Ho lemalla Inthaneteng: ho sebetsana le mekhoa, litebello le litla-morao tsa phekolo (2014)

Matthias Brand^{1,2 *}, Mona Laier¹ 'me Kimberly S. Young³

• ¹Lefapha la Psychology ea Kakaretso: Kelello, Univesithi ea Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Jeremane
• ²Erwin L. Hahn Setsi sa Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Jeremane
• ³Setsi sa Tebello ea Marang-rang, Russell J. Jandoli Sekolo sa Botsoa le Khokahano ea Mass, Univesithi ea St. Bonaventure, Olean, NY, USA

Bokhoba ba marang-rang (IA) e fetohile boemo bo boima ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello linaheng tse ngata. Ho utloisisa ka nepo litlamorao tsa bongaka tsa IA, boithuto bona bo lekile lipalo-palo e ncha ea khopolo-taba e bonts'ang mekhoa e tataisang ea kelello e kentseng letsoho kholisong le phepelong ea lefu lena. Moetso o khetholla pakeng tsa tšebeliso e akaretsang ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (GIA) le mefuta e ikhethileng. Boithuto bona bo lekile mofuta oa GIA ho palo ea basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete. Liphumano tse tsoang ho basebelisi ba 1019 li bonts'a hore mohlala oa hypothesized sebopeho o hlalositse 63.5% phapang ea matšoao a GIA, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke mofuta o mokhuts'oanyane oa Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete. Ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea kelello le botho, liphetho li bonts'a hore temohisiso e itseng ea motho (ho se sebetse hantle le tebello e mpe ea kelello) e eketse kotsi ea GIA. Lintho tsena tse peli li ile tsa kopanya matšoao a GIA haeba lintlha tse ling tsa kotsi li le teng joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba, ho itšepa ho tlase, ho se sebetse hantle, le ho ba le khatello e matla ea ho bua ka libaka tse 'maloa tse lekantsoeng thutong. Moetso o bonts'a hore batho ba nang le boiphihlelo bo phahameng ba ho sebetsana le boemo bo phahameng le bo sa lebelloang hore Inthanete e ka sebelisoa ho eketsa botle kapa ba fokotsa maikutlo a mabe ha ba na monyetla oa ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete, leha botho bo bong kapa bofokoli ba kelello bo le teng. Litlamorao tsa kalafo li kenyelletsa karolo e hlakileng ea ho hlaka holima nts'etsopele ea GIA le tlhoko ea ho lekola mokhoa le litlatsetso tsa mokuli le ho ntlafatsa monahano o fosahetseng ho fokotsa matšoao le ho kenya letsoho pholisong.

Selelekela

Tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e fumanoe lithutong tse 'maloa mme e bonts'a litlamorao tse sa khaotseng tse kang ho lahleheloa ke mosebetsi, ho se atlehe lithutong le tlhalo li hlahisitsoeng ke tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete (bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa bona Griffiths, 2000a,b; Chou et al., 2005; Widyanto le Griffiths, 2006; Byun et al., 2009; Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2010; Lortie le Guitton, 2013). Kameho ea tleliniki ea ketsahalo ena e bohlokoa ka ho fapana le maemo a phahameng a ho hola ho tloha ho 1.5 ho isa 8.2% (Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2010) kapa esita le ho fihla ho 26.7%, ho latela sekala se sebelisitsoeng le mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng (Kuss et al., 2014).

Leha tlhaloso ea pele ea makasine ena ea bongaka e batla e le lilemong tsa 20 tse fetileng (E monyenyane, 1996), sehlopha se ntse se tšohloa ka phehisano 'me ka hona ho sebelisitsoe mantsoe a mangata ho lingoliloeng tsa mahlale, ho tloha ho "tšebeliso e boima ea inthanete" (Meerkerk et al., 2006, 2009, 2010), "Mathata a amanang le inthanete" (Widyanto et al., 2008), "Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang"Caplan, 2002), "Ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang"Davis, 2001) le "boits'oaro bo amanang le marang-rang bo amanang le inthanete" (Brenner, 1997), ho bolela tse seng kae feela. Lilemong tsa ho qetela tsa 10, leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba bangata lefapheng lena ba sebelisitse polelo e reng, "bokhoba ba marang-rang" kapa "Internet addiction" (mohlala, Johansson le Götestam, 2004; Thibela, 2008; Byun et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2010, 2011, 2013; Kim et al., 2011; Purty et al., 2011; Monyane, 2011b, 2013; Young le al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Cash et al., 2012; Hou et al., 2012; Hong et al., 2013a,b; Kardefelt-Winther, 2014; Pontes et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014). Hape re rata poleloana e reng, "lekhoba la inthanete (IA)" hobane lihlooho tsa morao-rao (bona lipuisano ho Brand et al., 2014) totobatsa ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le mekhoa e meng e lemalloang (mohlala, Grant et al., 2013) hape le ho its'etleha hoa thepa (bona hape E monyenyane, 2004; Griffiths, 2005; Meerkerk et al., 2009). Ho phehisanoe ka hore mekhoa e amanang le nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea thepa e fetisetsoa ts'ebelisong ea tšebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa inthanete (le litumeliso tse ling tsa boits'oaro), mohlala, khopolo ea tšusumetso ea bokhoba le likhopolo tse amanang le tsona (mohlala, Robinson le Berridge, 2000, 2001, 2008; Berridge le al., 2009). Sena se lumellana hantle le mohlala oa karolo e mabapi le boits'oaro bo lematsang (Griffiths, 2005).

Ho entsoe lithuto tse ngata maikutlong a IA a kelello, empa sena se entsoe - bonyane maemong a mangata - ntle le phapang pakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete (GIA) le tšebeliso e itseng ea Marang-rang (SIA; Morahan-Martin le Schumacher, 2000; Leung, 2004; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Lu, 2008; Kim le Davis, 2009; Billieux le Van der Linden, 2012), leha mekhoa ea kelello e ka fapana, le bakeng sa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lilemo kapa lits'ebeliso tse sebelisitsoeng (Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2014). Boithuto ba rona bo lekola litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le maemo le tebello ea kelello bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea GIA e le ho kenya letsoho kutloisisong e ntle ea metheo le lisosa tse ka bang teng bakeng sa tlhahlobo le kalafo.

Boemong ba theoretical, e ne e se e phatlalalitsoe hore IA e tlameha ho khetholloa mabapi le ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea inthanete (Griffiths le Wood, 2000) bapisoa le mefuta e ikhethileng ea IA e joalo ka cybersex, likamano tsa inthanete, ho qobelloa ka chelete (mohlala, papali ea chelete, ho ea mabenkeleng), tlhaiso-leseling, le papali ea inthanete bakeng sa ho theha taolo ea marang-rang (mohlala, Young le al., 1999; Meerkerk et al., 2006; Thibela, 2008; Brand et al., 2011). Le ha ho le joalo, ke sehlahisoa se le seng feela sa bokhutšoaane, Internet Gaming Disorder, se kenyellelitsoeng ho sehlomathiso sa DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Boholo ba lithuto li ile tsa lekola IA joalo ka moaho o kopaneng kapa ba lekola sehlahisoa se le seng feela (maemong a mangata papali ea marang-rang). Ka mohlala oa hae oa boitsoaro, Davis (2001) hape e khetholle pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea pathological (GIA) le ts'ebeliso e itseng ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea pathological Internet (SIA). GIA e hlalositsoe e le tšebeliso e mpe ea machaba ea marang-rang, hangata e tsamaisana le tšilafalo ea nako le ts'ebeliso e sa laoloang ea Marang-rang. Mekha ea marang-rang ea sechaba (mohlala, puisano ea sechaba ka marang-rang a marang-rang) e sebelisoa haholo (bona le lipuisano ho Lortie le Guitton, 2013), eo ho thoeng e hokahane le ho haella ha tšehetso ea sechaba le bofokoli ba sechaba bo fumanoeng ke motho ea seng maemong a sa bonahaleng. Ntle le moo, ho phehiloe khang ea hore lithuto li ka sebelisa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa Inthanete haholo ntle le ho ba le thatohatsi e le 'ngoe eo u e ratang, mohlala, ho bapala lipapali, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho sheba boitsebiso le / kapa libaka tsa mabenkele, ho romella li-selfies, ho shebella livideo lipulong tsa video, ho bala li-blog tsa ba bang, joalo-joalo. Maemong ana, motho a ka pheha khang ea hore motho eo ke lekhoba la marang-rang ebile ha a lemaletse marang-rang (empa sheba le puisano ho Starcevic, 2013). Davis o pheha khang ea hore phapang e kholo pakeng tsa GIA le SIA ke hore batho ba nang le lefu la GIA ba ka be ba sa ka ba le bothata bo tšoanang ntle le marang-rang, athe batho ba nang le SIA ba ka be ba bile le boits'oaro bo ts'oanang ba bothata hara mofuta o mong. Ka mefuta eohle ea tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, GIA le SIA, likhopolo tse sa sebetseng ka uena le ka lefats'e li khothalletsoa ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa (Caplan, 2002, 2005).

Patlisiso e sebetsanang le GIA e bonts'itse hore litletlebo tse ikhethileng bophelong ba letsatsi le leng le le leng ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea inthanete li hokahane le litšobotsi tse fapaneng tsa botho. Ehlile ho ile ha bontšoa hore GIA e hokahane le li-comorbidities tsa psychopathological, joalo ka mathata a amanang le mathata kapa a ho tšoenyeha (Whang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005; Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2010) hammoho le litšobotsi tsa motho ea lihlong, ts'oaetso ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tloaela ho lieha, le ho itšepa (Niemz et al., 2005; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Hardie le Tee, 2007; Thatcher et al., 2008; Kim le Davis, 2009). Hape, mabaka a maemo a bophelo, mohlala, ho hloka tšehetso ea sechaba kapa ho itšehla thajana (Morahan-Martin le Schumacher, 2003; Caplan, 2007) esita le ho jeoa ke bolutu maemong a thuto ho bacha.Pontes et al., 2014), ekare e amana le GIA. Ntle le moo, ho phehiloe khang ea hore ho sebelisa marang-rang e le sesebelisoa sa ho sebetsana le liketsahalo tse thata kapa tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo ho kenya letsoho kholisong ea GIA (Whang et al., 2003; Tang et al., 2014). Batho ba nang le IA ba boetse ba na le tšekamelo e phahameng ea maano a ho se qobelle ho sebetsana le boemo bona (Tonioni et al., 2014). Bangoli ba bang ba bile ba hlahisa IA e le mofuta oa ho sebetsana le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi kapa mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Ho sa ntse ho na le lithuto tse ling tsa pele feela, tse ileng tsa bapisa ba bolepi ba mefuta e fapaneng ea SIA ka nepo. Pawlikowski et al. (2014) e tlaleha hore lihlong le khotsofalo ea bophelo li amana le tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali tsa Inthanete, empa eseng ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea cybersex kapa ts'ebeliso ea lipapali le cybersex ka bobeli.

E ipapisitse le lipatlisiso tse fetileng, haholo-holo likhang ka Davis (2001), hape re nahana ka lingoliloeng tsa hajoale mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa methapo le methapo ho lithutong tse lemaletseng inthaneteng, haufinyane re phatlalalitse mofuta oa theoretical mabapi le nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea GIA le SIA (Brand et al., 2014). Lintlha tse ling tse kenyellelitsoeng mohlaleng li se li boletsoe molemong oa ts'ebeliso ea liwebosaete tsa marang-rang, mohlala, tebello ea liphetho tse ntle (Turel le Serenko, 2012). Ho boetse ho bontšitsoe hore ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng kapa e kenelletseng ea mabenkele a marang-rang e amana le liphetoho tse litumelong tsa batho ka bomong mme sena se supa tšebeliso ea nako e tlang le sepheo sa tšebeliso (Turel et al., 2011). Sena se tsamaisana le mohlala oa rona oa theory ho GIA, moo re nahanang hore litumelo kapa litebello mabapi le seo inthanete e ka se etsetsang motho li susumetsa boitšoaro, ke hore, tšebeliso ea inthanete, eo hape e nang le tšusumetso ho tebello ea bokamoso. Le ha ho le joalo, mohlaleng oa rona re shebile karolo ea bohlokoa ea litebello le ho sebetsana le maano a ho theha le ho boloka GIA le mefuta e ikhethileng ea SIA.

Bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea GIA, re pheha khang ea hore mosebelisi o na le litlhoko le lipakane tse itseng tse ka fumanoang ka ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete. Re ipapisitse le lipatlisiso tsa pele, re kenyelletse tse 'maloa tsa tseo re li fumaneng ho theha mofuta o akaretsang oa ho tlama likarolo tsena hammoho. Pele, litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho li amahanngoa le IA mme li kenyelletsa lintlha tsa psychopathological, likarolo tsa botho, le ho lemoha maemo sechabeng. Karolong ea pele, re kenyelelitse matšoao a psychopathological, haholo khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba (mohlala, Whang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005), litšobotsi tsa botho bo sa sebetseng, joalo ka ho ikoetlisa tse tlase, lihlong, khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ekamelo ea ho lieha (Whang et al., 2003; Chak le Leung, 2004; Caplan, 2007; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Hardie le Tee, 2007; Thatcher et al., 2008; Kim le Davis, 2009; Pontes et al., 2014), le ho itšehla thajana / ho hloka tšehetso ea sechaba (Morahan-Martin le Schumacher, 2003; Caplan, 2005) nts'etsopele ea GIA. Leha ho le joalo, re khothalelitse hore tšusumetso ea litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho eo le likelello tsa hae mabapi le nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li lokela ho kopanngoa le maikutlo a itseng a amanang le inthanete, haholo-holo ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (Turel et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2012; Lee le al., 2014), le maano a itseng a ho sebetsana le litlhoko tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi kapa mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi (Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014). Karolong ea boraro ea mohlala, joalo ka boitšoaro bo latelang, haeba mosebelisi a kena marang-rang mme a fumana matlafatso ho latela mathata a ho sebetsana le mathata kapa maikutlo a mabe mme motho eo o lebelletse hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang e tla ba khelosa mathateng kapa maikutlong a seng monate. ho ka etsahala hore ba fetohele marang-rang ho qoba maikutlo ao a bonoang ke tahlehelo ea taolo, taolo ea nako e fosahetseng, litakatso le mathata a eketsehileng sechabeng. Karolo ea lits'ebetso tsa ho tiisa le ho lokisa maemo e hlalositsoe hantle lingolong mabapi le nts'etsopele le ho boloka mathata a amanang le lintho (mohlala, Robinson le Berridge, 2001, 2008; Kalivas le Volkow, 2005; Everitt le Robbins, 2006). Re boetse re pheha khang ea hore ts'usumetso e ntle le e mpe ea setaele sa ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka tatellano e baka tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, e kopantsoeng ke ts'ebetso ea pele (ts'ebetso).Brand et al., 2014).

Leha mofuta ona o lumellana hantle le lingoliloeng tsa nakong e fetileng mabapi le lintho tse fumanoeng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kelello ka morao ho IA (bona lintlha ka kakaretso Kuss le Griffiths, 2011a,b; Griffiths, 2012) hape le likhakanyo tsa morao-rao tsa neuropsychological le neuroimaging tsa GIA le mefuta e ikhethileng ea SIA (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012; Brand et al., 2014), mohlala ona o ntse o hloka bopaki bo matla ho latela bonnete ba tumello. Phuputsong ena, re ikemiselitse ho fetolela mantsoe a akaretsang mohopolong oa maikutlo a GIA a hlalositsoeng ka holimo ho ea mohlala oa lipalo maemong a feto-fetohang a liteko mme ra leka litlamorao le boemeli mabapi le botebo ba matšoao a GIA a sebelisa bongata bo boholo ba inthanete. Re sebelisa mehato e netefalitsoeng ea kelello le botho, re qalile ra hlahloba litšobotsi tsa batho ho bolela esale pele tšebeliso e fetelletseng le e lemalloang ea inthanete ka tsela e akaretsang. Re sebelisa mokhoa o netefalitsoeng oa ho sebetsana le maemo le litekanyetso tse nchafalitsoeng tsa litabatabelo tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete, re ile ra etsa liteko haeba bokhoni bo bobe ba ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (joalo ka ho sebelisa inthanete ho baleha maikutlo a mabe kapa maemo a sa thabiseng) ho hokahanya khokahano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho le matšoao a GIA.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Mohlala oa Ts'ebetso

Pele re fetolela mofuta oa theoretical o hlalositsoeng kenyelletsong mme re o bonts'a sengoloa ka Brand et al. (2014) ho etsa mohlala oa tlhahlobo ea lipalo. Boholo bo bong le bo bong bo boletsoeng mohlaleng oa sebopeho, re ile ra khetha bonyane mefuta e 'meli ea ho haha ​​mofuta oa sebopeho sa equation (SEM) maemong a morao. Bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong o fetohileng, re ne re sebelisa tekanyo e itseng (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le lintho tse 'maloa, bona litlhaloso tsa lisebelisoa tse ka tlase) ho sebetsa lintho tse hlahang. Moetso ona o sebelisitsoeng e le SEM maemong a latent o bontšoa ka Setšoantšo 1.

 

SELLOANE 1. Moetso o sebelisitsoeng, ho kenyelletsoa le mehopolo ea mantlha ea theoretical GIA, maemong a morao.

Lihlooho

Re sebelisa tlhahlobo e fumanehang ea inthanete, re ne re e-na le ba arabang ba 1148. Kamora ho kenyelletsoa ha barupeluoa ba 129 ka lebaka la data e sa felleng sekaleng sa psychometric, sampole ea ho qetela e ne e kenyelletsa N = 1019. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hloa lipapatso, sethala sa inthanete (akhaonteng ea Facebook ea sehlopha General Psychology: Cognition), lethathamo la lengolo-tsoibila ho baithuti ba Univesithi ea Duisburg-Essen, le ka libui ka mehatong ea lehae le mehala hammoho le lentsoe-of- likhothaletso tsa molomo. Lipapatso, mangolo-tsoibila le marang-rang a kenyellelitse polelo ea hore barupeluoa ba ka nka karolo mochining oa ho ba le monyetla oa ho hapa e 'ngoe ea lintho tse latelang: (1) iPad, (2) iPad mini, (3) iPod nano, (4 ) iPod shu ffl e, likarete tsa limpho tsa 20 tsa Amazon (li-50 Euro ka 'ngoe). Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke komiti ea boitšoaro ea lehae.

Lilemo tse bolelang sampole ea ho qetela e ne e le lilemo tse 25.61 (SD = 7.37). Mohlala o kenyelelitse basali ba 625 (61.33%) le banna ba 385 (37.78%) (baithaopi ba robong ha baa ka ba araba potso ena). Mabapi le boemo ba bophelo ba lekunutu, bankakarolo ba 577 (56.62%) ba ne ba lula kamanong kapa ba ne ba nyetse mme ba 410 (40.24%) ba bontšitse hore ha ba na kamano ea hajoale (barupeluoa ba 32 ha baa ka ba arabela potso ena). Nakong ea tlhahlobo, barupeluoa ba 687 (67.42%) e ne e le baithuti, barupeluoa ba 332 (32.58%) ba ne ba e-na le mosebetsi o tloaelehileng (ntle le semelo sa borutehi). Ho sampole eohle, barupeluoa ba 116 (11.4%) ba ile ba phethahatsa litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata a Marang-rang [khaola> 30 ho tlhahlobo e khuts'oane ea Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT), bona tlhaloso ea sesebelisoa se ka tlase] le bankakarolo ba 38 (3.7%) bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete (> 37 ho s-IAT). Nako e boleloang e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang e ne e le 972.36 min / beke (SD = 920.37). Ka sampole eohle, batho ba 975 ba sebelisitse liwebosaete tsa marang-rang / mecha ea puisano (M_{mets / beke} = 444.47, SD = 659.05), batho ba 998 (97.94%) ba batlile tlhahisoleseling ho Internet (M_{mets / beke} = 410.03, SD = 626.26), batho ka bomong ba 988 (96.96%) ba sebelisitse libaka tsa mabenkele (M_{mets / beke} = 67.77, SD = 194.29), lipapali tsa inthanete li ne li sebelisoa ke karolo ea 557 (54.66%, M_{mets / beke} = 159.61, SD = 373.65), papali ea chelete inthaneteng e entsoe ke bankakarolo ba 161 (15.80%, M_{mets / beke} = 37.09, SD = 141.70), le cybersex li sebelisitsoe ke batho ba 485 (47.60%, M_{mets / beke} = 66.46, SD = 108.28). Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea likopo tse ngata tsa inthanete, barupeluoa ba 995 (97.64%) ba tlaleha ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse tharo kapa ho feta tsa inthanete tse boletsoeng ka holimo khafetsa.

Lisebelisoa

Teko e khutšoane ea ho lemalla batho Inthaneteng (s-IAT)

Matšoao a IA a ile a hlahlojoa le mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa Jeremane oa Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete (Pawlikowski et al., 2013), e thehiloeng hodima phetolelo ea mantlha e ntlafalitsoeng ke Bonyane (1998). Mofuteng o khuts'oane (s-IAT), lintho tse 12 li lokela ho arajoa ka sekala sa lintlha tse hlano ho tloha ho 1 (= ha ho mohla) ho isa ho 5 (= khafetsa) ho hlahisang lintlha tse akaretsang ho tloha ho 12 ho isa ho 60, athe lintlha> 30 e bonts'a ts'ebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang le lintlha> 37 e bonts'a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete (Pawlikowski et al., 2013). S-IAT e na le lintlha tse peli: tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako le ho lakatsa / mathata a sechaba (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le lintho tse tšeletseng). Le ha lintho tsa 12 li imetsa ka lintlha tse peli ho tlhahlobisong le netefatso ea lintlha (CFA; Pawlikowski et al., 2013), ba tšoaea matšoao a mantlha a IA, joalo ka mohlala o hlalositsoeng karolong ea likarolo tsa (Griffiths, 2005). Tlhahlobo ea pele ea "tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako" e lekola hore na motho o na le mathata a taolo ea nako joang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea hae ea inthanete (mohlala, "Ke hangata hakae u hlokomolohang mesebetsi ea lapeng ho qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng?" "U robala hangata hakae ka lebaka la ho sebelisa Inthanete bosiu haholo?"). Lintho tsa subscale ena li boetse li lekola litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (mohlala, "Liithuti tsa hau tsa sekolo kapa tsa sekolo li utloa bohloko hangata hakae ka lebaka la nako eo u e qetang u le Inthaneteng?"). E boetse ea lekanyetsoa haeba lithuto li lahleheloa ke taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea tsona ea inthanete le haeba ba lekile ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete mme ba hloleha (mohlala, "Ke hangata hakae u fumanang hore u lula inthaneteng ho feta kamoo u neng u rerile?" Le " U leka ho fokotsa nako eo u e qetang u le inthaneteng ebe u hloleha? ”). Lintho tsohle ha li lekanye nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, empa hore na batho ka bomong ba lahleheloa ke taolo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete le mathata bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea bona ea inthanete. Maano a bobeli a "ho lakatsa / mathata a sechabeng" a lekanya litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete lipuisanong tsa sechaba le ho kena-kenana le batho ba mahareng (mohlala, "Ke hangata hakae u ikutloang u phathahane ka marang-rang ha u nahana, kapa u nahana ka ho ba inthaneteng?"). Lintho tsa subscale ena li boetse li sekaseka mathata a pakeng tsa motho ka mong (mohlala, u bua khafetsa kapa u hoelehetsa hangata ha motho e mong au khathatsa ha o ntse o le Inthaneteng? ”) Le melaoana ea maikutlo: mohlala, , kapa o tšoha ha o sa sebetse, e tlohang hang hoba o khutlele inthaneteng?). Lintho tsohle li kenyeletsa "Internet" kapa "inthaneteng" ka kakaretso ntle le ho sheba ts'ebeliso e itseng. Thutong, barupeluoa ba ile ba tsebisoa hore lipotso tsohle li amana le tšebeliso ea bona ea inthanete ho kenyelletsa le lits'ebetso tsohle tse sebelisitsoeng.

S-IAT e na le thepa e ntle ea psychometric ebile e nepahetse (Pawlikowski et al., 2013). Mohlaleng oa rona, ho sebetsa ka hare (Cronbach's α) e ne e le 0.856 bakeng sa kakaretso kaofela, 0.819 bakeng sa tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako, le 0.751 bakeng sa lebaka la ho lakatsa / mathata a sechabeng.

Brithana ea Pontšo ea Boqapi - khatello ea maikutlo

Matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a ile a hlahlojoa le mofuta oa Sejeremane (Franke, 2000) ea khatello ea maikutlo ea subscale ea Brithane ea Matšoao a Brithani (Boulet le Boss, 1991; Derogatis, 1993). Sekala se na le lintho tse tšeletseng tse hlahlobang matšoao a sithabetsang matsatsing a 7 a ho qetela. Likarabo li tlameha ho fanoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 0 (= ho hang) ho 4 (= haholo). Sekhahla sa ka hare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.858.

Brithana ea Matšoao a bokhuts'oanyane - kutloelo-bohloko ea subscale

Matšoao a matšoenyeho a sechaba le maikutlo a ho ikopanya a ile a hlahlojoa le mofuta oa Sejeremane (Franke, 2000) ea senscale interrealitity sensity ea Brunch Syndromeom Inventory (Boulet le Boss, 1991; Derogatis, 1993). Sekala se na le lintho tse 'ne' me likarabo li lokela ho fanoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 0 (= ho hang) ho 4 (= haholo). Sekhahla sa ka hare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.797.

Sekala sa Boithati

Boikakaso bo ile ba hlahlojoa ke Boitšoaro ba BoikemisetsoRosenberg, 1965). Mona re sebelisitse mofuta oa Sejeremane o fetotsoeng (Collani le Herzberg, 2003), e nang le lintho tse leshome. Likarabo li lokela ho fanoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse 'ne ho tloha 0 (= ha li lumellane ka matla) ho 3 (= lumellana ka matla). Sekhahla sa ka hare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.896.

Sekala sa Boithati

Ho sebetsa hantle ho ile ha hlahlojoa ke Boitšoaro ba Boiketsetso (Schwarzer le Jerusalema, 1995), e nang le lintho tsa 10. Likarabo li tlameha ho fanoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse 'ne ho tloha 1 (= ha se' nete) ho 4 (= ehlile e hlile). Sekhahla sa ka hare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.863.

Boqapi ba Bohlale ba khatello ea maikutlo bo sa foleng

Ho sithabela ha khatello ea maikutlo ho lekantsoe ke mofuta oa ho bala oa Trier Inventory bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo (TICS); Schulz et al., 2004). Screening e na le lintho tsa 12 mabapi le ho pepesetsoa ha khatello ea maikutlo likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 3. Polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tlameha ho arajoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 0 (= le ka mohla) ho 4 (= khafetsa). Sekhahla sa ka hare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.908.

Ho jeoa ke bolutu

Mofuta o khutšoanyane oa Scale ea Bolutu (De Jong Gierveld le Van Tilburg, 2006) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu (subsyale maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu, lintho tse tharo) le ts'ebeliso ea tšehetso ea sechaba (setšehetso sa tšehetso ea sechaba, lintho tse tharo). Lipolelo tsohle li tlameha ho arajoa ka lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 1 (= che!) Ho 5 (= e!). Phokotso ea kahare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.765 bakeng sa bolutu ba maikutlo bo tlase le 0.867 bakeng sa ts'ehetso ea boiketlo ba sechaba.

COPE CHELE

KOPANO e Nyane (Carver, 1997) lekanya mokhoa oa ho sebetsana ka teng ka li-subdomain tse fapaneng tse fapaneng. Mona re sebelisitse litlatsetso tse tharo tsa mofuta oa Sejeremane (Knoll et al., 2005): Ho hana, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le ho khesoa ka boits'oaro. Subscale ka 'ngoe e ne e emeloa ke lintho tse peli, tse neng li tlameha ho arajoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse' ne ho tloha 1 (= Ha ke so etse sena ho hang) ho ea 4 (= esale ke etsa sena haholo). Phokotso ea kahare (Cronbach's α) mohlaleng oa rona e ne e le 0.561 bakeng sa ho hanoa ka subscale, 0.901 bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa subscale, le 0.517 bakeng sa taolo ea boitšoaro bo tšehetsang subscale. Ka lebaka la hore sekala se na le lintho tse peli feela mme re fuoa hore sesebelisoa se sebelisitsoe lithutong tse 'maloa tsa netefatso ho kenyeletsa le litlaleho tse mabapi le ts'episo ea tlhahlobo ea botjha, re nka ts'epo e le e amohelehang.

Morero oa Ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete

Ho lekola litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, re thehile tekanyo e ncha e kenyang - mofuta oa pele - oa lintho tsa 16. Lintho li supa mabaka a mang a susumetsang kaha, ka mohlala, a tlalehiloe ke Xu et al. (2012) hape ka Yee (2006). Lintho li ile tsa abeloa a priori ho sekala tse peli (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le lintho tse robeli): litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso e ntle (mohlala, "Ke sebelisa marang-rang ho natefeloa") le tse bonts'ang matlafatso (mohlala, "Ke sebelisa Inthanete ho sitisa mathata"). Likarabo tsohle li ile tsa fanoa ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse tšeletseng ho tloha 1 (= ho se lumellane ka botlalo) ho 6 (= lumellana ka botlalo). Motheong oa data eo re e bokelletseng thutong ena (N = 1019), re entse tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea lintlha (EFA). Horn's (1965) tlhahlobo e ts'oanang le tlhahlobo ea bonyane ba "nakoana" (MAP) (Velicer, 1976) li sebelisitsoe ho tseba palo e nepahetseng ea lintlha. Ts'ebetso ena e hlahisitse tharollo e tsitsitseng ea lintlha tse peli. Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea EFA e nang le likarolo tsa mantlha tsa ho hlahloba likarolo le ho potoloha li-varimax ho lekola sebopeho sa Internet Use Expectancies Scale (IUES). Liphetho tsa EFA li fihleloe ka mofuta oa 8 oa ho qetela oa IUES ka sebopeho sa lintlha tse peli (Lethathamo 1). Ka lintlha tsena tse peli, re bone karohano ea phapang ea 63.41%. Ntlha ea pele e na le lintho tse 'ne tse nang le li-loadings tse ngata ntlheng ea mantlha (> 0.50) le ho beha lintho tse tlase ntlheng e ngoe (<0.20) mme e amana le litebello tse ntle, ka hona re rehile ntlha ena "litebello tse ntle." Ntlha ea bobeli e na le lintho tse 'ne tse nang le mejaro e mengata ho e ka sehloohong (> 0.50) le ho beha lintho tse tlase ntlheng e ngoe (<0.20), le lintho tsohle tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho qoba kapa ho fokotsa maikutlo kapa menahano e mebe, ka hona re rehile lebitso lena Lebaka "tebello ea ho qoba" Lintlha tsena ka bobeli li na le ts'epahalo e ntle ("litebello tse ntle": Cronbach's α = 0.832 le "litebello tsa ho qoba" Cronbach's α = 0.756). Lintlha tsena tse peli li ne li amana haholo (r = 0.496, p <0.001) e nang le litlamorao tse itekanetseng (Cohen, 1988).

 

TEBOHO 1. Ho beha lintlha le ho tšepahala linthong tse peli tsa IUES, mekhoa ea lintho tse lekantsoeng le linomoro tsa thepa.

Ho netefatsa sebopeho sa nnete sa sesebelisoa, re ile ra hlahloba sampole e eketsehileng ea lithuto tsa 169 (bolele lilemo = 21.66, SD = 2.69; basali ba 106) bakeng sa ho kenya CFA. CFA e entsoe ka MPlus (Muthén le Muthén, 2011). Bakeng sa tekolo ea ho lekana ha mohlala, re sebelisitse maemo a tloaelehileng (Hu le Bentler, 1995, 1999): Mohato o emeng o emetse sebaka se senyane (SRMR; lits'ebetso tse ka tlase ho 0.08 li bonts'a ho lekana hantle le datha) phoso ea appro approation (RMSEA; "test of fit fit"; boleng bo ka tlase ba 0.90 ka boleng ba bohlokoa ka tlase ho 0.95 bo supa ho lekana ho amohelehang). CFA e netefalitse tharollo ea lintlha tse peli bakeng sa IUES ka li-paramente tse ntle haholo: RMSEA e ne e le 0.08, CFI e ne e le 0.05, TLI e ne e le 0.047, 'me SRMR e ne e le 0.984. The χ² teko e ne e se bohlokoa, χ² = 24.58, p = 0.137 e bonts'a hore tlhahisoleseling ha e khelohe haholo mohlaleng oa theoretical (tharollo ea lintlha tse peli, joalo ka ha ho bontsitsoe Tafoleng 1). Mohlala ona o ile oa bokelloa bakeng sa CFA, feela. Lintlha li ne li sa kenyelletsoa litlhahlobisong tse ling.

Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

Tsamaiso ea maemo a Statistical e ile ea etsoa ka SPSS 21.0 bakeng sa Windows (Statue ea IBM SPSS, e lokollotsoeng 2012). Likahare tsa Pearson li ile tsa balelloa ho lekola likamano tsa zero-order lipakeng tsa tse peli tse fapaneng. Ho laola datha bakeng sa barekisi, re thehile tloaelo e sa fetoheng e sa fetoheng ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho kheloha joalo ka ha re fumane ho s-IAT (kakaretso eohle). Phapang ena e sa sebetseng e lokela hore e be e sa amaneng le mefuta eohle ea lithahasello, haeba lihokelo li ne li sa susumetsoe ke barekisi data. Lits'oants'o tsohle tse nang le phapang e hlophisitsoeng li ne li le tlase haholo, rs <0.049, e bontšang hore ho ne ho se na barekisi ba nang le tšusumetso e matla sekaleng sefe kapa sefe sa ho qetela (N = 1019). Ntle le moo, libaka tse hasanngoang lipakeng tsa lintho tse fetotsoeng li ne li laoloa ka pono. Hape, ha ho barekisi ba feteletseng ba fumanoeng. Ka hona, litlhahlobo li entsoe ka lithuto tsohle.

Tlhahlobo ea SEM e ne e kopantsoe le MPlus 6 (Muthén le Muthén, 2011). Ho ne ho se na lintlha tse lahlehileng. Pele o etsa liteko tsa mofuta o felletseng, ho lekana ha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao ho ile ha boela ha lekoa ho sebelisoa CFA ho MPlus. Bakeng sa bobeli, SEM le CFA, tekanyetso e kholo ea monyetla oa ts'ebetso e ile ea sebelisoa. Bakeng sa tekolo ea ho lekana ha mohlala, re sebelisitse maemo a tloaelehileng (Hu le Bentler, 1995, 1999) joalo ka ha ho se ho hlalositsoe karolong e fetileng. Bakeng sa ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea mokena-lipakeng ho ne ho hlokahala, ho latela Baron le Kenny (1986), hore mefuta eohle e kenyellelitsoeng phetolelong e lokela ho lumellana. Re boetse re sebelisitse li-regressions tse fetotsoeng ho lekola litlamorao tsa mookameli e le liphatlalatso tse ling bakeng sa mohopolo o mong oa kopi.

Results

Melao e hlalosang le litumellano

Mehlala ea li-sampole 'moho ho s-IAT le likala tse ling kaofela tse sebelisitsoeng li ka fumaneha Lethathamong 2. Moetso oa s-IAT oa M = 23.79 (SD = 6.69) e bapisoa haholo le sekepe se tlalehiloeng ke Pawlikowski et al. (2013) bakeng sa sampole ea lihlooho tsa 1820 tsa bongata ka kakaretso (lintlha tse boleloang ke s-IAT e ne e le M = 23.30, SD = 7.25). Litokellano pakeng tsa bivariate lipakeng tsa s-IAT (kakaretso ea lintlha) le lintlha tse hlahang lipampiring tsa lipotso le likala tse tsamaisoang li bonts'itsoe Leaneng 3.

 

TEBOHO 2. Ho boleloa likala tse ngata tse sebelisitsoeng.

 

TEBOHO 3. Litokellano pakeng tsa sekhahla pakeng tsa s-IAT (kakaretso ea lintlha) le lintlha tse fumanehang mananeong a lipotso li laetsoe.

Tekanyetso ea morao-rao ea Model e khothalletsoang ho hlahlojoa ha netefatso ea netefatso

Bakeng sa ho leka mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa mofuta oa tlhahiso ea maikutlo, re qalile ra sekaseka mohlala, ho bolelang hore o ile a lekoa hore na ebe likarolo tse ling tsa morao li emeloa ka mokhoa o amohelehang ke lipontšo tse hlahang. Ka hona, CFA e entsoe ka likarolo tse ts'eletseng tsa latent (tekanyo e le 'ngoe e itšetlehileng, litekanyetso tse tharo tsa ponelo-pele, likarolo tse peli tsa moemeli). RMSEA e ne e le 0.066 ka p <0.001, CFI e ne e le 0.951, TLI e ne e le 0.928 mme SRMR e le 0.041, e bonts'a mohlala o motle o loketseng.

"Matšoao a" GIA "ea pele e bontšitsoe hantle ke lintlha lintlheng tse peli tsa s-IAT (tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako le ho lakatsa / mathata a sechaba) joalo ka ha ho ne ho reretsoe. Matšoao a pele a "matšoao a psychopathological" a ile a emeloa haholo ke lits'ebetso tse peli tsa BSI (khatello ea maikutlo le kutloelo-bohloko ea motho). Karolo ea "litšobotsi" tsa motho e ne e emeloa hantle ke likarolo tse tharo tse bonts'itsoeng (boitšepo, ho itšepa, le ho imeloa kelellong) le boemo ba ho qetela ba "conseitions" sechabeng bo emetse hantle ke likarolo tse peli tsa sekhahla sa bolutu (maikutlo bolutu le tšehetso ea sechaba). Liphetho li bonts'itse hore "konteraka" ea pele ea "konteraka" e emeloe hantle ke lipehelo tse tharo tsa COPE (ho hana, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, le ho sitisoa ha boitšoaro) le mokena-lipakeng oa bobeli oa "ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete" e emisitsoe hantle ke lintlha tse peli tsa IUES ( litebello tse ntle le litabatabelo tsa ho qoba ho).

Ka kakaretso, CFA e bonts'itse hore likarolo tsa morao-rao li emeloa ka mokhoa o amohelehang ke lipontšo tse hlahang. Ke tekong feela ea ho sebetsana le tšebeliso e mpe ea litheko tsa litheko ka bongata e nang le ntlha e fokolang ea ho laolla (β = 0.424) empa e ntse e le bohlokoa (p <0.001) mme ka hona e lekane, ha ho fanoa ka hore mofuta o felletseng o lumellane hantle le data. Lintho tsohle tse laetsoeng le liphoso tse tloaelehileng li bonts'itsoe ho Tafole 4.

 

TEBOHO 4. Li-coefficients tsa li-variables tsa li-variables tse hlahang maemong a morao, li lekoa le CFA ho MPlus.

Moetso o Felletseng oa Tekanyetso

Moetso oa theoretical o hlahisitsoeng molemong oa latent le GIA e le phetoho e itšetlehileng (e hlophisitsoeng ke lintlha tse peli tsa s-IAT) e hlahisitse ho lumellana hantle le datha. RMSEA e ne e le 0.066 ka p <0.001, CFI e ne e le 0.95, TLI e ne e le 0.93, mme SRMR e ne e le 0.041. The χ² tlhahlobo e ne e bohlokoa, χ² = 343.89, p <0.001, e tloaelehileng ho fuoe boholo ba sampole e kholo. Leha ho le joalo, χ² Teko ea mohlala oa motheo e ne e boetse e le bohlokoa ka χ e phahameng haholo² boleng, χ² = 5745.35, p <0.001. Ka kakaretso, data e tsamaellane hantle le mofuta oa khopolo o reriloeng. Ka kakaretso, karolo e kholo ea 63.5% ea phapang ea GIA e hlalositsoe haholo ke SEM e felletseng (R² = 0.635, p <0.001). Moetso le litlamorao tsohle tse tobileng le tse sa tobang li bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo 2.

 

SELLOANE 2. Liphetho tsa sebopeho sa equation ea sebopeho ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa likarolo tsa morao, "boima ba", p-melo, le libaka tsa bolulo. ***p <0.001.

Litlamorao tsohle tse tharo tse tobileng tsa bolepi ba GIA li ne li se bohlokoa (Setšoantšo 2). Empa hlokomela hore phello e tobileng ea likarolo tsa morao-rao tsa psychopathological tsa morao-rao li ile tsa hloleha ho fihlela bohlokoa ka p = 0.059. Mona, ho tlameha ho nahanoa hore boima ba β bo ne bo le bobe, ho bonts'a hore - haeba motho a ka toloka phello ea bohlokoa bo ikhethileng - khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba a tsamaisana le matšoao a tlase a GIA haeba tšusumetso e sa tobang ho tsoa likarolong tsa psychopathological holim 'a lintho tse peli tse buuoang ke mokena-lipakeng (ho sebetsana le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea Marang-rang) ha li khetholloe. Litlamorao tse tobileng tse tsoang ho maemo a mabeli a boletsoeng esale pele a feto-fetohang a tlhalohanyo ea kelello le botho ho litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa ho sebetsana ka katleho le tšebeliso ea inthanete li ne li le bohlokoa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litlamorao tse tobileng tse tsoang ho kutloisiso ea morao-rao ea maemo a bophelo mabapi le ho sebetsana ka katleho le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li ne li se bohlokoa, ho bolelang hore litlamorao tsena li ne li se bohlokoa ha li laoloa bakeng sa litlamorao tsa likarolo tse ling tse peli tsa morao.

Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao ho tsoa ho menahano ea kahisano ho tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete hanyane ka hanyane ho fihlela bohlokoa ka p = 0.073. Litlamorao tse tobileng ho tsoa ho ho sebetsana le GIA (p <0.001) le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete (p <0.001) li ne li le bohlokoa ka boholo ba phello e matla.

Tšusumetso e sa tobang ho tsoa likarolong tsa psychopathological mabapi le ho sebetsana le GIA e ne e le bohlokoa (β = 0.173, SE = 0.059, p = 0.003). Hape phello e sa tobang ho tsoa lintlheng tsa psychopathological mabapi le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete ho GIA e ne e le bohlokoa (β = 0.159, SE = 0.072, p = 0.027). Tšusumetso e sa tobang ho tsoa likarolong tsa botho ho sebetsana le GIA e ne e boetse e le bohlokoa (β = –0.08, SE = 0.041, p = 0.05), empa boholo ba phello e ne e le nyane haholo. Kameho e sa tobang e tsoang bathong ka lebaka la ho lebella tšebeliso ea marang-rang ho GIA e ne e le bohlokoa (β = –0.160, SE = 0.061, p = 0.009). Litlamorao ka bobeli tse sa tobang ho tsoa ho likhethong tsa sechaba ka ho sebetsana ka katleho (β = 0.025, SE = 0.030, p = 0.403) le tlhalohanyo ea kaholimo mabapi le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete (β = –0.08, SE = 0.045, p = 0.075) ho GIA li ne li se bohlokoa. Mohlala o nang le lintlha tsohle tsa mojaro le β-Dipone li bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo 2. Karolo ea kelello ea "psychopathological" ea morao-rao e ne e lumellana haholo le likarolo tsa botho ba morao (r = -0.844, p <0.001) le ka maemo a morao-rao a sechaba (r = –0.783, p <0.001). Hape, likarolo tse peli tsa latent tsa botho le likamano tsa sechaba li ne li hokahane (r = 0.707, p <0.001).

Litlhahlobo tse ling

Mohlala o hlalositsoeng ke oa khang ea maikutlo mme ka lebaka leo re lekile pele. Leha ho le joalo, kamora moo re ile ra leka mefuta e meng ea likarolo kapa likarolo tsa mofuta o fapaneng e le hore re utloisise ka botlalo litšebelisano tsa GIA ka botlalo. Khatiso ea pele eo re buang ka eona e bile litlamorao tsa psychopathology ho GIA, hobane re bone ho le monate hore phello e tobileng, le ha e le ea bohlokoa, e ne e le mpe ho SEM (bona setšoantšo. 2), leha e le maemong a bivariate, likhokahano li ne li le ntle. Mohlala o bonolo o nang le likarolo tsa psychopathological (tse emeloang ke khatello ea maikutlo ea BIS le matšoenyeho a bophelo ba BSI) joalo ka moetapele le GIA (e emeloang ke lintlha tse peli tsa s-IAT) joalo ka ts'ebeliso e fapaneng e ne e na le mohlala o motle (li-indices tsohle tse loketseng li molemo ho feta tse amohelehang) le phello e ne e le ntle (β = 0.451, p <0.001). Re boetse re balile mofuta ona ntle le babuelli ba babeli, ho bolelang hore likarolo tsa psychopathological, likarolo tsa botho, le maemo a kahisano li sebelitse e le likhakanyo tse tobileng mme GIA e ne e le phapano e itšetlehileng ka eona (mefuta eohle e maemong a morao-rao ka mefuta e tšoanang e sebelisitsoeng ho SEM kaofela, bona 2). Moetso ntle le babuelli o ne o boetse o na le li-indices tse loketseng (ntle le mokhelo o mong: RMSEA e ne e na le 0.089 e nyane hanyane) le litlamorao tse tobileng ho GIA (lintlha tse peli tsa s-IAT) e ne e le: phello ea likarolo tsa psychopathological ho GIA β = 0.167, p = 0.122; phello ea likarolo tsa botho ho GIA β = –0.223, p = 0.017; le sephetho sa likarolo tsa bophelo ho GIA β = –0.124, p = 0.081. Hlokomela hore phello ea lintlha tsa psychopathological ho GIA e ntse e le ntle mohlaleng ona (empa ha e bohlokoa) ha phello e laoloa bakeng sa litlamorao tsa botho le likarolo tsa sechaba. Ha ho kopanngoa hammoho, liphetho tsa SEM ka kakaretso li bua bakeng sa phumano e felletseng ea litlamorao tsa tlhaloganyo ho GIA ke babuelli ba maikutlo (ho sebetsana le maemo le tebello), e hatelletsoeng ke bohlahlobo bo bong bo eketsehileng bo bonts'ang sephetho se setle sa bivariate mme mohlaleng o bonolo o fokotsehile ka ho kenyelletsoa ha lintho tse ling tse fetohang joalo ka baphethahatsi.

Re na le tumelo ea hore re ka sebetsa ka thata joaloka mokena-lipakeng (Brand et al., 2014). Leha ho le joalo, motho a ka boela a pheha khang ea hore ho kopitsa ha ho kopanye phello ea likarolo tsa psychopathological, empa ho sebetsa e le modisa. Ho etsa bonnete ba hore conceptualization ea ho sebetsana le mokena-lipakeng sebakeng sa molaoli e loketse, re kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mohokahanyi e sebelisa tlhahlobo e lekanyelitsoeng ea khatello. Mohlala, mohlala, ha u sebelisa likarolo tsa psychopathological joalo ka moetapele, ho sebetsa joalo ka mookameli, le s-IAT (kakaretso ea lintlha) joalo ka ho fapana ho its'oarang, likarolo tse peli tsa psychopathological (β = 0.267) le ho sebetsana ((= 0.262) ho hlalosa phapang ho s-IAT haholo (ka bobeli p <0.001), empa tšebelisano-'moho ea bona ha e kenye tlhaloso e fapaneng haholo (liphetoho ho R² = 0.003, p = 0.067, β = -0.059) le keketseho ea phello ea mookameli e batla e le zero (0.3%).

Re boetse re nkile lilemo le bong e le mefuta e ka bang le phello mo sebopeho sa mohlala. Ho leka sena, re qalile re lekantse khokahano ea li-bivariate lipakeng tsa lilemo le lintho tse ling tsohle tse fapaneng ho fella ka khokahano e tlase haholo. Ho na le khokahano e le 'ngoe feela le r = 0.21 (lilemo le tebello ea ho li qoba), e ntseng e le phello e tlase (Cohen, 1988), 'me lihokelo tsohle tse ling li bile le litlamorao lipakeng r = 0.016 le r = 0.18 ka ho ba teng ka bongata r <0.15 le r <0.10. Khokahano lipakeng tsa lilemo le s-IAT le eona e ne e le tlase haholo ka r = –0.14 (leha e le bohlokoa ho p <0.01, e hlakileng ka sampole e kholo joalo). Ka kakaretso, litlhokahalo tsa ho kenyelletsa lilemo ho mofuta oa bonamoli ha lia ka tsa phethahatsoa (Baron le Kenny, 1986) mme re nkile qeto ea ho se kenyeletse lilemo ho mofuta o mong oa tlatsetso. Mabapi le bong, re ile ra bapisa lihlopha tse bolelele ba likala tsohle tse sebelisitsoeng mme ra fumana phapang e le 'ngoe ea sehlopha (BSI matšoenyeho a sechaba, basali ba ne ba na le lintlha tse phahameng tse nang le phello e tlase ea d = 0.28, litlamorao tse ling tsohle li ne li le tlase ho feta 0.28, litlamorao ho boleng ba s-IAT e ne e le d = 0.19). Leha ho le joalo re ile ra leka hore na sebopeho sa mohlala se fapana ho basali le banna ba sebelisang tlhahlobo ea sebopeho tlhahlobisong ea SEM. Hona ho bolela hore re lekile haeba SEM (bona setšoantšo 2) e lekana bakeng sa karolo ea banna le basali. H0 ea tlhahlobo ena ke ea mofuta oa "banna" = sehlopha sa sehlopha sa "basali" sehlopha. Litsela tse loketseng tsohle li ne li amoheleha ho bontša hore sebopeho sa likamano se ne se sa fapana haholo ho banna le basali. RMSEA e ne e le 0.074 ka p <0.001, CFI e ne e le 0.93, TLI e ne e le 0.91, mme SRMR e ne e le 0.054. The χ² tlhahlobo e ne e bohlokoa, χ² = 534.43, p <0.001, e tloaelehileng ho fuoe boholo ba sampole e kholo. Leha ho le joalo, χ² Teko ea mohlala oa motheo e ne e boetse e le bohlokoa ka χ e phahameng haholo² boleng, χ² = 5833.68, p <0.001. Tlatsetso ho χ² ea mohlala e lekiloeng ea banna le basali e ne e ka bapisoa (χ² menehelo ke basali = 279.88, χ² menehelo e etsoang ke banna = 254.55). Leha sebopeho se akaretsang sa mohlala se sa fapana haholo ho banna le basali, re ile ra hlahloba tsela e bonolo mme ra fumana liphapang tse tharo. Tsela e tlohang likarolo tsa botho ho isa ho ho sebetsana e ne e bohlokoa ho banna (β = –0.437, p = 0.002), empa eseng ho basali (β = –0.254, p = 0.161) le phello ea likarolo tsa botho ho litebello e ne e le bohlokoa ho banna (β = -0.401, p = 0.001), empa eseng ho basali (β = –0.185, p = 0.181). Ntle le moo, litlamorao ho tsoa ho likarolo tsa psychopathological ho litebello li ne li le bohlokoa ho basali (β = 0.281, p = 0.05), empa eseng ho banna (β = 0.082, p = 0.599). Litlamorao tse ling le sesupo sa likarolo tsa morao-rao li ne li sa fapana pakeng tsa banna le basali hape hape li ne li sa tšoane le mohlala o akaretsang o bontsitsoeng ho Setšoantšo. 2. Ka kakaretso, mohlala oohle o lekiloeng o nepahetse ho banna le basali, leha litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšobotsi tsa botho ho sebetsana le ho lebella li le teng haholo ho banna ha li bapisoa le basali mme phello ea likarolo tsa psychopathological mabapi le litebello e teng ho basali, empa eseng ho banna .

Puisano

Re hlahisitse mofuta o mocha oa theoretical holima nts'etsopele le ho boloka ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea inthanete (Brand et al., 2014), e ipapisitse le mabaka a sehlooho ke Davis (2001) ea ileng a etsa tlhahiso ea phapang pakeng tsa tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea marang-rang (GIA) le tšebeliso e itseng ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete (SIA). Phuputsong ea hajoale, re fetoletse mofuta oa theoretical ho GIA ho ea sebopeho se sebetsang maemong a latent mme re letile SEM re sebelisa tlhahlobo ea inthanete ho palo ea batho ba arabang ba 1019. Re fumane mohlala o motle o lumellanang le datha le hypothesized SEM, e emelang likarolo tsa mantlha tsa theoretical model mme re hlalositse 63.5% ea phapang ea matšoao a GIA joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke s-IAT (Pawlikowski et al., 2013).

Mohlala ke ona oa pele oa ho kopanya likarolo tse amanang le IA tse joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba, ho itšepa ho tlase, ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o tlase, le khatello e phahameng ea khatello ea maikutlo. E ipapisitse le khatello ea maikutlo a amanang le ho holisa IA le boits'oaro bo bobebe ka kakaretso (Lewis le O'Neill, 2000; Dunne et al., 2013; Newton et al., 2014), mohlala o etsa lipatlisiso haeba li-variator tse peli (mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le maemo le tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang) e ama litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa bolebelli (psychopathology, botho, le likakanyo tsa sechaba) mabapi le nts'etsopele ea GIA. Liphetho li bonts'a hore mekhoa ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le litabatabelo tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa.

Lintho tsohle tse fetotsoeng (ba boletseng pele le bobuelli) tse kenyellelitsoeng mohlaleng li ne li hokahanngoa haholo le lintlha tsa s-IAT boemong ba bivariate. Sena se amana hantle le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng mabapi le likamano tsa bivariate lipakeng tsa matšoao a IA le likarolo tsa botho, matšoao a psychopathological le maemo a mang a batho, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ho Selelekela. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobisong ea SEM, litlamorao tsohle tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa mantlha tse tharo (ka tatellano ea latent) li ne li se li sa bohlokoa ha ho kenyeletsoa babuelli ba methapo mohlaleng. Sena se bolela hore likarolo tsa kelello (maikutlo a sithabetsang, ho tšoenyeha ka setjhaba), likarolo tsa motho (boitšepo, ho itšepa, le khatello ea maikutlo) hammoho le maikutlo a sechaba (ho jeoa ke bolutu, tšehetso ea sechaba) ha li ame matšoao a GIA ka kotloloho, empa hore tšusumetso ea bona e kopants'oe ke mokhoa oa ho se sebetse hantle oa ho sebetsa, kapa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, kapa bobeli ba tsona. Le ha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa kelello le likarolo tsa botho li bolela esale pele mokhoa oa ho se sebetse hantle oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete. Liphetoho tsa sechaba, leha ho le joalo, ha li amana haholo le ho sebetsana le maemo le litabatabelo, ha tšusumetso ea bona e laoloa bakeng sa litlamorao tsa psychopathological and botho (empa hlokomela hore likarolo tse tharo tsa ponelopele ea morao-rao li ne li amana haholo le phello ea likhopolo tsa sechaba le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. litebello li ile tsa hloleha ho fihlela bohlokoa). Litlamorao tse tobileng tsa setaele sa ho sebetsana ka katleho le litebello ho matšoao a GIA li ne li le bohlokoa. Ka kakaretso, thuto ea hajoale, leha e na le sechaba se seng sa bongaka, ha e netefatse feela liphetho tsa pejana mabapi le bohlokoa ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho sebetsana le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014; Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014) le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete (Turel le Serenko, 2012; Xu et al., 2012; Lee le al., 2014) bakeng sa ho nts'etsapele kapa ho boloka matšoao a GIA, empa o hlakisa karolo ea ho sebetsana le ho lebella joalo ka bobuelli ts'ebetsong e tlasa GIA.

Mohlala ona o ile oa lekoa ka bongata ba marang-rang. Mohlala o tlameha ho hlahlojoa ka mehlala e hlalositsoeng hantle ea kliniki, joalo ka batho ba batlang kalafo. Moelelo oa mohlala o tla ba matla le baahi ba tliliniki ho hohela litlamorao tse hlakileng tsa tleleniki. Le ha 11.3% ea sampole e tlalehile ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Marang-rang mme 3.7% e itlhalositse e le tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, thuto ena e nkuoa e le mokhoa feela oa ho bona hore na mohlala o oa sebetsa ebile o hula litlatsetso tsa lipalo tse ka nang le tšebeliso ea bongaka. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka mohlala o mocha o nang le bohlokoa ba lipalo o sebelisa liteko tse fapaneng tsa kelello le botho ho basebelisi ba marang-rang, litlamorao tse fokolang tsa kliniki, tse ka khothalletsang lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang, li ka etsoa ka tlhokomeliso.

Taba ea pele, batho ba nang le bothata ba ho sebetsana le mathata bophelong ba bona le ba lebelletseng hore Inthanete e ka sebelisoa ho eketsa maikutlo a mabe kapa ba fokotsa maikutlo a mabe ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho nts'etsapele GIA. Ho feta moo, litlamorao tsa likarolo tsa kelello tse amang mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ne e le sesupo se hlakileng sa hore matšoao a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba a ka eketsa kotsi ea maano a ho se sebetse hantle a ts'ebetso ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le menyetla ea hore Internet e fana ka thuso ea ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo kapa e fosahetseng. moea. Ke feela ha lits'ebetso tsena li sebetsa konkreite, ho bolelang ho kopanya matšoao a psychopathological le ho sebetsana le maemo a lebelloang, monyetla oa ho sebelisa Inthanete ka mokhoa o hlakileng o bonahala o eketseha.

Taba ea bobeli, leha palo ea lithuto tse sebetsanang le kalafo ea GIA e fokola, tlhahlobo ea meta e phatlalalitsoeng ke Winkler et al. (2013) ea pheha khang ea hore phekolo ea boitšoaro bo botle ba kelello ke mokhoa oa khetho. Sena se thehiloe haholo holim'a tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa kalafo ka nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha. Ebile, kalafo ea kelello ea boits'oaro bakeng sa IA (CBT-IA; Monyane, 2011a) e fumanoe e le mofuta o atileng haholo oa ho phekola IA (Cash et al., 2012). Tlas'a kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello ea GIA e hlahisitsoeng ke Bonyane (2011a), litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong hammoho le ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li se li bontšitsoe hore li bohlokoa kalafong ea GIA, empa bopaki bo matla bo ne bo fokola haholo (mohlala, E monyenyane, 2013).

Liphumano tse hlahisitsoeng thutong ena li fana ka mohloli o mong oa bopaki ho bonts'a kalafo ea boits'oaro bo botle le CBT-IA e ka sebetsa ho phekola IA. Tsebo e ikhethileng ea motho eo (mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le maemo le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang) e thusa ho khahlapetsa matšoao a khatello ea kelello (khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha ka setjhaba), litšobotsi tsa botho, le ho ba le letsoalo la motho (ho jeoa ke bolutu, tšehetso ea sechaba) matšoao a GIA. Ho sebelisa kalafo ea kelello, ho hatisoa ha tekolo ho lokela ho kenyelletsa ho khetholla likhopolo tse sa sebetseng tse lokelang ho sebetsoa. Ka mantsoe a mang, lingaka li lokela ho hlahloba litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete ho utloisisa litlhoko tsa mofani le hore na ke mekhoa efe eo moreki a lumelang hore inthanete e ka thusa ho e khotsofatsa.

Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore phekolo e lokela ho sebetsana le maikutlo a fosahetseng a amanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Liphumano tsena li netefatsa lithuto tsa pejana tse bonts'itseng likhopolo tse mpe joalo ka ho fetelletsa, ho qoba, khatello, ho holisa, ho rarolla mathata a fosahetseng, kapa menahano e fosahetseng e amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (E monyenyane, 2007). Moelelo oa bongaka oa liphumano tsena ke hore kalafo e lokela ho sebelisa ntlafatso ea kelello le ho hlophisa bocha ho loantša mehopolo e lebisang tšebelisong e mpe ea inthanete. Mohlala, mokuli ea tšoeroeng ke GIA a ka ba le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha sechabeng le lihlong, ka hona, metsoalle e 'maloa hape o na le bothata le ba bang sekolong. Joale a ka nahana hore ho buisana le batho ba bang ka marang-rang a marang-rang ho khotsofatsa tlhoko ea hae ea bophelo ntle le hore ho be le lintho tse tšosang tse mabapi le ho etsa botsoalle ba 'nete. Ntle le moo, a ka ba le tebello ea hore le eena ho bapala papali ea inthanete ho ka mo sitisa mathateng a sekolo le hore ho reka inthaneteng kapa ho batla boitsebiso bo fumanehang marang-rang ho ka fokotsa maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu. Phekolo e ne e tla mo tsepamisa maikutlo ho bona libaka tse ling sekolong kapa boinotšing moo a ka iphumanelang tlhompho le ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa sechaba. Haeba a emisa ho beha mabaka a hore liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona, lipapali le libaka tsa mabenkele ke tsona feela libaka tseo a ikutloang hantle ka bophelo ba hae mme o fumana mabenkele a mang a phetseng hantle, ha a sa ts'epahale ho feta lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa inthanete. Ho tseba karolo eo lingoli li e phethang ho ntlafatseng GIA, kalafo ea kelello e ka thusa bareki ho hlophisa mohopolo le litlhaloso tse li bolokang inthaneteng. Hape, litlamorao tsena tsa bongaka tsa sephetho sa thuto li tlameha ho nkuoa ka hloko, hobane li tlameha ho phetoa ka mokhoa o batlang kalafo, mohlala oa bongaka.

Ho latela pono e pharaletseng, leha ho le joalo, liphumano tsena li fumana leseli la hore na lingaka li ka sebelisa ka ho khetheha joang CBT-IA ho bakuli ba lemaletseng inthanete. Ho fetola mekhoa ea boitšoaro ho ka thusa bareki ho ntlafatsa le ho feto-fetola mekhoa e mecha le e sebetsang ea ho sebetsana le mathata ho sebetsana le bothata ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Phekolo e hloka ho shebana le ho thusa bareki ho fumana mekhoa e metle ea ho sebetsana le maemo ho fapana le ho sheba marang-rang. Karolo e kholo ea CBT-IA ke boitšoaro bo thusang ho thusa bareki ho sebetsana le mathata a tlatsetsang ho IA, e ikhethang kapa e akaretsang (Monyane, 2011a, 2013). Se fumanoeng se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le maemo a bophelo ho ka fokotsa tlhoko ea ho ea bareki ka inthanete. Leha re ithutile ka sampole ea sechaba ka kakaretso, re lumela hore ho fumana hore ho sebetsana le maemo le ho lebella ke babuelli ho ntlafatso le tlhokomelo ea GIA ho thusa ho utloisisa mekhoa ea GIA le hore ba ka ba le litlamorao tsa kalafo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo. . Ntho e 'ngoe e neng e sa tsepamisa maikutlo thutong ea morao-rao ke karolo ea botšepehi ba pele ba cortex. Ho sebetsa hantle ha CBT-IA ho kanna ha itšetleha ka ts'ebetso ea pele ea mokuli, hobane ho matlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang nakong ea kalafo ho ka amana haholo le mesebetsi e meholo le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa taolo e phahameng. Sena se bohlokoa ho rarolla lithutong tsa kamoso, hobane morao tjena ho bile le likhatiso tse 'maloa tse phatlalalitsoeng tse bonts'ang hore mesebetsi ea pele ea cortex e kanna ea fokotsoa ho bakuli ba IA (bona kakaretso ka Brand et al., 2014).

Mohlaleng oa rona, lilemo li ne li amana hantle le matšoao a GIA, empa ka boholo bo fokolang ba phello (e hlalosang 1.96% ea phapang, feela). Nahana ka lintlha tsa morao-rao tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea marang-rang ho batho ba baholo (mohlala, Eastman le Iyer, 2004; Vuori le Holmlund-Rytkönen, 2005; Campbell, 2008; Nimrod, 2011), ka sebele motho a ka ba le litlamorao tsa lilemo holima likarolo tse 'maloa tsa ho sebelisa marang-rang, tse kang ho sebelisa sepheo le tsela eo batho ba tsofetseng ba fumanang thabo le khotsofalo inthaneteng. Kaha batho ba tsofetseng ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ntšetsapele maemo a phahameng ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa pele tsa cortex ka lilemo tse ntseng li eketseha (Alvarez le Emory, 2006), tse amanang hape le phokotso ea ho etsa liqeto (Brand le Markowitsch, 2010), motho a ka nahana hore batho ba baholo ba nang le phokotso ea botsamaisi, ba nang le thabo e kholo inthaneteng ba ka ba le GIA. Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se emeloe ke data ea rona, hobane sampole ea rona e ne e sa kenyeletse lithuto tsa khale. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka etsa lipatlisiso ka lintlha tse ikhethang tsa tlokotsi tse amanang le kotsi ea GIA ho batho ba baholo ba baholo.

Bong ha bo a ama sebopeho se akaretsang sa mohlala. Lihloohong tse fetileng, litlamorao tsa bong li fumanoe bakeng sa mefuta e ikhethileng ea IA, joalo ka papali ea inthanete (mohlala, Ko et al., 2005) haholo cybersex (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Griffiths, 2012; Laier et al., 2013, 2014), empa ho boetse ho phehiloe khang ea hore banna le basali ka kakaretso ba kotsing ea ho theha tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (Young le al., 1999, 2011). Thutong ea rona, litlamorao tsa bong ho GIA, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke s-IAT, li ne li le tlase haholo (d = 0.19, bona liphetho), e bonts'ang hore bonyane ho palo e akaretsang ea batho ka bobeli bong bo kotsing e tšoanang ea ho holisa GIA. Le ha bong bo sa ka ba ama sebopeho sa data ka kakaretso ho SEM, ho bile le phapang lipakeng tsa banna le basali mabapi le litlamorao tse tharo tse otlolohileng ho tloha ho li-predator tse fetohang ho bafosi. Joalokaha ho akarelelitsoe karolong ea sephetho, lintlha tsa psychopathological li bile le phello ho litebello ho basali, eseng ho banna, litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšobotsi tsa botho mabapi le ho sebetsana le maemo le tebello e teng ho banna ho feta ho basali. Litlamorao tsena li tsamaisana le lingoliloeng tse mabapi le phapang ea botona le botšehali mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba (Sprock le Yoder, 1997; Moscovitch et al., 2005), hammoho le ho itšepa le ho itšepa (Huang, 2012). Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tseo e leng sepheo sa thuto, e leng litlamorao tsa ho sebetsana le ho lebella le bohlokoa ba tsona bakeng sa GIA ha li a angoa ke bong (bona sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea sebopeho sa meelelo). Kahoo ka boikemelo ba hore bong bo ka susumetsa matšoenyeho a sechaba joang, khatello ea maikutlo kapa likarolo tse itseng tsa botho, ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho lebella ho lokela ho nkuoa ho CBT-IA ho banna le basali.

Kamora nako, ho na le meeli e 'maloa ea thuto ena. Ke mofuta o sa tsoa ntlafatsoa o hlokang ho hlahlojoa haholoanyane ho batho ba nang le tleliniki ho bona ts'ebetso ea eona ea kalafo ka botlalo. E lokela ho lekoa hape ho sebelisoa mofuta o molelele oa IAT (E monyenyane, 1998; Widyanto le McMurran, 2004) joalo ka mohato o lekiloeng ho feta lingoliloeng. Re sebelisitse mofuta o khuts'oane o fuoeng bolelele ba sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo seo re se sebelisitseng mochine oohle empa haeba re pheta mosebetsi ona ka sampole ea bongaka, ho ka khothaletsoa ho sebelisa IAT hammoho le mehato e meng ea IA, joalo ka Tlhahlobo ea Marang-rang le Tlatsetso ea papali ea komporo ea likhomphutha ka tekanyo e kholo (AICA-S) kapa tlhahlobo ea mahlale a bongaka (AICA-C) e ntlafalitsoe le ho netefatsoa le lihlopha tsa bongaka ka (Wölfling et al., 2010, 2012). Ntle le moo, re hlahisitse le ho leka lipotso tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang bakeng sa thuto ena. Ha re ntse re ithuta ka mokhoa o hlokolosi 'me re le hlokolosi mabapi le nts'etsopele ea tekanyo ena, mohato ona o lokela ho hlahlojoa liphatlalatsong tse ling bakeng sa bonnete le hore lipotso tse botsitsoeng li hloka tlhahlobo e matla lithutong tse tlang. Sekala le lipuisano tse eketsehileng tse nang le lintlha tse eketsehileng le tsona li lokela ho sebelisoa ho mehlala ea bongaka, hobane likarolo tse ngata tse hlahlojoang thutong ea rona li ile tsa lekanngoa ho sebelisoa lipotso tse khutšoane ka palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lintho, ka mabaka a sebetsang (ho lekanyetsoa ha nako ho latela maemo a lipatlisiso tsa inthaneteng) . Bothata bo bong bo ka hlahang ke ba ho fapana hoa mekhoa e tloaelehileng (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Ka bomalimabe, ha ho na letšoao le hlakileng le fapaneng, le lokelang ho fapana le tse ling tse fapaneng, le kenyellelitsoe thutong ka mabaka a sebetsang (tlhahlobo e nkile hoo e ka bang 25 min, e leng tšitiso e tebileng ea lipatlisiso tsa inthaneteng). Leha re sa khone ho khetholla litlamorao tsa ho fapana hoa mekhoa e tloaelehileng litlamorao, re pheha khang ea hore phello ena ha e na monyetla ka lebaka la sebopeho sohle sa data se tlalehiloeng. Ha ho hlahlojoa lingoloa tsa li-bivariate (Tafoleng 3) motho a ka bona hore tse ling tsa tsona li tlase haholo (mohlala, r = –0.08, r = –0.09, r = 0.12 jj.). Re nahana hore likhokahano tsena tse tlase li fana ka lintlha tse nyane bakeng sa mohopolo oa hore phapang e tloaelehileng ha e ame tlhahlobo ea mantlha. Le ha ho le joalo, mohlala o lokela ho hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa mekhoa e mengata.Campbell le Fiske, 1959) lithutong tse tlang.

Boithuto ba hajoale bo shebile GIA, ho bolelang hore mohlala ho SIA, joalo ka ha o hlalositsoe ke Brand et al. (2014), e ntse e hloka ho hlahlojoa ka matla. Mefuta e fapaneng ea SIA (mohlala, papali ea chelete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng, kapa papali ea chelete ea inthanete) e lokela ho hlahlojoa ho bona hore na bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le maemo le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le bona bo phetha karolo e tšoanang ho holiseng bothata. Hape e ntse e le ngangisano haeba mohopolo oa GIA o hlile o lekane ho koahela boits'oaro bo nang le mathata ho bakuli. Re fumane bopaki ba khokahano lipakeng tsa mathata a ikarotseng a amanang le ts'ebeliso e sa reroang ea lits'ebeliso tse fapaneng tsa inthanete le meetso e boletsoeng mohlaleng ona. Mohopolo oa GIA o sebelisitsoe ka taelo ea s-IAT le thepa, empa hape ke taba ea hore karolo e fetang ea 97% ea barupeluoa ba tlaleha ho sebelisa likopo tsa inthanete tse tharo kapa ho feta tse kang puisano, papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete, cybersex, mabenkeleng, kapa ho batla tlhahisoleseling. Ho latela pono ea bongaka, leha ho le joalo ke sehlooho sa ngangisano haeba GIA e ka ba lebaka la ho batla kalafo kapa haeba bakuli ba batlang kalafo ba hlile ba le mahlomoleng a tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea kopo e le 'ngoe, feela. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore re nahane ka ntlha ena lipatlisisong tsa bongaka ka ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro bo bobebe maemong a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang mme re hlahlobe hore na ts'ebeliso ea Internet e sa laoloeng le ho tlatsetsa hangata hakae ho mehlala ea bongaka e teng. Ntle le moo, ha se likarolo tsohle tse hlahisitsoeng mohlaleng oa GIA tse ka kenyelletsoang thutong ena. Mohlala, mekhoa e meng ea botho kapa mathata a mang a kelello a ka kenyelletsoa lithutong tsa kamoso.

fihlela qeto e

Mehopolo ea mantlha ea GIA e tšehelitsoe ke data e matla. Litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho li amana le matšoao a GIA, empa litlamorao tsena li kopantsoe le maikutlo a ikhethang a motho, ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le maemo le tebello ea tšebeliso ea inthanete. Mehopolo ena e lokela ho sebetsoa kalafo ea tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Matthias Brand o ngotse moralo oa pele oa pampiri, a hlokomela pokello ea data, mme a sekaseka le ho toloka lintlha. Christian Laier o kentse letsoho ka kotlolloho thutong e matla le thutong ea datha, mme a ntlafatsa buka e ngotsoeng. Kimberly S. Young o ile a hlophisa moralo ona, a o ntlafatsa ka mokhoa o hlakileng, mme a kenya letsoho ka bohlale le ka mokhoa o hlakileng moqolong o ngotsoeng. Bangoli bohle qetellong ba amohela mongolo o ngotsoeng. Bangoli bohle ba ikarabella bakeng sa likarolo tsohle tsa mosebetsi.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re leboha Elisa Wegmann le Jan Snagowski ka menehelo ea bona ea bohlokoa thutong le sengoloeng. Ba re thusitse haholo ka ho hlophisa tlhahlobo ea marang-rang le ho hlahloba tlhaiso-leseling.

References

E hlophisitsoeng ke:

Ofir Turel, California State University, Fullerton le Univesithi ea Southern California, USA

Hlahloba by:

Aviv M. Weinstein, Mokhatlo oa Bongaka oa Hadassah, Isiraele
Daria Joanna Kuss, Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent, UK