ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:874648. doi: 10.1155/2014/874648.
Wang CW1, Kholle CL2, Mak KK3, Ho SY3, Wong PW4, Ho RT2.
inahaneloang
Boithuto bona bo ile ba fuputsa mekhoa ea libapali tsa video le marang-rang le ho ata le ho hokahana ha lithahasello tsa papali ho bacha ba Hong Kong. Baithuti ba 503 ka kakaretso ba hloa likolo tse peli tse mahareng. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba lipapali tsa video le tsa marang-rang bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Scale Game Addiction Scale. Mabaka a kotsi a ho lemalla papali ea chelete a ile a hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho ngola thepa. Bongata bo boholo ba lithuto (94%) li tlalehiloe li sebelisa lipapali tsa video kapa tsa marang-rang, e le 'ngoe ho tse tšeletseng (15.6%) e tsebahalang e le lekhoba la lipapali. Kotsi ea ho lemalla papali ea chelete e ne e phahame haholo ho bashanyana, ba neng ba sa sebetse hantle lithutong tsa sekolo, le ba neng ba khetha lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete. Ho lemalla papali ea papali ea chelete ho ne ho amana haholo le nako e sebelisoang lipapaling ka beke, khafetsa tšebeliso ea chelete papaling, nako ea ho sebelisa chelete papaling, ho tseba lelapa le ho ba le metsoalle e haufi. Liphetho tsena li bontša hore ho hlokahala mananeo a atlehileng a thuto le a thibelo.
1. Selelekela
Ka ho tsebahala ha lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji e phahameng (khomphutha, tablet le smartphone) le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho bapala lipapali tsa inthaneteng kapa tse fumanehang ka ntle ho marang-rang e se e le mosebetsi o ratoang, haholoholo har'a bacha. Hangata batho ba bapala lipapali tsa video bakeng sa boithabiso, thabo, ho batla phephetso, ho sebetsana le maikutlo, le ho baleha ho tsoa ho boneng ho ea bokgabane ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bona tse sa khotsofatseng kapa sepheo [1]. Le ha lithuto tse ling li bontšitse litlamorao tse ntle tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa video ho bophelo ba kelello le ba 'mele [2, 3], lipatlisiso tse ngata mabapi le lipapali tsa video li shebile litlamorao tse mpe ho libapali. Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore lipapali tsa video tse fetelletseng li amahanngoa le nako e fokolang ea ho robala, mesebetsi ea phomolo e fokolang, ho hloka boroko [4], mathata a ho tsepamisa mohopolo, ts'ebetso e mpe ea thuto5], matšoenyeho, matšoao a sithabetsang, ho senyeha ha likamano tsa batho, likhohlano tsa malapa, pefo ea bacha kapa litlolo tsa molao [1], boitšepo bo tlase, le khotsofalo e tlase le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi [6]. Ho lemalla papali ea video ho ka lebisa mathateng a tebileng a bophelo bo botle lilemong tsa bocha ha ba ntse ba kopana le liphetoho tse kholo tsa 'mele le tsa maikutlo le ho hloka taolo [7-9]. Lefats'eng ka bophara, ho lemalla lipapali tsa video e se e le bothata bo boholo har'a libapali tsa bacha [10].
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, liphuputso tse ngata li hlokometse bokhoba ba marang-rang ka kakaretso ho bacha ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo mme liphetho li ne li sa lumellane [7, 9, 11-13]. Leha ho le joalo, poleloana “bokhoba ba marang-rang” ha e qobelloe khatisong ea bohlano e sa tsoa hatisoa Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical of Disabilities (DSM-5). Ho fapana le moo, poleloana "pherekano ea lipapali tsa marang-rang" e kenyellelitsoe karolong ea boraro ea DSM-5 e le boemo bo lumellang lipatlisiso tsa bongaka tse eketsehileng le boiphihlelo pele bo ka nkuoa e le tlolo ea semmuso [14]. Kahoo, lithuto tsa mahlale marang-rang kapa litšoantšong tsa libapali tsa video li hlile lia hlokahala.
Palo ea lithuto tšimong ena e na le meeli e lekantsoeng le e fapaneng, joalo ka tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa komporo ea khomphutha [15], ts'ebeliso e mpe ea papali ea video [16-18], ho itšetleha ka papali ea video [4], le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological [5, 19, 20], li sebelisitsoe. Tumellano e haelloa ke mokhoa oa "tšebeliso ea mathata," e leng polelo e akaretsang mme hangata e le bonolo ho feta ts'ebeliso ea "ts'ebeliso ea methapo." DSM-5 ho qoba ho tiisa sekhobo sechabeng sa ho ba mosebelisi oa mathata [21]. Thutong e teng hona joale, re sebelisa poleloana “bokhoba ba papali ea chelete” e le “tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea methapo” ho bolela boemo boo ho bona ho senyeha hoa tšebetso bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ho hlahisoang ke lipapali tsa video kapa tsa marang-rang.
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li hlahlobe ho ata ha lithethefatsi tsa lipapali tsa video [4, 5, 15-17, 19, 20, 22, 23], empa tlhaiso-leseling e tlalehiloeng e fapane haholo ho pholletsa le linaha. Choo et al. e tlaleha ho ata ha 8.7% har'a bacha ba Singapore [20]. Salguero le Morán ba fumane tekanyo e tšoanang ea 9.9% har'a bacha ba Spain [18]. Phuputso e sebelisang sampole ea naha ea bacha ba Amerika ba nang le lilemo tsa 8 ho isa lilemong tsa 18 e bontšitse ho ata ha 8.0% [5]. Rehbein le basebetsi mmoho [4] e fumanoe har'a bacha ba Jeremane ts'oaetso ea 1.7%, empa phuputso e 'ngoe [15] ho tlaleha tšoaetso e tlase ea 0.2%. Haagsma et al. e tlaleha ho ata ha 3.3% hara bacha le bacha ba baholo ho Netherlands [16]. Liphumano tse sa lumellaneng li ka hlalosoa ke lintlha tse 'maloa, haholo phapang ea setso le mekhoa ea [24]. Ka tsebo ea rona, ha ho lithuto tse entsoeng tšimong ena Hong Kong.
Ka lebaka la ho ba kotsing ea bacha ba tobaneng le mathata a ntlafatso, kutloisiso e ntle ea lipapali tsa lipapali tsa video har'a sehlopha sena e ka ba thuso bakeng sa ho tsamaisa lithuto tse sebetsang kapa mananeo a thibelo ho nts'etsapele bophelo ba bona. Kahoo, sepheo sa pele sa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba lintlha tsa boits'oaro ba lipapali tsa video ho bacha. Morero oa bobeli e ne e le ho hakanyetsa ho ata ha papali ea papali ea chelete le ho hlahloba hore na ho na le bacha ba bang ba bangata ba neng ba le teng.
2. Mekhoa
2.1. Lintho le Tsamaiso
Boithuto bona bo mabapi le likarolo tse ling bo entsoe ka Mphalane 2013. Lithupelo li ile tsa nkuoa likolong tse peli tsa mahareng ka litereke tse fapaneng (Central District le Kowloon East) ea Hong Kong. Likolo li ile tsa khethoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang mme baithuti bohle ba litlelase tse khethiloeng tsa limaraka tse fapaneng, e leng, limaraka tsa 8 ho 11, ba ile ba memeloa ho nka karolo tlhatlhobong. Baithuti selemong sa pele sa sekolo sa sekondari (grade 7) ha baa ka ba ikopanya le bona ka lebaka la phetoho ea morao-rao bophelong ba bona ba sekolo. Baithuti selemong sa ho qetela sekolong se phahameng (grade 12) le bona ha baa ka ba ikopanya ka lebaka la mojaro oa bona oa ho ithuta. Sehlooho se seng le se seng se ile sa tlatsa potso e sa tsejoeng. Morero oa thuto o hlahisitsoe ka botlalo, mme likolo tsa sekolo, tsa botsoali le tsa baithuti li fumanoe pele ho pokello ea data. Ho liithuti tsa 520 tse memiloeng, 503 (96%) e khutlisitse potso e nepahetseng. Tumello ea boits'oaro e fumanoe ho Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Boithuto ba Batho bakeng sa Boikhathollo bo se nang Kliniki ba Univesithi ea Hong Kong.
2.2. Mealo
2.2.1. Tlhahisoleseling ea Sechaba le Palo ea Batho
Tlhahisoleseling ea batho le ea motho ka mong e fumanoeng e kenyeletsa lilemo, thobalano, sehlopha, palo ea metsoalle e haufi, le maemo a ikhathatsang a khatello ea maikutlo le bolutu. Lintho tse amanang le lelapa li kenyeletsa boemo ba thuto ea botsoali le boemo ba lenyalo, boemo ba moruo ba lelapa, kutloano ea lelapa, le ho ba le lisebelisoa ho kenyeletsoa khomphutha, letlapa, le smartphone. Lintho tse amanang le sekolo li ne li kenyelletsa katleho ea sekolo eo u ithutileng eona, likamano le bao u kenang sekolo le bona le kamano le matichere. Kutlwano ea lelapa e ile ea hlahlojoa ke mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa Family Harmony Index [25], e kenyelletsang lintho tse hlano ho lekola boleng ba likamano le kapa lipakeng tsa litho tsa lelapa (lintho tse 3), ho mamela ha baithuti ho batsoali ba bona (ntho e le 'ngoe), le tlhokomelo e lemohuoang e tsoang ho batsoali ba bona (ntho e le' ngoe) sekaleng sa Likert sa lintlha tse 1. ho tloha 1 (ha ho mohla) ho isa ho 5 (khafetsa). Lintlha tsa sekala ke kakaretso ea lintho tsohle. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa sekala e ne e le 0 thutong ea hajoale. Seithuti se seng le se seng se bontšitse palo ea metsoalle eo ba ka buang le eona ka litaba tsa lekunutu le palo ea metsoalle eo ba ka letsetsang thuso ho eona. Palo ea metsoalle e haufi e ne e le karolelano ea lipalo tsena tse peli. Lintho tse ling li ne li lekantsoe ho sebelisoa lintho tse le 'ngoe.
2.2.2. Ho bapala papali
Taba ea pele, ba arabetseng ba ile ba botsoa ho tlaleha hore na ba tloaetse ho bapala lipapali tse kae bekeng e le ngoe likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 6 le hore na ba bapala lihora tse kae ka karolelano ea beke le matsatsing a beke. Nako eohle ea ho bapala ka beke e hakanyetsoa ka ho pheta lihora tse bapaloang ka letsatsi la beke le beke ka palo ea matsatsi a beke moo moqosuoa a tlalehileng ho bapala le nako eohle ea ho bapala ka matsatsi a beke. Taba ea bobeli, ba arabetseng ba ile ba botsoa ka mofuta oa papali (mohlala, lipapali tsa libapali tse ngata tse fumanehang marang-rang, lipapali tsa libapali tse le 'ngoe tsa inthanete le lipapali tse sa sebetseng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng) tseo ba li bapalang hangata. Taba ea boraro, ba kopiloe ho tlaleha khafetsa ea ho sebelisa chelete ho bapala lipapali ka khoeli selemong se fetileng ba sebelisa lintho tse tharo ho lekola hore na ba reka lipapali tsa DVD hakae, ba bapala lipapali tsa khoebo joang, 'me ba sebelisitse chelete joang ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang ho LikN XXUMX-point sekala ho tloha 5 (ha ho mohla) ho 0 (khafetsa). Ba boetse ba koptjoa ho tlaleha kakaretso ea chelete eo ba e sebelisitseng ho bapala lipapali ka khoeli ea bohareng (ntho e le 'ngoe). Qetellong, ba ile ba botsoa ho supa hore na ba qetile nako e kae ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete le hore na ba qetile nako e kae ba sebelisa chelete ho bapala lipapali.
2.2.3. Likhathatso Tsa Mathata
Litloaelo tse thata tsa lipapali tsa video le tsa marang-rang li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke mofuta o fetoletsoeng oa China oa mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa Game Addiction Scale (GAS) [26], e ileng ea etsoa ho lekola boholo ba mathata a amanang le papali har'a bacha. Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea psychometric bakeng sa papali ea video ea pathological e fana ka maikutlo a hore GAS e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng haholo mme e bontšitse bonnete bo matla ba converter [27]. Sekala se kenyelletsa lintho tse supileng ho hlahloba likarolo tse supileng tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video (preoccupation / salience, matšoao a ho tlohela chelete, mamello, mathata, likhohlano, tahlehelo ea thahasello, le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo), tse tsamaellanang le matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang joalo ka ha a bonts'itsoe ho thuto e fetileng [24]. Mekhoa ea matšoao e sebelisitsoe e le senotlolo DSM-5 mekhoa ea bosholu ba lipapali tsa marang-rang [14]. Lihlooho li ile tsa botsoa ho supa khafetsa eo ba bileng le eona ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea maemo a hlalositsoeng likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 6 ka sekhahla sa lintlha tse hlano tsa Likert ho tloha 1 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (khafetsa). Lintho tsena li ne li nkiloe ho tekanyo ea mantlha ea 21-element, e ipapisitse le ntho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e laoloang. Leha phetolelo e felletseng e kanna ea ts'epahala le ho feta, mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa GAS o bonahala o utloahala ebile o na le thuso lipatlisisong tse kholo [15]. Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea sebopeho se khuts'oane sa GAS e ne e le ntle le alpha ea Cronbach ea 0.93 le 0.94 bakeng sa likolo tse peli thutong ea hajoale. Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha tsa lintho tsohle tse supileng ho GAS e fane ka tšehetso ea mofuta oa ntho e le 'ngoe.
Ho latela Lemmens et al. [26], litekanyetso tsa 3 (ka linako tse ling) kapa ka holimo ho lintho tsa GAS li supa matšoao a bokhoba ba papali ea papali. Mokhoa o mong oa ho etsa lintho moo ba arabelang ho lona ba tlamehang ho lumellana le lintho tsohle tse supileng ho khetholla bokhoba ba papali ea chelete le mokhoa oa polythetic moo ba arabelang ba buellang bonyane lintho tse 'ne ho arola libapali tse nang le mathata tse boletsoeng thutong ea mantlha.26]. Ho ipapisitse le mekhoa ea bohlokoa e ka bang teng (ke hore, matšoao a mabeli a mantlha (matšoao a ho iketelletsa pele le matšoao a ho tlohela) hammoho le bonyane matšoao a mang a mahlano) bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang [14, 24], re sebelisitse mokhoa o fetotsoeng oa polythetic skrineng bakeng sa ho lemalla papali, re hloka hore bonyane lintho tsa 3 GAS li be le tekanyo ea 4 (hangata) kapa kaholimo. Ha ho bapisoa le mokhoa oa ho etsa chelete o khothalletsoang ke Lemmens et al. [26], mokhoa o fetotsoeng o bonts'itse kutloisiso e ts'oanang (81.0%) le tlhaiso e ntlafalitsoeng (84.6% bapisoa le 87.3% thutong ea hona joale.
Boitšoaro bo boima ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang ka kakaretso bo ile ba hlahlojoa ke tlhahlobo ea taolo ea inthanete (IAT) [28]. IAT ke sekala se sebelisoang haholo tšimong mme se netefalitsoe mofuteng oa setso oa China [29]. E kenyeletsa lintho tsa 20 tse tsoang ho DSM-IV-R litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ho becha ha methapo ea methapo 'me e keloe sekaleng sa Likert ho tloha 1 (ka seoelo) ho 5 (khafetsa). Palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea sekala ke 100 le palo ea 70 kapa kaholimo e bonts'a temallo ea inthanete [28]. Thutong ea hona joale, IAT e sebelisitsoe ho netefatsa GAS, hobane ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang e ne e le ponelopele e matla ea ho lemalla marang-rang [13]. Tsebiso e kenelletseng ea mathata a amanang le papali e ile ea boela ea hlahlojoa ke lintho tse peli tse botsang liithuti hore na taolo ea nako ea bona e ammetsoe ke ho bapala lipapali le hore na ho ithuta ha bona kapa mosebetsi oa lapeng o amiloe ke ho bapala lipapali ka sekhahla sa lintlha tse hlano ho tloha ho 0 (le ka mohla) ho 4 (khafetsa).
3. Tlhahlobo ea Statistical
Litlhahlobo tse hlalosang li ne li sebelisetsoa ho hlalosa tlhaiso-leseling eo baithuti ba nang le eona sechabeng le boits'oaro, boits'oaro ba lipapali, le ho ata ha bokhoba ba papali. Seithuti tLiteko tse kholo le tse kholo li sebelisitsoe ho lekola phapang ea thobalano bakeng sa lintho tse tsoelang pele tse fetotsoeng le likarolo tse fapaneng ka tatellano. Litlhatlhobo tsa maemo a phahameng a amanang le maemo a hloaetso li ile tsa etsoa ho lekola matla a bolebello a mefuta e fapaneng bakeng sa ho lemalla papali, ka palo ea batho le lipapatso tse amanang le sekolo le papali tse kenngoeng mohlaleng mohato oa pele, mefuta ea lipapali mohatong oa bobeli, le boitšoaro ba papali amanang tse fapaneng mohatong oa boraro. Bakeng sa ho fokotsa palo ea batho ba ka bang covariate ba nang le matla a hlalosang a fokolang, tlhahlobo ea bivariate amanang e ile ea etsoa pele ho hlahlobeloa khatello, 'me ho ile ha khethoa lipalo tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo. Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa lipalo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa software ea IBM SPSS Statistics (20.0). A P boleng ba ka tlase ho 0.05 bo ne bo nkuoa bo le bohlokoa ka lipalo.
4. Liphetho
4.1. Litšobotsi tsa Sechaba le Palo ea batho
Litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho le maemo a amanang le ba lelapa le sekolo li bontšoa ka Lethathamo 1. Ha ho na phapang e kholo pakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ntle le palo ea metsoalle e haufi-ufi (P <0.001) le beng ba likhomphutha (P <0.01).
4.2. Lipapali tsa lipapali
4.2.1. Ho bapala khafetsa le Nako ea ho bapala
Ho lithuto tsohle, 46% e ne e bapala lipapali hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng mme 47.2% e ne e bapala matsatsi a itseng ka beke. Matsatsing a beke, 22.9% e ne e bapala ho feta lihora tsa 3 mme 31.2% e bapala ho feta hora ea 1 letsatsi le leng le le leng, ha ka matsatsi a beke 36.6% e bapala lihora tse fetang 3 mme 32% e bapala ho feta hora ea 1 ka letsatsi. Hoo e batlang e le 21% ea batho ba arabetseng lipapali tse jarollotsoeng, 6% e rekile lipapali tsa DVD, 7% e bapala lipapali tsa khoebo mechini ea li-casino, mme 11% e sebelisitse chelete ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete hangata kapa hangata haholo. Ka kakaretso, ho pota 40% e tlalehiloe hore e sebelisitse chelete ho lipapali, eo 3.6% e sebelisang chelete e fetang HK $ 500 (US $ 65) mme 9.9% e sebelisitse HK $ 200-500 (US $ 25-64) khoeli le khoeli. Hoo e ka bang 29% e ne e sebelisa chelete ho bapala lipapali tsa nako e fetang selemo se le seng.
4.2.2. Phapano ea ho bapala khafetsa le nako ea ho bapala ho latela palo ea batho
Bashemane ba bangata (54%) ho feta banana (38%) ba tlalehile ho bapala lipapali hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng. Ke feela 4% ea bashanyana le 9.5% ea banana ba sa kang ba bapala lipapali khafetsa (P = 0.001). Matsatsing a beke, 27.3% ea bashanyana e bapala lihora tse fetang 3 mme 35.1% e ne e bapala 1 ho isa lihora tsa 3 ka letsatsi, ha e bapisoa le 18.5% le 27.3% feela ho banana, ka ho latellana (P = 0.001). Matsatsing a beke, bashemane ba bangata (44.3%) ho feta banana (29.2%) ba bapala lipapali ho feta lihora tsa 3 ka letsatsi (P <0.001). Ho bashemane, 59% e ne e ntse e sebelisa chelete papaling mme 5.6% e sebelisitse chelete e fetang HK $ 500 (US $ 65) khoeli le khoeli, e neng e atile haholo ho feta ea 21.7% le 1.6%, ka ho latellana, ho banana (P <0.001). Ka kakaretso, bashanyana ba bangata ho feta banana ba ne ba sebelisa chelete ho reka lipapali tsa DVD (P <0.001), ho bapala lipapali tsa khoebo (P <0.001), le ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (P <0.001). Bashemane ba bangata ho feta banana ba sebelisitse chelete ho bapala lipapali nako e fetang selemo (P <0.001). Ha ho na phapang e kholo lipapaling tsa papali ka sehlopha e ileng ea bonoa ntle le hore baithuti ba maemo a tlase ba qeta nako e ngata ba bapala lipapali matsatsing a beke (P = 0.005) le chelete e sebelisoang khafetsa lipapaling tsa DVD (P = 0.042).
4.2.3. Mefuta ea Lipapali E Bapalitsoeng
Ka kakaretso, 46.7% ea lithuto tse khethiloeng tse bapaloang lipapaling tsa libapali tse ngata tsa inthanete, 16.9% e khethile ho bapala lipapali tsa player tse le 'ngoe Inthaneteng,' me ke 10% feela e ratang ho bapala lipapali tsa lipapali tse tloaelehileng. Bashemane ba bangata (69.1%) ho feta banana (24.8%) ba ratang ho bapala lipapali tsa libapali tsa marang-rang, athe banana ba bangata (24%) ho feta bashanyana (9.6%) ba khethile ho bapala lipapali tsa player tse le 'ngoe online P <0.001). Le ha e sa reng letho (P = 0.059), liithuti tse tlase tsa 11 tse fokolang li ile tsa bapala lipapali ho feta limaraka tse tlase.
4.3. Boitšoaro bo Bothata ba Papali ea Lipapali
4.3.1. Bokapele ba ho lemalla papali e ka bang teng
Liperesente tsa batho ba arabileng ba tiiselitseng litekanyetso hangata le hangata haholo bakeng sa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea GAS li hlahisoa Lethathamo 2. Ho ipapisitsoe le maemo a fetotsoeng a GAS, 15.7% ea baithuti ba fihletse mokhoa oa ho lemalla papali. Sekhahla se ne se phahame haholo ho bashanyana (22.7%) ho feta banana (8.7%) (P <0.001).
Ka ha mofuta oa GAS oa China ha o so netefatsoe pejana, re boetse re hlahlobile bonnete ba GAS. Liphetho tse ipapisitseng le litlhahlobo tsa Pearson tsa khokahano li bonts'itse hore lintlha tse ngata tsa GAS li hokahane ka matla le tlhokomeliso ea lihlooho ka bothata ba taolo ea nako (r = 0.814, P <0.001) le ts'ebetso ea thuto (r = 0.817, P <0.001) e anngoeng ke ho bapala lipapali. Lintlha tse kopaneng tsa GAS le tsona li ne li amana haholo le lintlha tsohle tsa IAT (r = 0.619, P <0.001).
4.3.2. Likamano tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea lipapali le tsa sechaba
Tlhahlobo ea amanang le Bivariate e bonts'itse hore temallo ea lipapali e ne e amana le thobalano, ts'ebetso ea borutehi, kutloano ea lelapa, likamano tsa sehlopha, le palo ea metsoalle e haufi empa e sa amane le lilemo, sehlopha, palo ea litho tsa lelapa / banab'abo, boemo ba lenyalo ba motsoali, boemo ba moruo ba lelapa, le thepa ea ho ba le lisebelisoa (khomphutha, thellelisane, le smartphone). Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea maemo a marang-rang ea "logtivariate"Lethathamo 3) e bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea papali ea papali ea lipapali e ne e le monyetla o moholo ho bashanyana (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.41-4.40), ba sa sebetseng hantle lithutong tsa thuto (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.13-6.92) KAPA = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.53-7.41), le ba tlalehileng metsoalle e mengata ho feta batho ba bang (OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.63-5.82).
4.3.3. Li-Correlates tsa Papali ea Lipapali ka Lipapatso tsa Lipapali
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 3, kotsi ea ho lemalla papali ea lipapali e ne e phahame haholo ho ba neng ba khetha lipapali tsa marang-rang tse ngata (OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.29-4.58) ho feta ba neng ba khetha lipapali tse ling. Tlhahlobo ea amanang le Bivariate e bonts'itse hore temallo ea lipapali e ne e tsamaisana le nako ea papali ka beke, khafetsa ho sebelisa chelete papaling, chelete e sebelisitsoeng papaling, nako ea ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang le nako ea ho sebelisa chelete papaling. Kamora ho beha lintho tsena mohlaleng oa taolo le ho e fetolela bakeng sa mefuta e meng, ho lemalla papali ho ne ho amahanngoa haholo le nako e telele ea papali ka beke (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.16-1.49), frequency e phahameng ea ho sebelisa chelete ho papali ( OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02-1.36), le nako e teletsana ea ho sebelisa papali (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01-1.81), empa eseng ka chelete e sebelisitsoeng ho papali le nako ea ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang. .
5. Puisano
Boithuto ba hona joale e kanna ea ba ba pele ba ho hlahloba mokhoa oa libapali tsa video kapa tsa marang-rang ka ho khetheha har'a bacha ba Hong Kong. Liphetho li bontšitse hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video e ne e le ntho e atileng har'a bacha ba Hong Kong. Bacha ba fokolang lilemong (7%) ha baa ka ba bapala lipapali khafetsa. Liphetho tsa rona li boetse li bonts'itse hore ho pota 40% ea bacha ba Hong Kong ba ne ba sebelisa chelete ho bapala papali khafetsa, leha chelete e ne e lekanyelitsoe, le hore bashanyana ba sebelisa nako le chelete e ngata ho papali ho feta banana. Ho boholo ba bacha, ho bapala lipapali ho ne ho bonahala e le boithabiso bo seng kotsi. Boithuto ba pejana bo khothalelitse hore tšebeliso e itekanetseng ea marang-rang le lipapali tsa khomphutha li amahanngoa le sepheo se nepahetseng sa thuto ho feta ts'ebeliso e mpe kapa e phahameng ea tšebeliso [23]. Leha ho le joalo, karolo e nyane ea libapali tse sebelisang lipapali tsa video le marang-rang haholo li ka be li bonts'itse boitšoaro bo bobe ba lipapali.
Hajoale, ho ntse ho na le khaello ea sesebelisoa sa setso se hlokolosi ho hlahloba boits'oaro bo bobe ba lipapali sechabeng sa China. Thutong ena re sebelisitse GAS, e neng e qapiloe Netherlands, ho hakanya ho ata ha papali ea papali ea chelete. Thepa ea Psychometric ea tekanyo e se e hlahlobiloe thutong ena 'me liphetho tsa rona li bontšitse ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala bakeng sa phetolelo ea China ea GAS. Thutong ea hona joale, re sebelisitse mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa ho fumana lintlha bakeng sa GAS. Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa lintlha o bonahala o le betere ho feta mokhoa oa pele. Lemmens et al. [26] fana ka tlhahiso ea hore lintlha tsa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe li tlameha ho phethahala bonyane nako le nako. Tlhaloso ena e lokela ho tšohloa hantle le ho sebelisoa ka mokhoa o hlokolosi. Ho latela DSM-5 litekanyetso, matšoao a bosholu ba lipapali tsa marang-rang a lokela ho lula bonyane likhoeli tsa 3 [14, 24]. Kahoo, monyako o khethiloeng o fokotsoe haholo 'me ho lemalla ho bapala papali ea chelete ho ka fokotsoa haholo [15]. Kahoo, e kanna ea ts'epahala ho sebelisa mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng o khothalletsoang thutong ea joale ho tseba ho lemalla papali ea papali.
Re fumane hore 15.6% ea ba arabelitsoeng e ka nkoa e le libapali tse lemalloang. Keketseho ena e bonahala e phahame ho feta e tlalehiloeng libakeng tse ling [4, 5, 16, 18, 20] empa ha e bapisoa le litekanyetso tse tlalehiloeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang ka kakaretso Hong Kong joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe lithutong tse fetileng [7, 12, 13, 30]. Phuputso e entsoeng pejana e tlalehile hore hoo e batlang e le 20% ea bacha ba lilemo tse 11-18 e ka khetholloa e le bokhoba ba marang-rang [13]. Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse hore 17.2% ea baithuti ba lemaletse marang-rang [30]. Phuputsong e sa tsoa etsoa, Shek le Yu ba tlalehile hore 26.7% ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba fihletse litekanyetso tse hlalositsoeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang [7]. Hong Kong ke toropo e nang le baahi ba bangata moo sebaka sa ho ikoetlisa ka ntle ho 'mele se lekanyelitsoeng' me ho phela bophelo ba ho lula fatše. Ho bapala lipapali tsa video kapa tsa marang-rang e ka ba mofuta o ka sehloohong oa boithabiso ho bacha ba 'maloa. Kahoo, tekanyo e phahameng ea bokhoba ba papali ea chelete e ka utloahala. Tekanyetso e bonoeng ea bacha ba amehang e bontša bohlokoa ba mananeo a thuto a atlehang le a thibelo Hong Kong ho qoba litlamorao tse mpe tsa lipapali tsa video ho bacha.
Thutong ea rona, ho bontšitsoe phapang e kholo ho ateng ha papali ea papali ea papali pakeng tsa bashanyana le banana, e lumellanang le sephetho sa lithuto tsa morao-rao mabapi le bokhoba ba papali ea papali [4-6, 16, 20] empa e sa lumellane le sephetho sa lithuto tse fetileng mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang ka kakaretso [7, 9]. Ho se utloane ho ka bakoa ke mesebetsi e fapaneng ea inthanete ea banna le basali. Ka tloaelo, bashanyana ba rata ho bapala lipapali tsa video le tsa marang-rang, ha banana ba rata ho sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa media media [31]. Mohloli o nang le moelelo lithutong tsena e kanna ea ba ho utloisisoa ha lelapa ho amana haholo le bokhoba ba papali ea bohlankana lilemong tsa bocha. Ka kakaretso, lelapa le bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea kelello le boiketlong ba bana, haholo-holo lichabeng tsa China. Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore likhohlano tse phahameng tsa motsoali le mocha [32] kapa likamano tse hanyetsanang tsa lelapa [9] bolela esale pele bokhoba ba marang-rang ho bacha. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video e kanna ea ba ntho e kholo ea inthanete ho bacha bao, hobane ho bapala lipapali tsa lipapali ho ka ba thusa ho lebala ka "ho baleha" lintho tse sa thabiseng, ho fokotsa tsitsipano le ho ntlafatsa maikutlo [33]. Liphetho tsa lithuto tsa pejana li ka totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho kenella ha lelapa bakeng sa ho lemalla marang-rang ho bacha, mme liphetho tsa thuto e teng li ka thusa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho kenella ha lelapa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ka etsahala hore boits'oaro bo lemaletseng bocha bo ka lebisa ho tsitsipano ea lelapa. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tse telele ho rarolla kamano ea Causal lipakeng tsa tumellano ea lelapa le tšebeliso ea papali ea video kapa marang-rang. E lumellana le litlaleho tse fetileng [9], ha rea fumana kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba papali le boemo ba thuto ba batsoali.
Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore liithuti tse tlalehileng hore li na le metsoalle e haufi haholo li khona ho bonts'a ho lemalla lipapali ho feta ba tlalehileng metsoalle e fokolang. Ho fumana hona ho tsamaellana le liphetho tsa thuto mabapi le tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata ho liithuti tsa China [9]. Phello e kanna ea bakoa ke phello ea lithaka, hobane bacha ba lemaletseng papali ea chelete ba tloaetse ho buisana le metsoalle e mengata marang-rang. Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore likamano tsa lithaka li na le phello e matla tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho bacha.34]. Ho fihla joale, lithuto mabapi le litlamorao tsa tšusumetso ea lithaka ho litloaelo tsa papali li ntse li fokola. Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala ho hlahloba mokhoa oa lipapatso le lithaka tsa marang-rang har'a bacha. Mabapi le mabaka a amanang le sekolo, boithuto ba rona bo bontšitse hore baithuti ba sa sebetseng hantle sekolong ba na le kotsi e kholo ea ho lemalla papali ea chelete. Sena se lumellana le liphumano tse fetileng [4, 5, 20]. Khahlano le litlaleho tse fetileng tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka inthanete ka kakaretso [9, 35, 36], ha rea ka ra fumana setsoalle lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba papali ea chelete le boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo kapa likamano tse mpe tsa sehlopha sa sekolo, mohlomong ka lebaka la sampole e nyane. Boithuto bo bong bo boholo bo ka hlahisa liphetho tse utloahalang molemong ona.
Tumellanong le liphumano tsa pejana [4, 16, 37, 38], liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore ba neng ba bapala lipapali tse ngata tsa inthaneteng ba bapala lihora tse ngata ka beke mme ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla papali, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho natefeloa le ho bapalla lipapali tse ling, tse ka bakang papali ea nako e telele. Hape re hlokometse hore nako e sebelisitsoeng papaling e ne e tsamaisana hantle le bokhoba ba papali ea chelete. Sena se boetse se lumellana le sephetho sa lithuto tse fetileng [16, 19]. Ka hona, ho lekanyetsa nako ea bacha ea ho bapala e ka ba mohato o sebetsang oa ho thibela bokhoba ba lipapali. Phumano e ikhethang le e khahlisang ea thuto ena ke hore kotsi ea bokhoba ba papali e amana haholo le nako le khafetsa ea ho sebelisa chelete papaling, empa eseng le chelete e sebelisitsoeng papaling. Ho latela tsebo ea rona, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse buileng ka taba ena pejana. Ho fapana le papali ea chelete ea inthanete har'a batho ba baholo, bacha ba tloaetse ho sebelisa chelete ho bapala ho ithabisa eseng ho etsa phaello. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso e sa khaotseng ea chelete papaling e kanna ea ba sesosa sa bohlokoa sa bokhoba ba papali. Liphuputso tsa rona li kanna tsa ba le seabo ho kenella.
Liphetho tsa rona li lokela ho fetoleloa ho latela meeli e 'maloa. Taba ea pele, sepheo sa thuto e neng e le teng hona joale e ne e le lipapaling tsa video le marang-rang ka kakaretso ho fapana le lipapali tsa marang-rang. Ho fihla joale, lithuto mabapi le papali ea marang-rang li ntse li lekantsoe. Ho shebella lipapali tsa video ka kakaretso ho etsa hore sephetho sa rona se tšoane le litlaleho tsa lithuto tse fetileng. Taba ea bobeli, thuto ea hona joale e ne e sa ipapisitse le tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea kelello le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang [39], empa sena ha se nyenyefatse ho ts'epahala le litlamorao tsa liphetho tsa rona. Re ikemiselitse ho bona bacha ba kotsing e kholo. Ho ela hloko sehlopha se kotsing e lulang e le bohlokoa ho thibela mathata a kliniki. Taba ea boraro, moralo oa lipatlisiso tsa karolo e nyane ea thuto e teng hona joale o kanna oa se ke oa lumella sephetho sa lipakeng tsa papatso ea lipapali tsa video le lintlha tse amehang. Ho feta moo, sampole e itekanetseng thutong ena ea sefofane e ka etsa hore litekanyetso tse matla li be thata, empa sena ha se nyenyefatse bohlokoa ba liphetho tsa liphetho tsa rona. Le ha ho le joalo, e lokela ho ba hlokolosi ho akaretsa litekanyetso tse tlalehiloeng thutong ea rona ka lebaka la moralo oa ho ithuta ka sefofane. Lithuto tse ling tse kholo li kanna tsa lumelloa. Qetellong ke mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa GAS o ileng oa sebelisoa le ho netefatsoa thutong ena. Ho ka ba le ngongoreho ea hore na lintho tse ling ho tsoa ho GAS li ka khetholla ka mokhoa o ts'epahalang boits'oaro bo botle ho tsoa boits'ebetsong bo phetseng hantle le bo chesehang maemong a setso sa China. Ho netefatsoa ho eketsehileng ha mofuta oa Chaena oa 21-ntho GAS hoa hlokahala. Leha ho na le meeli ena, thuto e teng hona joale ke e 'ngoe ea tsa pele tsa ho hlahloba mekhoa ea lipapali tsa video har'a bacha lilemong tsa Machaena mme e fana ka tlatsetso e ntle ho lingoliloeng tse amanang le boits'oaro bo bobebe.
Qetellong, ho bapala lipapali tsa video le tsa inthanete ke ketsahalo e atileng har'a bacha ba Hong Kong, 'me karolo e kholo ea bacha e ka bonts'a boits'oaro bo bobe mabapi le lipapali tsa video le tsa marang-rang. Ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho baithuti ba hlasetsoeng haholo ke bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video le marang-rang. Kaha nako ea bocha ke nako eo ho eona batho ba nang le liphetoho tse kholo tsa tlhaho, kelello, le maemo a bophelo, thuto e sebetsang le mananeo a kenelletseng a ka hlokoa ho thusa bacha le bacha ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata a ntlafatso. Lintho tse kopantsoeng tse bonts'itsoeng thutong ea morao-rao li ka totobatsa bohlokoa ba thuto ea malapa kapa ea sekolo e thehiloeng ho thuto kapa thibelo karolong ena. Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala ho utloisisa mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho lemalla lipapali tsa video le marang-rang le ho hlahloba maano a sebetsang a thibelo kapa a lipakeng.
lumela hore baa fokola
Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Funding e Nyane ea Lichelete ea Univesithi ea Hong Kong. Motšehetsi o ne a sena karolo e 'ngoe morerong oa ho ithuta; ho bokella, ho sekaseka, le ho toloka data; mangolong a tlaleho eo; le ka qeto ea ho tlisa pampiri hore e phatlalatsoe.
Khohlano ea Lithahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa lithahasello tse teng.
References
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