Ho bapala lipapali ka bothata 'me ke mohlala oa papali e sa tšoaneng (2017)

J Behav Addict. 2017 Aug 17: 1-6. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.037.

Griffiths MD¹, Kuss DJ¹, Lopez-Fernandez O¹, Pontes HM.

inahaneloang

Background

Pampiri ea morao-rao ea Aarseth et al. (2016) o ile a botsa hore na papali e nang le mathata e lokela ho nkuoa e le bothata bo bocha haholo hobane "Gaming Disorder" (GD) e fumanoe e le bothata bo lokelang ho kenyelletsoa ntlafatsong e latelang ea (11th) ea Tlhophiso ea Mafu a Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (ICD- 11).

mekhoa

Boithuto bona bo sebelisa lingoliloeng tsa sejoale-joale ho pheha khang ea hore na ke hobaneng GD e lokela ho kenyelletsoa ICD-11.

Results

Aarseth le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba lumela hore ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata (ho kenyeletsoa lipampiri tsa bangoli ka bobona) tseo batho ba bang ba nang le mathata a tebileng ka papali ea video. Ketsahalo e joalo e ka ba le mathata a maholo joang empa e sa senyehe? Joalo ka lithethefatsi tse ling, bokhoba ba papali ha bo fumanehe ebile ha e le hantle ke lefu (ke hore, boemo kapa bothata bo khetholloang ke matšoao a amanang le ona a atisang ho hlaha tlasa maemo a itseng). Ka lebaka leo, ha se motho e mong le e mong ea tla bonts'a matšoao le litlamorao tse tšoanang, 'me sena se hlalosa hore na hobaneng ba sebetsang lebaleng la lipapali le nang le mathata hangata ba sa lumellane ka matšoao a matšoao.

Nahanisisa

Patlisiso mabapi le papali ha e bue ka ho faposa boithabiso bo phetseng hantle, empa e mabapi le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng le bo nang le mathata bo bakang khatello e kholo ea kelello le ho holofala bophelong ba motho. Tsena ke lintho tse peli tse amanang, empa (qetellong) ke liketsahalo tse fapaneng haholo. Ha re ntse re tseba hore papali ea papali ke papali ea boithabiso e natefeloang ntle ho bothata ke batho ba limilione tse ngata lefats'eng ka bophara, ho fihletsoe qeto ea hore papali e nang le mathata e teng le hore ke mohlala oa papali e sa sebetseng.

LINKOTSO:  Mathata a Papali ea Lipapali; Mathata a Papali ea Inthanete; papatso ea papali ea papali; papali ea mathata; lipapali tsa Fitio

PMID: 28816501

DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.037

Pampiri ea litlhaloso ea haufinyane ea Aarseth et al. (2016) o ile a botsa hore na papali e nang le mathata e lokela ho nkuoa e le bothata bo bocha haholo hobane "Gaming Disorder" (GD) e fumanoe e le bothata bo lokelang ho kenyelletsoa ntlafatsong e latelang ea (11) ea World Class Organisation of Diseases (ICD-11) . Matšoenyeho a mantlha a hlahisitsoeng ke Aarseth et al. (2016) e ne e le hore (a) motheo oa lipatlisiso o teng hona joale o maemong a tlase, (b) ts'ebetso ea hona joale ea GD e thehiloe haholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bokuli ba ho becha, 'me (c) hajoale ho na le tumellano matšoao a GD le hore na a ka e hlahloba joang. Bangoli ba boetse ba tsebisoa pampiring ea bona hore "ho kenyelletsoa pele ho nako"Ea GD ho ICD-11"e tla baka sekhobo se matla ho limilione tsa bana ba bapalang lipapali tsa video e le karolo ea bophelo bo tloaelehileng, bo phetseng hantle”(Leq. 1).

Ha ho motho ea sebetsang le ea phatlalatsang data e matla mabapi le papali e nang le mathata ea ka hanyetsang taba ea hore sehlooho se joalo se na le likhang. Aarseth le basebetsi mmoho ba ile ba qotsa pampiri habeli (ke hore, Griffiths et al., 2016), hore sengoli sa pele sa thuto ena se lebisitse ho totobatsang hore ho ne ho e-na le tumellano e fokolang tšimong mabapi le mekhoa ea Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) phetolelong ea morao-rao (ea bohlano) ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Lipampiri tse ling tsa morao-rao ke bangoli ba hona joale ba boetse ba pheha khang ea hore mongolo o ho DSM-5 o thehile "moferefere le pherekano”Tšimong (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017, leq. 1), haholo hobane DSM-5 e tiisitse hore IGD e ka kenyelletsa papali ea video e kantle ho marang-rang mme e boletse hore IGD le Internet Addiction Disorder Disorder, le ha ho na le bopaki bo lumellanang ba bopaki bo bontšang hore ha ho joalo (Griffiths le Liponte, 2014; Király et al., 2014). Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala eka lipapali tsa inthanete li ka beha kotsi e kholo bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea papali e nang le mathata (Lemmens le Hendriks, 2016; Tejeiro, Espada, Gonzalvez, Christiansen, & Gomez-Vallecillo, 2016) bapisoa le lipapali tsa inthanete ntle le ha ho bapaloa lipapali tse thata tse amanang le mefuta e 'meli ea papali (Lemmens le Hendriks, 2016).

Aarseth et al. (2016) u se ke ua hana hore libapali tse ling li ba le mathata a maholo ka lebaka la ho bapala lipapali tsa video. Ebile, ba bang ba barekisi bana ba phatlalalitse lipampiri tsa maemo a holimo tsa tlhahlobo ea maemo a phahameng holima sehlooho sa lipapali tsa lipapali tse fapaneng maemong a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le likoranteng tsa bokhoba (tseo bonyane li fanang ka maikutlo a hore ba bang ba barekisi ba litaba ba nka papali ea mathata e le bobeli ba taba ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello le / kapa ketsahalo e kang ea tšenyo e lokelang ho etsoa lipatlisiso). Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hape hore palo ea bahokahanyi ba lihlahisoa tsa Aarseth et al.'s (2016) Boithuto ha bo phatlalalitse tlhaiso-leseling e matla tikolohong ena 'me ka hona e kanna ea se be le tsebo e lekaneng bakeng sa litsekisano tse lefapheng lena. Bakeng sa metsoalle e amohelang ka boomo e amohela "Batshisi ba lipapali ba angoa ke mathata a maholo ka lebaka la nako eo ba e qetang ba bapala lipapali tsa video”(Leq. 2), re ka botsa potso e bonolo haholo: Ho bapala lipapali tsa video joalo ho ka ba bothata joang, empa ho se ke ha senyeha? Boitšoaro bo senyehileng hangata bo bolela ho senyeha ha tšebetso e tloaelehileng ea boits'oaro boo ho buuoang ka bona (ntlheng ena, papali), e lebisang ho holofaleng kelellong le ts'ebetsong. Kapa ke Aarseth et al. (2016) ho etsa phapano lipakeng tsa "Khathatso ea Lipapali" (joalo ka tlhahlobo ea semmuso e ka hlahang ho ICD-11 e latelang le "boloetse ba lipapali") e le poleloana e reng motho ea ka bang le bothata ba lipapali? Ho rona, ha ho na phapang ea 'nete ho motho ea nang le bothata. Ba mpa ba batla ho fumanoa hantle, ho phekoloa le ho fumana kalafo e lekaneng ea kelello le / kapa ea meriana ho hlola bothata. Ho feta moo, litsi tsa kalafo tse ikhethang lefats'eng lohle li se li phekola li-GD, li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho libapali tse ling tse feteletseng tse nang le mathata a maholo ka lebaka la papali ea tsona, kalafo ea litsebi e hlile e hlokahala (Kuss le Griffiths, 2015). Ho ea ka pono ea bongaka, mohopolo oa IGD o ntse o tsebahala, leha bopaki ba bongaka bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le ho hloka botsitso ponts'ong ea ona, mme ho entsoe maikutlo a typologies (ke hore, "ho nkeha maikutlo / ho ba mabifi," "ho ba tlokotsing maikutlong", "ho ba le maemo sechabeng" le "eseng" boletsweng ka tsela e nngwe ”; Lee, Lee, & Choo, 2016).

Re talima lipapali e le tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho tloha papaling e seng mathata le linako tse ling ho bapaloa hangata ho isa pheletsong e 'ngoe ea sekhahla ho fihlela ho bapalang ka mathata le litlamorao ho tse ling. E tšoana le tse ling ea 'nete bokhoba ba ho lemalla, bokhoba ba papali ea lipapali ha bo fumanehe seoelo ebile ha e le hantle ke ramatiki (Shaffer et al., 2004) (ke hore, boemo kapa bothata bo khetholloang ke matšoao a amanang le ona a atisang ho hlaha tlasa maemo a itseng). Ka lebaka leo, ha se motho e mong le e mong ea tla bontša matšoao le litlamorao tse tšoanang, 'me sena se hlalosa hore na hobaneng ba sebetsang lebaleng la lipapali le nang le mathata hangata ba sa lumellane ka matšoao a matšoao (Griffiths et al., 2016). Kahoo, e ke ke ea e-ba ho loketseng ho nyatsa ka ho sa feleng likotsi tse ka bang le tšenyo eo GD e ka bang le eona bophelong ba kelello ba batshameki ka mabaka a hore hona joale ho na le "ho haella ha tumellano mabapi le matšoao a khethollo ea lipapali”(Leq. 1).

Ho fihlela sena, ho ka phetoa khang ea hore tumellano e kanna ea fihlelleha ho latela lipontšo le tlhahlobo ea lipapatso tse nang le mathata tse fanoeng lits'ebetso tse kopanyang, joalo ka GD (ICD-11) li nts'etsopele le ho ntlafatsoa ha li ntse li fana ka boiteko ba ho theha matla sebopeho sa tlhahlobo-leseling e thehiloeng ho bopaki bakeng sa GD e ka lebisang kutlwisiso e eketsehileng ea matšoao ka bobeli le litloaelo tsa tlhahlobo tse fanoeng ke heterogeneity ea hona joale ea conceptualizations le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo litabeng tsa papali e nang le bothata tse sitisang tsoelo-pele ea lipatlisiso (Morena, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Király, Griffiths, & Demetrovics, 2015; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2014). Ka bokhutšoanyane, khaello ea hajoale ea sebopeho se khethiloeng ka molao le se kopanyang e kanna ea ba mabaka a mantlha a hore lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng li fihlele qeto ea hore matšoao a papali ea mathata le litloaelo tsa tlhahlobo ha li lumellane.

Aarseth et al. (2016) hape bolela hore "ho hlakile haholo hore mathata ana a ka baka kapa a lokela ho bakoa ke bokuli bo bocha”(Leq. 2). Bothata ba lipapali ha se bothata bo bocha, haholoholo ha ho bile le litlaleho bukaneng ea mafu a kelello le kelello tse qalileng morao koana li-1980s (mohlala, Nilles, 1982; Ross, Finestone, & Lavin, 1982; Shotton, 1989) hammoho le lithuto tse hatisitsoeng tse hlalosang protocol ea kalafo bakeng sa ho lemalla papali ea papali (mohlala, Basebetsi, 1990; Kuczmierczyk, Walley, & Calhoun, 1987). [Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lithuto tsa maiketsetso le tsa bongaka mabapi le tšibollo ea lipapali ho 1980 le 1990 le bapisoa le lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa papali ea papali ea chelete, bona Griffiths, Kuss, le King (2012).]

Ho feta moo, Aarseth et al. (2016) nka hore "hoo e batlang e le lipatlisiso tsohle tsa sebakeng sena li sa nahaneloe kapa li hakantsoe ka tlhaho kaha lithuto tsa kliniki li haella ebile li na le mehlala e menyenyane ea mohlala”(Leq. 2). Leha ho le joalo, polelo ena e botsa potso e latelang: Ho ka ba le disampole tsa kliniki joang mabapi le bothata ba kelello bo sa lokelang ho ba teng pele? Haeba sampole ea bongaka le datha tse mabapi le lipapali tsa mathata li tla bokelloa, ka hona ho tla bokelloa semetheo se tsebahalang, se joalo ka GD bakeng sa ho theha "standard" ea khauta bakeng sa boemo boo lingaka le bafuputsi ba ka tsebang ho tšepahala le ka ts'epahalo khetholla lipakeng tsa sampole tsa bongaka le tse tloaelehileng mabapi le papali ea mathata.

Re boetse rea hlokomela hore tse ling tsa liqoso tsa mantlha tse hlahisitsoeng ke Aarseth et al. (2016) khahlano le ho kenyelletsa GD ho ICD-11 ka boeona e ipapisitse le tšebeliso ea mantsoe a sebelisoang khafetsa, joalo ka "mohlomong" le "may," le ts'ebeliso ea mantsoe a mang, joalo ka "mohlomong," "lebella," le "Ho ka khonehang," tse matla ka mokhoa o matla ho feta ts'ebeliso ea "matla" kapa "may" empa moelelong ona le tsona li na le monahano o tšoanang. Mohlala (le ka ho khothaletsoa hoa rona):

• - "Ho tšoenyeha ka boitšoaro bo botle ho potoloha kotsi ea lipapali tsa video ka 'na ho fella ka kopo ea pejana ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka le kalafo ea linyeoe tse ngata tse mpe tsa leshano, haholo-holo ho bana le bacha. ”(Khatiso le leqephe la 3)
• - “Tlhahlobo [ea] lefu la papali] ka sebelisoa ho laola le ho thibela bana. ”(Leq. 3)
• - "Boloetse ka 'na hlakola tlhokomelo ho ntlafatseng tsebo ea litaba, thuto ea botsoali le lintho tse ling tse ka kenyang tharollo ea tse ling tsa litaba ka papali ea mathata. ”(Leq. 3)
• - "Boteng ba tšabo ea hona joale ea boitšoaro mabapi le lipapali tsa video ka etsa hore setjhaba sa bongaka se nke mehato e sa nkuoeng hantle. ”(Leq. 3)
• - "Matšoao ana a fetang ka kenyelletsa tse amanang le ho nahana haholo ka lipapali, ho li sebelisa ho ntlafatsa mohopolo kapa ho bua leshano ho batsoali kapa ho bohlokoa ba ba bang ka nako eo u e sebelisang papali. Mekhoa ena ka ka hona ba le lintlha tse tlase, le mekhoa ea ho e sebelisa e nang le lintlha tse tlase ka lebisa ho hore libapali tse ngata li hlalosoe hampe e le ho ba le mathata. ”(Leq. 2)
• - "Mekhahlelo e amehang mohlomong ho kopana le lipelaelo le lipelaelo tse kholo ke sechaba sa thuto le sechaba ka kakaretso. ”(Leq. 3)
• - "We lebella ho kenyelletsoa ha bothata ba lipapali ho ICD-11 ho tla baka khethollo e kholo ho limilione tsa bana le bacha ba bapalang lipapali tsa video e le karolo ea bophelo bo tloaelehileng, bo phetseng hantle. ”(Khatiso le leqephe la 3)
• - "(...) mohlomong e lebisang ho satellite ea mafu a boitšoaro. ”(Leq. 2)

Polelo ea ho phethela (ka tlase) ke mohlala o motle ka ho fetesisa pampiring ea likhopolo-taba tse inahaneloang, 'me mohlomong ke sebaka se le seng moo bangoli ba ka be ba sebelisitse "mohlomong" kapa "mohlomong" ho fapana le lentsoe "thato":

• - “…ho kenyelletsa le tlhahlobo ena ho ICD-11 e tla baka likotsi tse mpe haholo ho feta tse ntle. Ha ho fanoa ka ho se tsitse ha motheo oa bopaki o leng teng, eona e tla e ama hampe bophelo ba limilione ba libapali tsa livideo tse phetseng hantle ha li ntse li ha ho joalo ho fana ka tlhaiso e sebetsang ea linyeoe tsa bothata ba 'nete. ”(Leq. 3)

Khutlela molemong oa 'nete oa hore "hoo e batlang e le lipatlisiso tsohle tse entsoeng sebakeng sena li fumaneha feela tjee kapa ke ntho e inahaneloang”(Leq. 2), le ha a ne a le 'nete ka khang e nyane lilemong tsa 5 tse fetileng, ha ho joalo kajeno. Petry le O'Brien (2013) o tiisitse hore GD e ke ke ea kenyelletsoa e le karohano e fapaneng ea kelello likhatisong tse tlang tsa DSM ho fihlela ho (a) likarolo tse hlalosang tsa IGD li se li fumanoe, (b) ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala ha mekhoa e ikhethang ea IGD e fumanoe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, ( c) litekanyetso tsa ho ata tsa bophelo li se li hlahisitsoe ho sampole ea baemeli ba tšoaetso ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang lefats'eng lohle, 'me (d) tlhahlobo ea kelello le likarolo tse amanang le eona li se li lekotsoe. Ho tloha ha ho phatlalatsoa pampiri eo, ho bile le lithuto tse ngata tsa boleng bo holimo tse sebelisang mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng e rarollang mefokolo e mene e boletsoeng ke Petry le O'Brien (2013). Mohlala, ho na le bonyane lithuto tse supileng tsa lefu la seoa tse hlahlobang lipapali tse nang le bothata ka lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng le data e emelang naha (tse tšeletseng tsa tsona li phatlalalitsoe ho tloha 2014) ho kenyelletsa le mocha oa Amerika ea lilemo li 8-18 (Moditjhaba, 2009), Bacha ba Jeremane ba lilemo li 13-18 (Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015), Bacha ba maDutch ba lilemo li 13-20 le baholo ba maDutch (Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Balichaba, 2015), Bacha ba Mahungary ba lilemo li 15-16 (Király et al., 2014), Libapali tsa Norway (Wittek et al., 2016), bacha ba tsoang linaheng tse supileng tsa Europe ba nang le lilemo tsa 14-17 (Müller et al., 2015), le bacha ba Slovenia ba lilemo li 12-16 (Pontes, Macur, & Griffiths, 2016). Hape ho bile le lithuto tsa neuroimaging tse fetang 30 le 18 tsa lithuto tsena tse hlahlobiloeng ho 2012 (bona Kuss le Griffiths, 2012) le lithuto tse ling tsa 14 tse eketsehileng nakong ea 2013 ho isa qalong ea 2016 (bona Pontes, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2017). Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena li bontšitse hore temallo ea inthanete le papali ea chelete li ts'oana le bokhoba bo amanang le lithethefatsi maemong a fapaneng.

Boemong ba limolek'hule, lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore temallo ea marang-rang le libapali li hokahanngoa le khaello ea tsamaiso ea moputso, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke mosebetsi o tlase oa dopaminergic. Ho tloha maemong a li-neurocircuitry, tšebeliso e telele ea inthanete le papali e fumanoe e le phetoho ho li-neuromorphometry. Qetellong, ho ea ka pono ea boits'oaro, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le papali ea papali e senya ts'ebetso ea kelello (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012). Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse matla li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le bopaki ba ho tšoana lipakeng tsa marang-rang le bokhoba ba papali ea chelete le bokhoba bo amanang le lithethefatsi boemong ba neurobiological (Pontes et al., 2017), leha lits'ebetso tsena li kanna tsa ba le boits'oaro bo nang le likarolo tse ling tse ikhethang (Li-pontes, 2016).

Lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa setso le litloaelo tse sebelisang tlhahlobo ea IGD li sa tsoa hatisoa haufinyane. Mohlala, lisebelisoa tse ntlafalitsoeng ke ba bang ba barekisi ba hona joale ho kenyeletsoa Tlhahlobo ea Lipapatso tsa Lipapali tsa Inthanete (IGD-20 Test) (Pontes, Király, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014) le Lenane la Ts'oaetso ea Lipapali tsa Inthanete - Fomate e Haufinyane (IGDS9-SF) (Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2015) li netefalitsoe ebile li sebelisoa ho lekola IGD litsong tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa Spain (Fuster, Carbonell, Pontes, & Griffiths, 2016), Portugal (Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2016), Italy (Monacis, de Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2016), le Slovenia (Pontes et al., 2016) [bona lipontšuoa (2016) bakeng sa tlhahlobo e khuts'oane ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka le psychometric ea IGD motheong oa moralo oa APA (DSM-5). Lisebelisoa tse ling li ntlafalitsoe 'me li phatlalalitsoe haufinyane haholo, ho kenyelletsa le lintlha tse supileng tsa tlatsetso ea lipapali, tse netefalitsoeng ka Sefora le Jeremane (Khazaal et al., 2016).

Aarseth et al. (2016) hape hlokomela hore: “Ha ho na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa papali le mefuta e meng ea boithabiso, 'me ho ts'oara mofuta o le mong oa boithabiso ho bula mamati a ho kenyelletsa lipapali, ho tants'a, ho ja, thobalano, mosebetsi, boikoetliso, ho lema jareteng, jj. mathata”(Leq. 3). Re ka pheha khang ea hore ho na le liphapang tse ngata lipakeng tsa lipapali le mesebetsi e thathamisitsoeng, empa tšobotsi e le 'ngoe eo ba nang le eona ka kakaretso ke hore kaofela ba na le bokhoni ba ho ba le boits'oaro bo atlehileng kahoo ba na le bokhoni ba ho ba makhoba a tšebeliso e mpe (Wenzel, Liese, Beck, & Friedman-Wheeler, 2012). Leha ho se na bopaki bo matla ba hore ho lema serapa ho ka ba le tšebeliso e mpe (Griffiths, 2015), ho bile le lipatlisiso tse ngata mabapi le lithethefatsi tsa ho ikoetlisa [ho kenyeletsoa le mesebetsi e fapaneng ea lipapali (Mónok et al., 2012), mosebetsi (Andreassen et al., 2014), thobalano (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016), le ho ja (Hebebrand et al., 2014), hammoho le lithuto tse matlafatsang tse sebelisang tlhekefetso ea motjeko (mohlala, Maraz, Urbán, Griffiths, & Demetrovics, 2015; Targhetta, Nalpas, & Perney, 2013)]. Patlisiso lipapaling ha e bue ka boithabiso ba methapo, empa ke mabapi le boitšoaro bo feteletseng le bo bakang mathata bo bakang khatello ea maikutlo le ho senyeha hoa bophelo ba motho. Tsena ke lintho tse peli tse amanang, empa (qetellong) li ikhethang haholo.

Pampiri ea Aarseth et al. (2016) e tiisa hore kenyelletso le kamohelo ea GD "ho ka fella ka kopo ea pejana ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka lefapheng la bongaka le kalafo ea linyeoe tse ngata tse mpe tsa leshano, haholo-holo ho bana le bacha”(Leq. 1). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, re ka pheha khang ea hore boteng ba sebopeho sa ts'oaetso se thehiloeng bopaking se reriloeng ho latela liketsahalo tsa morao-rao lebaleng (joalo ka se hlahisitsoeng ke WHO ho ICD-11) se ka ba le litlamorao ka ho fokotsa tlhahlobo ea pele ho nako le e sa nepahalang kaha sena se ka fana ka mabaka a hlakileng le a nang le sepheo sa bongaka mabapi le hore na lingaka le bafuputsi ba lokela ho fumana linyeoe tsa bongaka ka tsela e fapaneng hofe kapa e sa khetheheng. Sena se ka ba molemo molemong oa papali e nang le mathata ka lebaka la ho hloka botsitso le ho tiea mekhoeng ea hajoale ea tlhahlobo e sitisang tsoelo-pele ea lipatlisiso le ho fella ka litaba tse fapaneng tsa mekhoa (mohlala, ho se khonehe ha papiso ea setso, maemo a sa nepahalang a ho ata, le ho se tsebe ).

Litla-morao tse hlahang ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo le tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tse sa netefatsoang tsa ho hlahloba lipapali tse nang le bothata li tlalehiloe ke litsebi tse ngata (King et al., 2013; Király et al., 2015; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2014) mme ka hona boiteko ba mekhatlo e tsebahalang (mohlala, WHO) mabapi le GD bo nakong ebile bo hlokahala haholo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khang ea hore ho amoheloa ha GD e le ea 'nete ho lemalla ho ka baka litheko tse ngata tsa linyeoe tse fosahetseng ha ho nepahala ka ho felletseng. Maraz, Király, le Demetrovics (2015) e bonts'itse hore ka kakaretso, ho nepahala ha ho hlahloba ho atisa ho mpefala (ke hore, keketseho ea sekhahla sa linyeoe tse fosahetseng) mathateng a sa tloaelehang, joalo ka litlolo tsa boitšoaro (ho kenyeletsoa GD le bothata ba papali ea chelete). Ho sa natse bothata bona, lena ha se lebaka ka leng la ho se ananele boteng le litlamorao tsa mathata a joalo ho bophelo ba kelello feela motheong oa khakanyo ea litekanyetso tsa ponelopele le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea mafu hobane litaba tse amanang le litsietsi tsa bohata li teng ho bohle bongaka Maemo a mafu a kelello e le tlhahlobo ea 'nete ea khauta e fumanehang ka seoelo meriana (Omurtag le Fenton, 2012).

Ho ea kamoo re tsebang, ha ho na palo e tlase ea linyeoe tse hlokang ho tsejoa bakeng sa bothata bo lokelang ho nkuoa joalo. Mathata a mang a kelello ha a fumanehe hangata (mohlala, bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi) ka sekhahla se tlase haholo sa ho ata, empa sena ha se ba thibele ho hlaha e le litlhahlobo tsa semolao litemaneng tsa mafu a kelello le libuka tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu. Re ka lumela hore palo ea linyeoe tsa bongaka le lithuto tsa kalafo lingoliloeng li fokola joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe litlhahlobong tse fetileng tsa tatellano (mohlala, Morena, Delfabbro, Griffiths, & Gradisar, 2011; Kuss & Lopez-Fernandez, 2016), empa lipampiri tse fumanehang tse totobatsang likarolo tsa bongaka tsa lefu lena (mohlala, Phaka, Lee, Sohn, & Han, 2016; Sakuma et al., 2016; Yao et al., 2017; E monyenyane, 2013) ha ea lokela ho qheleloa thoko hobane feela e fokola ka palo.

Bangoli bohle ba hona joale le bona e ne e le li-coauthor pampiring ke Griffiths et al. (2016) ho bonts'a ha ho na tumellano ea machabeng mabapi le lintlha tsa DSM-5 tsa IGD. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ena e hlahlobile mantsoe a ikhethang a litekanyetso tsa motho ka mong, mme ha e hanyetsane le mohopolo oa GD (le ha ho le joalo ke baqapi ba 'maloa ba 28 ba pampiring eo ba neng ba belaella boemo ba mohopolo joalo ka pherekano).

E kopantsoe hammoho, mme e arabela ka kotloloho ho Aarseth et al. (2016), ho phehisanoe khang ea hore papali ea mathata e hlile e teng le hore ke mohlala oa lipapali tse sa lumellaneng. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tse matla li hlahisitsoe ho bonts'a lefapha la mahlale le lipatlisiso tsa lipapali le tse nang le tšusumetso e ntle li tsoetse pele ka potlako lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Ho feta moo, litekanyetso tse batloang hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng ho thusa ho kenyelletsoa ha IGD ho iterations ea DSM, ke hore, ho hlalosa likarolo, ho fumana ts'epahalo le bonnete ba litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea tšoaetso, litekanyetso tsa ho ata, etiology le likarolo tsa biolo, li se li rarollotsoe ke lipatlisiso tsa morao tjena. Sebakeng sa boitšoaro bo tloaetseng ho feta ba ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, re ka kopa hore bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e nyane ea basebelisi ba bangata haholo, lipapali li ka baka litlamorao tse mpe tse tloaelo tse amanang le bokhoba bo amanang le lithethefatsi, tse ka hlokang thuso ea litsebi.

Ho lahla bohlokoa ba bongaka le tšusumetso eo motho a e bapalang ka ho feteletseng a ka bang le eona bophelong bo botle ka kakaretso e ka lebisa liphellong tse mpe tse 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, ho ka lebisa ho tsilatsila molemong oa ba fanang ka inshorense le ba fanang ka kalafo ho fana ka kalafo e ikhethang le e sebetsang. Taba ea bobeli, e ka fokotsa tšusumetso ea sechaba sa mahlale sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tšimong, e leng sa bohlokoa ha ho arajoa lipotso mabapi le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo le tlhaiso ea setso. Taba ea boraro, e mpefatsa litlamorao tse mpe ho batho ba nang le mathata a maholo ka lebaka la lipapali tsa bona tse senyehileng ka ho senya liphihlelo tsa bona. Ha re ntse re le sechabeng 'me re elelloa hore papali ke papali e natefeloang ke batho ba limilione, bao boholo ba bona ba ke keng ba ba le mathata ka lebaka la ho bapala papali ea papali, re hloka ho hlompha liphihlelo tsa libapali tse nang le mathata. metheo e matla ea liteko tse reretsoeng ho thibela le ho ts'ehetsa tšehetso ea litsebi.

Menehelo ea bangoli

Sengoli sa pele se ngotse moralo oa pele oa phuputso ena mme bangoli ba bang ba bararo ba kentse letsoho ho e ntlafatseng ha pampiri ena.

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

References

Karolo: