Resom Res Res. 2015; 2015: 378675. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Buka ea 2015 (2015), sengoloa sa ID 378675, maqephe a 9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/378675
Yunqi Zhu, 1,2,3,4 Hong Zhang, 1,2,3,4 le Mei Tian1,2,3,4
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sepetlele sa Bobeli sa Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Zhejiang, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
2Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou 310009, China
3Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Yunivesithi ea Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310009, China
4Key Laborator of Medical Mole moleiding Imper of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
E amohetse 18 Phupu 2014; E amohetse 8 Mphalane 2014
Mohlophisi oa thuto: Ali Cahid Civelek
Copyright © 2015 Yunqi Zhu et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa Lebenkele la Tlhahiso ea Tlas'a Tlhahiso, se lumellang ts'ebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso le tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e ngoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng, ha feela mosebetsi oa mantlha o bontšitsoe ka nepo.
inahaneloang
Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Marang-rang e baka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (IA), e amanang le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse mpe. Mekhoa ea ho nahana ka limolek'hule le ts'ebetso e sebelisitsoe haholo ho hlahlobisisa liphetoho tsa neurobiological le li-correlates tsa neurochemical tsa IA. Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa lipatlisiso tsa limolek'hule le tse sebetsang tsa methapo ea methapo ea IA, e tsepamisang mohopolo mokhoeng oa ho sebelisa matla a nyelisang (MRI) le menahano ea matla a nyutlelie ho kenyelletsa positron emission tomography (PET) le single photon emission complication tomography (SPECT). Boithuto ba MRI bo bonts'a hore liphetoho tsa sebopeho ka cortex ea kapele li amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang lithutong tse lemaletseng inthanete. Liphumano tsa menahano ea nyutlelie li bonts'a hore IA e amana le ho se sebetse hantle ha lits'ebetso tsa dopaminergic tsa boko. Taolo e sa tloaelehang ea dopamine ea preortal cortex (PFC) e ka tlatselletsa boleng bo ntlafalitsoeng ba boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo sa laoleheng ho feta tšebeliso ea inthanete lithutong tse lemaletseng. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho fumana liphetoho tse itseng bokong bo lemaletseng marang-rang, hammoho le litlamorao tsa boitšoaro le kutloisiso.
1. Selelekela
Ho lemalla lintho tse ling kapa mesebetsi e ka ama bophelo bo botle ba batho mme ka linako tse ling ho baka mathata a tebileng sechabeng [1-3]. Mohlala, tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e ka baka kholo ea boitšoaro bo botle, e lebisang ho senyeheng ho hoholo kapa khatello ea maikutlo [4]. Haufinyane, lipatlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang (IA), haholo-holo papali ea lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD), li eketsehile ka bongata le ka boleng [5, 6]. IA hangata e hlalosoa e le ho sitoa ha batho ho laola ts'ebeliso ea bona ea Marang-rang, e bakang mathata a kelello, a sechaba le / kapa mathata a mosebetsi [7]. IA e amahanngoa le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse mpe, joalo ka ho tela mesebetsi ea bophelo ba nnete, ho se tsotelle, ho ba mabifi le ho hloea, khatello ea maikutlo, ho se sebetse hantle, katleho e mpe ea thuto, ho phela hantle, le ho jeoa ke bolutu bo phahameng [5].
Le ha IA e hapile tlhokomelo e ntseng e hola ho tsoa lefats'eng la mahlale, hajoale ha ho na litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhahlobo Mekhoa e 'maloa ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e ntlafalitsoe ho hlakola IA. Morero o sebelisoang ka ho fetesisa oa tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa tse fumanehang ho feta ke lipotso tsa Little's Diagnostic Questionnaire [8-10]. E ipapisitse le Buka ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida (DSM-IV), qalong o ile a etsa tlhaiso e khutšoanyane ea lintlha tse robeli e neng e hlahloba IA [8]. Ha ba sebelisa mekhoa ena, barupeluoa ba nang le mekhoa e mehlano kapa ho feta ea e robeli e hlahisitsoeng likhoeling tsa 6 tse fetileng ba ne ba thathamisitsoe e le ba nang le lefu la IA. Mocha o boetse o thehile tlhahlobo ea lipotso tsa 20, e bitsoang Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete [10]. Ka lipotso tsa 20 tsa ntho, ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ipapisitse le sekhahla sa Likert ea 5-point tekolo ea mathata a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Likolo tse fetang 50 li bonts'a mathata a amanang le marang-rang nako le nako kapa lintlha tse fetang 80 li bonts'a mathata a bohlokoa a amanang le IA [10]. Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete e netefalitsoe e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang le se ka tšeptjoang se ka sebelisoang ho khetholla IA [11]. Mekhoa e meng ea ho hlahloba le lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahlobisisa e boetse e entsoe mme ea sebelisoa ho lekola IA [12-16].
Joaloka mofuta oa bohlokoa oa IA, IGD e fumane tlhokomelo e eketsehileng le ho feta lefats'eng lohle. IGD e kentsoe sehlomathisong sa DSM-V, ka sepheo sa ho khothaletsa lithuto tse eketsehileng [4]. DSM-V e hlalosa IGD e le "ts'ebeliso e sa khaotseng le e sebelisoang khafetsa ea ho etsa lipapali, hangata le libapali tse ling, e lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea likhoeli tse hlano kapa ho feta ka nako ea khoeli ea 12" 5].
Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, mekhoa ea ho nahana ka limolek'hule le e sebetsang e sebelisitsoe haholo ho ithuta mochine oa neurobiological o thehiloeng ho IA. Ho nahanisisa ka limolek'hule ke tšimo e hōlang ka potlako e etselitsoeng ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le lefu la limolek'hule ka lithuto tse amanang le tlhahlobo ea kelello [17]. Mohopolo oa limolek'hule o ka hlalosoa ka botlalo e le tšobotsi ea vivo le tekanyo ea lits'ebetso tsa biologic seleng ea sele le ea limolek'hule [18]. Bakeng sa ho thibela le ho phekola IA, ho bohlokoa ho ba le kutloisiso e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea eona e tlase. Tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e lebisitse tšebelisong e kholo ea sebopeho sa sebopeho sa sebopeho sa tšebetso ea sebopeho, ho etsa mohlala, maqhubu a matla a tšebetso ea matla a sefahleho (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), le motsoako o le mong oa photon emissions complication tomography (SPECT) mafu a ramatiki le thuto ea IA. Mona re lekola lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa limolek'hule le tse sebetsang tse faneng ka temohisiso e kholo mabapi le mekhoa ea IA ea likokoana-hloko, e shebane haholo le mekhoa ea MRI le ea PET.
2. Lipatlisiso tsa MRI
MRI ke mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho nahana o sebelisang matla a matla a khoheli le radiofrequency ho bona sebopeho se ka hare le bonolo ba moriana oa 'mele [19]. Monyetla o ka sehloohong oa MRI e le mokhoa oa ho nahana ka molek'hule ke qeto ea eona e phahameng ea sepakapaka (micrometer), e lumellang tlhaiso-leseling ea 'mele le ea tlhaho hore e ntšoe ka nako e le ngoe. MRI e sebetsang ke mokhoa o se nang tšebeliso o ka sebelisoang ho lekola liphetoho tsa tšebetso ea metabolic bokong [20]. Ho netefalitsoe hore keketseho ea tšebetso ea li-neuronal kahare ho karolo e itseng ea boko e lebisa keketseho ea palo ea phallo ea mali e nang le oksijene sebakeng seo se khethehileng [21]. Kaha "hemoglobin" ea deo oxygenated ke paramagnetic, 'me hemoglobin e nang le oksijene e fapana ka tšohanyetso, phapang e tsoang maling (oxygen) e itšetlehileng ka mali e thusa ho hlahlojoa ha boko ba tikoloho bo sebetsa maemong a fapaneng le litlhokahalo tsa kelello.
2.1. Liphetoho tsa sebopeho
U sebelisa MRI, liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa boko li tsamaisana le IA. U sebelisa liteko tsa 'mala oa Stroop color [22], e sebelisitsoeng haholo ho lekola taolo ea inhibitory, patlisiso e tlaleha hore bacha ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse bokhoni ba taolo ea kelello e hlokofatsang [23]. Liphetho tse etselitsoeng li bonts'a hore libaka tsa boko tse amanang le ts'ebetso e kholo, mohlala, backal orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula cortex, le entorhinal cortex, li bontsitse ho fokola ha cortical ho lithuto tsa IGD ho bapisoa le taolo (Setšoantšo sa 1). Ntle le moo, bangoli ba boetse ba tlaleha hore botsitso ba cortical bo fokolitsoeng ba morao ba OFC bo ne bo amana le bokhoni ba taolo ea bokhoni ba ho laola ba lilemong tsa bocha ba IGD. Tumellanong le sena, phuputso e 'ngoe hape e tlaleha ho fokola ha boima ho OFC ea bacha ba lemaletseng marang-rang [24]. Ka lebaka la maikutlo a hore OFC e amehile ho pathology ea lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro [25, 26], bangoli ba fana ka maikutlo a hore IA e arolelana mochine o tšoanang oa neurobiological le litumelo tse ling. Ntle le botenya ba cortical bo fokotsehileng, botenya ba cortical bo ile ba boela ba bonoa karolong e ka letsohong le letšehali la cortex, precuneus, cortex e bohareng bo kahare, le li-cortices tse tlase tsa temport le bohareng ba [CNUMX] (Setšoantšo sa 23). The precuneus e amahanngoa le litšoantšo tse bonoang, tlhokomelo, le tsebiso ea memori [1]. Cortex e ka tlase e tlase le "cortex" e ka tlase e bonts'oa e sebetsa ho lakatsa ho ts'oaroa ke lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi [27, 28]. Ka hona, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tse eketsehileng tsa botenya ba cortical ho IGD li kanna tsa amahanngoa le takatso ea litheko tsa lipapali.
Setšoantšo sa 1: Phapang ea botenya ba cortical ho bacha le IGD ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Bophahamo bo boholo ba cortical bo ile ba bonoa libakeng tse 'maloa ho bacha ba nang le IGD ha ba bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle, ke hore, "cortex" e ka letsohong le letšehali, le "cortex" e bohareng le bohare bo tlase. Bofokoli bo fokolisitsoeng ba cortical ka ho le letšehali la OFC, insula cortex, le gyrus ea ling, hammoho le gortus e nepahetseng ea postcentral, entorhinal cortex, le cortex e tlase e tlaase e fumanoe lilemong tsa bocha tse nang le IGD [23].
Voxel-based morphometry ke mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho khetholla bophahamo ba khoele ea khoerese le phapanyetsano ea lithaelese tsa litsoantso tsa lits'oants'o tsa bohloeki [30, 31]. Morphometry e thehiloeng ho Voxel e bile le thuso ho khethollang mathata a poteletseng a mafu a fapaneng a lefu la methapo. Boithuto ba morphometry bo thehiloeng ho Voxel bo bonts'itse hore bacha ba IGD ba ne ba e-na le bothata bo bokhubelung bo tebileng ka ho le letšehali cingrate cortex (ACC), ba ile ba siea posterior cingrate cortex (PCC), ba tlohela ho sebetsa, 'me ba siile ling ling gyrus [32]. U sebelisa mokhoa o tšoanang, molumo oa litaba tse fokotsehileng o ile oa fumanoa mokhatlong o ikhethileng oa li-PFC, sebaka sa makoloi se tlatsetsang, OFC, cerebellum, 'me sa siea rostral ACC sehlopheng se seng sa bacha ba lemaletseng marang-rang [33]. Ho feta moo, phuputso ea boraro e thehiloeng ho Voxel e thehiloeng moriring e tlalehiloe ka taba e tsoileng tseleng ka ho le letona la OFC, infula ea naha le sebaka se nepahetseng sa IGD [34]. Liphetho tsa atrophy ea litaba tse putsoa har'a lithuto tsena li ne li sa feto-fetohe, e ka ba ka lebaka la mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho lokisa data. PFC e kentse letsoho ho rala boits'oaro bo rarahaneng ba boits'oaro, ho hlahisa botho, le ho etsa liqeto, e leng dorsolateral PFC, ACC, le OFC [35]. Lithuto tse ngata tsa ho nahana ka litšoantšo li hlahisitse karolo ea PFC ho lemaletseng [36]. Hona joale ho tsebahala hore OFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea taolo le ho etsa liqeto [26, 37]. Lipatlisiso tse sebetsang tsa ho nahana ka bokong li senotse hore dorsolateral PFC le rostral ACC li ne li kentse letsoho taolong ea kelello [38, 39]. Bofokoli ba litaba bo fokotsoang ho PFC bo ka amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo sa laoleheng ho bokhoba ba marang-rang, bo ka hlalosang matšoao a mantlha a IA. Ho kenyellelitsoe mohopolo oa ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bokhoba [40]. Lithuto tse ngata tse sebetsang tsa ho nahana ka tšebeliso li fana ka bopaki ba hore ho hlokahala hore ho kenngoe tšusumetso e hlakileng bakeng sa tšusumetso e hlakileng ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, mme ts'ebetso ena e tloaelehile har'a ba sebelisang lithethefatsi [41, 42]. Ka hona, liphetho tsena li lumellana le liphumano tse fetileng mme li netefalitse karolo e hlokahalang ea PFC le ts'usumetso ea ho lemalla.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) ke mokhoa o fumanehang ho lekola lintho tse tšoeu tsa boko tse sa sebetseng. Ho fumaneha ha limolek'hule tsa metsi ho ile ha fumaneha hore e ne e potlaka haholo ka har'a likhoele tse tšoeu ho feta tsa bona. Phapang lipakeng tsa maqhubu ana a mabeli ke motheo oa DTI [43, 44]. DTI e fana ka moralo oa ho fumana, ho sekaseka, le ho hlakisa likarolo tsa moralo oa taba e tšoeu. Ntle le tlhekefetso ea taba e putsoa, tlhekefetso ea litaba tse tšoeu le eona e khothalelitsoe ho IGD. U sebelisa DTI, thuto e ile ea lekola bonnete ba litaba tse tšoeu ho batho ba nang le IGD [45]. Aisotropy e phahameng ea likhechana e tlalehiloe ka har'a thalamus 'me ea siea PCC ho IGD e amanang le taolo e phetseng hantle. Ntle le moo, ho hlohlona ho phahameng ha morusu thalamus ho ne ho amana le ho teba ha IGD. Litaba tse amanang le bosoeu le tsona li tlalehiloe libakeng tse ling tsa boko ke lithuto tse ling. Mohlala, ho phatlalalitsoe ka bobeli le ho fokotsoa ha semelo sa likhechana thutong, ka li-anisotropy tse ntlafalitsoeng ka leqeleng la mokokotlo oa mokokotlo oa kahare mme tsa fokotsa likomano tse tšabehang kahara letsoho le letona la parahippocampal gyrus [33]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, anisotropy e tlase haholo e tlalehiloe ho pholletsa le boko ba bokhoba ba marang-rang, ho kenyelletsa le PFC le ACC [46]. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho libaka tse nang le li-antisotropy tse phahameng tse fumanoeng. Liphetho tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe hape sehlopheng se seng sa bacha ba nang le IGD [34]. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'oaetso ea IA e bonts'a litlolo tse atileng tse tšoeu tse ka amanang le ho senyeha hoa boitšoaro. Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore liphetoho tse arohaneng tsa aisotropy libakeng tsa boko ha li lumellane lithutong tsena, 'me ho se lumellane ho teng lithutong tsena ho hloka tlhahlobo e ngoe hape.
2.2. Mekhoa e Metle ea Mosebetsi
U sebelisa arterial spin-labeling perfusion fMRI, Feng et al. e batlisisitse litlamorao tsa IGD mabapi le ho phomotsa ho phalla hoa mali a "cypre" ho bacha (47]. Ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tsa taolo, bacha ba nang le IGD ba bonts'a phallo e phahameng ea mali a likhoerekhoere ka bongata ka letsohong le letšehali "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "Gcy-Gus / Gebus] ea letsohong le letšehali ea letsoho le letšehali, ho kenella ka letsohong le letona, ho kenella ka letsohong le letona, le letona le bohareng ba" "" "" "" gcy " pele-pele gyrus, sebaka sa makoloi se tlatsetsang ka ho le letšehali, leqele la cingrate, le tokelo e tlase ea parietal. Bongata ba libaka tsena li kenyellelitsoe mohlaleng o khothalelitsoeng ke Volkow et al. moo ho lemalloang ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e le ho leka-lekana ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso-leseling le ho hokahana lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo e mengata ea boko le mesebetsi [48]. Har'a libaka tsena tsa boko, li-amygdala le hippocampus ke karolo ea potoloho e kenyelletsoeng ho ithuteng le mohopolong o amanang le ho lakatsa ho arabela likarolong tse amanang le lithethefatsi [49]. Ka bobeli insula le PFC li tsejoa li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bokhoba ba tahi [36, 40]. Ho tsoa hoa mali a "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" Khale e mpe ea madi a "" "" "" "" "" Ceresi ea "" "" "cra" e fumanoe "ka" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" Greek "gistase e bohareng ea" occipital gyrus ". Liphetho li bontša hore IGD e fetola phetisetso ea phallo ea mali a tsoang bokong bokong ba bacha. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na liphetoho tsena tse tsamaeang le phallo ea mali a tsoang bokong li bontšitse liso tsa methapo ea mantlha kapa liphetoho tse bohareng ho koahela tšenyo e joalo.
Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso e boetse e bonoa ho batho ba nang le IA. Phuputso ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li bonts'itse khokahano e sebetsang ho biliveal cerebellum posterior lobe le tempor gian e bohareng ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo [50]. Sebaka se ikhethileng sa parietal lobe se ikemetseng le "gyrus" e tlase e tlase e bonts'itsoeng se fokotsehile kgokahanyo. Phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile hore bacha ba nang le IA ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolitsoeng ea ts'ebetso e kenyelletsang likarolo tsa cortico-subcortical circuits,' me li-putamen tse peli e ne e le karolo ea "subcortical brain" e amanang le boko ka ho fetesisa. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore IA e amana le phallo e pharalletseng le phokotso e kholo ea khokahanyo e sebetsang ea ho nka sebaka sa marang-rang se abiloeng.
Ho tlalehiloe hore ho susumetsa ho amahanngoa le IA [52]. Bokhoni ba ho hatella karabo ea motor e reriloeng hangata bo hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-stop-sign or go / no-go paradigms [53]. Phuputso e sa tsoa feta e lekotseng karabo ea karabo le ho sebetsoa ha liphoso lithutong tse nang le IGD [54]. Lithuto tsohle li entse mosebetsi o amanang le ho ea / ho sa tsamaee ho amanang le ketsahalo tlasa fMRI le lipotso tse tlatsitsoeng tse amanang le IA le tlhotlheletso. Sehlopha sa IGD se fumane sekhahla se phahameng sa ho se ts'oenyehe mme se bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso ha ts'ebetso e sebetsana le thibelo ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la OFC le nucleus ea caudate ea methapo ho feta taolo. OFC e kopantsoe le karabo ea karabo [37, 55]. Ka hona, liphetho tsena li ts'ehetsa 'nete ea hore marang-rang a bolumeli a amang maikutlo a amanang le tšebeliso ea litaba. Phuputso e ts'oanang e ile ea lekola ho kopanya ha neural ho thibelo ea karabo ho banna le IA ba sebelisang ketsahalo e amanang le fMRI Stroop color-word task [56]. Sehlopha sa IA se bonts'itse ts'ebetso e amanang le "Stroop" haholo-holo e amanang le ACC le PCC ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. ACC e bontšitsoe hore e kenya letsoho taolong ea likhohlano le taolo ea kelello [57, 58]. Ho bokelloa ho hoholo ha ACC nakong ea mosebetsi oa mebala ea Stroop ho ka bonts'a ho fokotseha "ho sebetsa hantle" sehlopheng sa IA. PCC ke karolo e bohareng ea marang-rang a mofuta oa default mme e bile le tšusumetso lits'ebetsong tsa tlhokomelo [59]. Ts'ebetso e kholo ho PCC e ka bonts'a ho senyeha ho sa feleng ha marang-rang a mofuta oa default ho fella ka ho sitoa ho ntlafatsa lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo tse amanang le sehlopha sa IA. Liphetho tsena li bontša hore batho ka bomong ba nang le IA ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso.
Homogeneity ea tikoloho ke mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo lithutong tsa fMRI tse lekanyang ts'ebelisano ea voxel e fanoeng le baahisani ba eona ba haufi, mme e ka sebelisoa ho lekola mesebetsi ea boko ba mmuso e thehiloeng ho khopolo-taba ea hore li-voxels tse haufi tsa moea li lokela ho ba le mekhoa e ts'oanang ea nakoana [ 60]. Lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ea homogeneity ea tikoloho kahara parietal lobe e fokolang, e tlohetse mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, 'me e tlohetse bohareng ba bohareng mme e fokotse homogeneity ea tikoloho libakeng tsa boko ba nakoana, occipital le parietal ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle [61]. Liphetho li bontša hore papali ea nako e telele ea inthaneteng e bapalang ho hokahanya ha boko libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le methapo ea kutlo le ho fokotseha hoa thabo libakeng tse amanang le boko.
Boithuto bo 'maloa bo ile ba fuputsa libaka tsa boko tse amanang le litakatso tsa papali ea cue-ikiwa (62-65]. Barupeluoa ba ile ba bontšoa litšoantšo tsa papali ha ba ntse ba le tlas'a fMRI. Lithuto tsena li bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea matšoao a ntseng a eketseha libakeng tsa boko tse fetisitsoeng (mohlala, dorsolateral PFC, low parietal lobe, ACC, parahippocampal gyrus, OFC, le PCC) sehlopheng se lemaletseng ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Likarolo tse sebetsanang le tšebetso ea boko li ne li tsamaisana hantle le litabatabelo tsa boithati tse itlalehang. Litla-morao tse libakeng tsena tsa boko li kentsoe ts'ebetsong ke litekanyetso tse ngata mme li ka amahanngoa le ho se sebetse taolong ea kelello, ho lakatsa, boitsoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo, le mohopolo oa ho sebetsa lithutong tsa IGD [66].
Boithuto bo khahlisang bo bapisitse lithuto tsa IGD le lithuto tse tloheletsoeng ho tsoa ho IGD le taolo ea litakatsong tse ts'oarelitsoeng tsa ho tseba ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete [67]. Bilateral dorsolateral PFC, precuneus, lefthiphipococal gyrus, PCC, le ACC e nepahetseng li ile tsa kenngoa ts'ebetsong ho arabela mekhoa ea papali sehlopheng sa IGD ha e bapisoa le sehlopha se laolang. Libaka tsena tsa boko tse butsoeng li emela potoloho ea boko e tsamaeang le mochine oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi [38, 39, 59]. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sa tšoarelo se bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokotseng ts'ebetso holim'a tokelo ea dorsolateral PFC mme leqhetsoana le letšehali la parahippocampal ho feta sehlopha sa IGD. Kahoo, bangoli ba fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tsena tse peli e tla ba matšoao bakeng sa ho lemalla papali ea marang-rang.
MRI e boetse e sebelisitsoe ho lekola litlamorao tsa kalafo e mabapi le kalafo e ikhethang ea pharmacological ho IA. Bupropion ke norepinephrine / dopamine reuptake inhibitor, e sebelisitsoeng kalafo ea bakuli ba nang le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Phuputso e fuputse katleho e ka bang teng ea bupropion, e lekotseng ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho arabela ho mekhoa ea papali e sebelisang fMRI [68]. IGD e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho le letšehali la micipital lobe, le letšehali la dorsolateral PFC, 'me leqele le letšehali la parahippocampal Kamora libeke tsa 6 tsa kalafo ea bupropion, litakatso le nako eohle e sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali li ne li le tlase. Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bongo ea cue e kentsoeng ho dorsolateral PFC le eona e ile ea fokotseha, e leng se bonts'ang hore bupropion e ne e sebetsa. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe pejana, batho ba IGD ba sa tšoareloang ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokotsehile holima letsoho le letona la dorsolateral PFC le parahippocampal gyrus [67]. Ka hona, monahano oa limolek'hule o na le monyetla oa ho thusa lingaka ho fumana kalafo e nepahetseng ho bakuli ka bomong le ho lekola tsoelo-pele ea bona ho fola.
3. Liphumano tsa Bohlokoa ba Nyutlelie
Mekhoa ea ho nahana ka matla a nyutlelie, e kenyelletsang SPECT le PET, e na le melemo ea ho ba le kutloisiso e phahameng ea maikutlo, ho kenella ka botebo bo sa lekanyetsoang, le mefuta e mengata e fumanehang ea li-molek'hule tsa monahano oa limolek'hule [70]. SPECT le PET li fana ka leseli mabapi le metabolism ea matla ho vivo ka ho lekanya tšebeliso ea tsoekere, motsoako oa motsoako le tšebeliso ea oksijene. Patlisisong ea methapo ea kutlo, sena se lumella lipatlisiso tsa tšebetso ea neural, hammoho le mekhoa ea mafu, e thehiloeng ho metabolism ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea [71]. PET e na le melemo e tlatselletsang ea ho fana ka tharollo e phahameng ea sebaka ho fapana le SPECT. Ntle le litekanyo tsa metabolism ea "cerebral metabolism", PET le SPECT hape e thusa tlhahlobo e tobileng haholoanyane ea methapo ea marang-rang ea li-neurotransmitter ka ts'ebeliso ea li-radiotracers tse khethehileng tsa "neuroreceptor [72].
3.1. PET Imagan of Brain Metabolic Liphetoho
U sebelisa 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET imaging, patlisiso e ile ea lekola liphapang tsa metabolism ea "glucose glucose metabolism" pakeng tsa bacha ba nang le IGD le ba nang le ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng [73]. Liphetho tse etsahallang li bonts'itse hore IGD e ekelitse metabolism ea glucose bohareng ba OFC, nate ea caudate ea leqele, le insula e nepahetseng mme e fokotsehile metabolism libakeng tse kahare tsa morao-rao tsa postcentral gyrus, li-precentral gyrus, le li-squipital tsa naha tse peli ho bapisoa le basebelisi ba tloaelehileng. Liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore IGD e kanna ea amahanngoa le ho hlaseloa ha methapo ea kutlo ho OFC, striatum, le libaka tsa sensory, tse kentsoeng taolong ea tšusumetso, ts'ebetsong ea moputso, le boemeli bo ikhethang ba boiphihlelo bo fetileng.
3.2. Nuclear Imaging ea Neuroreceptor Abniciities
Bopaki bo hlahang bo bontšitse hore sisteme ea dopaminergic e kenya letsoho tlatsong ea lithethefatsi [74, 75]. Phuputso ea sefofane e entsoeng ke Koepp et al. o sebelisitse mofuta oa 11C o ngotsoeng lenane la raclopride le lipalo tsa PET ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tlhahiso ea maqhubu a dopamine ea nako le nako ka nako ea papali ea video [76]. Ho tlangoa ha radioligand 11C-raclopride ho dopamine D2 receptors ho ameha ka maemo a endopele a dopamine, a ka bonoang e le liphetoho bakeng sa matla a tlamang a radioligand. Bangoli ba tlaleha hore ho tlama ha 11C-raclopride ho dopamine receptors ho striatum ho fokotsehile haholo nakong ea papali ea video ha ho bapisoa le maemo a motheo a ho tlama, a neng a khothaletsa ho lokolloa le ho tlangoa ha dopamine ho li-receptors tsa eona. Ntle le moo, ba bonts'itse hore ho na le khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa boemo ba ts'ebetso nakong ea mosebetsi le ho fokotsa bokhoni ba ho kopanya ba 11C-raclopride. Liphetho tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe ho batho ba nang le IA [77]. Batho ka bomong ba nang le IA ba ne ba fokolitse phumaneho ea dopamine D2 receptor ho striatum ha e bapisoa le taolo. Ntle le moo, ho bile le kopanyo e mpe ea ho fumaneha ha dopamine receptor ka botebo ba IA. Liphumano tsena li tšehetsa Han et al. ea entseng lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa tsamaiso ea dopaminergic sehlopheng sa libapali tsa lipapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng [78]. Ba tlalehile hore batho ka bomong ba nang le liprotheine tse eketsehileng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mofuta oa coping oa dopamine D2 receptor le dopamine e nyenyefatsang, ba ne ba le mothating oa ho becha ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa inthanete ha ho bapisoa le taolo e tsamaeang le lilemo.
Dopamine transporter ke protheine ea membrane ea plasma e tsamaisang dopamine ka mokhoa o hlakileng e tsoang sebakeng sa extracellular ho li-neuron tsa "presynaptic neurons [79]. Ho fetoloa ha dopamine transporter ho striatum e latelang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litheko tse sa foleng ho tlalehiloe pele ho [80, 81]. Re sebelisa SPECT ka radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1, sehlopha sa rona se ile sa etsa lipatlisiso ka letsoalo la dopamine transporter density lithutong tsa IA ho khetholla menyetla e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng ea Presynaptic [82]. Re bontšitse hore boemo ba polelo ea dopamine transporter bo fokotsehile haholo mme bophahamo, boima, le 99mTc-TRODAT-1 karo-karolelano ea tekanyo ea Corpus striatum li ile tsa fokotsoa haholo ho batho ka bomong ba nang le IA ha ba bapisoa le taolo. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore IA e amana le ho se sebetse hantle ha lits'ebetso tsa dopaminergic tsa boko.
Phuputsong e tebileng haholoanyane, sehlopha sa rona se fuputse li-metabolism tsa dopamine D2 le glucose ka ho tšoanang ho batho ba sebelisang PET ka 11C-N-methylspiperone (11C-NMSP) le 18F-FDG, literekeng tsena ka bobeli tsa mosebetsi oa ho phomola le oa inthanete [ 69]. Phokotseho e kholo ea metabolism ea glucose e ile ea bonoa litsamaisong tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tsa limbic ho lihlooho tsa IGD. Naheng ea ho phomola, boemo bo tlase ba 11C-NMSP binding bo fumanoe ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa "infrism" oa nakoana ka tlase ho lithuto tsa IGD ha li bapisoa le taolo e tloaelehileng (Setšoantšo sa 2 (a)). Kamora mosebetsi oa papali ea marang-rang, 11C-NMSP e kopantseng bokhoni ba striatum e ne e le tlase haholo lithutong tsa IGD ha e bapisoa le taolo, e bonts'ang boemo bo fokotsehileng ba dopamine D2 receptor (Setšoantšo sa 2 (b)). Phallo ea dopamine D2 receptor e ile ea tsamaisoa lilemo tse ngata tsa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete (Setšoantšo sa 2 (d)). Habohlokoa, lithutong tsa IGD, boemo bo tlase ba dopamine D2 receptor ho striatum bo ile ba lumellana le metabolism ea glucose e fokotsehileng ho OFC. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore dopamine D2 receptor mediated dysregulation ea OFC e ka tlasa mochini oa tahlehelo ea taolo le boits'oaro bo qobelloang lithutong tsa IGD.
Setšoantšo sa 2: 11C-NMSP PET imaging ea dopamine D2 receptor fumaneha lithutong tsa IGD. (a) Naheng ea ho phomola, boemo bo tlase ba 11C-NMSP binding bo ile ba fumanoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa "undercy" oa "" "" "cy "oa" IGD "ha o bapisoa le li-control (mmala o moputsoa) (o sa lokang,). (b) Sebakeng sa mosebetsi oa papali, 11C-NMSP e tlamang putamen e ne e le tlase haholo sehlopheng sa IGD ho feta sehlopha sa taolo, haholoholo lehlakoreng le letona (mmala o mosehla) (o sa lokang,). (c) Ka bobeli (,) le ka ho le letšehali setlama se kopanyang 11C-NMSP (,) se tsamaellane hampe le Sekolo se Nyenyane lithutong tsa IGD. (d) Ka ho le letšehali OFC ho karolelano ea cerebellum ea 11C-NMSP e tlamang e tsamaellanang hantle le nako ea tšebeliso ea inthanete ho feta (,) [69].
Ho tsoa liphethong tsena, ho bonahala eka IA e arolelana mekhoa e ts'oanang ea likokoana-hloko ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le bopaki bo bonts'a hore ho na le phapang e kholo mekhoeng ea methapo ea lithethefatsi tse fapaneng [83]. Sengoloa sa pono, Badiani et al. e fane ka bopaki ba hore bokhoba ba opiate le bokhoba ba psychostimulant bo fapana ka boits'oaro le neurobiologic, mme liphapang tsena li kanna tsa sebetsa le ho lingoli tse ling [83]. Kahoo, ho utloisisa mekhoa ea methapo ea methapo e ka tlase ho IA ho bohlokoa molemong oa ntlafatso ea mekhoa e khethehileng le e sebetsang ea kalafo.
4. Sephetho le Mehopolo ea Bokamoso
Bopaki bo hlahang bo bontšitse hore liphetoho sebopeho sa boko le tšebetso e amanang le IA li bohlokoa libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang moputsong, khothatsong, le mohopolong, hammoho le taolong ea kelello. Mekhoa ea ho nahana ka limolek'hule le e sebetsang e sebelisitsoe haholoanyane ho lipatlisiso tsa IA, e kenya letsoho haholo kutlwisisong ea rona ea mochine oa neurobiological. Bongata ba mangolo a fetileng a ithutile batho ba IA feela tlasa maemo a phomolo, a netefalitsoe lits'oants'o le tšebetso ho OFC, dColoral PFC, ACC, le PCC. Libaka tseo li ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bonts'a tšusumetso, taolo ea thibelo le ho etsa liqeto. Ho fihlela joale, thuto e le 'ngoe feela ea PET e nang le 11C-NMSP le 18F-FDG e ile ea etsoa tlas'a libaka tsa ho phomola le tsa marang-rang ho batho ba ts'oanang (ebang ke ka IGD kapa che) mme a fumana hore dopamine D2 receptor mediated dysregulation ea OFC e ka tlisoa ke mochini oa tahlehelo ea taolo le boits'oaro bo qobelloang lithutong tsa IGD.
Kaha IA e fetohile bothata bo tebileng lefats'eng ka bophara, tlhoko ea kalafo e sebetsang e ntse e potlaka le ho feta. Mekhoa eohle ea kalafo ea kelello le ea kalafo e sebelisitsoe ho phekola IA. Lithethefatsi tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore li tšepisa ho phekola IA, joalo ka li-antidepressants, antipsychotic, le antioon receptor antagonists [84]. Phekolo ea boitšoaro bo amang kelello e sebelisitsoe ho phekola tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi [85]. Kaha IA e bonahala e arolelana mokhoa o tšoanang le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi, kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello e boetse e netefalitsoe hore e sebetsa hantle ho phekola IA [86]. Patlisiso e ngoe hape e sebelisang li-radiotracers tse tobileng ho tobisa litsamaiso tse ling tsa methapo e amehang ke IA e tla fana ka setšoantšo se felletseng sa mochine oa neurobiological o neng o le ka tlase ho IA. Ho feta moo, li-radiotracers li ka sebelisoa ho lekola litlamorao tsa kalafo e ikhethang ea kalafo, mohlala, ho sebelisa 11C-carfentanil ho ithuta ho fumaneha ha receptor ea mu-opioid le ho bolela sephetho sa kalafo sa bahanyetsi ba li-opioid receptor antagonists le ho thusa lingaka ho tseba kalafo e nepahetseng ho bakuli ka bomong .
Khohlano ea Lithahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa lithahasello mabapi le phatlalatso ea pampiri ena.
lumela hore baa fokola
Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Grants e tsoang ho National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB329506), National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (81271601), le Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011CB504400).
References
AI Leshner, "Ho lemalla ke lefu la boko, 'me ho bohlokoa," Saense, leq. 278, che. 5335, maq. 45-47, 1997. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
TE Robinson le KC Berridge, "Bokhoba ba" "Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Psychology, vol. 54, maq. 25-53, 2003. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
D. Sulzer, "Lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li ka sitisa jang neano ea" presopaptic dopamine neurotransication, "Neuron, leq. 69, che. 4, maq. 628-649, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
NM Petry, F. Rehbein, DA Nationsle, et al., "Tumellano ea machaba ea ho lekola bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete e sebelisa mokhoa o mocha oa DSM-5," Addiction, vol. 109, che. 9, maq. 1399-1406, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DJ Kuss, "Tebello ea papali ea inthanete: maikutlo a hajoale," Psychology Research and Behavi Management, vol. 6, maq. 125-137, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DE Greydanus le MM Greydanus, "Tšebeliso ea marang-rang, sebelisoa hampe, le bokhoba ho bacha: mathata a hona joale le liphephetso," Koranta ea Machaba ea Adolescent Medicine le Health, vol. 24, che. 4, maq. 283-289, 2012. Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
K. Yuan, W. Qin, Yu Liu, le J. Tian, "temallo ea inthanete: liphetho tse fumanehang ka botlalo," Communicative and Integrative Biology, vol. 4, che. 6, maq. 637-639, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
KS Young, "Bokhoba ba marang-rang: ho hlaha ha bokuli bo bocha ba kliniki," cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 1, che. 3, maq. 237-244, 1998. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
KW Beard le EM Wolf, "Phetoho mehatong e ntlafalitsoeng ea tlhahlobo ea tahi ea inthanete," cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 4, che. 3, maq. 377-383, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
KS Yong, ea Tšoasitsoeng ke Marang-rang: Mokhoa oa ho tseba matšoao a bokhoba ba inthanete le leano la ho hlola bakeng sa ho hlaphoheloa, John Wiley & Bara, New York, NY, USA, 1998.
L. Widyanto le M. McMurran, "Sebopeho sa psychometric sa teko ea ts'ibollo ea marang-rang," cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 7, che. 4, maq. 443-450, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
R. Tao, X. Huang, J. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, le M. Li, "Boitekanyetso ba tlhahlobo ea tlhatlhobo ea inthanete," tlatsetso, vol. 105, che. 3, maq. 556-564, 2010. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C.-H. Ko, J.Y. Yen, S.H. Chen, M.J. Yang, H.—C. Lin, le C.-F. Yen, "Mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ea tlhahlobo le thulusi ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho liithuti tsa koleche," Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 50, che. 4, maq. 378-384, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
NA Shapira, MC Lessig, TD Goldsmith et al. "Tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le bothata: mokhoa oa ho khetha le tlhaiso-leseling," khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, vol. 17, che. 4, maq. 207-216, 2003. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
CH Ko, JY Yen, CC Chen, SH Chen, le CF Yen, "Mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang bakeng sa bacha," Journal of Nervous and Mental Illase, vol. 193, che. 11, maq. 728-733, 2005. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G.-J. Meerkerk, RJJM van Den Eijnden, AA Vermulst, le HFL Garretsen, "The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): thepa e 'ngoe ea psychometric," Cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 12, che. 1, maq. 1-6, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
ML James le SS Gambhir, "Primer ea ho nahana ka limolek'hule: mekhoa e fapaneng, boemeli ba ho nahana, le lits'ebetso," Physiological Review, vol. 92, che. 2, maq. 897-965, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
R. Weissleder le U. Mahmood, "Ho nahana ka limolek'hule," Radiology, leq. 219, che. 2, maq. 316-333, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
AM Blamire, "Theknoloji ea MRI — lilemo tse latelang tsa 10?" Koranta ea Brithani ea Brithani, vol. 81, che. 968, maq. 601-617, 2008. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
NK Logothetis, "Motheo oa leseli la tšebeliso ea matla a moea le oksijene e sebetsang ka matla," Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B: Biological Science, vol. 357, che. 1424, maq. 1003-1037, 2002. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
NK Logothetis le BA Wandell, "Ho toloka le BON," Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Physiology. 66, maq. 735-769, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
CM MacLeod le PA MacDonald, "ho kena-kenana ha maemo lipakeng tsa Stroop: ho senola mohopolo oa kelello le kutloisiso ea kelello," Trends in Cognitive Science Science, vol. 4, che. 10, maq. 383-391, 2000. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
K. Yuan, P. Cheng, T. Dong et al., "Litlokotsi tsa botona le botšehali nakong ea bohlano ea bocha ka ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, che. 1, Article ID e53055, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
S.B. Hong, J.W. Kim, E.—J. Choi et al., "Fokotsang orbitofrontal cortical thickness ho bacha ba banna ba lemaletseng marang-rang," Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 9, che. 1, sengoloa 11, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
BJ Everitt, DM Hutcheson, KD Ersche, Y. Pelloux, JW Dalley, le TW Robbins, "Orbital preortal preortal preortalort and drug drug drug in liphoofolo le batho," Annals oa New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1121, maq. 576-597, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
F. Lucantonio, TA Stalnaker, Y. Shaham, Y. Niv, le G. Schoenbaum, "Tšusumetso ea ho se sebetse hantle hoa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa koae," Natural Neuroscience, vol. 15, che. 3, maq. 358-366, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
AE Cavanna le MR Trimble, "The precuneus: Tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea setho le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro," Brain, vol. 129, che. 3, maq. 564-583, 2006. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
S. Grant, ED London, DB Newlin et al., "Ts'ebetso ea lipotoloho tse hopoloang nakong ea litakatso tsa" cocaine "tse hlahisitsoeng," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, vol. 93, che. 21, maq. 12040-12045, 1996. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
CD Kilts, JB Schweitzer, CK Quinn et al. "Ts'ebetso ea Neural e amanang le ho ts'oara lithethefatsi ho lemaletseng koae," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 58, che. 4, maq. 334-341, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
J. Ashburner le KJ Friston, "morphometry e thehiloeng ho Voxel-mekhoa," NeuroImage, Moq. 11, che. 6 I, maq. 805-821, 2000. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
JL Whitwell, "Voxel-based morphometry: mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho lekola liphetoho tsa sebopeho bokong," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 29, che. 31, maq. 9661-9664, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
Y. Zhou, F.C. Lin, Y.S. Du et al., "Litlhoko tsa botona kapa botšehali tse lemaletseng marang-rang: boithuto ba voxel-based morphometry," European Journal of Radiology, vol. 79, che. 1, maq. 92-95, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
K. Yuan, W. Qin, G. Wang et al., "Tlhekefetso ea Microstitution ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla marang-rang," PLoS ONE, vol. 6, che. 6, Article ID e20708, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C.-B. Weng, R.-B. Qian, X.-M. Fu et al., "Taba ea bohlano le litlolo tse tšoeu tse lemalloang papaling ea marang-rang," European Journal of Radiology, vol. 82, che. 8, maq. 1308-1312, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
EK Miller le JD Cohen, "Thopolo e kopanyang ea ts'ebetso ea cortex ea pele," Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Neuroscience, vol. 24, maq. 167-202, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
RZ Goldstein le ND Volkow, "Ho se sebetse hantle ha cortex ea pele ho tšenyo ea litumelo: ho fumana litholoana tse amanang le phetoho le litlamorao tsa tleliniki," Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaho ea Tlhaho ea Tlhaho, Vol. 12, che. 11, maq. 652-669, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G. Schoenbaum, MR Roesch, le TA Stalnaker, "Orbitofrontal cortex, ho etsa liqeto le ho lemalla lithethefatsi," Trends ho Neurosciences, vol. 29, che. 2, maq. 116-124, 2006. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
AW MacDonald III, JD Cohen, VA Stenger, le CS Carter, "Ho khetholla karolo ea karolo e ka pele ea dorsolateral le anterior cingulate cortex taolong ea kelello," Science, vol. 288, che. 5472, maq. 1835-1838, 2000. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DC Krawczyk, "Tlatsetso ea cortex ea pele ho motheo oa ho etsa liqeto tsa motho," Neuroscience and Biobehaumcal Review, vol. 26, che. 6, maq. 631-664, 2002. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
NH Naqvi le A. Bechara, "Sehlekehleke se ipatileng sa temallo:" insula, "Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 32, che. 1, maq. 56-67, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
NH Naqvi, D. Rudrauf, H. Damasio, le A. Bechara, "Tšenyo ea ts'usumetso e re sitisa ho lemalla ho tsuba," Science, vol. 315, che. 5811, maq. 531-534, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
M. Contreras, F. Ceric, le F. Torrealba, "Ho qaptjoa ha mohopolo o hanyetsanang le marang-rang ho sitisa takatso ea lithethefatsi le malaise e hlahisitsoeng ke lithium," Science, vol. 318, che. 5850, maq. 655-658, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
D. Le Bihan, J.F. Mangin, C. Poupon et al., "Diffusion tensor imaging: mehopolo le ts'ebeliso," Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 13, che. 4, maq. 534-546, 2001. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DS Tuch, TG Reese, MR Wiegell, le VJ Wedeen, "Diffusion MRI ea meralo e rarahaneng ea neural," Neuron, vol. 40, che. 5, maq. 885-895, 2003. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G. Dong, E. DeVito, J. Huang, le X. " 46, che. 9, maq. 1212-1216, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
F. Lin, Y. Zhou, Y. Du, et al., "Ho hloka toka ho tšoanelehang litabeng tsa bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla marang-rang: tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea lipampiri," PLoS ONE, vol. 7, che. 1, Article ID e30253, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
Q. Feng, X. Chen, J. Sun et al., "Tekanyo ea Voxel ea boemo bo phahameng ba tšibollo ea maikutlo a bongoaneng a ho ts'oasa bacha ba lemaletseng papali ea marang-rang," Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 9, che. 1, sengoloa 33, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
ND Volkow, G.-J. Wang, JS Fowler, D. Tomasi, F. Telang, le R. Baler, "Ho lemalla lithethefatsi: ho fokotsa kutloisiso ea moputso le ho eketsa tebello ea maikutlo a bolotsana ho hatella potoloho ea taolo ea boko," BioEssays, vol. 32, che. 9, maq. 748-755, 2010. Sheba ho Mohatisi · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba Scopus
CP O'Brien, AR Childress, R. Ehrman le SJ Robbins, "Lintho tse hlahisang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: na li ka hlalosa ho qobelloa?" Tlaleho ea Psychopharmacology, vol. 12, che. 1, maq. 15–22, 1998. Sheba ho Mohatisi · Sheba ho Google Scholar · View at Scopus
W.N. Ding, J.H. Letsatsi, Y.W. Letsatsi, et al., "Khokahano e fetoletsoeng ea marang-rang e sebelisang boemo ba ts'ebetso ho bacha lilemong ba lemaletseng papali ea marang-rang," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, che. 3, Article ID e59902, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
S.B. Hong, A. Zalesky, L. Cocchi et al., "E fokolisitse khokahano ea tšebetsong ea bongo ho bacha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, che. 2, Article ID e57831, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
HW Lee, J.S. Choi, Y.-C. Shin, J.Y. Lee, HY Jung, le JS Kwon, "Ho kenella mokhoeng oa ho lemalla marang-rang: papiso le papali ea chelete ea methapo," cyberpsychology, Behavior, le Social Networking, vol. 15, che. 7, maq. 373-377, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
AR Aron, D. Shohamy, J. Clark, C. Myers, MA Gluck, le RA Poldrack, "Boholo ba maikutlo a batho ba maqhubu a ho arabela ka karabo le ho hloka botsitso nakong ea ho ithuta," Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 92, che. 2, maq. 1144-1152, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C.-H. Ko, T.—J. Hsieh, C.-Y. Chen et al., "Ho fetoha ha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea thibelo le karabo ea liphoso lithutong tse nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete: thuto ea maiketsetso e sebetsang," European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
SL Fryer, SF Tapert, SN Mattson, MP Paulus, AD Spadoni, le EP Riley, "Ho pepesetsoa joala bo amang bokhachane ba pelehi ka tšohanyetso nakong ea taolo ea thibelo ea matla," joala joala: Patlisiso ea bongaka le boithuto, vol. 31, che. 8, maq. 1415-1424, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G. Dong, EE DeVito, X. Du, le Z. Cui, "Ho sitisoa hoa taolo ea" ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ": boithuto ba maiketsetso ba maiketsetso," Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging, vol. 203, che. 2-3, maq. 153-158, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
MM Botvinick, JD Cohen, le CS Carter, "Ho shebella likhohlano le sesole sa" cortex ": ntjhafatso," Trends in Cognitive Science Science, vol. 8, che. 12, maq. 539-546, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
CS Carter le V. Van Veen, "Anterior cingrate cortex le bosholu ba lintoa: ntjhafatso ea mohopolo le datha," Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 7, che. 4, maq. 367-379, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
R. Leech le DJ Sharp, "Karolo ea karolo e ka morao ea cingrate ea cortex ho bonoheng le bokuli," Brain, vol. 137, che. 1, maq. 12-32, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
Y. Zang, T. Jiang, Y. Lu, Y. He, le L. Tian, "Tsela ea ho fana ka lintlha tse mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling ea fMRI," NeuroImage, vol. 22, che. 1, maq. 394-400, 2004. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
G. Dong, J. Huang, le X. Du, "Liphetoho tse mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kelello ea 'mele ho litho tsa boloi tsa marang-rang," Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 8, sengoloa 41, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C.-H. Ko, G.-C. Liu, S. Hsiao et al., "Mesebetsi ea brain e amanang le takatso ea papali ea ho lemalla papali ea inthanete," Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 43, che. 7, maq. 739-747, 2009. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
Y. Sun, H. Ying, RM Seetohul et al., "Brain fMRI thuto ea takatso e ts'oaroang ke litšoantšo tsa litheko tse tsoang ho batšehetsi ba lipapali tsa inthaneteng (bacha ba batona)," Behahlangual Brain Research, vol. 233, che. 2, maq. 563-576, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C.-H. Ko, G.-C. Liu, J.Y. Yen, C.-F. Yen, C.-S. Chen, le W.-C. Lin, "Ke ts'ebetso ea boko bakeng sa takatso ea papali ea bohlasoa e tsosang takatso le ho tsuba ho ts'oanang le litaba tse amanang le ho lemalla papali ea chelete ea inthanete le ho itšepa ho tlholeho," Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 47, che. 4, maq. 486-493, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DH Han, YS Kim, YS Lee, KJ Min, le PF Renshaw, "Liphetoho mesebetsing ea papali ea cuepe e etelletsoeng pele, e etelletsoeng pele ka papali ea papali ea video," cyberpsychology, Behavior, le Social Networking, vol. 13, che. 6, maq. 655-661, 2010. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
ND Volkow, G.-J. Wang, JS Fowler, le D. Tomasi, "Phallo ea bokhoba bokong ba motho," Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Pharmacology le Toxicology, moq. 52, maq. 321-336, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
C.-H. Ko, G.-C. Liu, J.Y. Yen, C.-Y. Chen, C.-F. Yen, le C.-S. Chen, "Maboko a amanang le litakatso tsa papali ea inthanete tlasa ho pepeseha hoa lithuto ka ts'ibollo ea lipapali tsa inthanete le lithutong tse sa lefelloeng," Addiction Biology, vol. 18, che. 3, maq. 559-569, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DH Han, JW Hwang, le PF Renshaw, "Phekolo e tsoetseng pele ea phepelo e fokotseha ho lakatsa lipapali tsa video le ts'ebetso ea kelello e fuoeng ho bakuli ba lemaletseng papali ea video ea inthanete," Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 18, che. 4, maq. 297-304, 2010. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
M. Tian, Q. Chen, Y. Zhang, et al., "PET imaging e senola liphetoho tse sebetsang tšebetsong ea taolo ea lipapatso tsa inthanete," European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 41, che. 7, maq. 1388-1397, 2014. Shebella ho Google Scholar
T. Jones le EA Rabiner, "Nts'etsopele, katleho e finyeletsoeng nakong e fetileng, le tataiso ea bokamoso ba PET," Journal of Cerebral flow flow and Metabolism, vol. 32, che. 7, maq. 1426-1454, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
ME Phelps, "Positron emission tomography e fana ka monahano oa limolek'hule tsa ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ea United States of America, vol. 97, che. 16, maq. 9226-9233, 2000. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
M. Laruelle, "Imagan synaptic neurotransication e nang le mekhoa ea tlholisano e tlamang:" litlhahlobo tse mahlonoko, "Journal of Cerebral flow flow and Metabolism, vol. 20, che. 3, maq. 423-451, 2000. Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
HS Park, SH Kim, SA Bang, EJ Yoon, SS Cho, le SE Kim, "Liphetoho tsa" glucose metabolism "tse fetotsoeng tsa" c "glucose metabolism marang-rang a marang-rang: thuto ea 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.” CNS Spectrums, vol. 15, che. 3, maq. 159-166, 2010. Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
JD Berke le SE Hyman, "Bokhoba ba taolo, dopamine, le methapo ea limolek'hule ea memori," Neuron, vol. 25, che. 3, maq. 515-532, 2000. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
ND Volkow, JS Fowler, G.-J. Wang, JM Swanson, le F. Telang, "Dopamine ts'ebelisong le lithethefatsi: litlamorao tsa lithuto tsa lipono le litlamorao tsa kalafo," Archives of Neurology, vol. 64, che. 11, maq. 1575-1579, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
MJ Koepp, RN Gunn, AD Lawrence et al., "Bopaki ba ho ntshwa ha dopamine nakong ea papali ea video," Nature, vol. 393, che. 6682, maq. 266-268, 1998. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
SH Kim, S.H. Baik, CS Park, SJ Kim, SW Choi, le SE Kim, "Fokotsitse striatal dopamine D2 receptors ho batho ba nang le ts'ibollo ea marang-rang," NeuroReport, vol. 22, che. 8, maq. 407-411, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
DH Han, YS Lee, KC Yang, EY Kim, IK Lyoo, le PF Renshaw, "Dopamine liphatsa tsa lefutso le ts'ehetso ea moputso ho bacha lilemong tsa papali ea video e fetelletseng," Journal of Addiction Medicine, vol. 1, che. 3, maq. 133-138, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
RA Vaughan le JD Foster, "Methanisms ea dopamine transporter regulation maemong a tloaelehileng le a mafu," Trends in Pharmacological Science Science, vol. 34, che. 9, maq. 489-496, 2013. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
BK Gorehulile le RA Vaughan, "Litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi tsa dopamine le psychoactive ho phosphorylation ea dopamine le molaoana," Neuropharmacology, vol. 49, che. 6, maq. 759-768, 2005. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
KC Schmitt le MEA Reith, "Tekanyetso ea sethala sa dopamine: likarolo tse amanang le lithethefatsi tsa psychostimulant tsa tlhekefetso," Annals oa New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1187, maq. 316-340, 2010. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
H. Hou, S. Jia, S. Hu et al., "Fokotsa ba tsamaisang dopamine ba tsamaisang dopamine ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla marang-rang," Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2012, Article ID 854524, maqephe a 5, 2012. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
A. Badiani, D. Belin, D. Epstein, D. Calu, le Y. Shaham, "Opiate bapisoa le bokhoba ba psychostimulant: ho se tšoane ho bohlokoa," Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaho ea Tlhaho, Vol. 12, che. 11, maq. 685-700, 2011. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
AM Przepiorka, A. Blachnio, B. Miziak, le SJ Czuczwar, "Mekhoa ea phekolo ea kalafo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang," Litlaleho tsa Pharmacological, vol. 66, che. 2, maq. 187-191, 2014. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
L. Dutra, G. Stathopoulou, SL Basden, TM Leyro, MB Powers, le MW Otto, "Tlhahlobo ea meta-analytic ea ts'ebetso ea kelello bakeng sa likhathatso tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 165, che. 2, maq. 179-187, 2008. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
KS Young, "Phekolo ea boits'oaro bo nang le likelello tsa batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang: sephetho sa kalafo le seo e se bolelang," cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 10, che. 5, maq. 671-679, 2007. Sheba ho Publisher · Sheba ho Google Scholar · Sheba ho Scopus
;
