello e fumaneha lethathamong le hore polelo e joalo ha e na thuso. Re lumela ho thusa haholo ho theha litekanyetso tsa bokhoba e le li-syndrome (Shaffer et al., 2004) 'me u ananele ka botlalo hore se kopantseng bokhoba ke ho ts'oana ha bona ho fapana le ho se khotsofale ha bona (Griffiths, 2017).

Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) pheta-pheta liphapang tse ngata tseo ba kileng ba li pheta lingolong tsa bona tsa pele. Ba tiisa hore lefapha la IGD “ha e na mohopolo, litlhaloso, le lithulusi tsa tlhahlobo tse netefalitsoeng hantle”(Leq. 1). Ha e le hantle re ka pheha khang ea hore tšimo e na le mohopolo o mongata, litlhaloso tse ngata haholo, le lisebelisoa tse matlafalitsoeng tse sebetsang tsa 20 (Morena, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Li-pontes, 2016). Ho etsa mohlala, Kardefelt-Winther o shebana le ho ngola litlhaloso le litlhahlobo tsa bafuputsi ba bokellang tlhaiso-leseling ka IGD ho fapana le ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling ea hae ka sehlooho [mohlala, lipampiri tsa hae tsa morao-rao tse 12 le likhokahanyo mabapi le ho lemalla boitšoaro ba IGD ho etsa lipatlisiso Gate (2014-2017) ha e na data e ncha ea mantlha e bokelitsoeng ho IGD, empa ke litlhaloso tsa lipatlisiso tsa ba bang: bona https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Kardefelt-Winther/publications].

Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) khothatsa IGD joalo ka "bokuli bo bocha ba kliniki”(Leq. 1). Le ha ho le joalo, e nchafshoa ho latela polelo e khothalelitsoeng le kenyelletso ea eona ho DSM. Ka lebaka la hore IGD e kenyelletsa mathata a lipapali a fumanehang ka ntle ho marang-rang, lithuto tse qaqileng tsa bongaka tsa lefu lena le kalafo ea lona (hangata li sebelisa kalafo ea kelello) li bile lingolong tsa kelello ka lilemo tse mashome a mararo (mohlala, Basebetsi, 1990; Kuczmierczyk, Walley, & Calhoun, 1987). Ha Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) li nepahetse ha li re lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo tse netefalitsoeng ha li kenyeletse bakuli ba nang le IGD, ha ho bolele hore ha li kenyelle lintho tse neng li thehiloe linyeoeng le lisampoleng tse fetileng. Mohlala, lisebelisoa tse re iqapetseng tsona (mohlala, Demetrovics et al., 2012; Pontes, Király, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014) ka karolo ba its'episitse ho data e bokellelitsoeng har'a ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa bokhoba ba bona ba papali (mohlala, Beranuy, Carbonell, & Griffiths, 2013; Griffiths, 2010b).

Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) qotsa pampiri ea bona ea morao-rao ho re "ha re na le mohopolo o hlakileng oa ho hlalosa tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso e mpe kapa tšebeliso ea mathata a theknoloji ka nepo"(Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017, leq. 2). Re ka pheha khang ea hore bangoli ba bangata ba na le mohopolo o hlakileng oa hore na ba ka hlalosa IGD joang. Seo re se nang sona ke tumellano efe kapa efe joalo ka ha ho phehisanoa ka pampiri eo kaofela re neng re le bangoli ba kopaneng ho eona (ka mantsoe a mang, Griffiths, Kuss, Lopez-Fernandez, & Pontes, ka har'a khatiso). Kannete rea lumela hore lintlha tse ipoletseng tse ipolelang ha li na ho lekana ho hlahisa boteng ba IGD, empa lipampiri tsohle tsa lefu lena la phatlalatso li phatlalalitsoe ka provo ea hore ho ata ha IGD lithutong tse joalo ke feela sesupo, le hore lipuisano tse tebileng tsa bongaka ke eona feela tsela ea ho netefatsa ka bonnete ba hore IGD e teng ho motho ofe kapa ofe ea ikhethang. Maikutlo a rona ke hore tšimo ea IGD ha e fapane le boithuto ba mofuta o fe kapa o fe o lemalloang (mohlala, bokhoba ba tahi, ho lemalla k'hok'heine le bothata ba papali ea chelete) le hore boholo ba lipampiri tse phatlalalitsoeng ke lipatlisiso tse ikhethileng tsa boithaopo li sebelisa mehlala e bonolo. . Leha ho le joalo, ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lipampiri ho IGD ho sebelisoa mekhoa e meng (mohlala, lithuto tsa neuroimaging), tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore IGD e ts'oana le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa setso ho latela neurology le psychobiology (bona Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Pontes, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2017).

Tlhaloso ea Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) e bonts'a hore lithuto tse ngata li etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le "boholo ba batho bo phetseng hantle”(Leq. 3). Ha re hanyetse sena, empa hona ha ho tšoane le lingoliloeng tse kholo le tse thehiloeng ho bohlasoa ba papali ea chelete. Seo lithuto tsena tsa lefu la seoa li se bontshang (ekaba ho IGD kapa boits'ebetso bo bong ba ho lemalla) ke hore boholo ba baahi ha bo na mathata, empa ke hore sehlotšoanaana se bonahala se na le mathata a joalo. Ha ho na phuputso e ka bontšang ka ho hlaka hore lefu lefe kapa lefe le teng. Patlisiso e joalo e lula e bonts'a hore na bofutsana bo atile hakae. Taba ea mantlha sebakeng sena ke hore na bothata bo joalo bo teng kapa ha bo teng. Ha re ntse re pheha khang ea ho araba hore na Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo o lokela ho kenyelletsa bothateng ba papali khatisong ea morao-rao ea International Classification of maloetse (Aarseth et al., 2016), ho ea kamoo re tsebang, ha ho na palo e fokolang ea linyeoe tse hlokahalang ho tsebahatsoa bakeng sa bothata bo khetholloang ka mokhoa ona (Griffiths et al., Khatisong). Re nka pono ea hore ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo matla bo phatlalalitsoeng bo phatlalalitsoeng ho tsoa ho pono ea bongaka bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore IGD e teng (mohlala, Phaka, Lee, Sohn, & Han, 2016; Sakuma et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2017; E monyenyane, 2013). Ho hlakileng ke hore lintlha tse mabapi le linyeoe li fapana ka bophara (le hore ke lefu, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo), empa hore litlamorao tsa mantlha li ts'oana maemong ohle (ke hore, papali e na le tšusumetso e mpe kelellong ho batho. likarolo tsa mantlha tsa maphelo a batho ka bomong). Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther (2017) Hape tiisa taba e tšoanang e sebelisitsoeng ke Aarseth et al. (2016):

"Ho feta moo, ho na le likotsi tsa 'nete tse amehang ho hlahiseng boloetse bo bocha. Re lumela hore Kuss et al. (2016) u se ke oa nahana ka botlalo phello eo ho lemoha bothata bo hlophisitsoeng ho ka bang le eona ho bapalami hohle. Ho bapala ho fapane le boits'oaro ba tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi hobane ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tsa ho itlosa bolutu tse tsebahalang haholo bakeng sa bana le bacha lefatšeng ka bophara, ka litholoana tse ngata tse phetseng hantle le tse ntle tse tlisoang ke hona… Ka hona, ebang re hlophisa papali e pharalletseng joalo ka boloetse kapa ketsahalo e tloaelehileng ea boithabiso ho ama sechaba ka kakaretso sa bapalami le maikutlo a batsoali ba bona.”(Leq. 3)

Re shebile ka botebo tšusumetso e pharaletseng 'me ha re so ka re ferekanya "papali e pharaletseng" ka lipapali le / kapa papali e tlatsetsang (eo Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther ba ntseng ba e etsa serapeng se qotsitsoeng kaholimo). Re phatlalalitse lipampiri tse ngata liphatlalatsong tsa papali ho kenyeletsa le boleng ba thuto le kalafo (mohlala, De Freitas le Griffiths, 2007, 2008; Griffiths, 2002, 2005b, 2005c, 2010b; Griffiths, Kuss, & Ortiz de Gortari, 2013, 2017 - Lenane le felletseng la lipampiri tse fumanehang ka kopo) le bohlokoa ba moelelo le setso sa papali bakeng sa sebapali ka seng (Griffiths, 2010b; Kuss, 2013a, 2013b). Patlisiso ea rona e hlakisa phapang pakeng tsa papali e ngata / e batsi ea lipapali, papali ea mathata le papali e kenelletseng. Tsena kaofela li itšetlehile ka tšebeliso ea ho se be le papali ea methapo ea methapo ho tsa lipapali. Ke batho ba fokolang haholo ka litekanyetso tsa rona tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla.

Ha re isa tšimo pele, e 'ngoe ea liketso tsa bohlokoa tse khothalelitsoeng e ipapisitse le pampiri e ngoe Kardefelt-Winther et al. (2017) e sa tsoa phatlalatsoa e reng e ntšetsa pele tlhaloso ea boits'oaro ba boits'oaro. Kardefelt-Winther et al. (2017) e fane ka litekanyetso tse 'ne tsa khethollo' me a beha taba ea hore boitšoaro ha boa lokela ho nkoa e le tšibollo ea boitšoaro haeba:

Griffiths (2017) a nyatsa mekhoa e meraro ho e mene ka ho pheha khang ea hore boits'oaro bo bong bo nkoang e le bokhoba (a) hangata bo na le mafu a mang a bohloko, (b) ba itšoara ka boomo (mohlala, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi le ho becha), hape (c) hangata ba sebelisa boits'oaro joalo ka mokgoa wa ho sebetsana le boemo. Haeba mekhoa ea khethollo ea boits'oaro bo sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi e ne e ka sebelisoa ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, ke batho ba fokolang ba ka fumanoang e le makhoba. Ka bokhutšoanyane, litekanyetso tse hlahisitsoeng tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro ha li khonehe.

Müller (2017) e tiisa hore lipatlisiso sebakeng sa IGD li hatetse pele haholo, haholo mabapi le boleng ba eona, e hatisa ho utloahala ha eona (e amanang le data ea mafu le bongaka), le tšebeliso ea mekhoa e fapaneng e fanang ka maikutlo a hore (a) IGD e teng le ( b) ee baka litlamorao tse mpe ho ba sa laoleheng taolong ea bona ea lipapali le bakeng sa tikoloho ea bona ea bophelo”(Leq. 1). Re lumellana le kutloisiso ena ea bothata. Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lipatlisiso (mohlala, Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, le Billieux, 2014) esale re bonts'a hore ho na le lithuto tse ngata tse amanang le lefu la papali ea inthanete le papali ea lipapali, ho kenyelletsoa le lithuto tsa baemeli, le tse hlahisang lebala la lipatlisiso ho feta pele. Ntle le sena, ho fumanoe batho ba batlang thuso bakeng sa mathata a bona a amanang le IGD ba le mahlomola a mangata le litlamorao tse mpe lithutong tsa bona tsa boithuto, litsebi, le bophelo ba bona, bo ba lebisang ho ikopanya le bafani ba khethehileng ba kalafo (Kuss le Griffiths, 2015). Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso tsa neuroimaging tsa sepheo li sebelisitsoe sebakeng sa marang-rang le ho lemalla papali ea chelete.Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Pontes et al., 2017), ka ho tiisa hore IGD e ts'oana le bokhoba bo amanang le lithethefatsi liseleng tsa limolek'hule, tsa neurobiological le tsa kelello.

Leha ho le joalo, mathata a mokhoa le ho haella ha patlisiso ea morao-rao ho kenyelletsa le meralo e tlang ho lekola etiopathology, le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka li lokela ho supa, joalo ka ha a hatelitsoe ke Müller (2017). Haufinyane tjena, King et al. (2017) e lekotse kalafo e thehiloeng ho bopaki ea IGD ho tsoa ponong ea machabeng e sebelisang mekhoa e sebelisoang haholo ea CONSORT, e totobatsa mathata le lipatlisiso ho fihlela joale, e leng (a) mokhoa o sa lumellaneng oa tlhaloso, tlhahlobo ea lefutso le tekanyo, mathata mabapi le (b) ho se sebetse hantle, ( c) taolo, le (d) litlhaloso tsa mohlala, ho hatisa tlhokahalo ea ho nts'etsapele mekhoa e nepahetseng le e tšepahalang ea lipatlisiso ho ntšetsa pele kutloisiso e felletseng ea IGD le hore na ba hlokang tšehetso ea litsebi ba ka thusoa joang.

Müller (2017) hape e hatisa bohlokoa ba mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea IGD maemong a lipatlisiso kaha ho theha lintlha tse sebetsang le tse ka tšeptjoang ho ka rarolla mathata a mang a mokhoa le ho lumella lipapiso ho pholletsa le lithuto. Re lumellana le tekolo ena joalokaha re ne re boletse esale pele hore ho ba teng ha lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ho hlahloba lefu lena le ka fokola haholo ho sitisa tsoelo-pele ea mahlale sebakeng seo (Kuss et al., 2014), eo e neng e le joalo pele ho phatlalatsoa ha litekanyetso tsa pele tsa IGA tsa APA ho 2013, likhakanyo tse mpe tse bakang sekhahla sa batho ba bangata. Ke feela ha sechaba sa lipatlisiso se amohela lits'ebetso tse tšoanang le lintlha tse fokotsoang moo bothata ba IGD bo ka utloisisoang ka botlalo ho tsoa ho pono ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ntle le ho itšetleha ka lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa khale tse sebelisoang ka litsela tse ngata tseo ho seng tse ka bapisoang le tsona. Ntle le sena, re lumellana le polelo ea hore tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa e hloka tlhahlobo e matla ho lihlopha tse fapaneng le tse fapaneng tsa batho ho eketsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo, ho bula tsela bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse hlokoang tsa matla.

Ntle le sena, Müller (2017) e totobatsa hore APA e shebana le IGD hape e nyatsa mesebetsi e meng e fumanehang marang-rang e bonahalang e na le monyetla o phahameng oa ho lemalla, joalo ka ho becha Inthaneteng, marang-rang a marang-rang, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le bokhoba ba marang-rang ka kakaretso. Re boetse re lumellana le khang ena. Patlisiso e fetileng e bontšitse hore papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng e kanna ea ba bothata bo ikhethileng ho sehlotšoana sa basomi (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012b) hape e lokela ho shebelloa ka thoko ho IGD, joalo ka boits'oaro bo bong bo nang le mathata ba inthaneteng bo joalo ka ho lemalla ho etsa thobalano inthanetengGriffiths, 2012), ts'ebetso ea mabenkele a marang-rang (Andreassen et al., 2015), le ts'ebetso ea ho etsa metsoalle Inthaneteng (Griffiths, Kuss, le Demetrovics, 2014). Mohlala, haufinyane re hlahisitse mabaka a mangata a totobatsang kamoo tšebeliso e feteletseng ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang (SNSs) e ka lebisang matšoao a setso a amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Kuss le Griffiths, 2017). Kutloisiso ena e hlokahala ka ho khetheha ha ho nahanoa hore na karolo ea bohlokoa ea moetlo oa kajeno le tsela ea ho ba SNS e fetohile joang, ka batho ba ikutloang ba le khatello ea ho kenella ka lebaka la tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke monyetla oa ho ba teng le khokahano e sa khaotseng ea khokahano ka theknoloji ea mehala, e lebisang ho e-so ka e ba teng boits'oaro bo hatelletsang le likhatello tsa setso sa sechaba, tseo bakeng sa palo e nyane ea basebelisi ba SNS ba feteletseng li ka fella ka ho batla thuso ea litsebi (Kuss le Griffiths, 2015). Kaha re na le li-SNS tse nang le likarolo tsa papali, 'me papali e ngata e amana le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, re lumellana le tsa Müller's (2017) tiisa hore litlamorao, ho tšoana ho tsotehang le phapang ea IGD le boits'oaro bo amanang le mathata bo hloka ho rarolleha ka lipatlisiso.

Ho feta moo, Müller (2017) e bitsa lipatlisiso tse amanang le likarolo tse fapaneng, joalo ka psychology ea media ho utloisisa IGD hamolemo. Patlisiso e kile ea totobatsa bohlokoa ba tikoloho ea bochaba ho boiphihlelo ba lipapali (mohlala, Kuss, 2013a, 2013b), ho hatisa hore lipatlisiso tsa litloaelo tse fapaneng ho kenyeletsa le boralitaba, puisano, tšebelisano ea batho le likhomphutha, le lithuto tsa lipapali ke tsela e eang pele. Ntle le sena, anthropological (Snodgrass, Dengah, Lacy, & Fagan, 2013le likhopolo tsa ethnographical (Karlsen, 2013; Kuss, 2013a) li na le thuso hape kaha li ka fana ka leseli mabapi le tšusumetso ea lipapali, sebopeho sa lipapali, le mechini, liphetho tse lemohuoang le moelelo oa papali bakeng sa motho ka mong le sechaba sa lipapali, le hore na li ka baka phapang e fapaneng joang papaling e nang le mathata.

Quandt (2017) e etsa lintlha tse peli tse tobileng tseo re utloang re lokela ho li araba. Ntlha ea pele e supa mathata maemong a hlakileng, ka Quandt (2017) A pheha khang ea hore hajoale, lipatlisiso ha li fane ka leseli le ngata mabapi le eng batho ba ka lemalla, ba fana ka mehlala mabapi le lipolanete, liteishene, le mofuta oa papali, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka bang le basebelisi ba fapaneng le sepheo se amanang le papali, mechini e fapaneng ea papali, ho kenyelletsa le meputso ea moputso, ho pheta-pheta le lits'oants'o. Quandt (2017) e supa khokahano lipakeng tsa se boleloang, mechini, le taba e le lintho tsa bohlokoa tse hlokang ho hlahlojoa maemong a tlhahlobo ea IGD. Sena se tsamaisana le lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng kaholimo mabapi le tlhoko ea tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali le papali e amanang le litloaelo tse fapaneng, tse kang media, puisano le lithuto tsa lipapali, anthropology le ethnography (Karlsen, 2013; Kuss, 2013a; Snodgrass, et al., 2013). Ho utloisisa tlokotsi e ka bang teng ka botlalo, mohopolo oa papali ea papali ea lipapali e le tloaelo e hloka ho hlakisoa, 'me moelelo oa papali bakeng sa motho ka mong le setjhaba sa papali o lokela ho tsotelloa. Sena se bohlokoa haholo ha sepheo ke ho se utloisise lisosa le litlamorao ho IGD, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke Quandt (2017), papali e fanoeng e ka phetha mesebetsi e mengata bophelong ba motho, ho kenyelletsoa, ​​empa ha e felle feela, ho sebetsa e le mochine oa ho sebetsana le mathata a ho baleha mathata a bophelo ba nnete (Kuss, 2013a; Kuss, Dunn, et al., 2017).

Ntlha ea bobeli e amana le maikutlo a "ho hlalosa boitšoaro ba setjhaba e le lefu"(Quandt, 2017, leq. 2), mohopolo o 'nileng oa qaptjoa ke bafuputsi ba bang molemong oa boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng ba bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi (Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015). Quandt (2017) o pheha khang pele "ho hlalosa 'ho hong' e le tlatsetso ho ka ama maphelo a batho ba bangata ka ho ba nyenyefatsa le ho ba pepesetsa tšoaro e fosahetseng”(Leq. 1), e ka lebisang ho bula“Lemati la taolo ea boits'oaro litabeng tsa litekanyetso li nkile qeto mekhahlelong ea lithuto (kapa tse ling)”(Leq. 2). Motho a ka re ho na le mola o motle pakeng tsa "taolo ea boitšoaro" le ho ts'ehetsa sechaba ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo mabapi le boits'oaro ba bana ba bona. Mohlala, lithibelo tsa lilemo tsa lifilimi le lipapali li teng linaheng tse ngata. Tlhahisoleseling ea Pan European Game (PEGI) ke boto ea litekanyetso tsa papali e koahelang boholo ba Europe (PEGI, 2017), athe Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) e koahela Amerika Leboea (ESRB, 2017). Ka bobeli li arolelana litataiso tse tšoanang, ho kenyelletsa le tse laoloang ke litaba, tse bolelang ho tšoaneleha ha ho bapala lipapali tse itseng bakeng sa lihlopha tse fapaneng. Sebakeng sa ho laola boits'oaro bo ka bang bo sa batleheng, mekhatlo e joalo e ts'ehetsa malapa ho etsa liqeto tse bohlale ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, kutlwisiso ea papali e ngata e hokahantsoeng le matšoao a lemallo le ho baka litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo bo fokolang bakeng sa basebelisi ba feteletseng ho ka baka nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e nepahetseng le e sebetsang ea ho phekola mathata a hlahisoang, ho fapana le ho sebetsa e le mokhoa oa taolo ea boitšoaro . Ntle le sena, ho fapana le ho khetholla batho ka bomong, tlhahlobo e ka hlahang e ka nyenyefatsa batho ka bomong kaha mohloli oa mathata a hlahisoang e ka bonoa ho tsoa ho pono ea neurobiology, e lumellanang le moralo oa lefu le tloaelehileng, o tlosa molato ho motho ka mong (Kuss, 2013b). Sena se ka eketsa boitšepo, ho ikemisetsa ho fetoha, le ho ba le tšusumetso phethehong ea kalafo (Kuss le Griffiths, 2015).

Carbonell (2017e bua ka kaho ea IGD le ho khoneha ha eona ho latela mathata a sebetsang le botsitso ba lefu lena. Lintlha tse ling tse amanang le boiphihlelo ba papali le tsona li ile tsa nkuoa ho latela moelelo oa bona oa ho hlahloba [ke hore, boitsebiso ba avatar, sepheo, mofuta oa papali ea video, le mofuta oa papali (inthaneteng / inthaneteng)]. O supile ka litaba tse ka bang teng tse amanang le nts'etsopele le mohopolo oa IGD tse phehisanoang haholo ka har'a lingoliloeng (mohlala, Griffiths et al., 2016; Pontes et al., 2017). Hoa bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore nts'etsopele ea litekanyetso tse robong tsa IGD e ne e le ts'ebetso e boima le e hlophisehileng e neng e kenyelletsa likopano khafetsa le lipuisano tsa setsebi nako e telele ea lilemo tsa 5 le litho tsa 12 le baeletsi ba 20 ba sehlopha sa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse laetsoeng ke APA (Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea IGD, APA e hlahlobile hantle ho feta litlaleho tse matla tsa 250 mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea tahi ea lipapali tsa video (Petry & O'Brien, 2013; Petry et al., 2014). Leha e le 'nete hore maemo a robong a IGD "li nkiloe haholo-holo tlalehong ea Tao et al. (2010) e sebelisitseng mokhoa oa ho itherisa ho khetholla mekhoa ea ho khetholla"(Petry et al., 2014, leq. 2), litekanyetso tse robong tsa IGD li ile tsa ntlafatsoa tsa ba tsa fetisoa ka tsela e tšoanang ho latela tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa ho becha, ha ba ntse ba lumela hore polelo ea kliniki ea IGD e kanna ea fapana le mafu ana (Petry et al., 2014).

Carbonell (2017) o pheha khang ea hore mekhoa ea IGD ke "e loketseng haholoanyane bakeng sa bokuli bo ntlafatsang ho feta tlhahlobo ea mafu ho batho ba baholo”(Leq. 1) le hore"Tlhahlobo ea IGD ke ea batho ba baholo eseng ea bacha”(Leq. 2). Ha re lumellane le ntlha ena kaha ho fanoa ka palo e kholo ea lithuto tsa maiketsetso le tsa bongaka tse fumaneng ts'ebetso ea litekanyetso ka mehlala ea lihlopha tsa lilemo tse fapaneng (mohlala, Ko et al., 2014; Pontes et al., 2014). Ha ho sa tsotelloe tlhoko e hlakileng ea ho nchafatsa mekhoa ea boits'oaro, lithuto tse ngata li ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore IGD ke ts'ebetso ea bongaka le ea maemo a bophelo e amang batho ba fokolang ho feta lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lilemo. Ntle le moo, ho bohlokoa hape ho amohela liphetho tsena ho qoba ho hlahisa sekhobo le maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le bokhoba ba papali ea video.

Carbonell (2017) e totobatsa hore "litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba boits'oaro ha li kholoe ka kakaretso”(Leq. 1). Ha liithuti tse ngata (mohlala, Sinclair, Lochner, & Stein, 2016) (ho kenyeletsoa le rona) re lumellana le polelo ena, re lumela hore e fana ka maikutlo a hore boiteko bo bong ba lipatlisiso bo lokela ho etsoa ho thusa ho hlakisa likhopolo-taba tsena. Ka lebaka lena, e ka ba pele ho nako ho se natse IGD e le moaho oa bongaka o amehang motheong oa ho se lumellane ha litsebi mabapi le hore na o ka e utloisisa joang. Ho fihlela sena, thuto ea Pontes et al. (2014) o atlehile ho leka liteko tse robong tsa IGD khahlano le sebopeho se thehiloeng tsebong sa litheko tsa boits'oaro mme liphetho tsa phuputso ena li bonts'itse hore lintlha tsa IGD li ka hlahisoa ka mokhoa o matla kahara meetso ea likarolo tsa tšibollo (Griffiths, 2005a), e ts'oanang le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro.

Taba e 'ngoe e hlahisitsoeng ke Carbonell (2017) e amanang le ho senyeha ha tšebetso le botsitso ba IGD. Carbonell (2017) bapisa mathata a ts'ebetso a IGD le a tsoang lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi mme a fihlela qeto ea hore litaba li hlaha ka lebaka la hore IGD ha e bake ho senyeha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea IGD e amohela hore polelo ea eona ea bongaka e ka fapana le litlatsetso tse ling (Petry et al., 2014). Ka lebaka lena, e ke ke ea e-ba ho sa utloahale ho lebella hore IGD e ka baka tšenyo ea ts'ebetso ka matla a ts'oanang le tšusumetso e mpe joalo ka ha e bakoa ke mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi leha ba arolelana bohlokoa ba neurobiological le IGD. Mabapi le botsitso ba IGD, lipatlisiso tse nyane tse telele le tsa bongaka li se li entsoe ho fihlela joale ho lumella qeto efe kapa efe e hlakileng mabapi le sena. Ka lebaka lena, ke taba ea bohlokoa hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang tsa lipatlisiso tsa IGD li fihlelle ho 50% ea batho ba nang le IGD ba ka hlaphoheloa ka tlhaho le liprotheine tsa kalafo tse sebetsang li tlameha ho feta litefiso tse sa hlaphoheloang tsa ho hlaphoheloa ((Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015).

Ho feta moo, Carbonell (2017) o khothalelitse hore liphihlelo le lipapatso tse kang papali ea avatar, maemo a phahameng a ho qoelisoa, likarolo tsa sebopeho sa lipapali tsa video, le sepheo li ka ba bohlokoa ho utloisisa ts'ebeliso e mpe. Le ha re lumellana le mohopolo ona, hoa bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore liphihlelo tsena tsa papali ha se karolo ea sebopeho sa tlhahlobo ea IGD kaha e amana le lits'ebetso tsa bobeli tse sa ts'oanang le tsa pathological tse amanang le boiphihlelo ba papali. Carbonell (2017) ba kenyelletsa mathata a ho khetholla ho kenella ho tse ngata ho tloha bokhobeng (haholo litsong tsa Asia) le hore ha libapali tsa litsebi li qala ho bapala papali, hangata li hloka nako ea koetliso le boikoetliso ho tseba papali. Ho sa tsotelloe moelelo oa setso, re ka pheha khang ea hore mekhoa ea boits'oaro eo ho eona batho ba tšoarehileng haholo ha e fane ka litlatsetso tsa boits'oaro ho latela libapali tsa litsebi, ho bapala lipapali tsa video bakeng sa nako e telele ha ho hlile ha ho kotsi ha libapali li natefeloa ke tsona e etse mme o lefelloe ka ho e etsa, e ts'oanang le barutehi ba sebetsang ka lik'homphieutha le ho sebelisa Inthanete ka lihora tse ngata mme ba sa lemelloe Inthaneteng. Ho bohlokoa ho amohela hore le ha ho itlosa bolutu ka boitlhakiso le boitlamo ba boithuto / boithuto hangata bo eketsa bophelo (le ha o etsa ka mokhoa o feteletseng), litlamorao li tlosoa ho eona ka lebaka la ho sitisoa ha bona ke tsa bongaka le tsa maemo a bophelo tse sitisang mesebetsi ea letsatsi le letsatsi le tšebetso e akaretsang (Griffiths, 2010b).

Qetellong, Carbonell (2017) o ile a nyatsa mohopolo oa bokhoba ba lipapali ka lebaka la pherekano e hlahisoang ke DSM-5 mabapi le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete le / kapa tsa kantle ho naha le mareo a khethiloeng (ke hore, IGD) bakeng sa ts'ebetso ena. Carbonell (2017) e boletse hore "inthaneteng" le / kapa "ntle ho" marang-rang e lokela ho ba karohano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa "boloetse ba lipapali" le "bothata ba ho bapala." Re ka pheha khang ea hore boemong ba thuto, boitšoaro bofe kapa bofe bo amanang le ho fetella le ho baka ho senyeha ho hoholo ho tsa bongaka classified e le tšebeliso ea maikutlo le sena e le ntlha ea bohlokoa ea phapano lipakeng tsa papali e phetseng hantle le e lemalloang. Leha ho le joalo, litabeng tsa bokhoba ba papali ea chelete, lithuto (mohlala, Bakken, Wenzel, Götestam, Johansson, & Øren, 2009; Lemmens le Hendriks, 2016) li bontšitse hore leha papali ea inthanete e bonahala e lemalla ho feta papali ea kantle ho naha, bokhoba ba lipapali bo ka hlaha ho sa tsotelehe hore na lipapali li bapaloa joang (mohlala, inthaneteng kapa kantle ho naha) kapa sebopeho sa tsona (Griffiths, Kuss, & King, 2012).

Pampiri e ngotsoeng ke Krossbakken, Pallesen, Molde, Mentzoni, le Finserås (2017E tšohla lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa mohopolo le mekhoa ea lipatlisiso tsa IGD maemong a pharaletseng (ke hore, aha) le maemong a itseng (ke hore, litekanyetso). Ho ile ha nahanoa hape ka litlamorao tsa mokhoa oa mekhoa, mme ho na le libaka tse 'maloa moo re sa lumellaneng le lintlha tse hlahisoang leha ho bile le maikutlo a mang a matle a hlahisoang. Krossbakken et al. (2017) e bonahala e lumellana le pono ea rona ea hore poleloana "Inthanete" polelong ea bokhoba ba lipapali (ke hore, IGD) ha e ea nepahala ha ho fanoa ka hore bokhoba ba lipapali bo ka hlaha inthaneteng le kantle ho naha joalo ka ha re kile ra ngangisana le ho bua ka tsona (mohlala Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2014). Krossbakken et al. (2017) hape e tšohliloe ke karolo ea lintlha tsa kotsi bakeng sa IGD mme o hlokometse hore ka maikutlo a bona lithuto tse sa sebetseng tse etsang lipatlisiso tse mabapi le mabaka a IGD "se ke oa ba le mokhoa o thata oa ho etsa liqeto”(Leq. 1). Ha re lumellane le maikutlo ana hobane ho na le le menyetla e mengata lithutong tse bohareng le ha li sa lumelle tlhahlobo ea maikutlo a methapo. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho fanoa ka mehato ea pele ea lipatlisiso mabapi le IGD, lithuto tsa likarolo tse ling li na le melemo e mengata kaha li theko e tlase haholo ho latela nako le lisebelisoa, hape li ka ba bohlokoa ho hlahiseng likhopolo-taba tse mabapi le lisosa tsa lefu lena, li fana ka metheo ea bokamoso lithuto tsa lefu la mafu a ho batla ho fumana likamano tse ikhethang tsa lefu le amanang le lefu (Leqephe, Cole, & Timmreck, 1995).

Krossbakken et al. (2017) hape fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fanoe ka meeli e fumanehang lipatlisisong tse mabapi le likarolo tsa mantlha, ho thefula ho tsubelleha mabapi le mabaka a kotsi bakeng sa IGD “moralo oa nts'etsopele ea "psychopathological" e tsoetseng pele ho bonahala e na le mabaka”(Leq. 2). Ba boetse ba re “ho na le tlhoko ea ho nahana ka nako le moelelo oa taba ha u hlahloba litlamorao tsa nakoana le tsa nako e telele tsa bothata ba lipapali”(Leq. 2). Re lumellana le Krossbakken et al. (2017) mabapi le tlhoko ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tse telele tsa nako e telele tšimong. Leha ho le joalo, re ka rata ho hlakisa hore liphetoho tsa morao-rao litekong tsa psychometric tsa IGD li nkile kameho e khothalelitsoeng ea nako ea khoeli ea 12 e khothalletsoang ke APA tlhahlobong ea IGD (bona Li-pontes, 2016, bakeng sa tlhahlobo mabapi le tlhahlobo ea IGD). Mohlala, ka bobeli Teko ea Lipapali tsa Diseteke tsa Inthanete (IGD-20 Test) (Pontes et al., 2014) le Scale Disorder Scale Scale - Infomate ea Nako e Khutšoanyane (IGDS9-SF; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2015) lekola IGD kahare ho nako e boletsoeng ea APA ea likhoeli tsa 12.

Krossbakken et al. (2017) hape o hlokometse hore "Khokahano e ntseng e eketseha ea papali ea chelete le papali ea chelete e lokeloa ke tlhokomelo e eketsehileng”(Leq. 2). Le ha papali ea chelete le papali li ka arolelana likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa sebopeho (mohlala, ho becha chelete), ho ka pheha khang ea hore mesebetsi ena e 'meli ha e tšoane le ha likarolo tsa tsona tsa mantlha li fapana ka litsela tse fapaneng. Mohlala, "ho lelekisa tahlehelo" esale ho theoa joalo ka mokhoa o matla oa nts'etsopele ea bothata ba papali ea chelete, mme lipatlisiso li bontšitse litekanyetso tsena li baka phapang e kholo bothateng ba papali ea chelete (Fisher, 2000). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, "ho lelekisa tahlehelo" ha se tšitiso e sebetsang / e sebetsang ea kutloisiso ea IGD joalo ka sepheo sa mantlha sa kelello sa ho bapala lipapali tsa video se fapana ka tsela e khethollang, ka ho phalla le nako e sebelisitsoeng papali hangata e amanang le IGD (mohlala, Hagström le Kaldo, 2014; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2016).

Re lumellana ka pelo eohle le maikutlo a Krossbakken et al. (2017) le bafuputsi ba bang ba "ho bapala lipapali tse ngata ntle le litlamorao tse mpe ha hoa lokela ho nkoa e le bokuli ba kelello”(Leq. 2). Re lumela hore ena ke ntho eo tšimo e seng e e amohetse ka har'a lingoliloeng. Mohlala, APA e hlokometse hore IGD e kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso e sa khaotseng le e sebelisoang khafetsa ea lipapali tsa video tse lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo haholo (APA, 2013). Boemong bo ikhethang (ke hore, moelelo), Krossbakken et al. (2017) o hlokometse hore ho se lumellane le mekhoa e mengata e hlalosang IGD ho fumanoe ke lipatlisiso, haholo-holo mabapi le matšoao a ho tlohela le ho mamella. Ho joalo, lithuto tse 'maloa tse hlahlobang ho etsoa ha IGD maemong a itseng li hlahisitse liphetho tse tsoakaneng. Leha ho le joalo, sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tse ling li tlameha ho etsoa, ​​haholoholo maemong a fumanoeng ke lingaka moo litekanyetso tsa IGD li ka bapisoang le khahlano le khauta e matla. Ntle le moo, re ka pheha khang ea hore boholo ba ho se lumellane ho fumanoeng lipatlisisong mabapi le lintlha tsa IGD ka tsela e itseng li hlahisitsoe ke hore boholo ba lithuto tsena li fumane lipatlisiso tsa sampole tseo e seng tsa bongaka / tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhahlobo le bosholu ba mekhoa ena. ka tlholeho e tlase ha ho fanoa ka hore litumelo tsa boits'oaro ke ntho e sa tloaelehang e amang karolo e nyane haholo ea batho.

Kamora nako, Krossbakken et al. (2017) o khothalelitse hore IGD e lokela ho hlahlojoa e le moaho o hlophisitsoeng mehatong ea litekanyo kaha "e fana ka monyetla oa ho ntšetsa pele patlisiso”(Leq. 3). Le ha re lumela hore tsoelo-pele e ncha ea mokhoa oa ho lekola IGD e lokela ho ba teng, ha re lumellane le maikutlo a hore IGD e lokela ho hlahlojoa e le moaho o hlophisitsoeng mehatong ea litekanyo ka mabaka a 'maloa ho kenyelletsa lipalo tsa lipalo le tsa theoretical. Boemong ba lipalopalo, Kline (2013) o hlalositse hore mehlala e nahanang e baka hore lipontšo li na le ts'epo e phethahetseng (ke hore, r_XX = 1.00), e leng ntho e sa utloahaleng mefuteng e mengata e hlokometsoeng, e lebisang ho keketseho ea phapang ea pherekano ea likarolo tse tsamaellanang tsa latent Ntle le moo, ho fapana le mofuta oa litekanyo o bonts'ang, mofuta oa litekanyo oa sebopeho ha o hlalose phapang le covariances ea lits'oants'o (Kline, 2013). Boemong ba theoretical, mefokolo ea mofuta oa sebopeho sa IGD e ka hlalosoa hape ke sesupo sa "ho khutla hape" (tlhahlobo ea IGD 4). Haeba re nka hore IGD ke mokhoa o hahelletsoeng, joale ho bolela hore "ho khutla" ho baka IGD. Khopolo ena e na le mathata a thethebishene ha "ho khutla hape" ho hlaha ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea temallo ebile eseng ka mokhoa o fapaneng. Ka bokhutšoanyane, batho ka bomong ba ke ke ba “khutla” haeba ba sa bue ka temallo. Lingaka tse ling tsa kelello (ke hore, Howell, Breivik, & Wilcox, 2007) o phethile ka hore "mehato ea thetso ha se mokhoa o khahlehang o tšoanang oa ho lekanya tekanyo le hore neng kapa neng ha ho khonahala, ho nts'etsopele mehato e mecha kapa ho khetha pakeng tsa mehato e seng e le teng, bafuputsi ba lokela ho khetha tekanyo e bonahatsang”(Leq. 205). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re ka pheha khang ea hore conceptualizing IGD ka har'a mohlala oa litekanyo tsa karabelo e tla khonahala haholoanyane maemong a lipalo le theoretical ha li bapisoa le mehlala e bonts'itsoeng le ea sebopeho (bona Kline, 2013).

Ha re kopantsoe hammoho, re ts'epa hore puisano ea mahlale e hlahileng ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa rona o kopanetsoeng sebakeng sena e tla tsoelapele ho isa tšimo pele. Sebakeng sa ho khetholla papali ka bonngoe, karolo ea bo-ramahlale le litsebi ke ho theha phapano e hlakileng pakeng tsa motho ea ka sebelisang lipapali haholo ntle le ho hloka mathata le motho ea nang le tsietsi e kholo maphelong a bona a letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la papali ea bona e fetelletseng. . Boikarabello bona bo hloka ho arolelanoa ke boralitaba ba tummeng bao hangata ba potlakileng ho haha ​​tšabo ea boitšoaro mabapi le boitšoaro ba lipapali, hangata bo thehiloeng ho lithuto tsa linyeoe tse ikhethang le likarolo tsa lipatlisiso tse tšehetsang lihlooho tsa bona. Ka kakaretso, bafuputsi, litsebi, baetsi ba lipapali, le ba bophatlalatsi ba hloka ho sebetsa 'moho' me ka tšebelisano-'ngoe ho theha kutlwisiso ea' nete le e akaretsang ea papali e le tloaelo e tloaelehileng, e monate ebile e molemo hangata ho batho ba bangata bao e ka bang basebelisi ba bangata haholo. e amanang le boiphihlelo ba matšoao a amanang le bokhoba ba tahi a ka hlokang tšehetso ea litsebi.

Menehelo ea bangoli

Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho hlophisetsoeng sengoloa sena.

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

References

Karolo: