Ka pele. Psychiki, 13 ea December 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00287
Yanbo Hu3, 
- 1Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Zhejiang, Jinhua, China
- 2Sekolo sa Psychology le Saense ea Kelello, Univesithi ea East China Normal, Shanghai, China
- 3Lefapha la Psychology, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
- 4Sekolo sa Psychology, Univesithi e Boroa-bophirima, Chongqing, China
- 5Setsi sa Peking-Tsinghua sa Science Life, Peking University, Beijing, China
- 6Lefapha la Fisiks, Shanghai Key Laboratory ea Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- 7Institute of Psychological and Brain Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD), bo hlalosoang e le tšebeliso e sa feleng ea lipapali tsa marang-rang ntle le ho se tsebe liphetho tse bohloko, bo eketsehile haholo ka litaba tsa sechaba. Phuputso ena e etselitsoe ho hlakisa mekhoa e hlakileng e ka tlas'a IGD ka ho bapisa ts'ebetso ea ho nka liqeto pakeng tsa barupeluoa ba 18 IGD le li-21 tse lumellanang le taolo e phetseng hantle (HCs). Lintlha tsa bobeli tsa boits'oaro le tsa FMRI li tlalehiloe ho tsoa mosebetsing oa ho lieha ho theola. Boemong ba boitšoaro, IGD e bontšitse sekhahla se phahameng sa litheolelo k ho feta HC; le sehlopheng sa IGD, nako ea karabelo (ea lieha - hang-hang) le sekhahla sa litheolelo k li ne li amana hantle le boima ba IGD. Boemong ba neural, IGD e bontsitse ts'ebetso ea bongo e fokotsitseng ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo le methapo e ka pele e ka bapisoang le HC nakong ea liteko tse liehang ho amana le tsa kapele. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho li bontšitse hore IGD e bonts'itse bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto ebile e le ho phehella khotsofalo hanghang. Mochine o ka tlase o hlaha ho tsoa bokhoni bo haelloang ba ho lekola lipakeng tsa moputso o lietsitsoeng le khotsofalo ea hanghang, le bokhoni bo sa senyeheng ba tšitiso e ka bang teng, e ka amanang le ho se sebetse hantle ha ts'ebetso ea pele. Ena e kanna ea ba lebaka leo IGD e tsoelang pele ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ho sa tsotellehe ho tobana le litlamorao tse mpe.
Selelekela
Boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) bo eketsehile ka ho eketsehileng ka litaba tsa sechaba. E hlalosoa e le tšebeliso ea kamehla ea lipapali tsa marang-rang, tse lebisang liphellong tse mpe tse fapaneng ho latela bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi le bophelo ba kelello, joalo ka ho sebetsana ka tsela e fosahetseng, likamano tse mpe tsa batho ba bang, le ho fokotsa katleho ea thuto (1, 2). Boithuto ba lipatlisiso le lipatlisiso tsa lipotso li bontšitse hore batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'a mekhoa e mengata ea boits'oaro le neuronal tse ts'oanang le ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le bothata ba ho becha likarolong tse ngata, tse kenyelletsang matšoao a kelello a kelello, taolo ea boitšoaro, le ho etsa liqeto (3-5). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho bapisoa le mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi (mohlala, tlhekefetso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea joala), tšobotsi ea bohlokoa bakeng sa IGD ha se ntho e ka reroang kapa ho kenella ka har'a k'hemik'hale. Ka May 2013, IGD e thathamisitsoe ho "Liphetho" tsa DSM-5 e le maemo a lumellang lithuto tse ling hape (6-8).
Ho etsa liqeto tsa maiketsetso ho bolela maemo ao ho 'ona batho ba hlokang ho khetha pakeng tsa likhetho tse peli: moputso o potlakileng empa o monyane le o liehang empa o le moholo (9). Ho lieha ho theola mosebetsi (DDT) ke paradigm e sebelisoang haholo ho lekola liqeto tse nkang liqeto le ho lekola liqeto tse susumetsang (10), empa e ne e sa sebelisoe hangata ho fumana liqeto le moralo oa IGD. Ha tieho e khuts'oane, batho ka kakaretso ba khetha moputso o moholo ho fapana le o monyane; empa ka ho lieha ho eketseha, batho ba tla khetha moputso o monyane ho fapana le o moholo. Batho ba fetolelang thato ea bona meputsong e nyane kamora ho lieha ho khutsufatsoa ba tla nkuoa e le ba qobelloang ho feta batho ba fetolang lintho tseo ba li ratang kamora ho lieha ho lieha (11). Boithuto bo sebelisang DDT bo fumane hore meputso e liehang e khaotsa ho theoleloa le ho feta ke batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi mabapi le joala.12), heroin (13), cocaine (14), methamphetamine (15), le ba betšang ba pathological (16) ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (HCs). Ntle le moo, ho na le bopaki ba hore batho ba nang le IGD ba qhekella ho feta basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete ba boithabiso le HC (17-20). Liphumano tsena li phahamisa monyetla oa hore IGD, ho latela boloi ba lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete, e bonts'a myopia bakeng sa bokamoso, ke ho re, khetho ea meputso ea nakoana (mohlala, lipapali tsa inthanete) le ho hloka tsebo bakeng sa tahlehelo ea nako e telele (mohlala, kamano ea sechaba) .
Mesebetsi ea nakong e fetileng le DDT e thehile likhakanyo tsa neural tsa libaka tsa boko maemong a liqeto tse fapaneng ebe li fana ka tlhahiso ea hore na ho na le litsamaiso tse peli tse arohaneng tse kenyang liqeto tse joalo (21, 22). Sistimi e le 'ngoe (e bitsoang "β system") e ne e kenyelletsa libaka tsa projeke ea mesolimbic dopamine mme e le meputso e fumanoang hang-hang (ke hore, li-nucleus accumbens le medial prefrontal cortex); Sistimi e 'ngoe (e bitsoang "δ system") e ne e kenyelletsa libaka tsa pele tsa cortical tsa pele le tsa boima ba meputso e liehang. Boithuto ba ho nahana ka batho bo boetse bo batlile ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea litheko tsa ho lieha ho litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba boits'oaro le litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lintho. Barekisi ba pathological ba bontšitse mesebetsi e phahameng ea boko ka har'a dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) le amygdala ha ba khetha meputso e liehang ho bapisoa le HC (23). Ho ile ha tlalehoa hore lino tse tahang li bonts'a mesebetsi e eketsehang sebakeng se ka tlase sa "front" gyrus (IFG), sebaka sa polokeho le tlatsetso ea makoloi hammoho le litheolelo tse tebileng tsa meputso e liehang (24). Batho ba tsubang ba boetse ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ho IFG, DLPFC, le ho kenella nakong ea thibelo ea meputso e menyenyane kapele ho fumana tse liehang ho lieha (25). DLPFC e netefalitsoe hore e kenya letsoho ho thibela boitšoaro, ts'ebetso ea moputso, le ho etsa liqeto; IFG e boetse e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho thibela le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi; ntle le moo, ts'ebetso ea bohloka e bapala karolo ea ts'ebetso ea kutloisiso le taolo ea makoloi (26-28). Ka ho khetheha, ts'ebelisano e fetotsoeng e sebetsang ho "biliveal prefrontal lobe" e fumanoe ho IGD (29).
Leha lipatlisiso tsa pejana li senotse bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto ho IGD, mokhoa o ikhethileng oa bokhoni bo sa laoleheng ba ho laola boits'oaro ba bona o ntse o sa hlaka. Ho lekola mabaka a entseng hore batho ba nang le IGD ba phehelle boiphihlelo ba ho putsa hanghang ho sa natsoe melemo ea nako e telele, 21 HCs le 18 IGD ba ile ba ngolloa ho etsa DDT, e neng e na le letoto la likhetho lipakeng tsa meputso e menyenyane ea chelete le ho liehisa moputso o moholo oa lichelete.
Phuputso ea rona e fetileng e fumane hore barupeluoa ba nang le IGD ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho ipeha kotsing mme ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ho IFG le gyri ea nakoana ea boits'oaro ha ba etsa liqeto tse kotsi ha ba bapisoa le HC (30). Phuputso e sebelisitseng paradigm ea Go / No-Go e nang le tšitiso ea papali ea lipapali tsa lipapali tsa lipapali e fumane hore IGD e bonts'itse ho sitisoa ha karabelo le ho fokotsa mesebetsi ea boko ho DLPFC e nepahetseng (31). Bathong ba nang le IGD, ho shebella maikutlo a amanang le papali ea inthanete ho bakile ts'ebetso e matlafatsang ts'ebetso ea bokong ka pele ho cortex, parietal lobule e tlase le striatum (19, 20, 32). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tsa boko tse amanang le taolo ea kelello, ho lakatsa, ho etsa liqeto, le moputso li etsa hore ho se sebetse letho ka tšebeliso ea khafetsa ea lipapali tsa inthanete ho IGD. Ka hona, re ts'episitse hore sehlopha sa IGD se ka bonts'a tloaelo e ts'oanang ea boits'oaro (myopia bakeng sa bokamoso) le mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko e tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa mathata a mang a ho lemalla. Boemong ba boitšoaro, re ne re lebelletse ho bona phokotso e tebileng ea meputso e liehang ho IGD ha e bapisoa le HC le phetisetso ea maeto a lietsitsoeng a moputso ka boima ba IGD. Boemong ba neural, re ne re lebelletse IGD ho bonts'a ts'ebetso e fokolang ea boko libakeng tseo tsa boko (ke hore, DLPFC, IFG), tse amanang le tlhahlobo ea meputso e liehang, le ho kenya ts'ebetso ts'itiso. Re boetse re lebelletse hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko e ka tsamaellana le ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro ho sehlopha sa IGD.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Teko eo e lumellana le Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Phatlalatso ea Helsinki). Komiti ea Patlisiso ea Botho ea Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Zhejiang e amohetse lipatlisiso tsena. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba saena liforomo tsa tumello tse tsebisitsoeng pele ho teko. Barupeluoa e ne e le liithuti tsa banna ba tsamaeang ka letsohong le letona (18 IGD le 21 HC) ba hiriloeng ka lipapatso tsa Shanghai, PR China. Ke banna feela ba kenyellelitsoeng ka lebaka la palo e phahameng ea IGD ho banna ho feta basali. Ho ne ho na le mekhoa e 'maloa ea ho khetholla barupeluoa, ho kenyelletsa nalane kapa mathata a hona joale a methapo ea kelello kapa kelello joalo ka ha a lekantsoe le tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa methapo ea methapo ea lefats'e le boemo ba maikutlo, nalane kapa lefu la kelello la kelello (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo, schizophrenia), le nalane ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala. , cocaine, joala) kapa mofuta o fe kapa o fe oa litakatso tsa boitšoaro ka mokhoa o lekantsoeng ke lipuisano tse tloaelehileng le lisebelisoa tsa ho itlaleha. Barupeluoa bohle ha baa ka ba tlaleha nalane ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro, tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le mathata a kelello. Bohlokoa ke hore ha ho le ea mong oa bona ea tlalehileng likotsi tsa boko, ho buuoa ha boko, le mathata afe kapa afe a tlhokomelo a kang ho fokola ha tlhokomelo ea kelello. Ntle le moo, bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ile ba bolelloa hore ba se ke ba nka lintho tse lemalloang 3 h pele liteko li qala, ho kenyeletsa kofi, koae le joala.
Tlhahlobo ea IGD e ne e ikemiselitse ho latela (1) tlhahlobo ea Inthanete ea Phallo ea Inthanete e fetotsoeng (33), e neng e totobatsa ho IGD (IAT, bona Litaba tsa tlatsetso), (2) sekhahla sa tlhahlobo ea IGD ea thepa e robong e thehiloeng ho DSM-5 (34), le (3) litekanyetso tsa nako le khafetsa tsa papali ea papali. Ka bobeli lipotso le litekanyetso li fetoletsoe ka nepo ho Chaena bakeng sa ho nka karolo ha barupeluoa. Ho hlahloba ka mokhoa o hlakileng boitšoaro ba lipapali le matšoao a IGD, re ile ra khutlisa polelo eohle ea lits'ebetso tsa inthaneteng ho lipotso tsa mantlha ka lintho tse ikhethileng, tse kang ho bapala lipapali kapa lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho nepahala ha IAT e fetotsoeng ho ile ha lekoa, 'me tlhahlobo ea alpha ea Cronbach ea ts'ehetso ea ts'epahalo e ne e le 0.90 e amohelehang. IAT e fetotsoeng e na le lintho tsa 20 tse amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete ho kenyelletsa ho ts'epahala maikutlong, ts'ebeliso e qobelloang, ho tlohela, mathata a amanang le sekolo kapa mosebetsi, boroko, lelapa le taolo ea nako. Bakeng sa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho khetha palo ho tloha sekaleng se latelang: 1 = "Hake" kapa 5 = "Kamehla," kapa "Ha e sebetse." Nete ea IAT e fetotsoeng e tloha 20 ho 100, e emelang botebo ba IGD. Likolo tse fetang 50 li bonts'a mathata a ho lemalla ha inthanete ka linako tse ling kapa khafetsa, 'me lintlha tse fetang 80 li bonts'a mathata a matla a ho lemalla Inthanete (35).
Litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho ba lihlopha ka bobeli li bontšitsoe Tafoleng 1. IGD le HC ha lia ka tsa fapana haholo ka lilemo le thuto. Thutong ena, sehlopha sa IGD se ne se entsoe ka batho bao (1) ba fumaneng tse fetang 50 ho IAT e fetotsoeng, (2) ba fihletseng bonyane litekanyetso tse hlano ho tse robong tsa DSM-5, (3) ba sebelisitseng bonyane 2 h lipapaling tsa inthanete ka letsatsi nakong ea lilemo tse 2 tse fetileng, mme (4) ba sebelisitse boholo ba nako ea bona ea inthaneteng ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (> 80%). Leha ho le joalo, sehlopha sa HC ha sea ka sa khotsofatsa litekanyetso tse boletsoeng kaholimo.
Lethathamo 1. Litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho ba nkang karolo ho HC le IGD.
Mosebetsi le Tsamaiso
Nako eohle ea mosebetsi e nkile metsotso e ka bang 15 ho motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo. Barupeluoa ba ile ba qala ho etsa liteko tsa 20 ho tloaelana le mosebetsi pele ba qeta mosebetsi oa DDT ho scanner. Nakong ea mosebetsi, barupeluoa ba hloka ho etsa liqeto lipakeng tsa moputso o potlakileng le chelete e ngata ka nako e boletsoeng e lietsitsoeng (mohlala, hona joale 10 Yuan bapisoa le matsatsi a 7 hamorao 12 Yuan, $ 1 e lekana le 6.6 Yuan). Chelete ea lichelete e ne e fapana ho tloha 12 ho 15, 20, 30, le 40 Yuan, 'me nako ea ho lieha e ne e tloha 50 h ho isa 6, 1, 3, 7, le 30 matsatsi. Kahoo, ho bile le liteko tsa 90 ho 36 block, mme mosebetsi o ne o kenyelletsa li-block tsa 1 ka kakaretso. Liteko thutong ena li hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa o sa reroang ho E-prime (mofuta oa 2, Tool Software Tool, Setšoantšo 1).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Lenane la nako la teko e le 'ngoe mosebetsing oa ho liehisa litheko. Khetho ea hang-hang empa e nyane e behiloe ho 10 Yuan; likhethong tse liehang empa tse kholo, lichelete tsa lichelete li tloha 12 ho isa 15, 20, 30, 40, le 50 Yuan, 'me nako ea ho lieha e ne e tloha 6 h ho isa 1, 3, 7, 30, le 90. "Yuan" ke karolo ea mantlha ea chelete Chaena.
Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba lefuoa 40 Yuan (≈ $ 6) bakeng sa ho nka karolo le moputso o eketsehileng (ho tloha ho 12 ho 50 Yuan) ho ipapisitse le likhetho tsa bona mosebetsing oa DDT. Ho khothatsa barupeluoa hore ba arabele ka nepo, ba ile ba tsebisoa hore ba tla fumana litefo tse ling ho latela mesebetsi eo ba e entseng nakong ea mosebetsi. Mohlala, haeba ba ne ba ka khetha chelete e lekantsoeng nyeoeng, ba ne ba tla fumana 10 Yuan ka chelete; haeba ba khetha khetho e liehang, ba tla fumana chelete eo ka mor'a hore ba liehe ho etsa joalo.
Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo ea Boitšoaro
Sekhahla sa phokotso ea theolelo se ile sa hakangoa bakeng sa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka sebopeho se latelang sa hyperbolic (36):
The V e emela boleng bo kenelletseng ba moputso o liehang; A ke palo ea moputso o lietsitsoeng; D bolelele ba ho lieha ho nehelana ka eona; le k paramente ea mahala e bonts'a ho phahama ha sekhahla sa litheolelo. E phahameng k Lits'ebetso li bonts'a ho theola kapele le ho susumetsoa ho hoholo (37-39). Tsamaiso ea bohlokoa ea ho hakanya k boleng e ne e le ho khetholla lintlha tsa ho se tsotelle, tseo e neng e le lintlha tseo moputso o tsitsitseng le moputso o liehang e neng e le boleng bo lekanang ba motho ka mong. Lintlha tsa ho se tsotelle li ne li baloa ho pholletsa le bolelele ba bolelele bo fapaneng le litekanyetso tsa chelete mme li kenngoa ho Eq. 1. Ho na le mehato e 'meli ea tlhahlobo ea data ea boitšoaro bakeng sa DDT. Mohatong oa pele, ho ne ho sebelisoa lenaneo le sa lumellaneng le 'mela oa curve (Qalo ea 7.0) ho khetholla litekanyetso tsa setho ka seng se loketseng k. Mohato oa bobeli e ne e le ho etsa phetoho ea log ea 10 ea k boleng. Phetoho ea log e ne e hlokahala bakeng sa datha tsena ka lebaka la kabo ea tsona e seng e tloaelehileng (40, 41). Ho hlahloba litheolelo tse fapaneng k ea IGD le HC, sampole e ikemetseng t liteko li entsoe.
Ho Fumana Litšoantšo le Ho li lokisa pele
Lintlha tsa fMRI li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa scan ninemanga ea 3T (Motorola Trio) e nang le gradient-echo EPI T2 methapo e tebileng ea methapo ea methapo ea 33 (tatellano e kenelletseng, botenya ba 3-mm, nako ea ho pheta = 2,000 ms, echo time (TE) = 30 ms, flip angle 90 °, tšimo ea pono 220 × 220 mm2, matrix 64 × 64). Stimuli li hlahisitsoe ke Invivo Sistimi ea synchronous (Invivo Khampani)1 ka ho beha leihlo ka har'a coil ea hlooho. Litšoantšo tsa sebopeho tse koahelang bokong kaofela li ne li bokelletsoe ka tatellano e hopotsoeng e nang le boima ba likarolo tse tharo tsa T1 (li-176 silika, flip angle = 15 °, TE = 3.93 mm, leqhetsoana la sephiri = 1.0 mm, skip = 0 mm, nako ea ho feto-fetoha = 1100 ms, tšimo ea pono = 240 × 240 mm, le ka sefofaneng resolution = 256 × 256).
Ts'ebetso ea pele ho tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo e entsoe ka sephutheloana sa software sa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), SPM5.2 Litšoantšo li ne li bolokiloe nako, li entsoe bocha, li bile li fetisoa hape ka molumo oa pele. Meqolo ea T1-e ngolisitsoeng ka bobeli e ile ea fetoloa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho template ea SPM T1 mme ea ntlafatsoa ka sepakapaka e sebelisa 6-mm e bolelele ba halofo ea Gaussian kernel.
Tlhahlobo ea Khatiso ea Boemo ba Pele
Moetso o akaretsang oa mela (GLM) o ile oa sebelisoa ho khetholla lets'oao la ts'oaetso ea oksijene ea mali (BOLD) mabapi le maemo a mabeli: khetho ea moputso o monyane o potlakileng le khetho ea moputso o liehang. Liteko tsa phoso li ile tsa behelloa ka thoko. GLM e ile ea sebelisoa ka boikemelo ho voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho khetholla li-voxels tse sebetsang haholo bakeng sa mefuta ea ketsahalo ea mokete. Ho sebelisitsoe filthara e phahameng e fetisitsoeng (nako e felisitsoeng = 128 s) ho ntlafatsa tekanyo ea molumo-ho-lerata ka ho leleka lerata le tlase.
Tlhahlobo ea Sehlopha sa Bobeli
Tlhahlobo ea boemo ba bobeli e ile ea etsoa sehlopheng sa sehlopha. Taba ea mantlha, re ile ra tseba hore na ke li-voxels life tse bonts'ang phello e kholo ea liteko tse liehang ho bapisoa le liteko tse potlakileng hara sehlopha ka seng (IGD, HC). Ntlha ea bobeli, re lekile hore na ke li-voxels life tse fapaneng haholo ka lets'oa la BOLD pakeng tsa IGD le HC [(IGDlieha - IGDHang-hang) - (HClieha - HCHang-hang)]. Taba ea boraro, re bonts'itse lihlopha tsa li-voxels tsa bohlokoa ka mokhoa o ikhethang monyako o sa hlophisitsoeng p <0.05. Kamora nako, re lekile lihlopha tsena bakeng sa khalemelo ea boemo ba sehlopha sa FWE p <0.05, le tekanyetso ea AlphaSim e bonts'itse hore lihlopha tse nang le li-voxels tse 102 li ka fihlela moeli o sebetsang oa FWE p <0.05. Kernel e boreleli e ne e le 6.0 mm, e neng e sebelisoa nakong ea ho etsisa limmapa tse fosahetseng (lerata) ka AlphaSim mme e hakantsoe ho tsoa masimong a setseng a limmapa tse fapaneng tse sebelisitsoeng sampoleng e le 'ngoe t-etona.
Tlhatlhobo ea Kamore
Tlhahlobo ea likamano tsa batho ba bang e ile ea balelloa lipakeng tsa mesebetsi ea boko le tšebetso ea boits'oaro ho leka hypothesis ea rona. Re boetse re etsa tlhahlobo ea ROI le libaka tsa peo ho tloha tekong ea ho lieha ho bapisoa le liteko tsa kapele. Bakeng sa ROI e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, boleng ba moemeli oa beta bo ile ba fumanoa ka ho lekanyetsa letšoao la li-voxels tsohle ka har'a ROI. Lihokelo pakeng tsa ho teba ha IGD, log k litekanyetso, nako ea karabelo (RT), le litekanyetso tsa beta li ile tsa baloa. RT e emela phapang lipakeng tsa karabelo ho likhetho tse liehang le karabelo ho likhetho tse potlakileng (lieha - kapele).
Results
Ts'ebetso ea Boitšoaro
Liphetho tsa sampole e ikemetseng t-e tiisitse hore k boleng ba IGD bo ne bo phahame ho feta ba HC maemong a bohlokoa a morao (t = 2.01, p = 0.05, d = 0.53). Sekhahla sa litheolelo k boleng le li-SD tse tsamaellanang bakeng sa IGD le HC e ne e le 0.19 ± 0.16 le 0.11 ± 0.14, ka ho latellana (Setšoantšo. 2A), mme sena se supile IGD e theoletse moputso holima ka matla ho feta HC (Setšoantšo 2B). The R2 boleng ba mosebetsi oa ho theola (0.88 ea IGD le 0.71 bakeng sa HC) e bontšitse phapang e tlalehiloeng ke Eq. 1. RT (lieha - hang-hang) ea IGD e ne e le telele ho feta HC, empa ha ea ka ea fihlela bohlokoa ba lipalo (HC: −86 ± 213 ms, IGD: −56 ± 194 ms, t (1, 37) = 1.43, p = 0.11). Ntle le moo, bothata ba IGD bo ne bo amana hantle le polokelo k boleng (r = 0.552, p = 0.027; Setšoantšo 3A) le RT (r = 0.530, p = 0.035; Setšoantšo 3B) sehlopheng sa IGD. Empa lihokelo pakeng tsa lintho tse fetohileng ha lia ka tsa fihla sehlohlolong sehlopheng sa HC.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Ho lieha ho theola phapang lipakeng tsa phapang pakeng tsa papali ea marang-rang (IGD) le taolo e phetseng hantle (HC). (A) IGD e bontšitse e phahame k boleng ho feta HC. (B) Ho lieha ho theola mesebetsi ea HC le IGD. Lintlha li bonts'a ho bolela lintlha tse sa amaneng bakeng sa meputso ea chelete e le ts'ebetso ea nako ea ho lieha. R2 e emela hore na sekheo se kengoang se tsoa haufi hakae le lintlha tsa nnete. Taba ea pele, phapang lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa data le boleng ba boleng li a baloa. Mabakeng a sa tšoaneleheng a lekanang, kakaretso ea mabatooa (TSS) e kenyelletsa likarolo tse peli: phapano e hlalositsoeng ka khatello le e sa hlalosoang ke regression [kakaretso e setseng ea mraba (RSS)]. Ebe R2 = 1 - RSS / TSS.
Setšoantšo sa 3. Kamano lipakeng tsa ho teba ha bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) le ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro. (A) Kamano lipakeng tsa ho teba ha IGD le log k. (B) Kamano pakeng tsa ho teba ha IGD le nako ea karabelo (lieha - hanghang). (Lipalo tse kholo ho feta 3 SDs li ne li nkuoa e le barekisi 'me li sa kenyelletsoe tlhahlobisong e ngoe.)
Liphetho tsa ho bapisa
Re bapisitse lihlopha tsena tse peli ho latela phapang ea BOLD lipakeng tsa likhetho tse liehang ho etsoa le likhetho tsa kapele. Papiso ea sehlopha e khothalelitse hore IGD e bonts'itse phapang e nyane ea BOLD, lipakeng tsa ho lieha le khetho, kapele ho DLPFC le IFG e arohaneng ho feta HC (Setšoantšo. 4 le Table 2), e neng e tsamaellana le khopolo ea rona ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, IGD ha ea ka ea bonts'a matšoao a BONOLO a maholo ho bokong bohle ha a bapisoa le HC. Sehlopheng se seng le se seng, IGD e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea mokokotlo mokokotlong oa "gypus" le ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko ho IFG ea leqele le medial frontal gyrus bakeng sa likhetho tse liehang ho feta khetho e potlakileng; HC e bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho IFG e nepahetseng, gyrus ea orbital le girus e bohareng ea likhetho tse liehang ho feta khetho e potlakileng (Setšoantšo. 5 le Table 3).
Setšoantšo sa 4. Libaka tsa methapo e bonts'ang phapang taolong ea papali ea inthanete (IGD) ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (HC) [(IGDlieha - IGDHang-hang) - (HClieha - HCHang-hang)]. (A) IGD e bonts'a ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko ho "cortex" e ka pele ea letsoho pele ho HC. (B) IGD e bonts'a ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko ho IFG e kopaneng ho feta HC.
Lethathamo 2. Mesebetsi ea bono e fetoha lipakeng tsa IGD le HC (lieha - hanghang).
Setšoantšo sa 5. Li-activation tsa boko li fetoha pakeng tsa maemo a fapaneng ho ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang (IGD) le taolo e phetseng hantle (HC) (lieha - hanghang). (A) IGD e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea boko ho ACC le ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le ka tlase le ka pele la gyrus (IFG) le gyrus e ka pele ea pele (lieha> hanghang). (B) HC e bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ea boko ho IFG e nepahetseng, gyrus ea orbital, le gyrus e ka pele e bohareng (lieha> hanghang).
Lethathamo 3. Ts'ebetso ea boko e fetoha lipakeng tsa maemo a fapaneng ho IGD le HC.
Liphetho tsa likamano
Lihokelo pakeng tsa boleng ba beta le ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro li ile tsa hlahlojoa har'a sehlopha ka seng. Ts'ebetso ea boko ho DLPFC le IFG tse peli li kopane hantle haholo le logong k boleng lihlopheng ka bobeli (bona liphetho ho setšoantšo 6), le khokahano lipakeng tsa boleng ba beta ho DLPFC le log k lihlopheng tsena tse peli e ne e fapane haholo ke Fisher's Z tlhatlhobo (z = 2.44, p <0.05). Ka sehlopha sa IGD, ts'ebetso ea bokooa ho IFG ea linaha tse peli (ho lieha - hanghang) e ne e hokahane hantle le ho tiea ha IGD, empa ha ea ka ea fihla boemong ba bohlokoa (ka ho le letšehali IFG: r = 0.478, p = 0.061; le letona IFG: r = 0.480, p = 0.060; Setšoantšo 7); ha ho litlatsetso tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoeng lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le ho teba ha IGD sehlopheng sa HC (p > 0.1). Ntle le moo, ho ne ho se na likamano tse bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko le RT sehlopheng ka seng (p > 0.1).
Setšoantšo sa 6. Lits'ebetso tse nepahetseng lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ho mokokotlo oa dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) le likatse tse ka tlase tse ka pele tsa pele tsa gyrus (IFG) le log k ka lihlopha tseo ka bobeli.
Setšoantšo sa 7. Kamano lipakeng tsa botebo ba moferefere oa lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello karolong e ikhethileng e ka tlase ea frontal gyrus (IFG). (A) Kopano lipakeng tsa tlhoro e tšehisitsoeng ea IFG (ho lieha - hanghang) le ho teba ha IGD. (B) Kopano lipakeng tsa tlhoro e matla ea IFG (ho lieha - hanghang) le ho teba ha IGD. (Lipalo tse kholo ho feta 3 SDs li nkuoe e le barekisi 'me li sa kenyelletsoe tlhahlobisong e ngoe.)
Puisano
Tumellanong le litlatsetso tsa rona, IGD e bonts'itse tekanyo e phahameng ea theolelo k le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea boko ho feta HC. Liphetho tse boletsoeng esale pele li bonts'a hore sehlopha sa IGD se ne se le thata ebile se ka ba le bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho etsa liqeto, bo neng bo tsamaisana le thuto ea rona e fetileng (42). Haholo-holo re fumane hore DLPFC le Left tse setseng tsa linaha li ile tsa ba le liteko tse ngata moo IGD e ileng ea khetha meputso e liehang ho bapisoa le HC, e ka fanang ka bopaki ba ho utloisisa le ho feta mekhoa e tlasa IGD.
Ho haelloa ke bokhoni ba ho lekola moputso oa ho lieha ho IGD
Ha ho bapisoa le HC, IGD e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ea boko ho DLPFC ha u khetha likhetho tse liehang. Tumellanong le ho fumana hona, phuputso ea Hoffman et al. e fumane hore batho ba itšetlehileng ka methamphetamine ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ho DLPFC ho feta ea HC liqetong tse liehang (43). Ho latela sebopeho sa mekhahlelo e 'meli, sistimi ea δ e kenyelletsa DLPFC e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya meputso e liehang (21, 22). Bafuputsi ba boetse ba fumane hore DLPFC e arabela haholo ho liehisoe ha meputso e liehang, mme ts'ebetso ho DLPFC e amana hampe le ho eketseha ha nako ea ho lieha (44). Haholo-holo ho na le bopaki ba hore DLPFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kenyeletsong lintlha tsa liphatlalatso tse ngata tsa moputso ka boleng bo kopaneng (45).
Kahoo, mesebetsi e fokotsehileng ea boko ho DLPFC e hlokometsoeng ho IGD e kanna ea bonts'a hore IGD e bile le bofokoli ba ho hlahlobisisa boholo le ho lieha ha meputso. Ba ne ba sa khone ho hokahanya tlhaiso-leseling eohle ea liqeto, e leng se ka etsang hore motho a se ke a khona ho etsa liqeto le ho etsa liqeto nako e telele. Ntle le moo, phuputso ea naha ea phomolo e bonts'itse hore batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'a matla a kopantsoeng a ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa DLPFC le caudate, a fana ka maikutlo a ho senyeha ha modumo ea DLPFC mabapi le moputso (46), tse shebiloeng hape ho palo ea batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe (47). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe bakeng sa sephetho ke hore ho ka ba le bonyane ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea DLPFC bakeng sa batho ka bomong ho khetha moputso o liehang. Ts'ebetso e ka tlase ho monyako o tlase e tla hokahana le liqeto bakeng sa moputso o potlakileng ho fapana le o liehang. Hobane IGD e na le ts'ebetso e tlase ea DLPFC, e fihlella bonyane ba ho lieha ho lieha ho feta HC.
Ntle le moo, RT e ne e tsamaisana hantle le ho teba ha IGD, ho bonts'a hore ha IGD e tebile le ho feta, nako e telele eo ba e hlokang ho etsa liqeto. Liphumano tse amanang le khokahano li tšehelitse tlhaloso ea hore IGD e bonts'itse bokhoni ba ho lekola bokhoni ba likarolo tse liehang ho fihla tekanyo e itseng. Ha re akaretsa, re ile ra kenya letsoho hore IGD e tsepamise likelello litlamong tsa nako e khuts'oane, tse ka amanngoang le bokhoni ba ho hlahloba moputso o fokolang.
Ts'usumetso ea Ts'usumetso e Ntle ea Ho Tsamaisa ho Ho Etsa Qeto ho IGD
Ntle le karolo e tsebahalang mabapi le ts'ebetso ea moputso, DLPFC, e le sebaka sa mokhatlo se hlophisehileng haholo, e boetse e ikarabella bakeng sa mesebetsi e metle e kang ho thibela liqeto le ho etsa liqeto tse fapaneng (48, 49). Haholo-holo, lithuto li bontšitse hore tšebetso ho DLPFC e tla matlafala ha batho ba itaola (50). Ho feta moo, ts'ebetso e fokotsitseng ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea IFG e boetse e bonoe ho IGD nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thibelo lipatlisisong tse teng hona joale. Ho hlokometsoe hore IFG e kenya letsoho taolong ea kelello le ho sitisa lintho (51, 52). Ntle le moo, IFG e ikarabella bakeng sa boitšoaro le thibelo ea likarabo tse potlakileng tsa ho tlohela ho ikhotsofatsa hanghang le ho batla lithahasello tsa nako e telele (53-55). Ka mokhoa o makatsang, IFG e boetse e bontšitsoe e le sebopeho sa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea ho theha setsoalle se fetohang lipakeng tsa liphetho le liketso tse ntle (56). Ka kakaretso, DLPFC le IFG li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kenyeletsong ha boitšoaro le boitšisinyo. Phuputsong ena, lets'oa le BOLD le tlase ho IFG le DLPFC le ka bonts'a matla a ho hloka botsitso bakeng sa IGD ho laola boits'oaro ba bona le ho thibela tsusumetso ea bona.
Mesebetsi e fetotsoeng ea boko ho DLPFC le IFG e tlalehiloe lipatlisisong tse fetileng, tse senolang bokhoni bo tlase ba ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ha ho shebane le meputso e potlakileng ho IGD. Mosebetsi oa ho theola litheko tsa mabitso a fumane hore IGD e bonts'itse boemo bo phahameng ba ho ts'oaroa le ho theola lets'oa la BOLD ho IFG ho feta basebelisi ba lipapali tsa boithabiso ba HC ka bobeli18, 57). Nakong ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, IGD e bonts'a phetoho e fetohang ea linaha tse peli tsa DLPFC ha e nka liqeto tse kotsi (58). Ho feta moo, re fumane hape hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho DLPFC le IFG e kopanetsoeng e ne e tsamaisana hantle le logong k boleng, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore IGD e nang le ts'ebetso e kholo ea lehae ho DLPFC le IFG e ne e le leqeba le ho feta. Leha e hlahisoa ka boikitlaetso bo fetelletseng ke ts'ebetso ea pele, IGD e ke ke ea itaola ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho khetha moputso o liehang ts'ebetsong ea khetho.
Ntle le moo, khokahano e nepahetseng e fumanoe pakeng tsa ho teba ha IGD le log k boleng, ho fana ka maikutlo a batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'ang matšoao a matla a IGD le bona ba ne ba le leqe ho feta. Khokahano e 'ngoe e ntle lipakeng tsa ho teba ha IGD le ts'ebetso ea boko ho IFG e kopaneng e kanna ea bonts'a hore ha IGD e le matla le ho feta, maiteko a ba a hlokang ho kenya letsoho ha a khetha liqeto tse liehang. Ho hobe le ho feta, taolo e mpe ea boemo bo phahameng ba bolaoli le potoloho ea moputso li fumanoe ho IGD (42), e tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa rona. Ha ho nahanoa ka tsohle, liphetho li khothalelitse hore IGD e bonts'e bokhoni bo sa lekaneng ho lekola moputso le tšitiso e ka bang teng, e ka amanang le ho se sebetse hantle ha ts'ebetso ea pele. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le tlhahlobo ea pele ea meta ea lithuto tsa fMRI, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso pele e ka phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho ts'ebetsong ea methapo ea IGD (59).
sheba mefokolo ea
Ho ne ho e-na le mefokolo e 'maloa e lokelang ho hlokomeloa. Taba ea mantlha, ke banna ba nkang karolo feela ba ithutileng thutong ena, ka hona lithuto tse ling li lokela ho hlakisa barupeluoa ba basali. Taba ea bobeli, ho fokotsa boima ba mesebetsi le ho tlohella barupeluoa hore ba tsepamise maikutlo tšebetsong ea ho etsa liqeto, ha rea ka ra lekanyetsa maemo a likhetho tsa kapele le likhetho tse liehang, tse ka bang le litlamorao tsa litholoana.
fihlela qeto e
Ka kakaretso, thuto ena e bontšitse hore IGD e bonts'a sekhahla sa ho theola le ho fetola mesebetsi ea boko ho DLPFC le IFG. Sistimi e ka ba ts'ehelong ea bona ea ho lekola moputso o lietsitsoeng le bokhoni ba ho thibela lintho ho etsa liqeto, tse amanang le ho se sebetse hantle ha mosebetsi oa pele. Ena e ka ba lebaka leo ba khethang khotsofalo hanghang ho moputso o moholo o liehang ho lieha. Ka ho pharaletseng, lipatlisiso tsa rona tsa lipatlisiso li boetse li fana ka leseli ho lebaka leo IGD e tsoelang pele ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete le ha ba tobane le litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke ho kenella haholo lipapaling tsa inthanete.
Boitšoaro ba Melao
Teko eo e lumellana le The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Phatlalatso ea Helsinki). Komiti ea Patlisiso ea Botho ea Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Zhejiang e amohetse lipatlisiso tsena. Bafo bohle ba ile ba saena liforomo tsa tumello tse tsebisitsoeng pele ho teko.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
YW e kentse letsoho ho lekeng mananeo, pokello ea lintlha le tlhaiso ea data mme a ngola moralo oa pele oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. GD e qapile lipatlisiso tsena. YH le GD ba ntlafalitse le ho ntlafatsa mongolo. JX, HZ, XL, le XD li kentse letsoho lenaneong la ho leka, le pokello ea data. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho tšehetsa buka e ngotsoeng ea ho qetela.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
lumela hore baa fokola
Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke National Science Foundation ea China (31371023).
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo morerong oa ho ithuta, ho bokella data le ho hlahlobisisa, qeto ea ho phatlalatsa, kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.
Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng
Lintho tse tlatsetsang bakeng sa sengoloa sena li ka fumaneha inthaneteng ho http://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00287/full#supplementary-material.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, ho nka liqeto, ho lieha ho fokotsa mosebetsi, ho etsa tšibollo ea maikutlo a mantlha a batho ba tlaasana le batho ba tlaasana.
Caring: Wang Y, Hu Y, Xu J, Zhou H, Lin X, Du X le Dong G (2017) Ts'ebetso ea ho se sebetse esale pele e amahanngoa le ho potlaka ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang nakong ea ho lieha ho etsa mosebetsi. Ka pele. Psychiki 8: 287. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00287
E amohetse: 14 August 2017; E amohetsoe: 01 December 2017;
E phatlalalitsoe: 13 December 2017
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Jintao Zhang, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing, China
Hlahloba by:
Gilly Koritzky, Univesithi ea Argosy, United States
Bernardo Barahona-Correa, Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Nova - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
Copyright: © 2017 Wang, Hu, Xu, Zhou, Lin, Du le Dong. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
Ngollano: Guangheng Dong, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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