LIPOTSO: Ithute ka lipapatso tsa transporter tsa moputso maemong a bokhoba ba marang-rang (IAD). Maemo a ne a bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo seo litho tsa sona se neng se sebelisa Inthanete. Maemo a ba tsamaisang dopamine lithutong tse nang le bokhoba ba marang-rang a ne a ka bapisoa le a batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Ho fokotseha ha batsamaisi ba dopamine ke letšoao la bokhoba ba litheko. E bonts'a tahlehelo ea methapo ea methapo e lokollang dopamine.
Ho khahlisang, thuto ena ea Chaena e re litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le e 'ngoe ea likopo tse kholo tsa 3 tse neng li sebelisoa ke lihlooho tse nang le IAD.
Journal of Biomedicine le Biotechnology
Buka ea 2012 (2012), sengoloa sa ID 854524, maqephe a 5
Haifeng Hou, 1,2,3,4 Shaowe Jia, 5 Shu Hu, 5 Rong Fan, 5 Wen Sun, 5 Taotao Sun, 5 le Hong Zhang1,2,3,4
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sepetlele se kopaneng sa Sepetlele sa Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
2Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou 310009, China
3Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Yunivesithi ea Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310009, China
4Key Laborator of Medical Mole moleiding Imper of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
5Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 310009, China
E amohetse 5 ka January 2012; E amohetse 31 Jan 2012
Mohlophisi oa thuto: Mei Tian
Copyright © 2012 Haifeng Hou et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa Lebenkele la Tlhahiso ea Tlas'a Tlhahiso, se lumellang ts'ebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso le tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e ngoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng, ha feela mosebetsi oa mantlha o bontšitsoe ka nepo.
inahaneloang
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, bothata ba ho lemalla li-internet (IAD) bo atile lefatšeng ka bophara mme ho hlokomeloa ha tšusumetso ea eona e senyang ho basebedisi le sechaba ho eketsehile ka potlako. Leha ho le joalo, mochine oa neurobiological oa IAD ha o so hlahise ka botlalo. Boithuto ba hona joale bo etselitsoe ho bona hore na maemo a striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) a lekantsoeng ke 99mTc-TRODAT-1 single photon emission compute tomography (SPECT) boko scans e fetotsoe ho batho ba nang le IAD. Mekhahlelo ea bongo ea SPECT e fumanoe ho lithuto tsa 5 tsa banna tsa IAD le li-taolo tsa 9 tse phetseng hantle tsa lilemo. Bophahamo ba modumo (V) le boima (W) ba linaha tse ling tse tsamaeang le li-striatum hammoho le 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratio ea corpus striatum / bongo kaofela (Ra) li ne li baloa li sebelisa mefuta ea lipalo. Ke e bonts'itsoe hore mokhoa oa ho bua ka mokhoa oa DAT oa striatum o fokotsehile haholo mme V, W, le Ra li fokotsoe haholo ho batho ba nang le IAD ha ba bapisoa le taolo. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore IAD e ka baka tšenyo e kholo bokong mme liphumano tse entsoeng ka neano li bontša ka ho hlaka hore IAD e amana le dysfunctions tsamaisong ea boko ba dopaminergic. Seo re se fumaneng se boetse se tšehetsa taba ea hore IAD e ka arolelana tlhekefetso e ts'oanang ea neurobiological le mathata a mang a ho lematsa.
1. Selelekela
Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e eketsehile haholo lefatšeng ka bophara lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Marang-rang a fana ka phihlello ea hole le ba bang le tlhaiso-leseling e ngata libakeng tsohle tse khahlang. HLeha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e bakile ho senyeha hoa bophelo ba motho ka kelellong, ho hloleha lithutong, le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi, mme hona ho lebisitse bothateng ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi (IAD) [1-4]. IAD e ile ea holisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho li-1990s [5] 'me ho ea ka tlhaloso ea Beard ea IAD, “motho o lemalla ha boemo ba kelello ba motho, bo kenyeletsang maemo a kelello le maikutlo, hammoho le tšebelisano ea bona le barutehi, mosebetsi, le boiketlo ba sechaba, bo senyehile ka lebaka la tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea bonohe. ” [6]
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, IAD e atile haholo lefatšeng ka bophara; kamohelo ea tšusumetso ea eona e senyang basebelisi le sechabeng e eketsehile ka potlako [7]. Habohlokoa, liphuputso tsa morao-rao li fumane ho se sebetse hantle ha IAD li ts'oana le mefuta e meng ea likhathatso tse lemalloang, tse kang mathata a tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le ho becha ha methapo ea kutlo.7-10]. Pbatho ba bangata ba nang le IAD ba bontšitse likarolo tsa bongaka tse kang ho lakatsa, ho tlohela le ho mamella [7, 8]9], le ts'ebetso e hlokofatsang ea kelello mesebetsing e kenyeletsang ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi [10].
Joalo ka ho hlonama ho tsamaiso ea dopaminergic neural ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e amanang le lithethefatsi [11], karolo ea dopaminergic neural system ho IAD le eona e hlakisitsoe lipatlisisong tse 'maloa [12-14]. Phuputsong ea morao tjena, batho ba nang le IAD ba fumanoe ba fetotse metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko ho kenyeletsoa libaka tse kholo tsa prooption tse kang sebaka sa striatum le orbitof Pambal [12]. Moreover, patlisiso e 'ngoe e fumane hore bacha ba nang le liprotheine tse eketsehileng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa dopamine D2 receptor le enjene ea dopamine e ne e le kotsing ea lipapali tsa marang-rang tse fetelletseng ho bapisoa le taolo ea lilemo tse ngata ea taolo [14]. Phuputsong e nahanang ea positron emission tomography (PET), litekanyetso tse fokotsitsoeng tsa dopamine D2 receptor likarolong tse tlase tsa striatum ho kenyelletsa le paturate ea dorsal caudate le putamen e nepahetseng li fumanoe ho batho ba nang le IAD [13]. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore IAD le eona e ka ba karolo e 'ngoe ea lisistimi tse senyehileng tsa dopaminergic neural tse tšoanang le bokhoba bo amanang le lithethefatsi [15].
Dopamine transporter (DAT) ke protheine e sebakeng sa "termynaptic terminal" le "striatal" ea Sabatha e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho pheta-pheta ha dopamine ka hara neuron ea "presynaptic neuron" mme e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea litekanyetso tsa dopamine tsa striatal synaptic [16-18]. Maikutlo a fetotsoeng a DAT ka hara striatum e latelang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse sa feleng e tlalehiloe pele [19-24]. Leha ho le joalo, hore na tlhekefetso ea DAT le eona e teng ho IAD ha e so ka e bontšoa pele.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho nahana ka DAT ho sebelisitsoe e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa maemong a kliniki ho bonts'a liphetoho phetohong ea bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi [21-24]. Ntle le moo, radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1, e leng technetium-99
m (99mTc) e ngotsoe ka lebitso tropane derivative (technetium, 2 - [[2 - [] [3- (4-chlorophenyl) -8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3, 2, 1] oct-2-yl] 2-mercaptoethyl) amino] ethyl] amino] ethongeniolato (3 -)] - oxo- [1R- (exo-exo)] -), e nkuoa e le moemeli ea sireletsehileng le ea loketseng oa ho hlahloba boemo ba DAT bakeng sa lithuto tsa ho nahana ka batho [21, 25, 26]. Thutong ea hona joale, re sebelisitse photon emission tomography (SPECT) e le 'ngoe le radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1 ea ho etsa lipatlisiso le letsoalo la letsatsi la li-striatal ho bona hore na ho ka ba le tlhekefetso e mpe lithutong tsa IAD ha ho bapisoa le taolo e ntle ea lilemo. Boithuto bona bo ikemiselitse ho leka hypothesis ea hore ho fumaneha ho fetotsoeng ha DAT ho amana le pathogenesis ea IAD.
2. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
2.1. Tlhahlobo e Itseng ea IAD
IAD e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lipotso tsa Young's Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (IADDQ) [4] le Goldberg's Internet addictive Disorder Diagnostic Criteria (IADDC) [27]. Lipotso tsohle tsa IADDQ le IADDC li ile tsa fetoleloa ka Sechaena. Ho tšoaneleha, barupeluoa sehlopheng sa IAD ba ile ba bolelloa hore likarabo tse hlano kapa ho feta tsa lipotso tse robeli tsa IADDQ le ho khotsofatsa tse tharo kapa ho feta tsa IADDC (ke hore, mamello, ho tlosoa, takatso le ts'ebeliso e sa reroang, ho hloleha ho fokotsa tšebeliso, tšebeliso e feteletseng, ho tela mesebetsi ea sechaba ho e sebelisa, le mathata a 'mele le a kelello a amanang le ts'ebeliso).
2.2. Lihlooho
Banna ba bahlano (ba bolela ± SD, 20.40 ± 2.30 ea lilemo li) ba nang le IAD ba ile ba khethoa ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng ho bakuli ba batlang kalafo Sepetlele sa Pheking University Shenzhen. Tlithuto tsa heAD li sebelisitse marang-rang hoo e batlang e le letsatsi le leng le le leng, mme li qeta lihora tse fetang 8 (bolela±SD, 10.20 ± lihora tsa 1.48) letsatsi le leng le le leng ka pel'a mookameli, haholo-holo bakeng sa ho qoqa le metsoalle ea cyber, ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete, le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng kapa lifiliming tsa batho ba baholo. Lithuto tsena li ne li tloaelane le marang-rang hangata qalong ea bongoaneng ba bona (ho bolela lilemo tsa ± SD, 12.80 ± 1.92 ea lilemo li) mme li ne li na le lipontšo tsa IAD bakeng sa lilemo tse fetang 6 (bolela ± SD, 7.60 ± 1.52 lilemo).
Litaolo tse robong tse tsamaeang le lilemo tse (li bolela ± SD, 20.44 ± 1.13 ea lilemo li) o hirile ka papatso e nkile karolo thutong ena. Ha ho phapang ea lipalo e fumanoeng bakeng sa lilemo tsa barupeluoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli (P = 0.96). Barupeluoa ba sehlopha sa taolo ba ne ba sebelisa marang-rang nako le nako kapa khafetsa empa ba ne ba sa feteng lihora tse 5 ka letsatsi moleng (bolela lihora tsa hours SD, lihora tsa 3.81 hours 0.76) 'me ha baa ka ba khotsofatsa mekhoa ea IAD [4, 27].
Bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo e ne e le libui tsa matsoalloa a China, ha ho mohla ba kileng ba sebelisa lintho tse seng molaong (ka linako tse ling, barupeluoa ba 'maloa ba ne ba tsuba kapa ba sa noe joala, empa ha ho le ea mong oa bona ea fihlelang litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu a amanang le lithethefatsi [28]), ba ne ba sena nalane ea mafu a bohlokoa a bongaka, methapo kapa mafu a kelello, mme ba ne ba fuoe letsoho le letona. Bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ile ba fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng pele ba nka karolo kamora hore sebopeho se hlalosoe ka botlalo, ho kenyeletsoa likotsi le litlamorao. Ts'ebetso tsohle tsa thuto ena li amohetsoe ke komiti ea boitšoaro ea sepetlele sa Peking University Shenzhen.
2.3. Ho etsa joalo
TRODAT-1 ligand (metsi) e fanoe ke Lefapha la Khemistri, Beijing University University (Beijing, China). Radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1, 740MBq (20mCi) ka bohloeki> 90% e entsoe ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng pele [25]. Le lithuto tsa SPECT le 99mTc-TRODAT-1 e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa LG DIACAM / E.CAM / ICON habeli detector SPECT e nang le matla a fokolang a sepheo sa sepheo sa tsohle (Nokia, Erlangen, Germany). Mokhoa oa ho nahana o entsoe joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele [25, 29]. Likarolo li ile tsa kenngoa kahare kahare ho 740MBq (20mCi) ea 99mTc-TRODAT-1. Ho etsa litšoantšo ho entsoe 2.5h kamora tsamaiso ea 99mTc-TRODAT-1. Litekanyetso tsa ho fumana li kenyelelitse maikutlo a 64 holim 'a 18s ka pono le 128 × 128 matrix ho feta 360 ° ka ho potoloha ka 5.6 ° increments. Morero o mocha oa ho aha bocha o sebelisitsoeng ho data e tala. Filter ea Butterworth e ile ea sebelisoa ka odara ea 15 le cutoff ea 0.33 Nyquist frequency. Khalemelo ea Photon attenuation e entsoe ka mokhoa oa pele oa tokiso ea Chang ho sebelisoa coefficient ea 0.15cm-1 [30]. Botebo ba setšoantšo bo fetohang e ne e le 2.7mm (pixel ea 1). Litšoantšo tsohle li ile tsa sebetsoa le ho hlophisoa bocha li sebelisa mokhoa o tšoanang.
2.4. Tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo
Tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea karolelano ea sebaka sa E-Cam. Likarolo tsa lithahasello (ROI) li ne li huleloa litšoantšong tsa 12 tse fapanyetsanang, lipikselse li ile tsa nts'oa mme lipalo tsa boko bohle le mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea mekhatlo e sebetsanang le ts'ebetso e ile ea etsoa. Bophahamo ba modumo (Vle boima (W) ea bilatedal Corpus striatum hammoho le karolelano ea Corpus striatum / bokong kaofela (Ra) ho ne ho baloa ho sebelisoa mehlala ea lipalo joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pampiring e fetileng [21, 31].
2.5. Tlhahlobo ea data
Lintlha tse pampiring ea hajoale li hlahisoa e le mekhoa ± e tloaelehileng (e bolelang ± SD). Lenaneo la Lipalopalo bakeng sa Saense ea Sechaba bakeng sa Windows, mofuta 11 (SPSS 13.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) e sebelisitsoe ho sekaseka data. Phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha e ile ea hlahlojoa ke ea Baithuti t-etona. Bakeng sa liteko tsohle tse entsoeng, netefatso ea bohlokoa e thehiloe ho P <0.05.
3. Liphetho
Litšoantšo tsa DAT tsa mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng sehlopheng sa taolo e bonts'itse sebopeho sa panda-leihlo 'me li-DAT li ne li ajoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le o ts'oanang ka har'a Corpus striatum. Koporasi e kopaneng ea Corpus striatum e ne e le libakeng tsa 8-12, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1 (b). Leha ho le joalo, litšoantšo tsa DAT tsa lihlooho tsa IAD li bonts'a maemo a fapaneng a bohlasoa, moo li-stratums tsa Corpus li neng li le nyane haholo mme li bonts'a libopeho tse fapaneng, dumbbell, strip nyembamba, sebopeho sa khoeli, kapa sebaka sa sporadic (Figure 1 (a)).
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1 'me Lethathamo 1, Lenaneo la polelo la DAT la striatum le ile la fokotseha haholo lithutong tsa IAD. Ka bokhutšoanyane, ha ho bapisoa le taolo, ho bile le litekanyetso tse tlase haholo tsa V (cm3), W (g) le Ra oa Corpus striatum sehlopheng sa IAD, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore e fokotsehile 99mTc-TRODAT-1 e tlamelletsoe ho DAT kapa ho senyeha hammoho le ho hloka botsitso ha Corpus striatum ho etsahetse. Ha ho phapang ea lipalo e fumanoeng e bapisa V or W ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea mekhatlo e meholo (lehlakoreng le letšehali le lehlakoreng le letona) ebang ke sehlopheng sa IAD (P = 0.67 le P = 0.68 resp.) Kapa sehlopheng sa taolo ea bophelo bo botle (P = 0.10 le P = 0.11 resp.).
(cm3), W(g), le Ra pakeng tsa lithuto tsa IAD le taolo.4. Puisano
IAD e hlahisitse bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba kelello, ho se atlehe lithutong le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi, haholoholo bacha [1-4]. Leha ho le joalo, hajoale ha ho na kalafo e emeng e lebisitsoeng ho IAD. Ho theha mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho kenella le kalafo ea IAD, pele ho tla hloka ho theha kutloisiso e hlakileng ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo. Thutong ea hona joale, re lekotse boemo ba polelo ea DAT lithutong tsa IAD le li-control tse phetseng hantle tse sebelisang 99mTc-TRODAT-1 KOTSI. Re fumane hore boemo ba mokhoa oa ho bua ka mokhoa oa ho ngola ka li-striatum li fokotsehile haholo le boleng ba V, W, le Ra oa Corpus striatum lithutong tsa IAD li ile tsa fokotsoa haholo. Liphetho tsa ho nahana li fane ka bopaki bo shebileng ka kotloloho ba ho fumaneha ho fetotsoeng ha DAT bokong ba batho ba nang le IAD.
Matsatsi a DAT a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsamaiso ea maemo a dopamine ea striatal synaptic [16-18] 'me li' nile tsa sebelisoa e le matsoao a liteishene tsa dopamine [32]. Palo e fokotsehileng ea li-membrane tsa lisele tsa lisele e kanna ea bonts'a ho lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo kapa tšenyo ea ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e fumanoeng tlatsong e amanang le lithethefatsi. [21-23]. Lithuto tsa ho nahana ka PET li fumane ho eketseha ha dopamine ho striatum nakong ea papali ea video [33]. Bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea ho becha ha methapo ea methapo ba boetse ba bonts'a boemo bo phahameng ba dopamine ho "ventral striatum" nakong ea papali ea chelete [34]. Hobane dopamine e atileng ea extracellular dopamine e amahanngoa le litlhaloso tse tlisoang ke moputso (e phahameng, euphoria) [11, 35], batho ba nang le IAD le bona ba ka ba le thabo e kholo ha dopamine ea extracellular ho eona e eketseha. Leha ho le joalo, nako e telele le tsepamiso e phahameng ea dopamine li bontšitsoe ho baka lesion e khethiloeng ea li-terminals tsa dopamine [32, 36le boholo bo fokotsehileng ba 'mele ea lisele tsa dopaminergic [20]. Ho nkuoa hammoho, li-DAT tse fokotsoeng tse fumanoeng thutong ea rona li ka bonts'a tšenyo ea neuropathologic ea sisteme ea dopaminergic neural e bakoang ke IAD.
Ho ea ka tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele ea ho nahana ka ho hlahloba ho sa tloaeleha ha DAT bokong ba lithuto tsa IAD. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa monahano oa thuto e teng li fana ka bopaki ba hore tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea nako e telele ea marang-rang e ka baka mathata a maholo. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa toloko e felletseng ea liphetho tsa thuto ea hona joale, mefokolo e meng e lokela ho hlokomeloa. Taba ea mantlha, boholo ba sampole ea boithuto ba rona bo ka fokotsa kakaretso ea sephetho sa rona. Mekhatlo e ntle eo re ithutileng ka eona thutong ea rona e kanna ea ba e bile ka tšohanyetso kapa ke phello ea ho kengoa moqoqong oa sampole, 'me ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tse tsoetseng pele kapa tse ling tse kholo. Taba ea bobeli, lithuto tsa IAD thutong ea hona joale li tlalehile liketsahalo tse fapaneng tse lakatsehang ha li lutse ka pel'a mookameli (ho kenyelletsa ho qoqa le metsoalle ea cyber, ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete kapa lifilimi tsa batho ba baholo, jj.). Boithuto ba rona bo ka se tsebe hore na mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ba marang-rang e ka baka liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa DAT ea bongo. Ka hona, thuto ea hona joale e ka tsejoa feela e le ea ho hlaka le ea mantlha, 'me mosebetsi o mongata oa ho etsa lipatlisiso o lokela ho etsoa pele re fihlela sephetho se hlakileng.
5. Qetello
Liphetho tse tsoang thutong ena li fana ka bopaki ba hore IAD e ka tlisa tahlehelo ea bohlokoa ea DAT bokong 'me liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore IAD e amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle lits'ebetsong tsa boko ba dopaminergic mme e lumellana le litlaleho tse fetileng mefuteng e fapaneng ea litlatsetso tse nang le lintho tse ling kapa tse se nang tsona [21-23, 37]. Seo re se fumaneng se tšehetsa taba ea hore IAD e ka arolelana litlolo tse tšoanang le tsa mafu a amanang le khatello ea kelello [15].
lumela hore baa fokola
Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke Grants e tsoang ho Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Z2110230), Health Bureau of Zhejiang Province (2010ZA075, 2011ZDA013), National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (no. 81101023, 81170306, 81173468), le Lekala la Mahlale le Theknoloji ea China (2011CB504400, 2012BAI13B06).
References
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