Litlhahlobo tsa Neuroscience le Biobehaisheral
E fumaneha Inthaneteng 30 August 2016. Sengoloa sa tlhahlobo.
LINKA HO ETSA TLHOTSO TSE FELENG
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
- Mathata a sebelisang marang-rang a kenyelletsa litšebelisano tsa Motho-Afimate-Cognition-Rule.
- Lits'ebetso tse amang ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, tse nang le ts'oaetso.
- Likarolo tse phahameng le tse ananelang li sebelisana le lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
- Lits'ebetso tsa maemo li ama tšebelisano-mmoho ea Motho-Motho-Tsebisano-Phethiso-Polao.
- Ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea sepakapaka le mosebetsi oa mantlha e amana le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang
inahaneloang
Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, liphuputso tse ngata li sebetsane le bothata ba mafu a tšebeliso ea marang-rang, bo shebaneng feela le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. Re ipapisitse le likakanyo tse fumanoeng tsa theoretical le liphetho tse matla, re fana ka maikutlo a ts'ebetso ea mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Moetso oa I-PACE ke sebopeho sa mohopolo bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nts'etsapele nts'etsopele le polokeho ea tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete kapa libaka tse khothaletsang lipapali, papali ea chelete, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho reka, kapa puisano. Moetso o thehiloe e le mohlala oa ts'ebetso. Lits'oaetso tse ikhethileng tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete li nkuoa e le litlamorao tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lintho tse rerang esale pele, tse kang maemo a methapo ea kutlo le kelello, boemeli, joalo ka mekhoa ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le khethollo ea kelello e amanang le inthanete, le babuelli ba litaba, joalo ka karabelo e ananelang le e hlokolosi mabapi le lintho tse bakang maemo sebakeng sa ho kopanya le tšebetso e fokotsitsoeng ea tšebetso. Lits'ebetso tsa maemo li ka matlafatsa mekhatlo ena nakong ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba. Le ha maikutlo a mabapi le mekhoa e thehiloeng nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, a khutsufalitsoeng mohlaleng oa I-PACE, a tlameha ho hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o matla, litlamorao tsa ho kenella ha kalafo li khothalletsoa.
Keywords
- Inthaneteng e lemalla;
- Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete;
- Mathata a sebelisang marang-rang;
- Mosebetsi-taba;
- Taolo ea thibelo;
- Mesebetsi ea Tsamaiso
1. Selelekela
Tlhaloso ea pele ea mokuli ea nang le matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang e phatlalalitsoe ke Kimberly Bonyane (1996). Leha boholo ba marang-rang bo ka nkuoa e le mohopolo oa bokhoba kapa bo tataisang boits'oaro bo bobebe (kapa hore na ho kenella ka hare ho boits'oaro bo amanang le inthanete ho lokela ho nahanoa ho latela sebopeho sa bokhoba ho hang) ho lula ho ngangisanaPetry & O'Brian, 2013), ho bile le liphetoho tse kholo ho fumaneheng le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho tloha 1996. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li eketsehile haholo. Boithuto bo bongata bo lekotse mabaka a ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, ho ata ha eona linaheng tse fapaneng hammoho le li-comorbidities tsa eona le likarolo tsa eona tsa botho (bona litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao ke Cash et al., 2012, Kuss le Lopez-Fernandez, 2016, Pezoa-Jares et al., 2012, Pontes et al., 2015, Spada, 2014 'me Suissa, 2015). Khatisong ea bohlano ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) (APA, 2013), Bokuli ba lipapali tsa inthanete - e le mofuta o le mong o lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi Inthaneteng - haufinyane o kenyellelitsoe karolong ea III o hatisa hore ho ka etsahala hore boemo bona bo na le bohlokoa ba tliliniki, empa ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho netefatsa ho tšoaneleha ha eona kliniki le liketsahalo tse tobileng. . Leha poleloana ea tlhekefetso ea inthanete e buisanoa ka tsekisano (Starcevic, 2013), ka mokhoa o makatsang ke lentsoe le sebelisoang khafetsa likhatisong tsa machaba (mohlala, Brand et al., 2014a, Brand et al., 2014b, Chou et al., 2005, Dong et al., 2013b, Douglas et al., 2008, Griffiths, 1999, Hansen, 2002, Kuss le Griffiths, 2011a, Kuss et al., 2014, Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2010, Widyanto le Griffiths, 2006, E monyenyane, 1998, E monyenyane, 2004 'me Young le al., 2011). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho ka fanoa ka likhang mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea polelo le ho tsamaellana le lebitso le seng le ntse le le teng ho DSM-5 le nomenclature e kopanetsoeng ho ICD-11, re tla sebelisa poleloana ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang khafetsa ntle le ha e hlakile. ho sebelisa poleloana ea ho lemalla Inthanete (mohlala, ha ho buuoa ka lingoliloeng tsa pele).
Le ha DSM-5 e tsepamisitse maikutlo papaling ea inthanete, palo e nang le moelelo ea lingoli e bonts'a hore batho ba batlang kalafo ba ka sebelisa ts'ebeliso e meng ea marang-rang kapa libaka tsa marang-rang haholo. Mehlala e hlahelletseng e kenyelletsa papali ea chelete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, liwebosaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona le libaka tsa mabenkele (Brand et al., 2014b, Griffiths, 2012 'me Kuss le Griffiths, 2011b; Müller et al., Ka khatiso; Müller et al., 2016 'me Young le al., 1999). Ts'ebetso ea inthanete ea batho ba tlalehang likarolo tsa tšebeliso e lemalloang e lokela ho hlalosoa, hobane batho ha ba lemaletse bohareng ka bo bona ka bobeli, empa ho litaba tseo ba li sebelisang (bona puisano e felletseng ho Starcevic, 2013). Bopaki bo matlafatsang bo boetse bo fana ka phapang lipakeng tsa lekhoba la marang-rang le akaretsang le mefuta e khethehileng ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (mohlala, Montag et al., 2015 'me Pawlikowski et al., 2014). Tumellanong le mohopolo ona, re pheha khang ea ho sebelisa lits'ebeliso tse ikhethang tse sebelisoang inthaneteng, tse bolelang hore litaba tse sebelisitsoeng li lokela ho hlalosoa, mohlala, bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang, bothata ba papali ea marang-rang, Ilefu le bonoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, jj (Brand et al., 2014b). Ho lemosoa ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng le e fapaneng e entseng ka morao ho liketsahalo tsena ho ka ba le phello e kholo ho maano, boiteko ba thibelo le kalafo ea bongaka.
Bakeng sa lipatlisiso le boikoetliso ba bongaka, mehlala ea liano tsa ts'ebetso e tlasa nts'etsopele le ho boloka boits'oaro bo tlatsetsang li bohlokoa haholo. Bakeng sa temallo ea inthanete, mefuta e 'meli ea theoretical e phatlalalitsoe ho 2014, e le' ngoe ka Brand et al. (2014b), le e 'ngoe, e shebaneng le libapali tsa inthanete, ka Dong le Potenza (2014). Ho tloha phatlalatso ea mefuta ena e 'meli, liphumano tse ncha tsa lipatlisiso li teng, tse netefatsang likhopolo tse ling tsa mehlala, empa tse fanang ka mehopolo e mecha ka mekhoa e amehang ts'ebetsong ea bokhoba. Ka lebaka leo, re nahana hore ho ntlafatsa mokhoa oa rona ho mafu a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang (Brand et al., 2014b) e nakong ka nako, ha ho fanoa ka hore mehlala ea methapo ea kutlo le lits'oants'o li lokela ho fetoloa ho ipapisitse le lintlha tse ncha tse tsoang lipatlisisong.
Morero oa sengoloa sa hajoale ke ho fana ka maikutlo a mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa mohlala oa rona mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Lipheo tse ikhethileng li tjena. Taba ea mantlha, re hokahanya lipatlisiso tsa hajoale mabapi le mathata a tšebeliso ea Marang-rang molemong oa thuto ea theory. Re boetse re hokahanya liphumano le likhopolo tsa kelello tse tsoang libakeng tse ling tsa lipatlisiso, mohlala, ka ho bua ka mehopolo e tsejoang ho tsoa ho lipatlisiso tsa tlholeho ea tlholeho. Sena se tsamaisana le mohopolo oa ho khetholla mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le litheko tse ling tsa boits'oaro hammoho le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi joalo ka boits'oaro bo bobebe (cf. Chamberlain et al., 2015, Derbyshire le Grant, 2015, Fauth-Bühler le Mann, 2015, Fauth-Bühler et al., 2016, Grant et al., 2006, Grant le Chamberlain, 2015, Grant et al., 2010, Kraus et al., 2016, Potenza, 2006 'me Robbins le Clark, 2015). Taba ea bobeli, re ikemiselitse ho khothaletsa mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng e le mohlala o akaretsang oa mefuta e itseng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, a ka hlalosoang hape lithutong tse tlang mabapi le mefuta e meng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (mohlala, papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, cybersex, marang-rang a sechaba, ho reka / ho ea mabenkeleng, jj.). Taba ea boraro, re ikemiselitse ho hlahisa le ho bontša ts'ebetso ea nts'etsopele le ho boloka boits'oaro bo itseng ba tlatsetso. Ka ho etsa sena, re khetholla ka ho hlaka lintho tse rerang lintho esale pele, tse etsang hore batho ba hlaselehe habonolo bakeng sa ho ba le mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, le lipapatso tse sebetsang joaloka bathusi le babuelli nakong ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le moemeli ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa meetso ea kelello bakeng sa mathata a kelello / mafu a kelello, hobane ho kena lipakeng litabeng tsa meriana le kelello ho ka sebetsana le maemo a fetohang ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, ha mabaka a mang a tlokotsi (mohlala, bofokoli ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, botho) a kanna a tsitsa (Brand et al., 2014a). Mefuta e joalo ea theory, kapa likarolo tsa moo, e ka fetisetsoa mehlaleng ea lipalo, e ka lekoang haholo lithutong tse tlang. Ka ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tse ka morao ho liketsahalo, leano, lithibelo le thibelo ea kalafo li ka nts'etsopele le ho hlahlojoa motheong oa hypotheses tse hlophisehileng. Re ikemiselitse ho fana ka maikutlo a mofuta ona oa theoretical bakeng sa mohlala oa ts'ebetso, o ts'episang ts'epo ea lipatlisiso tsa moso le ts'ebetso ea bongaka.
2. Kakaretso ea mehlala ea hajoale mabapi le nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a sebelisang marang-rang
Mohlala oa bokhoba ba marang-rang ka Brand et al. (2014b) e na le likarolo tse tharo: mohlala o hlalosang tšebeliso e ntle ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, mohlala oa tšebeliso e mpe ea litheko tsa inthanete (bona Davis, 2001), le mohlala oa lefatše ka bophara oa mefuta e itseng ea bokhoba ba marang-rang. Mona, re tsepamisa maikutlo ntlafatsong ea mohlala mefuteng e meng ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Mefuta e ikhethileng e bua ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea mofuta o itseng oa lits'ebetso kapa liwebsaete tse kang papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / cybersex, mabenkeleng, websaeteng eo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho eona, kapa puisano. Hona ho bolela hore re tiisa hore batho ka bomong ba na le "tšebeliso ea khetho ea pele", e nkoang e bapisoa le "lithethefatsi tsa pele" ho batho ba its'ebelletseng ho lithethefatsi.
Mohlala ona oa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a kenyelletsa lintlha tsa psychopathological (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha ka setjhaba) le litšobotsi tsa botho bo sa sebetseng hammoho le lintho tse ling tse fapaneng (mohlala, ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo) joalo ka lintho tse emelang mats'oafo. Ntle le mabaka a tlokotsing ea lefats'e ka bophara, re khothalelitse batho hore ba be le litšobotsi tse ba khethileng ba kotsing ea ho sebelisa mefuta e meng ea lits'ebetso kapa liwebsaete tse ngata. Mohlala, boitlamo bo matla ba ho bapala papali ea papali kapa thabo e phahameng ea thobalano ka kakaretso e kanna ea hlalosa hore na hobaneng batho ba sebelisa lits'ebetso / libaka tse khethehileng (ke hore, tse amanang le papali ea chelete kapa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ka ho latellana) ho ba le khotsofalo le thabo. Mabapi le phello ea bobuelli, re boetse re rerile hore lintho tse etsahalang pele li ka 'na tsa se be le tšusumetso e tobileng ho nts'etsopele ea bothata bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea Marang-rang, empa e le hore li amana le mefuta e meng ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete le mekhoa ea ho se sebetse hantle. Litebello tsa ts'ebeliso le ho sebetsana le tsona li nkuoe e le lintlha tsa mantlha tsa botho 'me li ka emela ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ha bohlokoa kapa ho boelana. E le karolo ea ho qetela ea mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea khetho ea pele / sebaka sa marang-rang se hlahisa boiphihlelo ba ho ikholisa le ho matlafatsa.Everitt le Robbins, 2016 'me Piazza le Deroche-Gamonet, 2013). Kananelo e lebisa ntlafatsong e nepahetseng (le karolo e mpe) ea ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa e sa sebetseng, litebello mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tsa inthanete / libaka, le likarolo tse ling tsa mantlha, haholo likarolo tsa psychopathological le likhetho tse ikhethang. Re phehile khang ea hore mekhoa ena ea ho ithuta e ka etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta hore batho ka bomong ba fane ka taolo ea boits'ireletso ho ts'ebeliso ea bona ea marang-rang.
Moetso oa theoretical oa likhathatso tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang ka Dong le Potenza (2014) e kenyelletsa maikutlo a motho le mekhoa ea kutloisiso. Khubu ea mohlala ona ke kamano e teng lipakeng tsa mokhoa oa ho etsa liqeto mabapi le ho batla moputso kapele le ha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele, le ho batla (ho lakatsa) ho latela sephetho sa ho natefeloa le / kapa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo. Sebaka sa boraro se kenyeletsa taolo ea molaoli (inhibition and monitoring) holim'a ho batla takatso, e khothalletsoang hore e fokotsehe ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. Khopolo ena e lumellana le likhopolo le liphetho tse matla tsa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi e sebetsang ho batho ba itšebelitseng tlasa lithethefatsi (Goldstein le Volkow, 2011). Ka mohlala oa bona, Dong le Potenza (2014) sheba likhopolo tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, tse shebaneng le moputso. Mohlala o mong ke mohopolo oa tšusumetso le phapang ea ho "rata" ho tsoa ho "ho batla" sethethefatsi (Berridge, 2007, Berridge le al., 2009, Robinson le Berridge, 2001 'me Robinson le Berridge, 2008). Dong le Potenza (2014) e boetse e kenyelletsa litlhahiso tsa mehato ea kalafo e ka lebisang lintlha tse ikhethang tsa tlhalohanyo le tse susumetsang.
Mefuta ka bobeli, e arolelanang likarolo tse kholo tsa mantlha, e na le mabaka a hlakileng, 'me lithuto ho fihlela joale li na le likarolo tse ling tsa tsona li lekile. Boithuto ba nakong e fetileng bo nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang le mefuta e meng ea mathata a tšebeliso ea marang-rang bo ka bonts'a hore lintlha tse itseng tsa ho ba kotsing, ho batla ho susumetsa le ho lakatsa, mekhoa ea kutloisiso le ho etsa liqeto, li loketse ho nahanisisoa. Motheong oa mehlala ena e 'meli ea theoretical le ho kopanya liphumano ho tsoa liphuputsong tsa morao-rao mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le libaka tse ling tsa lipatlisiso, re fana ka tlhahiso ea mohlala o ntlafalitsoeng oa theoretical process bakeng sa mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, a reretsoeng ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang.. Moetso ona o lokela ho utloisisoa e le sebopeho sa theoretical bakeng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, leha likarolo tse 'maloa tsa mohlala li hloka ho hlahlojoa ka matla lithutong tse tlang, haholoholo lipatlisisong tse bapisang mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
3. Ho kenella ha mohlala oa tšebeliso e khethehileng ea tšebeliso ea inthanete
Moetso oa I-PACE o kenyelletsa likarolo tse latelang tsa mantlha: Lintho tse fetoletsoeng esale pele, likarabo tse amanang le tšebeliso ea maikutlo mabapi le tšusumetso ea kahare kapa kantle, taolo e phahameng le e thibelang, boitšoaro ba ho etsa liqeto bo lebisang ts'ebelisong ea lits'ebeliso tse ling tsa marang-rang / libaka, le litlamorao tsa ho sebelisa Inthanete. lisebelisoa / libaka tsa likhetho. Mohlala o bontšoa ka Feie. 1.
Setšoantšo sa 1.
Mohlala mabapi le nts'etsopele le ho boloka moferefere o ikhethileng oa tšebeliso ea Marang-rang. Metsu e bohale e emela litsela tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso ea bokhoba.
3.1. Lintho tse fetoletsoeng esale pele li emela litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho: Karolo ea P ea mohlala
3.1.1. Molao-motheo oa biopsychological
Lintho tse fetoletsoeng esale pele li kenya letsoho litšobotsing tsa mantlha tsa motho, tse ka tsitsitseng ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Lintho tsa pele-pele tse reriloeng esale pele ke mabaka a liphatsa tsa lefutso le lintlha tse ling tsa tlhaho ea boitšoaro ba motho, joalo ka likarolo tsa maiketsetso le liphihlelo tsa bongoana tsa morao-rao le litlamorao tsa tlhaho ea tlhaho le litlamorao ho liphihlelo tsa ho ithuta. Mabapi le tlatsetso e ka bang teng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse sebelisang marang-rang, liphuputso li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tla fihla 48% ea liphapang tsa motho ka mong ka tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ka lebaka la liphatsa tsa lefutso, leha litekanyo tsa litekanyetso tsa heritability li fapana lipakeng tsa lipatlisiso (Deryakulu le Ursavas, 2014, Li et al., 2014 'me Vink et al., 2015). Mohlala o le mong bakeng sa phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e amanang le mathata a tšebeliso ea marang-rang e amana le lits'ebetso tsa dopamine (ka ho khetheha polymorphisms COMT Val158Met le ANKK1 / DRD2 Taq Ia), joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe ke Han et al. (2007). Ho fumana hona ho tsamaisana le liphumano tse hokahanyang li-polymorphisms le litumelo tse ling tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka ho becha ka methapo ea kutlo ( Goudriaan et al., 2004 'me Potenza, 2013). Seroponin-transporter e kopantsoeng le polymorphic (5-HTTLPR) ea gene e kenyang transporter ea serotonin (SLC6A3) hape e amana le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Y. Lee le al., 2008). Mabapi le ts'ebetso ea cholinergic e le mokhoa oa boraro o ka hlahisang mathata a sebelisang marang-rang, Montag et al. (2012) e tlaleha kamano lipakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa CHRNA4 gene (e kopantsoe le cholinergic nicotine / acetylcholine receptor) le likarolo tse sebelisang tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsena li sebelisitse sampole e nyane haholo, e sa sebetseng hantle mme tlhahlobo e lebisitsoeng ho li-polymorphisms tse ikhethileng. Ka kakaretso, leha lithuto tse 'maloa tsa pele li fana ka bopaki ba pele ba monehelo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho mafu a tšebeliso ea marang-rang, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling (ho kenyeletsoa ho tsoa liphuputsong tsa mokhatlo oa genome). Hape ho ka etsahala hore batho ba nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba emele sehlopha se phahameng mabapi le liphatsa tsa bona tsa lefutso. Boithuto bo bongata ho genetics bo kenyelelitse batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang kapa ba sa khetholle mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ( Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2015). Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho botsa ka mokhoa o hlakileng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea "khetho ea pele" le ho bapisa lipalo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (mohlala, a amanang le papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho reka, le marang-rang a sechaba).
Mabaka a mang a biopsychological, a ka etsang hore batho ba hlaselehe habonolo hore ba ka ba le bothata ba kelello kapa bo ts'oaroang ke ts'oaetso, ke liphihlelo tse mpe tsa bongoaneng, joalo ka ho sithabela maikutlo, ho hlekefetsoa maikutlong kapa 'mele, le ho itšehla thajana. Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, lithuto tse ling li fumane likamano pakeng tsa liketsahalo tse mpe tsa bophelo ba pele le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Dalbudak et al., 2014 'me Hsieh et al., 2016). Liketsahalo tsa bophelo bo bobe nakong ea bongoaneng li boetse li hokahane le mokhoa oa ho se sireletsehe oa khokahano, o boetse o fumanoe o amana le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (mohlala, Odaci le Çikrikçi, 2014 'me Schimmenti et al., 2014) ho kenyeletsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Kor et al., 2014). Tlhahiso e le 'ngoe ea likokoana-hloko ea mofuta oa ho ikamahanya le tšireletseho ke maemo a tlase a oxytocin, ao hape a amanang le mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng (Baskerville le Douglas, 2010 'me Sarnyai le Kovács, 2014). Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, liphihlelo tse sithabetsang bongoaneng li etsa hore batho ba hlaselehe habonolo ho imeloa kelellong ha ba le lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba batho ba baholo.Elsey et al., 2015) le ho ba le mathata a kelello (Chen & Baram, 2016) le boits'oaro bo lematsang (Briand & Blendy, 2010). Moelelong ona, liphihlelo tsa bongoana bongoaneng hammoho le mekhoa ea botsoali, tikoloho ea lelapa le tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea batsoali le litaba tsa media le tsona li ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea bana le lilemong tsa bocha le nts'etsopele ea bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang (Lam le Wong, 2015 'me Zhang et al., 2016).
3.1.2. Litšobotsi tsa kelello, botho le maikutlo a bophelo sechabeng
Ntle le lintlha tsena tse tlokotsing, tse qalang kapele kapa tse ikemiselitsoeng ho tsa bongaka, ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse fumanehang kahare ho likarolo le likhathatso tsa maikutlo tse fapaneng tsa psychopathological le likarolo tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Ho sithabela ha maikutlo le (setjhaba) le mathata a ho tepella maikutlo hammoho le tlhokomelo ea ho fokola / tlhaselo ea kelello (ADHD) li nkuoe e le maemo a mararo a mantlha a kopaneng a mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (sheba meta-analysis ka Ho et al., 2014 'me Prizant-Passal et al., 2016). Mabapi le mabaka a botho, lihokelo tse lumellanang ka ho fetesisa li fumanoe pakeng tsa likarolo tsa tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le ho ts'oaroa ho phahameng, boitšepo bo tlase, letsoalo le tlase, letsoalo le phahameng, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho lieha, le ho itaola ho tlase (Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007, Floros et al., 2014, Hardie le Tee, 2007, Kim le Davis, 2009, Koo le Kwon, 2014, Müller et al., 2014, Niemz et al., 2005, Sariyska et al., 2014, Thatcher et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2015a 'me Weinstein et al., 2015). Likhopolo tsa kahisano li hokahane haholo le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea lits'ebeliso tsa marang-rang / libaka tse kenyeletsang likarolo tsa puisano (mohlala, libaka tsa marang-rang tsa batho ba etsang metsoalle le lipapali tsa papali tsa inthanete). Ho haelloa ke tšehetso ea sechaba, maikutlo a ho itšehla thajana le bolutu li nkuoe li le bohlokoa maemong ana (Caplan, 2007, Morahan-Martin le Schumacher, 2003, Odacı le Kalkan, 2010 'me Pontes et al., 2014). Hape, ho ka etsahala hore batho ba nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba be le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa botho ba hau. Ho kanna ha ba le lintho tse tšoanang ho lihlopha tsohle tse fapaneng. Mohlala, litheko tse phahameng tsa ADHD le ho ts'oaroa ho hoholo li bonoe liphatlalatsong tsa morao-rao tsa meta (bona lipalo tse kaholimo). Leha ho le joalo, hape ho ka etsahala hore mefuta e fapaneng ea likhathatso tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete e hokahane le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa botho. Mohlala o mong ke khokahano e boletsoeng kaholimo pakeng tsa maikutlo a sechaba le tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho rarolla lintlha tsa botho bo fapaneng har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ho hlahloba tšebeliso e tloaelehileng le e ikhethang ea tšebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete, joalo ka ha ho entsoe mabapi le likarolo tse ling (mohlala, mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. ).
3.1.3. Ho sebelisa sepheo
Mabaka a boletsoeng esale pele a ka bonts'a mabaka a ka behang molemong oa kholo ea tšebeliso ea inthanete ntle le ho sheba lits'ebetso / libaka tse ikhethileng. Leha lithuto tse ngata tse boletsoeng li hlahlobisisa papali ea marang-rang kapa li sa hlalose tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea khetho, litlatsetso tse ling tse nyarosang li ka hlalosa sepheo kapa likhetho tsa ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse itseng kapa libaka tse ngata haholo. Lintlha tsa kahisano li bohlokoa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa puisano tsa inthanete / libaka tsa marang-rang (Kuss le Griffiths, 2011b). Kgethollo e eketsehileng le ho bula maikutlo ho ba le boiphihlelo (Correa et al., 2010) hammoho le narcissism (Ryan le Xenos, 2011) hape li nkuoa e le tsa bohlokoa moelelong ona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thabo ea thobalano e lokela ho bapala karolo ea mantlha ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le cybersex (Laier le Brand, 2014 'me Lu et al., 2014). Sepheo se ikhethang se ka etsa hore batho ba khethe mofuta o itseng oa tšebeliso ea inthanete, joalo ka libaka tsa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le cybersex (Paul le Shim, 2008 'me Reid et al., 2011), lipapaliBillieux et al., 2013, Demetrovics et al., 2011, King le Delfabbro, 2014, Kuss et al., 2012, Ryan et al., 2006 'me Ee, 2006), kapa mabenkeleng (Kukar-Kinney et al., 2009). Likarolo tse ling hape li ka utloahala, mohlala, ho arola sepheo sa ts'ebeliso litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li bapisoa le ts'ebeliso ea thobalano kapa ho khetholla pakeng tsa libaka tsa mabenkele le libaka tsa fantisi ea inthanete. Le ha ho le joalo, bopaki bo matla ba liphatlalatso tse joalo tse ikhethang bo atile haholo. Re pheha khang ea hore likhetho le sepheo se itseng li bohlokoa bakeng sa khetho ea lits'ebetso / libaka tsa khetho pele. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho nahana ka lits'ebetso / libaka tse ikhethileng tsa khetho ha u etsa lipatlisiso ka ho sebelisa sepheo mabapi le mathata a sebelisang marang-rang.
3.2. Likarabo tse amehang le tse bonts'ang maikutlo lipokellong tsa kantle kapa tsa kahare: likarolo tsa A- le C tsa mohlala
Kamora ho hlahloba lintlha tse akaretsang le tse tobileng tsa ho ba le ts'oaetso ea ho ba le bothata bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea Marang-rang, potso e sala e le hore na ke hobaneng batho ba bang ba ka sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang / libaka tsa marang-rang haholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ke mekhoa e etsang qeto e sebelisang qeto ea ho sebelisa sesebelisoa le e lebisang taolong e fokolang ea tšebeliso ea inthanete maemong a itseng?
Mabaka a boemo bo bonoa a sa sekisetse, 'me ho lemoha lintho ka nepo ho hlahisa likarabo tse lumellanang le maemo a khatello a nahanoang (Dickerson le Kemeny, 2004 'me Koolhaas et al., 2011). Matšoenyeho a bakoang ke likhohlano tsa motho kapa moea o sa tloaelehang (mohlala, maemo a sithabetsang kapa a ho tšoenyeha, euphoria) a ka ba le ts'ebetso ea kelello, mohlala, ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo meputsong ea nakoana le meputsong e kotsi ea ho etsa liqeto (Starcke & Brand, 2012; ka khatiso). Likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le maemo a boemo bo ka ama hore na batho ka bomong ba nka qeto ea ho sebelisa Inthanete ho khona ho sebetsana le maikutlo a amanang le ona le ho ama (Tavolacci et al., 2013). Re khothaletsa hore tšusumetso ea kahare le kantle e ka ba teng maemong a ts'ebetso ea bokhoba (Kalivas le Volkow, 2005 'me Volkow et al., 2012) hape e ka baka lits'ebetso tse ntle le tse hlokolosi tse lebisang ho qeto ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete / sebaka sa khetho. Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang ba ka arabela ka ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le matšoao a mang a ho tlohela ha ba tobane le mekhoa e amanang le marang-rang, mme lithahasello tse amanang le bokhoba li ka amahanngoa le tumello e lebelletsoeng kapa phokotso ea matšoao a ho tlohela (Kaptsis et al., 2016, Osborne et al., 2016 'me Romano et al., 2013).
3.2.1. Ho sebetsana le ona
Ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le ts'ebeliso ea morao-rao ea marang-rang e le sesebelisoa sa ho sebetsana le mathata a bophelo kapa a sithabetsang maikutlo le tsona li nkuoe e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse ka bakang tlhabollo ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Tang et al., 2014 'me Whang et al., 2003). Haholo-holo, litloaelo tse mabapi le maano a ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo ha a tobane le khatello ea kelello ea letsatsi le letsatsi li nkuoe li le thata moemong ona (Tonioni et al., 2014). Bangoli ba bang ba nka likhathatso tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete e le ho sebetsana ka katleho le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Re fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo (joalo ka lintho tse rerang ntho e tlang pele) hammoho le maano a ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo a itseng ba ka ikemisetsa ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo ha ba tobane le boemo bo sithabetsang. Tšebelisano ena e ka baka menyetla e phahameng ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete / sebaka sa boikhethelo, haeba motho a e-na le tebello kapa polelo e hlakileng ea hore ho sebelisa Inthanete ho theola khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho na le khethollo ea kelello e amanang le inthanete.
3.2.2. Mekhelo ea temohisiso e amanang le inthanete
Lintlha tse 'maloa tse hlokolosi, joalo ka maikutlo a ho se sebetse ka botlalo, li amana le likarolo tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Noh & Kim, 2016) hammoho le litebello tse amanang le inthanete kapa esita le thetso (ke hore, litumelo tsa bohata mabapi le litlamorao tsa ho sebelisa lits'ebetso / libaka tse itseng (Taymur et al., 2016)), hammoho le litloaelano tse kenelletseng. Mohlaleng o reriloeng, mehlala ena ea likhopolo tse hlakileng le tse sa nepahalang mabapi le tšebeliso ea inthanete le litlamorao tsa tsona ho batho ka bomong li akaretsoa tlasa poleloana e mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea kelello e amanang le inthanete. Likarolo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li kanna tsa fapana ka ho lebella tse lebelletsoeng ka bobeli (mohlala, ho natefeloa) le tebello ea ho qoba (mohlala, ho baleha nnete) boemong ba bivariate (Brand et al., 2014a, Lee le al., 2014, Turel et al., 2011 'me Xu et al., 2012). Ntle le moo, ho bontšitsoe mekhoa e metle mabapi le tšebeliso ea Marang-rang ho phelisana kamanong lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba marang-rang (Casale et al., 2016) le kamano e lipakeng tsa matšoao a psychopathological (khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho a sechaba) le tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang (Wegmann et al., 2015). Litebello tsena li na le ho feta ka sepheo sa ho sebelisa marang-rang (bona ka holimo). Phapang e bonoa botsitsong le tumellanong ea litlamorao. Morero o nkuoa o tsitsitse ebile o le boitšoaro ba tloaelo ea tloaelo mabapi le lits'ebetso tse itseng. Litebello tsa konkreite li bua ka mehopolo le menahano mabapi le litlamorao tsa konkreite tseo ho ka bang le ts'ebeliso e itseng kapa saete e itseng maemong a itseng. Litebello tse joalo li kanna tsa hlakisa kapa tsa ba tse sa hlakang, mme ts'ebetso e 'ngoe e hlokomelehang e ka ba hore ho sebelisa kopo khafetsa le ho ba le litholoana tse ntle (mohlala, thabo kapa ho baleha ho tsoa ho nnete) ho tla etsa hore ho be le mekhatlo e metle (e hlakileng), e ka etsang hore e be le monyetla oa ho sebelisa. ts'ebeliso ena hape (matlafatso). Mekhatlo e ikemetseng e na le boleng bo ka tšeptjoang ba ho lemalla lintho tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi (sheba meta-analysis ka Rooke et al., 2008). Mekhatlo e joalo e se nang nnete e bontšitsoe bakeng sa papali ea marang-rang (Yen et al., 2011), Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete (Snagowski et al., 2015), le papali ea chelete (mohlala, Li-brows et al., 2013) sebelisa mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Tlhahlobo ea Mokhatlo o Kopaneng (Greenwald et al., 1998). Motheong oa lithuto tsena tse mabapi le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa likhopolo tse hlakileng le tse sa hlakileng, re hlahisa tlhahiso ea hore likamano tse hlakileng tsa kelello tse amanang le inthanete, tse nang le litebello tse hlakileng le litumellano le litumellano tse hlephileng, li ka ba le phello e potlakileng ea ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa, ha motho a le mong. tobana le mekhoa e amanang le inthanete le mefuta e meng ea maemo (mohlala, maikutlo a mabe kapa a khothatsang haholo, khatello).
3.2.3. Ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa
Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea taolo e fokotsehileng ea boitšoaro ke ho lakatsa, e neng e boetse e hlalosoa e le ho batla tšusumetso molemong oa Dong le Potenza (2014). Ho labalabela qalong ho ne ho bua ka takatso e thata-ea ho hanela ho sebelisa ntho. Ho lakatsa ho ka baka mofere-fere, e leng sephetho sa qhoebeshano e nang le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba ba tahi (Breiner et al., 1999 'me Carter le Tiffany, 1999). Cue-reactivity e ntlafatsoa motheong oa mekhoa ea ho ithuta (Associative), maemong a khethehileng (Carter le Tiffany, 1999, Loeber le Duka, 2009 'me Tiffany et al., 2000), e fanang ka motheo oa mantlha oa 'mele, maikutlo, le tšusumetso ea ho lakatsa (Robinson le Berridge, 1993 'me Robinson le Berridge, 2000). Mehopolo ea ho etsa lintho tse ncha hape ea ho lakatsa e fetisitsoe ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho seo ho tse lemalloang ke boitšoaro, mohlala, mabapi le bothata ba ho becha (mohlala, Potenza, 2008, Potenza et al., 2003 'me Wölfling et al., 2011). Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa fMRI li fuputse lingoloa tsa bokong tsa ho tseba hape le ho lakatsa ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho becha (Crockford et al., 2005, Goudriaan et al., 2010, Kober et al., 2016, Miedl et al., 2014, Potenza et al., 2003 'me Wulfert et al., 2009). Hangata lithuto tsena li hlokomela ho kenella ha tšebetso ea "ventral striatum" (le likarolo tse ling tsa sistimi e holisitsoeng) le boiphihlelo ba ho lakatsa ha ba tobane le mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba. Haufinyane tjena, ho ile ha bontšoa lithuto tse nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang tse amanang le ho ithuta hape ka ho rata lintho tse ling hape. (Ahn et al., 2015, Ko et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2016 'me Thalemann et al., 2007), boits'oaro (Klucken et al., 2016 'me Voon et al., 2014), le nnamathata a sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Brand et al., 2016). Liphumano li lumellana hantle le lipatlisiso tsa boitšoaro bo fetileng mabapi le karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho lakatsa le tebello ea ho ikhotsofatsa ka thobalano ho batho ba nang le mathata a cybersex (Brand et al., 2011 'me Laier et al., 2013), mme o bonts'a karolo ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" ts'ebetsong ea ho etsa-taba hape le ho lakatsa ho lemalla boits'oaro.
3.2.4. Ts'ebetso ea ho laola maikutlo
Ha u tobana le maikutlo a sa tloaelehang, matšoao a ho tlohela, kapa ho lakatsa, takatso ea ho laola maikutlo a nang le boiphihlelo e ka ba teng. Ts'ebetso ea taolo ea maikutlo ke mohopolo oa bohlokoa ho feta maemong a mangata a psychopathological ho kenyeletsa le lithethefatsi (Aldao et al., 2010, Gross le Jazaieri, 2014 'me Thorberg le Lyvers, 2006). Ho tlalehiloe hore litloaelo tse lemalloang li ka sebelisoa ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng ho sebetsana ka katleho le likarabo tse nyarosang tsa boiphihlelo litabeng tsa kahare kapa kantle; mohlala, mabapi le ho tsuba, ho nwa jwala le ho sebedisa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete le ts'ebetso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang kapa marang-rang a sechaba (Holahan et al., 2001, Hormes et al., 2014, Kuss, 2013, Laier le Brand, 2014, Li et al., 2012 'me Shapiro et al., 2002). Batho ba hlahelang ba hlaphoheloe bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi, ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho boelana maemong ao ba tobaneng le litšekamelo tsa kahare kapa kantle tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa mehlengWelberg, 2013). Re fana ka maikutlo a hore takatso ea taolo ea ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ke taba ea bohlokoa kahara nts'etsopele ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang hobane e ka susumetsa qeto ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang matsatsing a pele a ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla. Ntle le moo, karolo e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo kamora nako ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba hobane pono ea mathata a nang le boiphihlelo e lokela ho lebisa ho maikutlo a sithabetsang ha a ntse a sebetsana le litsebo tse sebetsanang le mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ka ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa marang-rang / libaka tsa boikhethelo.
3.2.5. Khethollo e lebisang mahlo
Maikutlo a khethollo ea kelello le likamano tsa tsona le likarabo tse lakatsang li ithutile lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi (mohlala, Christianen et al., 2015, Masimong le Cox, 2008 'me Makala le al., 2009). Lits'oants'o tse hlakileng, ka mokhoa o ikhethileng le litakatso tsa ho qoba, li amana le ho lakatsa likarabo ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi (mohlala, Wiers & Stacy, 2006). Khopolo ea hore khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo e ka tataisa boits'oaro bo bobebe e lumellana hantle le likhopolo tsa morao-rao tsa boitšoaro bo habeli (mohlala, Bechara, 2005, Evans le Coventry, 2006 'me Stacy le Lihlopa, 2010). Mekhoa ena e arolelana maikutlo a mantlha mabapi le mofuta oa bokhoba ba tahi, e leng hore mekhoa e lemallang e ka bakoa ke tšebelisano ea mefuta e 'meli ea lits'ebetso. Mofuta oa pele ke mokhoa o qhekellang kapa o iketsisang oa ho iketsetsa letho, 'me mofuta oa bobeli ke mokhoa o laoloang le ho bonts'a maikutlo. Mokhoa ona o akaretsang oa ho sheba boits'oaro bo tlatselletsang joalo ka sephetho sa mokhoa o sa sisinyeheng le o hlophisitsoeng oa ts'ebetso ea boiphetetso o lumellana le likhopolo tse teng tsa ho etsa liqeto (mohlala, Schiebener & Brand, 2015) le meetso ea kelello ea kelello e sebelisang mokhoa o kopanetsoeng ho beha mabaka le ho nahana (Evans, 2003, Kahneman, 2003 'me Stanovich le West, 2000).
Bopaki ba khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo e bonoe ho ba bechang.Ciccarelli et al., 2016). Khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo ho batho ba nang le mathata a lipapali tsa Inthanete e bontšitsoe haufinyane (Jeromin et al., 2016), ka leeme le mamello e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng haholo lithutong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi: tlhatlhobo ea tšebetso ea tlatsetso le litekolo tsa pono (Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Batho ba nang le mathata a papali ea inthanete ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang karabelo hanyane ka hanyane ho mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha ha ba bapisoa le mantsoe a sa jeleng paate nakong ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ba litheko, bo ka nkuoang e le khethollo e lebisang tlhotlheletsong e amanang le bokhoba. Liphetho li lumellana le lithuto tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang le ho bapala lipapali tsa video, tse sebelisitseng le Phapanyetsano ea Tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi (Metcalf le Pammer, 2011 'me van Holst et al., 2012), leha e le thutong ka van Holst et al. (2012) linako tsa karabelo bakeng sa litheko tse amanang le bokhoba le mantsoe a sa jeleng paate li ne li sa tšoane. Mabapi le lipatlisiso tse fumanoeng, ha ho liphapang ka linako tsa karabelo tse fumanoeng lithutong tsena ka bobeli.Jeromin et al., 2016 'me van Holst et al., 2012), empa barupeluoa ba ile ba etsa liphoso tse eketsehileng bakeng sa sepheo se maemong le mantsoe a amanang le khomphutha, se bonts'ang phapang pakeng tsa leeme le nkoang hantle le boemo ba sepheo. Le lipatlisiso tse hlakileng li ile tsa bonoa ho bakuli ba nang le boits'oaro bo matla ha bo bapisoa le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle nakong ea ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi oa ponong; batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo feteletseng ba bontšitse leeme le leholo ho pepesa takatso ea thobalano e amanang le litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore (Mechelmans et al., 2014).
Mokhoa o mong oa lipatlisiso sebakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa tlhokomelo e amehang ho batho ba lemaletseng takatso ke kamano e lipakeng tsa ho lakatsa le tšekamelo ea ho atamela kapa ho qoba tšusumetso e amanang le temallo (Breiner et al., 1999). Boithuto bo fana ka maikutlo a sebopeho se fapaneng sa bokhoba ba joala bo shebileng sebakeng se sekasekang maemo ha a shebane le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba. Ho lebella lintho tse ntle kapa tse mpe tse lebisang litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ka ba le tšusumetso ea ho batla kapa ho qoba mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi. Ho lebella lintho tse nepahetseng ho ka fella ka tšekamelo ea mekhoa ha litabatabelo tse mpe li ka baka tšekamelo ea ho qoba. Moralo oa mokhoa oa ho qoba / oa ho qoba o boetse o tsamaisana le mehlala e boletsoeng ka bobeli ea boits'oaro bo bobebe. Mosebetsi o mong o 'nileng oa sebelisoa khafetsa patlisisong ea tšebeliso ea joala ho lekanya mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho qoba ke mofuta oa Approach-kuzuiaance, o qaliloeng ke Rinck le Becker (2007) ho etsa lipatlisiso ka batho ba nang le bothata ba ho tšoenyeha (spider phobia). Mosebetsi o kenyelletsa ho sisinyeha hoa mmele ka sefuba sa thabo mme barupeluoa ba tlameha ho hula sekhahla se hlahisitsoeng skrineng sa khomphutha ho bona (boemo ba ho atamela) kapa ho ba sutumelletsa hole (boemo ba ho qoba) ka potlako kamoo ho ka khonehang. Liphuputso tse ngata li supa hore lithuto tse lemalloang li arabela ka potlako ha li tlameha ho atamela maikutlo a amanang le lithethefatsi joalo ka ha li bapisoa le batho bao e seng makhoba kapa ha li bapisoa le maemo a ho qoba. (Cousijn et al., 2012, Cousijn et al., 2011 'me Wiers et al., 2013). Ho Sebelisa Tloaelo ea ho Atamela, Snagowski le Brand (2015) foNtle le hore batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng (ka sampole ea analogue) ba ka hokahanngoa le mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho qoba, kaha ba fumane kamano ea makhetlo a mararo mohlaleng oa bona oa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.. Leha liphetho tsena li lokela ho nkuoa ka hloko, hobane li hloka ho phetoa le ho fetisetsoa ho mefuta e meng ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa ho nahana ka mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho qoba e le mekhoa e ka sebelisang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lits'ebeliso tse ling tsa marang-rang.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, lintlha tse rerang esale pele hammoho le mekhoa e sa sebetseng ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le tšebeliso ea litheko, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, litumellano, le litloaelano tse kenelletseng li ka ba le tšusumetso ea lithahasello tsa cue-reacaction le litakatso le mekhoa e meng e ikhethileng ea ts'ebelisano le ts'ebelisano, joalo ka khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo le tšekamelo ea mokhoa o lebisang tlatsong e amanang le bokhoba ba ho lemalla. hlohlelletsa. Tumellanong le tse ling tsa liphumano tsa tšebelisano e ka bang teng, leha lithuto li rarolla mathata a tšebelisano pakeng tsa lintho tse fapaneng le ona a ntse a haella, re fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a fetotsoeng esale pele a sebetsa ka concert ka mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le maemo le likhethong tse amanang le inthanete tse hlahisang liphetho tse ikhethileng tsa likarabo tse hlakileng le tse hlakileng. maemo. Likarabo tse khahlisang le tse hlokolosi, ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa tšebelisano, li kenyelletsa lintho tse re amang hape, litakatso, maikutlo a ho laola maikutlo le maikutlo a leeme. Re nka tsena e le lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tse amang liqeto ho sebelisa lits'ebetso / libaka tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, re boetse re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka fetoha lipakeng tsa karohano lipakeng tsa karabelo e amehang le e kelello le qeto ea ho sebelisa marang-rang, mme lintlha tsena tse ka rarollang mathata li ka lula maemong a taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi.
3.3. Mesebetsi ea phethahatso, taolo ea inhibitory, le qeto ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso / libaka tse ling: Karolo ea E ea mohlala
Tšusumetso e ka fokotsoang ke ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi e fokolisitsoeng le taolo e fokotsang matla e ne e le likarolo tsa mantlha mohlaleng oa taolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete by Dong le Potenza (2014) le ea mohlala ka Brand et al. (2014b), leha sena se ne se sa kenyelelitsoe ka kotloloho ho setšoantšo, empa se hlalositsoe mangolong (Brand, Young et al., 2014). Mohopolo oa hore mesebetsi e phahameng e kenya letsoho ka matla ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e thehiloe ho lipatlisiso tsa neuropsychological le neurosci science le likhopolo tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Bechara, 2005, Goldstein et al., 2009, Goldstein le Volkow, 2002, Goldstein le Volkow, 2011, Kalivas le Volkow, 2005, Koob le Volkow, 2010, Volkow le Fowler, 2000, Volkow et al., 2002 'me Volkow et al., 2012). Mefuta ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea cortex ea pele e hokahane le ho sitisoa ha karabo le sesiti (IRISA-mohlala) bathong ba lemaletseng. Tšobotsi e ka sehloohong ea mohlala ona ke ho thefuleha ho eketsehileng hoa tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi mme - ka nako e ts'oanang - ho fokotsehile hoa kutlo ho matlafatso ea tlhaho, e seng lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka la ts'ebelisano ena, taolo e fokotsehileng holim 'a ts'ebetso ea bokhoba le tšebeliso ea liqeto tse mpe tse etsahalang (cf.f. Goldstein le Volkow, 2011). Re pheha khang ea hore taolo e fokotsehileng ea ho nka liqeto maemong a tlatsetso e ka fetisetsoa liketsong tsa bokhoba le boits'oaro bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea inthanete.
Mesebetsi ea Executive, taolo ea inhibitory, le ho etsa liqeto li ithutile maemong a tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, tse shebaneng le bokuli ba lipapali tsa inthanete (mohlala, Dong et al., 2013a, Pawlikowski le Brand, 2011 'me Letsatsi le al., 2009). Liphetho tse mabapi le taolo ea thibelo ho batho ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li kopantsoe, leha boholo ba liphuputso li fumaneha bonyenyako bo tlase bo ikhethileng ho batho ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Dong et al., 2013a, Dong et al., 2010, Dong et al., 2011, Letsatsi le al., 2009 'me van Holst et al., 2012). Ho etsahala se ts'oanang ha ho etsoa liqeto, hobane liphuputso tse ling ha li fumane liphapang tse akaretsang pakeng tsa lithuto le ntle le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete nakong ea ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a boima, joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe le Iowa Mosebetsi oa Papali ea Chelete (Yao et al., 2015), ha ba bang ba fumane batho ba amehileng ba etsang hampe ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle (Letsatsi le al., 2009). Ka linako tse ling, liphokotso tse kholo tsa ho etsa liqeto li ile tsa fumanoa mesebetsing ho lekola liqeto tlasa maemo a kotsi (Dong le Potenza, 2016, Pawlikowski le Brand, 2011, Seok et al., 2015 'me Yao et al., 2015). Ha ho bapisoa batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang kapa tšebeliso ea joala, lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li bile le ts'ebetso e tšoanang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso, mme lihlopha ka bobeli li fumane lintlha tse tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle (Zhou et al., 2014).
Boholo ba lithuto ho fihlela joale tsa taolo ea inhibitory e sebelisang "Go / No-Go Task" li sebelisitse mefuta e nang le tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore (ke hore, ntle le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba) mme ha e bone ho fokotsa lits'ebetsong tsa boitšoaro (Ding et al., 2014), leha sephetho se kopantsoe lithutong tsohle tse teng (bona meta-analysis ka Smith et al. (2014). Joalo ka lithuto tse mabapi le leeme le hlokolosi, lithuto li ka ba molemo ho feta mme liphumano li kanna tsa lumellana haholo haeba ho sebelisitsoe tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba. Re tšela taba ea hore lithuto tse nang le mathata a itseng a tšebeliso ea Marang-rang li ka ba le mathata a ho thibela likarabo ho maikutlo, a emelang tšebeliso ea bona ea pele, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho ba noang joala haholo. (Czapla et al., 2015) le batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi (mohlala, Pike et al., 2013). Maemong ana, Zhou et al. (2012) o sebelisitse mosebetsi o feto-fetohang le moemeli oa mekhoa e metle bakeng sa lipapali tsa inthanete mme a fumana phokotso ea karabo le tšitiso ea kelello. Phetolelong e ikhethileng ea "Go / No-Go Task" e amanang le cue, ho ile ha tlalehoa litokollo tse amanang le cue control ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (Yao et al., 2015). Mohlala o mong ke thuto ka Nie et al. (2016) ho bontša tšitiso ea karabelo e sa senyeheng le mohopolo oa ho sebetsa ho bacha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho Stop Signal Task le 2-back Task ho kenyelletsa mantsoe a amanang le inthanete joalo ka litumelo. E lumellana le seo ba se fumaneng, Laier et al. (2014) o sebelisitse mosebetsi o hlophisitsoeng oa papali ea chelete ea Iowa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le linepe tse sa nke lehlakore litšoantšong tsa likarete tse ntle le tse mpe (le ka ho fapanyetsana sehlopheng se seng sa lithuto). Mohlala oa monna basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, batho bao ba entseng mosebetsi oa Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litšoantšo tse litšoantšong tsa likarete tse mpe li ile tsa tsoela pele ho khetha likarete ho tsoa literekeng tsena leha li fumane tahlehelo e kholo. Phello ena e ile ea potlakisa ho barupeluoa ba tlalehileng litakatso tse phahameng tsa boikemisetso ka mor'a tlhahiso ea Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litšoantšo tse mosebetsing o mong oa tlhahlobo.
Liphumano mabapi le ts'ebetso e fokotsitsoeng ea tšebetso le taolo ea thibelo, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho nchafatsoa hoa lintho tse ncha le litakatso, li tsamaisana le liphetho tse fumanoeng lithutong tse ncha tsa thuto. (cf. Kuss le Griffiths, 2012, Meng et al., 2015 'me Sepede et al., 2016). Phapang ea sebopeho ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea lipapali tsa inthanete ntle le ntle le tsebiso e tlalehiloe litabeng tse putsoa le tse tšoeu libakeng tse ka pele tsa bokong le likarolo tse ling tsa boko, joalo ka likarolo tsa maoto (mohlala, Hong et al., 2013a, Hong et al., 2013b, Wang et al., 2015b 'me Zhou et al., 2011). Litlatsetso tsa tšebetso ea boko ba ts'ebetso ea papali ea marang-rang le tsona li tlalehiloe ka sebopeho se ka pele sa cortex le limbic (Dong et al., 2012, Dong et al., 2013a 'me Dong et al., 2014). Ho boetse ho hlahisitsoe liphetoho mabapi le litsamaiso tsa dopaminergic.Kim et al., 2011), e ka amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (Jović & Đinđić, 2011). Boithuto hape bo se bo qala ho tlisa liphumano hammoho ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa neuropsychological le liteko tsa neuroimaging ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete kapa boits'oaro bo nang le mathata, bo bonts'ang hore mefokolo ho mesebetsi e meholo le taolo ea thibelo e amana le liphetoho tse sebetsang mesebetsing ea lipotoloho tsa fronto-striatal (Luijten et al., 2015, Seok et al., 2015 'me Yuan et al., 2016).
Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, phokotso mesebetsing ea botsamaisi, taolo ea thibelo, le ho etsa liqeto li teng bathong ba nang le mathata a tšebeliso ea marang-rang kapa ho batho ba hlahang ba le kotsing e phahameng ea ho theha mekhoa e lemalloang ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, haholo ha ba tobane le Internet- mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba. Litlhaloso tsa neural tsa bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang le mathata a mang a tšebeliso ea marang-rang (mohlala, Brand et al., 2016) e ka bonts'a tšebelisano e mpe ea cue-reactivity / ho lakatsa le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea mantlha / ts'ebetso, joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Goldstein le Volkow, 2011, Koob le Volkow, 2010, Volkow le Fowler, 2000 'me Volkow et al., 2002). Re fana ka maikutlo a hore puisano e mpe pakeng tsa taolo e mpe ea taolo le maemo a potlakileng a batlang meputso, ka lebaka la ho etsa lintho tse ncha le ho lakatsa, e ka khothaletsa ho nka liqeto tse mpe. Qeto ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang / marang-rang ho fokotsa ho lakatsa le ho eketsa mohopolo e nkuoa e le mokhoa oa ho batla boits'oaro bo bobebe bo bokhutšoanyane bo felletseng ka boiphihlelo ba ho ikholisa leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele. Mofuta ona o kopantsoeng oa tšebelisano pakeng tsa taolo e phahameng pakeng tsa taolo e phahameng le ho batla moputso o totobalitsoe haufinyane ke thuto ea fMRI ea Dong et al. (2015). Ba sebelisitse fMRI ea ho phomola mme ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e fokotsang ts'ebetso sebakeng seo ho thoeng ke taolo ea taolo e phahameng (ho kenyeletsoa libaka tsa pele le tsa parietal) bathong ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang ha ba bapisoa le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ba bontšitse khokahano e sebetsang ho marang-rang a amanang le moputso (ho kenyelletsa le ventral striatum le orbitof Pambal cortex). Dong le basebetsi mmoho etsa tlhahiso ea hore ho se lekane pakeng tsa taolo e phahameng le marang-rang a moputso ho emetse mochine o bonoang ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang, o nang le phokotso ho taolo e phahameng e lebisang ho fokotseng thibelo ea takatso le takatso, e hlahisang papali ea inthanete e feteletseng. Re lumellana le tlhaloso ena, joalo ka ha re bonts'a mohlala oa rona tseleng e tlohang ho likarabelo tse amehang le tse hlokolosi mabapi le phokotso mosebetsing oa botsamaisi le taolo ea thibelo ho isa liqetong tse fosahetseng. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka etsa patlisiso ea ho nka liqeto, mesebetsi e phahameng, le taolo e thibelang likelello le ntle le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba le ho bapisa lits'oants'o mefuta eohle e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Lithuto tse joalo li ka fana ka setšoantšo se felletseng sa hore na mekhoa e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e ka kenya letsoho joang ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
3.4. Liphetho tse hlahisoang ke ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa inthanete / libaka tseo u li khethang
Qeto ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso / liwebsaete tse itseng le boitšoaro ba ho li sebelisa li ka lebisa liphihlelong tse monate tsa nakoana le boithabisong, bonyane methating ea pele ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba. Ntle le moo, mohlomong, ho bohlokoa le ho feta, ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang le khotsofalo e fumanoeng li boetse li lokela ho lebisa keketseho ea ho etsa lintho tse ncha hape ho lakatsa ekare ke karabelo ho tseko e itseng, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea Pavlovian- le ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso. mekhoa. Bohlokoa ba maemo maemong a tlhabollo ea boits'oaro bo khothalletsoang bo hlahisitsoe ka theoretically, mohlala ka har'a khopolo ea tšusumetso ea maikutlo (Berridge le al., 2009, Robinson le Berridge, 1993, Robinson le Berridge, 2001 'me Robinson le Berridge, 2008), 'me e bontšitsoe ka mokhoa o matla tlatsong ea lithethefatsi (Duka et al., 2011, Hogarth et al., 2010, Hogarth et al., 2006 'me Loeber le Duka, 2009), mohlala sebelisa Sesebelisoa sa Phetiso ea Paolo ea Pavlovian.Hogarth et al., 2007). Lintlha tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore lits'ebetso tse tšoanang tsa maemo le tsona li kentse letsoho ho nts'etsapele ntlafatso ea cue le ho lakatsa maemong a Bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng (Klucken et al., 2016; Snagowski et al., Ka khatiso). Leha mefuta ea lits'oants'o tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ntse e haella, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho khotsofatsoa ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeliso tsa inthanete / libaka tsa boikhethelo ho tlisa tšusumetso e ntle, e leng motheo oa ho theha ts'ebetso ea botsitso le ho lakatsa. . Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, re boetse re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho latela thuto ea matlafatso, mekhoa e sa sebetseng ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le likamano tse amanang le inthanete li matlafatsoa mme ka tsela e 'ngoe li matlafatsoa mme ka hona li matlafalitsoe. Lits'ebetso tsena kaofela tsa ho matlafatsa li ka etsa hore ho be le monyetla oa hore batho ba sebelise lits'ebetso / libaka tsa khetho ka makhetlo. Mechine e ka boela ea etsa hore monyetla oa hore lits'ebetso / libaka tsa khetho li sebelisoe maemong a mangata, ho fapana le se bonoang ke ho lemalla lintho tse ling. Ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa maemo maemong a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ts'ebeliso ea kakaretso ea likarolo tse tsosang takatso ea ho etsa lintho tse ncha le ho lakatsa e ea ntlafatsoa mme boitšoaro ba bokhoba bo fetoha tloaelo le / kapa bo qobelloang (cf. Everitt, 2014, Everitt le Robbins, 2005 'me Everitt le Robbins, 2016). Potoloho ea khothaletso e khothalletsoang, e emelang matla a nakoana bohareng ba karolo ea bohareng / ea bohloohoFeie. 1), e hlahisoa ka Feie. 2.
Setšoantšo sa 2.
Lesakana la matlafatso le emelang matla a nakoana a motho ea anngoeng ke letsoalo molemong oa nts'etsopele le ho boloka mofere-fere o itseng oa tšebeliso ea inthanete. Metsu e bohale e emela litsela tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ho tloha qalong feela. Metsu e nyane e bonts'a tšebelisano e 'ngoe e kenang ts'ebetsong ea bokhoba.
Ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ba tahi ka kakaretso e hlahisitsoe ho kenyelletsa phetoho ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ka boithaopo le ka potlako ho ea tloaelo kapa tšebeliso e matla ea ts'ebeliso, le hore ts'ebetsong ena, maikutlo a monate le a boithabiso a hokahaneng le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi a ka fokola haholo ha a bapisoa le ho etsa joalo. litlamorao tse tobileng tsa lithethefatsi (Everitt le Robbins, 2016 'me Piazza le Deroche-Gamonet, 2013). Re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore maemong a pele a ts'ebetso ea mathata a ts'ebeliso e itseng ea inthanete, ho ikholisa ke ntho ea mantlha, empa ha e khethollehe, e matla e lebisang ho liphetoho lipotsong tse lumellanang le tse susumetsang tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete. Ha ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla e ntse e tsoela pele, mokhoa oa ho ikholisa ka boiphihlelo o ea fokotseha. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boemo ba likhomphutha bo eketseha nakong ea bokhoba. Ha taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeliso tse khethehileng tsa inthanete / libaka li fokotseha, ho ka ba le keketseho ea litlamorao tse mpe, tse ka kenyeletsang ho itšehla thajana le ho jeoa ke bolutu, likhohlano le batsoali kapa lithaka, maikutlo a ho se utloisisehe, maikutlo a ho hloka thabo le maikutlo a mang a fosahetseng le liphihlelo. Maikutlo ana le tahlehelo ea mabitso a batho ba bang kapa mathata a mang a ka eketsoa le ho feta ke ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa marang-rang tsa boikhethelo, ka boithatelo e se ea bohlokoa haholo, 'me matšeliso e le a bohlokoa le ho feta. Phetoho e kholo ho tloha ho boithabiso ho isa pusong e khutsufalitsoe in Feie. 3.
Setšoantšo sa 3.
Phetoho e kholo ho tloha ho khotsofatseng ho ea ho phumants'o molemong oa ho lemalla.
4. Litlamorao tsa tleleniki
Ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba kliniki ba mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, lingaka le bafuputsi ba ntse ba qapa liphekolo tse khethehileng bakeng sa batho ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (E monyenyane, 2009), leha ho le joalo, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete feela bo kenyellelitsoe ho 2013 e le ts'oaetso ea lipatlisiso karolong ea III ho DSM-5. Ho fanoe ka litlatsetso ka bobeli tsa meriana le tsa kelello, tse tšoanang le se khothalletsoang bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea ho becha le ho lemalla boits'oaro bo bong (mohlala, Grant et al., 2013 'me Yau le Potenza, 2015), 'me lithuto tsa pele li khothaletsa matla a fapaneng (Cash et al., 2012, Santos et al., 2016, Winkler et al., 2013 'me E monyenyane, 2013). Phekolo ea kelello-boits'oaro ba bokhoba ba marang-rang (CBT-IA) e hlahisitsoe ke Bonyane (2011), e tlalehiloeng hajoale e le mokhoa oa khetho (Cash et al., 2012 'me Winkler et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, liteko tse kholo tse laoloang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng lia hlokahala ho lekola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho hlokahala ho bonahatsa menyetla ea bona ea ho fetolela maemong ao e seng a lipatlisiso. Ho ekelletsa moo, kaha ho se na moriana o nang le letšoao bakeng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho nts'etsopele ea pharmacotherapy.
Moralo oa theoretical o sisintsoeng o ka sebelisoa ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea mosuoe ea nako e tlang. Ka lebaka la hore lintlha tse ling tse rerang esale pele li ka 'na tsa se be kotsi (mohlala, liphatsa tsa lefutso, liphihlelo tsa bongoana) le tse ling ho ka ba thata ho li fetola (mohlala, mabaka a ho ba kotsing ea ho hlaseloa kelellong, botho), Re fana ka maikutlo a hore kalafo e lokela ho sebetsana le maemo a ntlafatsang le a mahareng ka ho fetesisa, a ka fetoloang ka ho fetoloa ke pharmacotherapy kapa psychotherapy. Moelelong ona, ho bohlokoa hape ho hlokomela hore le tse ling tsa likhathatso, joalo ka molaotheo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho ba maemong a sithabetsang, li sebelisana le ho feto-fetoha le maemo ho fetohang. Mohlala, ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo ho ka fokotsa likamano lipakeng tsa mesebetsi e metle le ho etsa liqeto (Starcke le Brand, ka khatiso), ka hona e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso ho katleho ea kalafo. Lintlha tseo tse rerang esale pele li lokela ho hlahlojoa maemong a kalafo, ho bona tšebelisano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa maemo a motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ea kalafo. Lintho tse ka sebetsanoang ka kotloloho ho CBT li kenyelletsa mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le maemo, ho lebella lintho tse amanang le inthanete, leeme ka hloko, ho pheta-pheta lintho tse ling hape litakatso, hammoho le mesebetsi ea tsamaiso le taolo ea thibelo.
Ho CBT-IA, boitšoaro ba marang-rang ba motho bo hlahlojoa le ho hlahlojoa mabapi le maemo a bona, a maikutlo le a kelello. Ho sa le joalo, litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete li nahaneloa. Ts'ebetso ena e thusa ho hlahisa kutloisiso ea menahano le bokhopo bo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le lintho tse bakang maemo. Karolo ena ea pele ea CBT-IA e nka mefuta e mengata e kenyelelitsoeng mohlaleng oa thuto ea kelello, haholo ho sebetsana le maemo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba maemo a kotsing e kholo ea ho sebelisa Inthanete haholo, litebello le thetso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Kamora nako, ho sebelisa mekhoa ea ho hlophisa bocha le ho ntlafatsa bocha, ho ka shejoa liphapang tse amanang le inthanete.
Ka lebaka la hore likakanyo tse hlakileng le tse hlakileng, hammoho le maemo a motho ka mong, li ka sebelisana (Bernardin et al., 2014, Forrest et al., 2016 'me Wires et al., 2015b), eseng feela litebello tse hlakileng (tsa mantsoe) empa hape le maikutlo a hlakileng a lokela ho rarolloa ke kalafo. Lee and Lee (2015) o khothalelitse hore litlatsetso tsa mantlha tsa likhopolo tse hlakileng le tse hlakileng, tse lumellanang le likarolo tsa ho atamela / tsa ho qoba, li ka kenngoa kalafong e le karolo ea kelello ea mokuli. SMathata a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi a fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao tse sa sebetseng hantle tsa tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea kelello li ka pataloa, mohlala, ho eketsa monyetla oa hore ho lakatsa ho ka ba le sepheo sa ho qoba ho ena le mekhoa (Eberl et al., 2013a, Eberl et al., 2013b 'me Wiers et al., 2011). Mokhoa o mong oa ho fetisa mohopolo oa ho ikhula kalafong ea mathata a sebelisoang ke Marang-rang e ka ba ho fetolela mananeo a teng a koetliso moo bakuli ba ithutang ho qoba tshusumetso e amanang le inthanete (mohlala, ka ho ba sutumelletsa ka thabo, hobane hona ke thupelo e tloaelehileng. mokhoa). Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore lithuto tse hlophisehileng li tla hloka ho etsoa ho tsebahatsa palo e nepahetseng ea lithuto tsa (Eberl et al., 2013b), hape le ho lekola katleho ea tsona. Mekhoa e meng e ka nahana ka litloaelano tse tlatselletsang, joalo ka ha ho entsoe bakeng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala (Houben et al., 2010 'me Wires et al., 2015a). Leha ho le joalo, bopaki ba katleho ea mekhoa e joalo bo haelloa.
Mekhelo e lebang tlhokomelo e kanna ea fokotseha le mananeong a ho khutla ka hloko (mohlala, Christianen et al., 2015 'me Schoenmaker et al., 2010). E amanang haufi le sena, ho ile ha khothalletsoa hore bokhoni ba motho ba ho thibela liketso tse itseng bo ka fetoloa ka boikoetliso (mohlala, Bowley et al., 2013, Houben le Jansen, 2011 'me Houben et al., 2011), mohlala, ka ho sebelisa mefuta e fetotsoeng ea Go / No-Go Task. Ho amoheloa ha mekhoa ena ho ka ba molemo ho eketseheng taolong ea thibelo le ts'ebetsong ea botsamaisi mme ho ka kenyelletsoa kalafong ea mathata a tšebeliso ea marang-rang, haeba lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ba bonts'a katleho ea kalafo. Lits'ebetso tsa maemo, tse bonts'ang lits'ebetso tsa mantlha tse bakang tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, li ka rarolloa ka mekhoa ea kalafo e pepesitseng cue-exposal (Park et al., 2015). Le ha phekolo ea ho pepesoa ke 'nete e kanna ea tima mekhatlo e seng e le teng, botebo ba takatso ea boiphihlelo bo ka fokotsoa (Pericot-Valverde et al., 2015), e lumellanang le liphumano tsa morao-rao tse mabapi le phokotso ea ho nchafatsoa hoa kelello ka lebaka la kalafo e pepesitsoeng ea cue-in ho batho ba its'epahalleng joala ka tlasa joala (Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2011), leha katleho ea eona e buisanoa ka ngangisano (Everitt le Robbins, 2016).
Ka kakaretso, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba ho lekola mesebetsi ea batho ka bomong, ho kenyelletsa le khethollo ea kelello, likhopolo tse hlakileng le tse hlakileng, mesebetsi ea bolaoli le bokhoni ba taolo ea thibelo, maemong a kalafo. Re boetse re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho kenyelletsa koetliso ea neuropsychological e shebaneng le lits'ebetso tse laoloang ke Marang-rang ho ka eketsa monyetla oa sephetho se nepahetseng se amanang le CBT maemong a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.
5. Litlhaloso tse nyarosang le lintlha tsa nako e tlang
Leha lefapha la lipatlisiso mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le se le holile ka potlako lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng mme lithuto tse ngata mabapi le liketsahalo tsena li ntse li le teng, ho sa na le likheo tsa tsebo e kholo, haholo-holo mabapi le mehato ea kalafo. Likarolo tse ngata tsa lithuto tse teng li fokotsa tsebo ea rona ea hona joale. Taba ea pele, lithuto tse matlafatsang li bua haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete kapa ha li khetholle mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Taba ea bobeli, lithuto tse ngata tsa pejana li buile ka mefuta e le 'ngoe, joalo ka botho kapa liphatsa tsa lefutso le tšebetso ea kelello, tse arohaneng ho tse ling le bakeng sa mofuta o le mong oa mathata a tšebeliso ea marang-rang feela. Taba ea boraro, lithuto tse ngata li na le moralo o arolang, o sitisang leseli ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Ho na le lithuto tse ling tse telele (mohlala, Strittmatter et al., 2016 'me Zhang et al., 2016), empa tsena li fokola ebile li na le moeli (mohlala, mabapi le nako ea tlhahlobo). Taba ea bone, lithuto tse ngata li bua haholo ka bacha le batho ba baholo mme ha li kenye lipotso mabapi le nts'etsopele ea mathata a joalo ka likarolo tsa botsoali le tsa lelapa. Ea bohlano, likarolo tsa bong ha li so rarolloe ka tatellano ho litekolo tsa meta hobane lithuto tse ngata li shebane haholo le taolo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang (hape le tse tsepamisang maikutlo ho eona Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka inthanete) kenyelletsa boholo ba karolo ea banna kapa ba banna feela.
Ka lebaka la khaello ena ea lipatlisiso tse hlophisehileng, mohlala o khothalelitsoeng o ka se nkoe e le oa ho qetela. Le ha re lekile ho kenyeletsa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa hajoale tse tsoang libakeng tse fapaneng, ha se likarolo tsohle tse kenyelelitsoeng mohlaleng o lekiloeng ka matla bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea likhathatso tse sebelisoang inthaneteng. Ntle le moo, liphetho li kopantsoe likarolong tse ling, mohlala, botho kapa ho etsa liqeto, joalo ka ha re se re buile ka likarolo tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, re lumela hore mohlala o hlahisitsoeng o na le monyetla oa ho susumetsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ka ho fana ka sebopeho se hlakileng sa tlhahlobo ea maikutlo mabapi le ts'ebelisano ea likarolo tse ikhethileng ho kenyeletsa litšobotsi tsa motho le lits'ebetso tsa kelello le tse ntle.
Lithutong tsa nako e tlang, tšebelisano lipakeng tsa mantlha tsa botho, le likarolo tsa kelello le tse amanang li lokela ho nkuoa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng haholoanyane. Ka lintlha tse ling, kutlwisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea tšebelisano ea botho le mefuta e meng ea litšobotsi, le lintho tse fapaneng tsa kelello, tse ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetsong ea bokhoba, joalo ka ho etsa lintho tse ncha, ho lakatsa, ho rata lintho tse amanang le tsona, le mesebetsi e phahameng. Ho etsa lipatlisiso ho sebelisanang ha lintho tsena ho fapana le ho ithuta lipapatso tsena ka thoko ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa haholo ho kenya letsoho kutloisisong e ntle ea sebopeho le matla a mathata a tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Leha bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete e le mofuta oa bokuli bo sebelisang marang-rang bo hlaheletseng haholo litloaelong tsa bongaka le lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso tse phatlalalitsoeng, ho bohlokoa hape hore o nahane ka mefuta e meng e ka bang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le ho bapisa lipapatso le mochini o sebetsang har'a tse fapaneng. mefuta. Mohlala, lipapali tsa inthanete, papali ea marang-rang, Litloaelo le lits'ila tse sebelisang marang-rang tse hlephisang boitšoaro, har'a tse ling, ho nahanoa ka hloko le tlhokomelo. Ho haella ha tsebo libakeng tsena e kanna ea ba lebaka le sitisang mabapi le ho nahana ka mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho DSM-5, mme ho ka sitisa boiteko bo amanang le hore na mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a nkuoa joang lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa khethollo e joalo ka ICD-11.
Ho tsoa maemong a hajoale a lipatlisiso, re khothaletsa ho kenyelletsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho ICD-11 e tlang. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ntle le ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete, mefuta e meng ea lits'ebeliso le eona e sebelisoa hampe. Mokhoa o mong o ka kenyelletsa ho hlahisoa ha poleloana e akaretsang ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang, e ka hlalosoang ka ho shebella ts'ebeliso ea khetho ea pele e sebelisitsoeng (mohlala, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, bothata ba papali ea marang-rang, Bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng, Bofokoli ba puisano ka marang-rang le bokuli bo fumanehang marang-rang). Bofuma bo tloaelehileng ba tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete bo ka koahela mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea mathata kapa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse fetang e le 'ngoe (mohlala, mofuta o kopaneng oa papali ea marang-rang le ho becha Inthaneteng). Motheong oa data eo re e hlahisang tlhahlobisong ena ea maiketsetso, re tiisa hore, le ha bopaki bo ntse bo sa lumellane ka botlalo mme lithuto tse tlang li hlokahala, mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang e kanna ea arolelana lintlha tsa mantlha mme mohlala oa I-PACE o kenyelletsa lintho tsena tse tšoanang. ka moralo o hlophisitsoeng oa tlhahlobo e tobileng le e hlophisehileng.
6. Qetello
Tšebelisano ea Motho-Afimate-Cognition-utekelezaji (I-PACE) mohlala oa tšebeliso e khethehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang e reretsoe ho fana ka sebopeho sa theoretical, se khethollang lipakeng tsa lintho tse rerang esale pele le ho feto-fetoha le maemo ha li fetoha. Mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le maemo le likamano tse hlakileng tse amanang le inthanete li hlalosoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng e le tse ka amang likamano lipakeng tsa mabaka a bonts'ang pele le likarolo tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Mefuta ea ho sebetsana le maemo a ho khetholla le eona e ka sebetsa e le lintho tse arolelanang, tse susumetsoang ke ho etsa mohlala, psychopathologies le botho / boits'oaro bo mofuthu. Re boetse re phahamisa ho ba teng ha litlamorao tse lekanyelitsoeng tsa poelano lipakeng tsa lintho tse reriloeng esale pele le baokameli / babuelli ba mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le maemo le khethollo ea kelello e amanang le inthanete. Likarabo tse amehang le tse hlokolosi (mohlala, li-cue-reactivities le litakatso, maikutlo a khethollo) ho litekanyetso tse itseng tsa maemo li bitsoa liemahale tse arohaneng. Litlamorao tsena li lokela ho susumetsoa ke boitlamo, empa le ho feta, ke ho sebetsana le mekhoa le temohisiso tse amanang le inthanete, 'me li nkuoa li tsoelapele ka har'a ts'ebetso ea tlatsetso ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa maemo mabapi le ts'usumetso e ntle le e mpe. Likarabo tsena tse amanang le tšusumetso ea maemo a susumetsoang ke maemo li ka fokotsa taolo ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, e leng se tla kenya letsoho qeto ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa inthanete / libaka tseo u li khethang. Ts'ebetso ena e nahantsoe e le karohanyo e lekanyelitsoeng, ho bolelang hore le eona e lebisa likarabo ho tsoa likarolong tse amehang le tse nang le kelello ho liqeto tsa ho sebelisa lits'ebetso / libaka tse ling li matla ka bo bona, empa hore litlamorao li aroloa ka tsela e itseng ke phokotso taolong ea thibelo ka lebaka la likarabo. ho likarolo tsa maemo. Ka kakaretso, mohlala oa I-PACE o khothalelitsoeng ho akaretsa mekhoa e tlatselletsang nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho latela mohlala oa ts'ebetso o bonts'ang matla a nakoana a ts'ebetso ea bokhoba. Litlhoko tsa "ventral striatum" le "pele" tsa mantlha tsa boko li nkuoa e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho sebelisana ha ho kopanya lintho tse ncha hape ho lakatsa mesebetsi e fokotsitsoeng ea bolaoli le ho fokotsa bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto ho batho ba nang le mathata a itseng a tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Leha likarolo le lits'ebetso kahare ho mohlala oa I-PACE li tsoa liphuputsong tsa pele tsa theoretical le empirical, mekhoa ea hypothesised e lokela ho hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng lithutong tse tlang. Menahano ea mohlala e lokela ho hlalosoa ka botlalo bakeng sa mefuta e khethehileng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, mohlala, lipapali tsa inthanete, papali ea marang-rang, Tšebeliso ea inthanete, Ho reka mabenkeleng le marang-rang. Rea tšepa hore mohlala oa I-PACE oa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a itseng o khothaletsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang le boikoetliso ba bongaka 'me o oa thusa ho theha li-hypotheses tse hlakileng tsa thuto kahare ho lefapha la saense le ntseng le hola ka potlako.
Liphatlalatso tsa Lithahasello
Bangoli ba tlaleha hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa lichelete mabapi le litaba tsa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Ngaka Potenza o fumane tšehetso ea lichelete kapa matšeliso bakeng sa tse latelang: Dr. Potenza o buile le ho eletsa Boehringer Ingelheim, Ironwood, Lundbeck, INSYS, Shire, HealthMend Health, Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics le Jazz Pharrmaceuticals; e amohetse tšehetso ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa ho NIH, Tsamaiso ea Veteran, Casino ea Mohegan Sun, Setsi sa Naha sa Lipapatso Tse Ikarabellang, le Pfizer, Li-Laboratories tsa Meru, Ortho-McNeil, Psyadon, Oy-Control / Biotie le Glaxo-SmithKline; o nkile karolo lipatlisisong, liposong tsa mangolo kapa lipuisanong tsa mehala tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso kapa lihlooho tse ling tsa bophelo; e buisane le liofisi tsa molao le ofisi ea mmuelli oa mmuso litabeng tse amanang le mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso; e fana ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka Lefapheng la Connecticut la Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello le lits'ebeletso tsa tlhekefetso ea mathata a boloi; e entse tlhahlobo ea lithuso bakeng sa NIH le mekhatlo e meng; o hlophisitse limakasine le likarolo tsa khatiso; e fane ka lipuo tsa thuto lithutong tse ntle, liketsahalong tsa CME le libakeng tse ling tsa bongaka kapa tsa saense; mme e hlahisitse libuka kapa likhaolo tsa buka bakeng sa baphatlalatsi ba mangolo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Bangoli ba bang ba tlaleha hore ha ba na lithahasello tsa lichelete kapa likhohlano tse ling tse khahlisang.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Ngaka Potenza o fumane tšehetso ho Setsi sa Naha sa Lipapali se Ikarabellang le Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso le Tlhekefetso. Likateng tsa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ke feela boikarabello ba bangoli 'me ha ho hlile ha li emetse pono ea semmuso ea mekhatlo efe kapa efe ea lichelete.
References
HM Ahn, HJ Chung, SH Kim
Ho feto-fetoha ha kelello hoa boko ho lits'ebetso tsa papali ka mor'a boiphihlelo ba papali
Cyberpsychology, Behaviour and Social Networking, 18 (2015), maq. 474-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0185
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
A. Aldao, S. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Schweizer
Maano a ho laola maikutlo ho ferekanya psychopathology: Tlhahlobo ea meta-anal
Tlhahlobo ea Psychology ea Clinical, 30 (2010), maq. 217-237 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
|
|
|
APA
Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello
(Khatiso ea 5th) APA, Washington DC (2013)
TA Baskerville, AJ Douglas
Litšebelisano tsa Dopamine le oxytocin tse ka tlasa boits'oaro bo bobe: Menehelo e ka hlahisoang ho mafu a boitšoaro
CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 16 (2010), maq. 92-123
A. Bechara
Ho etsa liqeto, taolo ea tšusumetso le tahlehelo ea matla a ho hanela lithethefatsi: Pono ea methapo
Natural Neuroscience, 8 (2005), maq. 1458-1463 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1584
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
F. Bernardin, A. Maheut-Bosser, F. Paille
Ho senyeha hoa kelello lithutong tse itšetlehileng ka joala
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5 (2014), maq. 1-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00078
KC Berridge
Phehisano mabapi le karolo ea dopamine moputsong: Nyeoe ea ho hlohlelletsoa ha bohloka
Psychopharmacology, 191 (2007), maq. 391-431
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
KC Berridge, TE Robinson, JW Aldridge
Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa moputso: 'Ho rata', 'ho batla' le ho ithuta
Maikutlo a hajoale ho Pharmacology, 9 (2009), maq. 65-73 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014
|
|
|
J. Billieux, M. Van Der Linden, S. Achab, Y. Khazaal, L. Paraskevopoulos, D. Zullino, G. Thorens
Hobaneng ha o bapala World of Warcraft? Patlisiso e tebileng ea sepheo se ipoletseng sa ho itlhahisa ho bapala marang-rang le boits'oaro ba papali lefatšeng la Azeroth
Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 29 (2013), maq. 103-109
|
|
|
C. Bowley, C. Faricy, B. Hegarty, S. Johnston, JL Smith, PJ Kelly, JA Rushby
Litlamorao tsa koetliso ea taolo ea thibelo ea tšebeliso ea joala, litlatsetso tse amanang le joala le ts'ebetso ea motlakase oa boko
Koranta ea Machaba ea Psychophysiology, 89 (2013), maq. 342-348 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.011
|
|
|
M. Brand, C. Laier, M. Pawlikowski, U. Schächtle, T. Schöler, C. Altstötter-Gleich
Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang: Karolo ea likhakanyo tsa thobalano le matšoao a kelello a ho sebelisa libaka tsa thobalano tse feteletseng tsa inthanete.
Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro, le Khokahano ea Sechaba, 14 (2011), maq. 371-377 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0222
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
M. Brand, C. Laier, KS Monyane
Tlhatlhobo ea inthanete: Litloaelo tsa ho sebetsana le maemo, litebello, le liphello tsa kalafo
Frontiers ho Psychology, 5 (2014), leq. 1256 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01256
M. Brand, J. Snagowski, C. Laier, S. Maderwald
Mesebetsi ea lipapali tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e tsamaisana le matšoao a ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng
Nako ea mokokotlo, 129 (2016), maq. 224-232
|
|
M. Brand, KS Young, C. Laier
Taolo ea pele le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete: Mohlala oa maikutlo le tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa methapo ea kutlo le methapo ea kutlo
Frontiers ho Human Neuroscience, 8 (2014), leq. 375 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375
MJ Breiner, WGK Stritzke, AR Lang
Thibelo e atamelang: Mohato oa bohlokoa kutloisisong ea takatso ea takatso
Patlisiso le Phekolo ea Joala, 23 (1999), maq. 197-206
|
D. Brevers, A. Cleeremans, C. Hermant, H. Tibboel, C. Kornreich, P. Verbanck, X. Noël
Mekhoa e metle ea papali ea chelete papaling ea chelete ea ho becha: Litloaelano tse ntle empa eseng tse fosahetseng
Raliphatlalatso la Behahlangual Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44 (2013), maq. 94-97 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.008
|
|
|
LA Briand, JA Blendy
Likarolo tsa limolek'hule le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse tsamaisang khatello ea kelello le bokhoba ba tahi
Patlisiso ea Brain, 1314 (2010), maq. 219-234
|
|
|
SE Caplan
Kamano lipakeng tsa bolutu, matšoenyeho a sechaba, le tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang
Cyberpsychology & Boitšoaro, 10 (2007), maq. 234-242 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9963
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
BL Carter, ST Tiffany
Tlhatlhobo ea meta le ho hlophisoa hape ha lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba tahi
Tlatsetso, 94 (1999), maq. 327-340
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
S. Casale, SE Caplan, G. Fioravanti
Mehopolo e ntle mabapi le tšebeliso ea inthanete: Karolo e arohanyang kamanong lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea mathata
Li-Behaviors tse tlatsetsang, 59 (2016), maq. 84-88 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.014
|
|
H. Cash, CD Rae, AH Steel, A. Winkler
Tlhahiso ea inthanete: Kakaretso e khuts'oanyane ea lipatlisiso le boikoetliso
Tlhahlobo ea hajoale ea Psychiatry, 8 (2012), maq. 292-298 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520513
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
SR Chamberlain, C. Lochner, DJ Stein, AE Goudriaan, RJ van Holst, J. Zohar, JE Grant
Na ke lekhoba la boitšoaro? Maqhubu a ntseng a phahama?
European Neuropsychopharmacology, S0924-S0977 (2015), maq. 266-267 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.013
Y. Chen, TZ Baram
Ho fihlela kutloisiso ea hore na khatello ea maikutlo ea bophelo ba bongoaneng e ntlafatsa joang likhokahano tsa kelello le maikutlo
Neuropsychopharmacology, 41 (2016), maq. 197-206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.181
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
C. Chou, L. Condron, JC Belland
Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang
Tlhahlobo ea Psychology ea Thutong, 17 (2005), maq. 363-387 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1
P. Christianen, TM Schoenmaker, M. Field
Ha ho na ntho e ka u khahlisang leihlo: Ho pheta-pheta botebo ba bongaka ba ho khetholoha ha motho ka hloko
Li-Behaviors tse tlatsetsang, 44 (2015), maq. 43-50
|
|
|
M. Ciccarelli, G. Nigro, MD Griffiths, M. Cosenza, F. D'Olimpio
Mekhelo e lebisang tlhokomelong ea mathata le ba bechang bao eseng mathata
Tlaleho ea Mathata a Amehang, 198 (2016), maq. 135-141
|
|
T. Correa, AW Hinsley, HG de Zuniga
Ke mang ea sebelisang marang-rang? Khokahano ea botho ba basebelisi le tšebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba
Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 26 (2010), maq. 247-253
|
|
|
J. Cousijn, AE Goudriaan, KR Ridderinkhof, W. Van Den Brink, DJ Veltman, RW Wiers
Mokhoa o haufi-ufi o bolela esale pele nts'etsopele ea bothata ba cannabis ho basebelisi ba boima ba cannabis: Liphetho ho tsoa thutong e lebelletsoeng ea FMRI
PLoS One, 7 (2012), leq. e42394 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042394
J. Cousijn, AE Goudriaan, RW Wsters
Ho fihlella ho li-cannabis: Lits'ebetso tse sebelisoang ho batho ba sebelisang cannabis ba bolela esale pele liphetoho tse ka bang teng tšebeliso ea cannabis.
Tlatsetso, 106 (2011), maq. 1667-1674 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03475.x
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
DN Crockford, B. Goodyear, J. Edward, J. Qickfall, N. el-Guebaly
Cit-e susumellelitsoeng ke ts'ebetso ea boko ho bataki ba methapo
Psychology Psychiki, 58 (2005), maq. 787-795
|
|
|
M. Czapla, J. Simon, H.C. Friederich, SC Herpertz, P. Zimmermann, S. Loeber
Na ho itlopa joala ho batho ba baholo ho amana le ho sitisoa ha karabelo e itseng ea joala?
Patlisiso ea Keketso ea Europe, 21 (2015), maq. 105-113
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
E. Dalbudak, C. Evren, S. Aldemir, B. Evren
Botebo ba kotsi ea ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le kamano ea eona le ho teba ha litšobotsi tsa moeli oa bana, liketsahalo tse bohloko tsa bongoana, liphihlelo tse ikhethileng, mathateng a sithabetsang le matšoao a matšoenyeho hara baithuti ba univesithi ea Turkey
Patlisiso ea Psychiki, 219 (2014), maq. 577-582
|
|
|
RA Davis
Mohlala oa tšebeliso ea kelello ea tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang
Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 17 (2001), maq. 187-195 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
|
|
|
Z. Demetrovics, R. Urbán, K. Nagygyörgy, J. Farkas, D. Zilahy, BEH Mervó
Hobaneng o bapala? Nts'etsopele ea sepheo sa lipotso tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang (MOGQ)
Mekhoa ea Patlo ea Boitšoaro, 43 (2011), maq. 814-825 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0091-y
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
KL Derbyshire, JE Grant
Boitšoaro bo qobelloang ho kopanela liphate: Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng
Lits'oants'o tsa Bokhoba ba Boitšoaro, 4 (2015), maq. 37-43 http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.003
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
D. Deryakulu, Ö.F. Ursavas
Tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho ts'ebelisong e kotsi ea Inthanete: Thutong ea mafahla
Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 39 (2014), maq. 331-338 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.038
|
|
SS Dickerson, ME Kemeny
Likhatello tsa khatello ea kelello le likarabo tsa cortisol: Ho kopana le theoretical le synthesis ea patlisiso ea laboratori
Bulletin ea Psychological, 130 (2004), maq. 355-391
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
|
WN Ding, JH Letsatsi, YW Letsatsi, X. Chen, Y. Zhou, ZG Zhuang, YS Du
Ho ts'oaroa ha tšebeliso ea boitšoaro le tšenyo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea pele ho batjha ba lemaletseng papali ea marang-rang e senotsoeng ke thuto ea Go / No-Go fMRI
Ts'ebetso ea Behaeveal and Brain, 10 (2014), leq. 20 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-10-20
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
|
G. Dong, EE Devito, X. Du, Z. Cui
Ho laola mekhoa ea ho thibela ho thibela ho tsuba mohoebong oa ho lemalla motlakase Inthaneteng: Thuto ea ho nahana ka litšoantšo tsa mahlaseli a motlakase
Patlisiso ea Psychiki, 203 (2012), maq. 153-158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.001
|
|
|
G. Dong, Y. Hu, X. Lin, Q. Lu
Ke eng e etsang hore bokhoba ba marang-rang ba tsoele pele ho bapala marang-rang leha ba tobane le litlamorao tse mpe? Litlhaloso tse ka bang teng ho tsoa thutong ea fMRI
Psychology ea Biological, 94 (2013), maq. 282-289 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.07.009
|
|
|
G. Dong, X. Lin, Y. Hu, C. Xie, X. Du
Khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa marang-rang a taolo e phahameng ea marang-rang le marang-rang a moputso e hlalosa boitšoaro bo fumanehang inthaneteng bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete
Litlaleho tsa Saense, 5 (2015), leq. 9197 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep09197
Tlhaloso e feletseng ka CrossRef
G. Dong, X. Lin, H. Zhou, Q. Lu
Ho feto-fetoha le maemo ha bokhoba ba marang-rang: bopaki ba fMRI ho tsoa maemong a bonolo le a bonolo a ho fetoha
Li-Behaviors tse tlatsetsang, 39 (2014), maq. 677-683 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.028
G. Dong, Q. Lu, H. Zhou, X. Zhao
Tšusumetso ea tšusumetso ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea ho lemalla Inthanete: Bopaki ba motlakase bo tsoang thutong ea Go / NoGo
Mangolo a Neuroscience, 485 (2010), maq. 138-142
G. Dong, MN Potenza
Mohlala oa boits'oaro ba lipapali tsa inthanete tsa kelello: Litekanyetso tsa kelello le litlamorao tsa bongaka
Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Psychiki, 58 (2014), maq. 7-11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.005
G. Dong, MN Potenza
Ho nka likotsi le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi kotsing ea lipapali tsa marang-rang: Litlamorao mabapi le papali ea inthanete maemong a mabe
Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Psychiki, 73 (2016), maq. 1-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.011
G. Dong, Y. Shen, J. Huang, X. Du
Ts'ebetso e hlokofatsang ea ho lekola phoso bathong ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea inthanete: Phuputso e amanang le fMRI e amanang le ketsahalo
Patlisiso ea Keketso ea Europe, 19 (2013), maq. 269-275 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000346783
G. Dong, H. Zhou, X. Zhao
Bokhoba ba marang-rang ba banna ba bonts'a bokhoni bo boholo ba taolo e phahameng ea ho laola: Bopaki bo tsoang mosebetsing oa mebala-bala Stroop
Mangolo a Neuroscience, 499 (2011), maq. 114-118 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.047
AC Douglas, JE Mills, M. Niang, S. Stepchenkova, S. Byun, C. Ruffini, M. Blanton
Tlatsetso ea marang-rang: Meta-synthesis ea lipatlisiso tsa boleng bakeng sa 1996-2006 ea lilemo tse leshome
Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 24 (2008), maq. 3027-3044
T. Duka, L. Trick, K. Nikolaou, MA Grey, MJ Kempton, H. Williams, Stephens
Libaka tse ikhethileng tsa boko tse amanang le taolo ea tahi li senyeha ho lino tse tahang tse ngata haholo
Psychology Psychiki, 70 (2011), maq. 545-552 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.006
S. Ebeling-Witte, ML Frank, D. Lester
Ho lihlong, tšebeliso ea inthanete le botho
Cyberpsychology & Boitšoaro, 10 (2007), maq. 713-716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9964
C. Eberl, RW Wsters, S. Pawelczack, M. Rinck, ES Becker, J. Lindenmeyer
Tlhabollo ea leeme le ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang: Na litlamorao tsa tleleniki li sebetsa 'me li sebetsa ho mang?
Neuroscience e ntlafatsang, 4 (2013), maq. 38-51 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002
C. Eberl, RW Wsters, S. Pawelczack, M. Rinck, ES Becker, J. Lindenmeyer
Ts'ebetso ea koetliso ea tahi ka mokhoa oa khethollo ea joala. Ho hlokahala likarolo tse kae?
Bokhoba ba tahi: Patlisiso ea bongaka le Tlhahlobo, 38 (2) (2013), maq. 587-594 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.12281
J. Elsey, A. Coates, CM Lacadie, EJ McCrory, R. Sinha, LC Mayes, MN Potenza
Boitšoaro ba bongoaneng le likarabelo tsa neural ho khatello ea motho ka mong: litloaelo tse ratehang haholo le tse khathollang ho bacha
Neuropsychopharmacology, 40 (2015), maq. 1580-1589
JSBT Evans
Ka likelellong tse peli: Tlaleho ea mabaka a mabeli
Mokhoa litabeng tsa Saense e Cognitive, 7 (2003), maq. 454-459 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
JSBT Evans, K. Coventry
Mokhoa o kopanetsoeng o sebelisang temallo ea boitšoaro: Taba ea papali ea chelete
Li-WW tsa RW, AW Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of Imprehensity Cognition and Addiction, Sage, Oaks tse likete, CA (2006), maq. 29-43
BJ Everitt
Mekhoa ea Neural le ea kelello e tsamaisang mokhoa o qobelloang oa ho batla lithethefatsi le ho hopola lithethefatsi - matšoao a kalafo e ncha ea bokhoba
Koranta ea Europe ea Neuroscience, 40 (2014), maq. 2163-2182
BJ Everitt, TW Robbins
Litsamaiso tsa Neural tsa matlafatso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi: Ho tloha liketsong ho ea ho tloaelo
Natural Neuroscience, 8 (2005), maq. 1481-1489 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1579
BJ Everitt, TW Robbins
Ho lemalla lithethefatsi: Ho nchafatsa liketso ho tloaelo le ho qobelloa lilemo tse leshome ho ea pele
Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Psychology, 67 (2016), maq. 23-50 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457
M. Fauth-Bühler, K. Mann
Lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tsa Neurobiological tsa bothata ba papali ea marang-rang: Lintho tse ts'oanang le papali ea chelete ea methapo
Li-Behaviors Tse Tlatsehang (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.004 EPub pele ho khatiso
M. Fauth-Bühler, K. Mann, MN Potenza
Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho: Tlhahlobo ea bopaki ba methapo e amanang le tharollo ea bona e le bothata ba ho lemalla
Biology ea Tlatsetso (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12378
Tlhokomeliso ho basebelisi:
Libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho ke Lingoloa tse hatisitsoeng le ho amoheloa bakeng sa ho hatisoa ke Boto ea Bahlophisi ba phatlalatso ena. Ha li e-so kopolloe tse hlophisitsoeng le / kapa li entsoe ka mokhoa oa ntlo ea phatlalatso, 'me li kanna tsa se be le ts'ebetso e felletseng ea ScienceDirect, mohlala, lifaele tse tlatsetsang li kanna tsa hloka ho eketsoa, lihokela tsa litšupiso li kanna tsa se rarolle le tse ling. e ntse e fetoha pele ho phatlalatso.
Le ha lingoliloeng tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho li se na lintlha tsohle tsa bibliographic tse fumanehang hajoale, li kanna tsa qotsoa ho sebelisoa selemo sa phatlalatso ea inthanete le DOI, ka tsela e latelang: mongoli (s), sehlooho sa sengoloa, Phatlalatso (selemo), DOI. Ka kopo sheba mokhoa oa litšupiso oa koranta bakeng sa ponahalo e nepahetseng ea likarolo tsena, khutsufatso ea mabitso a koranta le ts'ebeliso ea matšoao a puo.
Ha sehlooho sa ho qetela se abetsoe meqolo / litaba tsa Publication, sehlooho se tobileng sa khatiso se tla tlosoa 'me phetoho ea ho qetela e tla hlaha mefuteng e hatisitsoeng ea litaba. Letsatsi leo sehlooho sena se qalileng ho fumaneha ka inthaneteng se tla fetisoa.
;
