Tlhahlobo ea Inthaneteng ea Tlhaselo ea Matšoao: Ho hlahloba Lits'ebetsong ho Tsamaiso e Etsoang ke Inthanete (2015)

Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Jul 28;5(3):341-352.

Northrup JC¹, Lapierre C.², Kirk J³, Rae C.⁴.

1. Selelekela

Bokhoba ba marang-rang bo bontšoa ke tšebeliso e feteletseng ea marang-rang, e baka litlamorao tse mpe mosebetsing, bophelong ba motho, maikutlong kapa bophelong bo botle ba 'mele [1,2,3]. Ke bothata boo lingaka le bafuputsi ba linaha tse 'maloa ba li lemohang, esita le ho etsa hore' muso o kene lipakeng maemong a mang [4]. Taba ena e amohetse tlhokomelo e lekaneng eo Komiti ea Nts'etsopele ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V (DSM-V) e sa tsoa e nka (empa qetellong e nkile qeto ea ho kenyelletsa ho karolo ea 3 tlasa maemo a ho etsa thuto e tsoelang pele) phapang ea litheko tsa inthanete bakeng sa ho kenyelletsoa DSM-V, qetellong e nkile qeto ea hore lipatlisiso tse ling li ne li hlokahala pele ho kenyelletsoa ho kenyelletsoa ka molao [5]. Le ha ho le joalo, ba bang ba belaella hore na motho a ka lemala kapa a sa khone ho sebetsa joalo ka inthanete, ho fapana le ts'ebetso eo sebui se se nolofalletsang [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Re sebelisa lentsoe "process" mona ha re bua ka temallo ea polelo kapa "mekhoa e metle e etsisang lefu la ho lemalla"12].

Potso ea hore na motho o lemala Inthaneteng kapa che, ke ntho ea bohlokoa eo a nahanang hore na inthanete e bile teng kapele hakae. Kajeno Internet e na le likopo tse ngata tse kenyelletsang libapali, marang-rang, ho intša, ho reka mabenkeleng le batho ba bang ba bangata. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea likopo tse ngata e bile taba ea lithuto tse 'maloa lilemong tsa morao tjena, e fana ka bopaki bo sa reroang bakeng sa mohopolo oa hore motho o lemalla ts'ebeliso e le' ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso eo inthanete e e tsamaisang ho fapana le inthanete ka boeona. [13,14,15,16]). Ho sitoa ho lemoha phapano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang ka ho felletseng le bokhoba ba lits'ebetso tse tsamaisoang ke inthanete ho ka fella ka maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le hore na ntho ea motho ea lemaletseng bokhoba ke eng. Morero oa thuto ena ke ho khetholla hantle hore na ke mekhoa efe eo motho a ka e lemallang ho latela hore marang-rang a tataisa ho e-na le ho theha teko ea bokhoba ba marang-rang.

1.1. Internet Addiction

Batho ba bangata ba sebelisitse poleloana ena e reng, “bokhoba ba tahi” ho hlalosa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete nako e teletsana.17,18]. Patlisiso ea morao-rao ea bongaka e bonahala e tšehetsa ts'ebeliso ea poleloana ena ka hore litlamorao tsa khatello ea boitšoaro (mohlala, livideo tse kenang tsa papali ea inthanete) litseleng tsa dopamine le likarolo tse ling tsa boko li bontšitsoe hore li ka bapisoa le tsa bokhoba ba lik'hemik'hale [2,19,20]. Litlamorao tsena tse tšoanang le tsona bokong li bonahala li fana ka ts'epo ho mohopolo oa litekanyetso tsa ts'ebetso (ka linako tse ling ho thoe ke bokhoba ba boitšoaro kapa mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso) moo motho ka mong a kenang tšebetsong e itseng ntle le ho ba le litlamorao tse mpe kamora ho leka ho khaotsa [12,21,22,23]. Mehlala e kenyelletsa ho lemalla mesebetsing e kang ho becha, ho ea mabenkeleng, ho etsa lintho tse ling ntle le paraphilic, lipapali tsa video le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete [21,22].

Bonyane [24] e ne e le e 'ngoe ea pele ea ho sebelisa poleloana e reng, “bokhoba ba marang-rang.” Eena le bafuputsi ba bang ba ile ba fetola maemo a bonojo a ho lematsa ho tsuba kapa mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso ho pepesetsa bokhoba ba marang-rang [17,18,24]. Litekanyetso ho latela litlhaloso tsena li kenyelletsa ho tšoenyeha ka marang-rang, ho eketsa nako inthaneteng, liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho tlohela, ho teneha ha o leka ho fokotsa nako, ho lula inthaneteng nako e telele ho feta kamoo ho neng ho reretsoe, ho beha likamano tsa bohlokoa ho lula inthaneteng, ho bua leshano ho koahela tšebeliso ea Marang-rang. , le ho sebelisa marang-rang e le mokhoa oa ho baleha mathata [25]. Mekhoa e tiileng ea ho lemoha ha e so lumellane ka botlalo ke bafuputsi, empa likarolo tse 'ne li khothalelitsoe e le tsa bohlokoa ho tlhahlobo: (1) ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea Marang-rang (haholoholo ha e tšoauoa ka tahlehelo ea nako kapa ho lahla mesebetsi ea mantlha); (2) matšoao a ho tlohela a kang bohale kapa khatello ea maikutlo ha marang-rang a sa fumanehe; (3) mamello, e hlahisitsoeng ke tlhoko ea ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea inthanete ho imolla matšoao a mabe a maikutlo; le (4) litlamorao tse mpe, tse kang khang le metsoalle kapa ba lelapa, ho bua leshano, sekolo se fosahetseng kapa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi, ho itšehla thajana, le mokhathala [26]. Beard e fana ka pono e akaretsang ea ketsahalo ena, e re e etsahala ha "boemo ba kelello ba motho ka mong, bo kenyelletsang maemo a kelello le a maikutlo, hammoho le ts'ebelisano-mmoho ea bona sekolong, mosebetsing le sechabeng, li sitisoa ke tšebeliso e feteletseng ea mahareng"27] (leq. 7).

Leha ho le joalo ba bang ba khetholla lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le bokhoba ba lits'ebetso tse fapa-fapaneng tseo Inthanete e li sebelisang, ba re poleloana e reng "bokhoba ba marang-rang" e sebelisitsoe hampe, kapa bonyane ha ea lokela ho ferekanngoa le bokhoba ba lits'ebetso tse tsamaisoang ke inthanete [2,7,8,9]. Jones le Hertlein [28], mohlala, khetholla lipakeng tsa likhopolo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang, bokhoba ba thobalano bo tataisoang ke inthanete le ho se tšepahale ha inthanete. Pawlikowski et al. [11] bonts'a phapano e lemohileng hara tšobotsi ea libapali tsa marang-rang tse nang le mathata tsa marang-rang vs. basebelisi ba nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, ba ts'ehetsang maikutlo a hore mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata e ka aroloa hantle ho feta lithutong tse tlang. Mehlala e meng ea lits'ebetso tseo batho ba li sebelisitseng marang-rang ka ho qobella ho kenyelletsa mabenkele [29], litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [30], ho fepa hoa media31], ho bapala lipapali tsa video [32], liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona [33], le papali ea chelete [34]. Rea lumela hore marang-rang ke mokhoa feela, leha karolo ea mahareng ka boeona e sa lokela ho nyenyefatsoa. Marang-rang a na le lits'ebetso tse ngata tse molemo, empa hape e fana ka phihlello e sa sitisoeng, hanghang ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mekhoa e mengata.

1.2. Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete

Bangoli ba thuto ena ba nkile qeto ea ho fetola sesebelisoa se teng ho ntlafatsa skirine bakeng sa ho lemalla joala. Ho entsoe lisebelisoa tse 'maloa bakeng sa ho lekola Bokhoba ba Marang-rang (kapa mehopolo e ts'oanang), ho kenyelletsa le Internet Internet Addiction Inventory (CIAI), Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [35], Game Addiction Scale (GAS) [36], Khatiso e Sebetsang ea Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang e Akaretsang (GPIUS) [37], Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete (IAT) [24], Internet Consequences Scale (ICS) [38], Scale e Sebetsang ea Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang (PIUS) [39], le Teko ea Ho Bapala Lipapali tsa Video (PVGPT) [40], har'a ba bang [41]. Le ha lisebelisoa tsena kaofela li na le litšobotsi tse matla, IAT e ile ea khethoa ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea sebaka sa eona sa mantlha ho fumana tšebeliso ea mathata, nts'etsopele ea eona mohlaleng oa Amerika (naha eo tlhaho e fumanehang ho bafuputsi), ho fumaneha ha eona ka Senyesemane. (puo e builoeng ke bangoli), le tšebeliso ea eona e pharalletseng mangolong, IAT [24] ke sesebelisoa sa 20 se bonts'itseng ts'episo e ntle le ts'ebetso mme se sebelisitsoe haholo ho hlahlobisisa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete [42,43,44]. Ha e bue ka lits'ebetso tse ngata tse tataisoang ke inthanete, leha ho le joalo, empa e hlalosa marang-rang ka botlalo e le ntho eo motho a ka e kenang. Morero oa thuto ena ke ho ntlafatsa monahano oa bacha ho24] moralo oa mantlha le ho etsa liteko tse hlahlobang litheko tsa inthanete ho fapana le "ho lemalla Internet." Teko e joalo e ka fana ka dintlha tse hlakileng ho lingaka le bafuputsi ba sebetsanang le lits'ebetso tsa inthanete.

1.3. Lipotso tsa lipatlisiso le Hypotheses

Bakeng sa thuto ena, re nkile lipotso tse latelang tsa lipatlisiso:

(1)

Mekhoa ea inthanete ea ho lemalla lintho tse tsamaeang le eona e amana kae le IAT? Re kholoa hore tsena li lokela ho hokahanngoa haholo ha batho ba tlatseng IAT mohlomong ba etsa joalo ka ts'ebetso ea bona e hlakileng kelellong ha ba ntse ba araba lintho. Bonyane ba [24] liteko, leha ho le joalo, ha li khetholle ka nepo lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng.

(2)

Mekhoa e meng ea marang-rang e kenelletseng mokhoeng o itseng oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello e amana hakae? Re kholoa hore ho tlameha ho be le ho ikamahanya hofe kapa ho hobe, hobane boteng ba temallo efe kapa efe bo hangata bo kopane le bophelo bo bobe ba kelello [45]. Ho phela hantle kelellong ho ka boela ha tšehetsa mohopolo oa hore barupeluoa ba nang le maemo a phahameng ba loana le lits'ebetso tse lematsang e le kannete, eseng bothata ba nakoana.

2. Mekhoa

2.1. Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete ea Internet

Sesebelisoa se entsoeng bakeng sa thuto ena ke Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete ea Inthanete (IPAT). Ke mofuta oa tlhahlobo ea sesebelisoa sa ho bona hore na mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e tataisoang ke inthanete e ka khetholoha ho e mong. Sesebelisoa sena se fetoha ebile se eketsa ho Young's [24] moralo oa mantlha. Bonyane ba [24] mantsoe a 20 ea IAT ea mantlha e fetotsoe e le hore ba arabe lipotso ka ha ba lumellana le mohopolo o tenang oa "inthanete," barupeluoa ba ile ba araba lipotso tse tšoanang ha ba bua ka lits'ebetso tse supileng tse ikhethileng tsa inthanete. Mohlala, ntho ea pele ea Young e re, "Ke hangata hakae u fumanang hore u lula marang-rang ho feta kamoo u neng u rerile?" [24] (leq. 31). Mo arabelang o araba potso ka sekhahla sa lintlha tsa 5-likert tse pakeng tsa "Khafetsa" le "Kamehla." Ho IPAT, ntho e fetoloa hore e balehe, "Ke hangata hakae u fumanang hore u sebelisa tse latelang ho feta uena morero? "Sebaka sa karabelo se hlophisitsoe hore morupeluoa a arabe ntho eo ka ho sebetsa lits'ebetsong tse latelang tsa marang-rang: Ho phalla (ntle le sepheo sa ho etela libaka tse fapaneng tsa tlhahisoleseling kapa tsa boithabiso tse kang litaba, lipapali, kapa metlae), Papali ea Marang-rang (e bapala video e fumanehang marang-rang. lipapali), Khokahano ea Sechaba (ho etela liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona joalo ka Facebook), Ts'ebetso ea thobalano (ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng kapa lipuisano tsa botona le botšehali), Papali ea chelete (ho becha ka inthanete joalo ka libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang) bakeng sa phihlello ea inthanete, lengolo-tsoibila, lipapali, kapa melaetsa ea mongolo), le tse ling (mokhahlelo oa ho fumana libaka bakeng sa libaka tse sa koaeloang mona). Sekhahla se tšoanang sa Likert ho IAT se sebelisoa molemong o mong le o mong, ntle le khetho e 'ngoe ea karabo ea "Ha e sebetse" e fanoe.

Marang-rang a ka sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata, mme ho ne ho le thata ho khetha hore na ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa efe e ikhethileng. Bolelele ba sesebelisoa bo bohlokoa hore bo be bohlokoa ho lingaka le bafuputsi. Khetho ea lits'ebetso ho kenyelletsa e entsoe ka ho buisana le lingaka tse peli tse qalileng tsa ho qala, lenaneo la kalafo ea litheko tsa bolulo leo esale le phekola batho ka ts'ebeliso ea mathata a theknoloji ho tloha 2009. E 'ngoe (Cosette Rae) ke MSW' me e mong (Hillarie Cash) ke Moeletsi ea fanang ka tumello ea kelello ea kelello le ngaka ea kelello. Baoki bana ba sebelitse letsatsi le letsatsi le batho ka bomong ho leka ho hlola tšebeliso ea mathata a theknoloji. Nakong ea pokello ea data, bana e ne e le bona feela ba fanang ka kalafo ea nako e tletseng setsing sa kalafo sa kalafo se etselitsoeng ts'ebeliso ea mathata a theknoloji ho US Ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebelisa IAT e le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea bona ea tlhahlobo, leha ho le joalo ka nako ea pokello ea data ba ba ne ba sa tsebe lisebelisoa tse ling tsa Senyesemane tse sebelisoang hohle. Le ha ba ne ba sa ka ba latela ka nepo lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tsa inthanete ha ba qala ho bua ka bothata bona, ke tsona tse tlalehileng hore mekhoa e supileng e tsejoang haholo ho feta ea theknoloji ke e boletsoeng ka holimo. Litlhahiso tsa bona li ne li bonahala li tšehetsoa haholo ke lingoliloeng, mohlala, [11,12,13,14]. Ts'ebetso tsena li kenyelelitsoe ho IPAT.

Lipotso tse supileng tse sa rarolloang ho IAT li ekelitsoe ho IPAT, joalo ka ha ho tsebisitsoe ke Griffiths [46] le Tao et al. [26]. Lintho tsena li na le tekanyo ea moemeli litakatsong tsa bona tsa ho etsa tse latelang: Fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso, sebelisa mekhoa ea ho pholoha, sebelisa mahlale a mang ho leka ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso, liphihlelo tsa ho tlohela (mohlala, ho hloka botsitso, ho teneha kapa ho tšoenyeha. ) ha u leka ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso, lahleheloa ke nako ha u etsa ts'ebetso, tlohela lintho tse khahlileng nakong e fetileng molemong oa ho kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong, le ho etsa lits'ebetso leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe (mohlala, mathata a kamano, ho lahleheloa ke sekolo, mosebetsi o lahlehileng, kapa ho lahleheloa ke chelete).

Ntho e le 'ngoe ho tsoa ho IAT ea mantlha ha ea ka ea fetoloa hore e kenyelletsoe ho IPAT. Ntho ena e ile ea botsoa ka tloaelo ea ba arabelang ho thibela menahano e sithabetsang ka bophelo ka menahano e thobang ka inthanete. Bangoli ba ile ba ikutloa hore potso ena e ne e sa nepahala haholo ha e fetoloa, ka hona e ile ea tlosoa. Lipotso tse ling tse 'maloa li ile tsa fetoloa ntle le liphetoho tse boletsoeng ka holimo hobane lipotso tse siiloeng foromong ea tsona ea mantlha li ne li ka arola batho ba bang ka boomo hore ba se ke ba li araba. Mohlala, sehlahisoa "Ke hangata hakae u hlokomolohang mesebetsi ea lapeng ho qeta nako u le Inthaneteng?"24] (leq. 31), e fetotsoe ho "U tlohela hangata hakae boikarabello ba hau hore u qete nako e ngata u etsa tse latelang?" ho tlohela ka boomo motho e mong le e mong ea ka beng a sa etse mesebetsi e meng. Liphetho tsa phetoho ho IAT e ne e le libaka tse supileng tsa karabo (lits'ebetso) bakeng sa lipotso tsa 26, kakaretso ea lintho tse ikhethang tsa 182.

2.2. The Mental Health Inventory-5

Ntle le barupeluoa ba qetileng IAT le IPAT ho lekola bonnete ba tšoanang, ba boetse ba tlatsitse Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5) ho hlahloba bonnete ba converge. MHI-5 ke sesebelisoa se sekhutšoanyane haholo (lintho tse hlano) se sebelisitsoeng ho lekola bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho ba arabelang [47]. E bontšitse bonnete bo phahameng ba ho bonts'a mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho ba arabelang joalo ka mathata a maikutlo le a ho tšoenyeha, leha e le mafolofolo [48]. Likolo tse phahameng li bontša bophelo bo botle ba kelello, athe linonyana tse tlase li supa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Lipalo tse sa tloaelehang (5-25) li fetisetsoa boemong ba 100-point. Pale e khothalletsoang ea cutoff bakeng sa ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ke ho feto-fetoha ha 60 kapa ka tlase (kutloisiso ea 0.83, ho tsebahala ha 0.78) [48]. MHI-5 e na le nnete e ntle ea kahare ka sekhahla sa alpha ea Cronbach ea 0.74 [48].

2.3. Moralo oa Lipatlisiso

Phuputso ea morao-rao e ne e le moralo oa kopanelo mme e sebelisitsoe ho lekola li-hypotheses tsa thuto mabapi le converter le netefatso ea mmapa mabapi le ho bapisa IPAT e sa tsoa thehoa khahlanong le IAT le MHI-5. Ho ile ha sebelisoa lipatlisiso tse ling tse sebelisang tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse hlahlobang (tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa mantlha) ho netefatsa tšusumetso ea IPAT.

2.4. Barupeluoa

Barupeluoa ba ile ba hapuoa ka lipapatso tsa Google hammoho le webosaete ea reSTART. Mohlala o ne o le basebelisi ba theknoloji e boima ba sebelisang lihora tsa 7.41 (SD = 4.66, Range = 24) ka letsatsi la nako e sa sebetseng moo sechaba ka kakaretso se sebelisang lihora tsa inthanete tsa 13 ka beke ka linako tsohle tsa mosebetsi le tse sa sebetseng [49]. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba tsebisoa pele ba qala tlhahlobo ea hore ho nka karolo ho ea ka boithaopo, ha ho tsejoe, le hore ba tla fuoa maikutlo ho latela IAT le MHI-5. Ho phethela tlhahlobo ho hloka metsotso e ka bang 30.

Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea inthanete. Nakong ea beke ea 51 eo tlhahlobo e neng e le teng, lipatlisiso tse fetang tsa 1121 li qalile. Ho tse tlisitsoeng, lipatlisiso tse phethahetseng tsa 274 li ile tsa bokelloa mme 4 e tlositsoe bakeng sa data e belaelloang haholo (ke hore, babuelli ba selemo sa 100 ba sebelisang 24 h marang-rang) ba siea 270 lipatlisiso tse felletseng tsa tlhahlobo. Mohlala oa thuto ena o ne o e-na le banna ba 160 (59.3%) le basali ba 110 (40.7%) ho tloha lilemong tsa 19 ho isa ho 79 ea lilemo (M = 27.83, SD = 9.87). Lilemo tse nang le bokhoni ba batona e ne e le 26.91 (SD = 10.46) 'me ho basali ka kakaretso e ne e le 29.17 (SD = 10.52).

Ho ba ileng ba nka karolo lipatlisisong, 204 (75.6%) ba ile ba iponahatsa e le Caucasian, 18 (6.7%) Asia / Pacific Islander, 18 (6.7%) multiracial, 6 (2.2%) Nur, 2 (0.7%) Native American, le 22 (8.1%) li hanne ho supa morabe oa tsona. Ntle le moo, 29 (10.7%) e bontšitse morabe oa bona e le Hispanic.

Ba lekholo le mashome a robong a metso e 'meli (71.1%) ba ne ba sa nyaloa, 58 (21.5%) ba nyalane hona joale, 15 (5.8%) ba hlalane, 4 (1.5%) ba arohantsoe,' me 1 (0.4%) e ne e le mohlolohali.

Ba lekholo le mashome a mararo a metso e 'meli (48.9%) e ne e le liithuti, 76 (28.1%) ba ne ba hiroe meputso, 22 (8.1%) ba ne ba itšebetsa, 19 (7.0%) ba ne ba le mosebetsing empa ba shebahala, 10 (3.7%) ba ne ba sa sebetse ba sa shebahale, 5 (1.9%) e ne e le lihahi tsa malapeng, 4 (1.5%) ba ne ba sa khone ho sebetsa, 'me 2 (0.7%) ba tlohela mosebetsi.

L lekholo le le leng (37.4%) e entsoeng ka tlase ho $ 25,000 selemo le selemo, 29 (10.7%) e entsoeng pakeng tsa $ 25,000 le 35,000, 29 (10.7%) e entsoeng pakeng tsa $ 35,000 le 50,000, 32 (11.9%) e entsoeng pakeng tsa $ 75,000 le 100,000 , 15 (5.6%) e entsoeng pakeng tsa $ 100,000 le 125,000, 7 (2.6%) e entsoeng pakeng tsa $ 125,000 le 150,000, le 12 (4.4%) e entse chelete e fetang $ 150,000. Mashome a mabeli a metso e 'meli (8.1%) e hana ho araba lipotso ka lekhetho la bona.

Likarabo tsa tlhahlobo e bonts'a hore barupeluoa ba ne ba tsoa United States haholo (68.1%), ba lateloa ke Canada (5.9%), United Kingdom (4.1%), Latin America (3.3%), Italy le Jeremane (1.9% ka 'ngoe). Ba arabileng ka mashome a mararo a metso e supileng (13.8%) ba supile "tse ling" mme 3 (1.1%) ha e a ka ea fana ka karabo ea potso.

3. Liphetho

Litlhatlhobo tsa lipalopalo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa Statistical Package bakeng sa Saense ea Sechaba (SPSS) 21.0 ho lekola tumellano lipakeng tsa IAT, IPAT, le MHI5, ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le bonnete, ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso ea IPAT mabapi le lisebelisoa tse ling.

Lintlha ho IAT li ne li tloha ho 0-98 ka lipalo tse bolelang tsa 49 le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ha 19.54. Khokahano ea taelo ea zero e ne e etsoa lipakeng tsa MHI-5 le IAT (r = -0.474, p <0.001). Subccales tsa IPAT li entsoe ka ho akaretsa lintlha tsa lintho tsa patlisiso ka bomong. Qalong, ts'ebetso ena e ne e kenyelletsa liphallelo tse supileng: Ho phenya-phenya, ho bapala Inthaneteng, Liwebosaete tsa sechaba, mohala oa selefouno, papali ea chelete, thobalano le tse ling. Likarabo tsa bankakarolo ho liphallelo tse ngata tsa IPAT kamora ho laola phapano ea palo ea batho (bong, lilemo, morabe, morabe, boemo ba lenyalo, boemo ba thuto, mosebetsi le lekeno) li ne li amana haholo le likarabo tsa bona ho IAT hammoho le MHI-5 (Lethathamo 1).

Tafole 1. Litokellano tse sa nepahalang bakeng sa IAT, MHI5, le li-subscales tse 'ne tsa IPAT *. Tobetsa mona ho bonts'a tafole

Likhoebo tsohle tsa IPAT li hokahane ka matla le IAT ntle le papali ea chelete. Har'a likamano tse setseng tsa lipalo-palo, Surfing subscale e hokahantsoeng ka ho fetisisa le IAT, r (259) = 0.79, p <0.001, ha khokahano e fokolang e ne e le ka thobalano subscale, r (259) = 0.32, p <0.001. Likarolo tse tharo tsa liphallelo tsa IPAT li ne li sa tsamaellane haholo le MHI-5, ho kenyeletsoa le Papali ea Chelete, Mohala oa Mohala le Lits'ebeletso tse ling. Har'a likamano tse setseng tsa lipalo-palo, Surfing subscale e hokahaneng ka matla le MHI-5, r (259) = -0.47, p <0.001, ha khokahano e fokolang e ne e le ho Social Networking subscale, r (259) = -0.21, leq = 0.001. Kamora ho lekola lintlha tsena tsa pele, bafuputsi ba nkile qeto ea ho tlosa selefounu, papali ea chelete, le lithuso tse ling ka lebaka la khaello ea kamano le IAT le / kapa MHI-5.

Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa tlhahlobo e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa lintlha tsa motheo tsa tlhahlobo (PCA) ho IPAT ho fuputsa sebopeho sa sesebelisoa. Ho sebelisa morero oa scree o nang le li-eigenvalue tse behiloeng ho 1.0, likarolo tsa 12 (lintlha) li hlahisitsoe. Likarolo li ile tsa potoloha li sebelisa Promax mme kamora ho lekola morero oa scree ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho kenyelletsa feela lintho tseo tse hlahisitsoeng ka li-eigenvalue tse kholo ho feta 3.0. Tlhahlobo e hlahisitsoeng e senotse likarolo tse 'ne tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 78% ea phapang. Ntlha ea 1 (lintho tsa 26) e ikarabella bakeng sa 58.11% ea phapang le mehato ea ho lemalla papali ea video. Ntlha ea 2 (lintho tsa 31) e ikarabella bakeng sa 10.19% ea phapang le mehato ea bokhoba ba liwebosaete. Ntlha ea 3 (lintho tsa 26) e ikarabella bakeng sa 5.95% ea phapang le mehato ea ho lemalla thobalano inthaneteng. Ntlha 4 (lintho tsa 15) e ikarabella bakeng sa 3.73% ea phapang le mehato ea bokhoba ba ho ts'oasa marang-rang. Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-subscales tse 'ne e ne e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa alpha ea Cronbach le boleng ba e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea li-subscales e ne e le 0.97 (ho palama maqhubu) le 0.98 (lipapali tsa video, liwebosaete tsa ho etsa metsoalle le thobalano / litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) tse bonts'ang letamo le amohelehang la sesebelisoa. Ntle le moo, ts'epahalo e felletseng e ne e phahame ka boleng ba 0.99. Ha e bapisoa le IAT le MHI-5, IPAT e bonts'itse bonnete ba nako e le ngoe le likamano tse tsoang ho 0.31-0.78 (n = 269, p <0.001) bakeng sa IAT le -0.19 ho -0.46 (n = 269, p <0.002 bakeng sa MHI-5.

4. Puisano

Lits'ebetso lipakeng tsa lipapatso tsa ho qetela tsa IPAT (Surfing, Online Gaming, Social Networking, le Thobalano) li bonts'a hore IPAT e na le nnete e tšoanang. Ho haella ha khokahano lipakeng tsa subscale ea Kamari le IAT ho ka supa hore ho batho ba lemaletseng papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete ha ea itšetleha ka marang-rang joaloka tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tse ling. Marang-rang e ka ba e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e mengata e sebelisoang ho becha.

Litokellano lipakeng tsa subscales tsa ho qetela tsa IPAT le MHI-5 li bonts'a bonnete ba converge e ntle; batho ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le bona ba na le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ho haella ha khokahano pakeng tsa subscale ea Kamari le MHI-5 e ne e le ntho e makatsang, kaha sena se bonahala se hanana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse bonts'ang tsela eo barekisi ba marang-rang ba nang le monyetla oa ho baka mathata [50]. Ha ho kopantsoe le khaello ea khokahano lipakeng tsa subscale ea Kamari le IAT, sena se ka supa phoso e teng kahare ho subscale ea Papali ea chelete. Ntle le moo, khaello ea khokahano lipakeng tsa selefounu le lisele tse ling tse nang le MHI-5 e ka bonts'a mathata ka moralo oa likhakanyo tseo, hobane mohala oa selefouno o ka bonoa e le setsi se seng hape o re "Tse ling" ka boomo ha li na ho hlaka. Litlatsetso tsena tse mpe li ka supa hore batho ba nang le litlolo tse joalo tsa tšebetso ha ba hlile ha baa nepahala kelellong. Liphetho tsena e ka ba feela tlhahiso ea tlhahlobo ea lipalo e kenyelletsang palo e fokolang ea barupeluoa ba nang le ts'oaetso ea ts'ebetso ena ha ba bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea litlhahiso tsa inthanete tse lekantsoeng mona. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsena li tiisa hore ho tla ba le thuto e tsoelang pele.

Liphetho tsa thuto ena li fana ka tšehetso ho 'mele o ntseng o hola oa mosebetsi o khethollang lipakeng tsa litumelo tse fapaneng tsa inthanete ho fapana le ts'ibollo e akaretsang ea inthanete [6,7,8,9,10,11] hape hape re ts'ehetsa bonnete ba lithuto tse ileng tsa hlahloba lits'ebetso tse khethehileng tsa tlatsetso tse ntlafalitsoeng ke inthanete ho fapana le inthanete ka botlalo [13,14,15]. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a ho khetholla lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bokhoba hore se tloaelo se bitsoang "bokhoba ba marang-rang" ke polelo e ka bolelang palo efe kapa efe ea bakhethohi, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka hlokang mekhoa e fapaneng ea kalafo. Ba nang le bothata ba ho sebelisa marang-rang a marang-rang a qobelloang, ka mohlala, ba ka ba le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa kalafo tse hlokang ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla papali ea inthanete; leha ho le joalo ntle le polelo e nepahetseng haholoanyane, ka bobeli li ka bitsoa "Barekisi ba marang-rang." Ntle le moo, liphetho tsena li fana ka tšehetso bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ikhethang tsa tlhahlobo tse lebisang tlhokomelo lits'ebetsong tse kang tse tsepamisisang maikutlo ho bapala lipapali tsa video [37,39,40]. Lisebelisoa tsa nakong e tlang li ka ipaka li le molemo haholo haeba li tsepamisitse ts'ebetso e ikhethang ho fapana le ho leka ho tsepamisa mohopolo o pharaletseng o kang "ho lemalla Internet". Sesebelisoa se kang mofuta o nyenyefalitsoeng oa IPAT se ka shebella lits'ebetso tse ngata ka nako e le ngoe mohlomong sa fana ka leseli mabapi le mathata ao sesebelisoa se akaretsang se kang IAT se neng se ke ke sa iphumanela se le seng. Sesebelisoa se khonang ho hlahloba lits'ebetso tse ngata ka nako e le ngoe se ka ba molemo ho bafani ba kalafo ba ka kopanang le bareki ba batlang thuso bakeng sa mofuta o le mong oa ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla, ba sa lemohe hore ho na le lits'ebetso tse ling hape tse ka bang le mathata.

Mokhoa o sebelisitsoeng o na le meeli. Sampole e nyane haholo e ne e le tšoeu ebile e lula United States. Ts'ebetso ea ho hira e ile ea etsa hore ho be le sampole ea bonolo, e sitisang kakaretso ea se fumanoeng. Hape, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka nka ho nka ts'ebetso e hlophisehileng haholoanyane ho nka qeto ea hore na ho na le mekhoa efe e tla kenyeletsa, joalo ka mohlala oa ho latela mokhoa oa kalafo, ho ntlafatsa bonnete ba thuto. Ntle le moo, palo e kholo ea thepa ea IPAT (182) e kopantsoeng le boholo bo fokolang ba sampole e thibetse tšebeliso ea netefatso ea netefatso ea netefatso ea netefatso ea netefatso ea molao-motheo ho netefatsa li-prooteitruene ka har'a IPAT. Sekhahla se phahameng sa ho theoha se kentse letsoho molemong oa sampole ena e nyane, mohlomong ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea lintho. Hape, ha IPAT e ntse e ntlafatsoa ho tsoa linthong tse IAT 'me lisebelisoa tse peli li sebelisitsoe, ho kanna ha ba le phello e itseng ea taolo ho tsoa ho araba lintho tse tšoanang. Bolelele ba lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tse kopaneng (dintho tsa 245 ka kakaretso) le tsona li kentse letsoho ho palo ea bankakarolo ba ileng ba khaotsa tlhahlobo pele ba phethoa. Joalo ka mekhoa e mengata ea lipatlisiso, barupeluoa ba ne ba ikhethile 'me ba itlalehile ka boits'oaro ba bona. Kaha ho ne ho se na tlhahlobo ea kantle ho ne ho se na monyetla oa ho fumana lintlha tse tlisoang ke lingaka ho tseba hore na maemo a tlhatlhobo ke afe. Ntle le moo, leha thuto e ne e bulehetse mang kapa mang, sampole ena e kanna ea ba karolo e kholo ea batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Patlisiso e fetileng ha e a shebana le ho supa hantle ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, tlhekefetso, kapa bokhoba, empa sena se ka phethoa ka ho theha libaka tse khaohileng ho boits'oaro bo le bong le bo babeli kaholimo ho phallo ea IPAT e nkiloeng ho sampole e sa reroang.

5. Liphello

Leha ho na le meeli ena, bangoli ba khothatsoa ke matšoao ana a ho nepahala bakeng sa IPAT. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang le IPAT li ka una molemo ka ho netefatsa li-theory tsa ho theha IPT. Sena se ka hloka ho hloa mehlala e meholo le / kapa ho fokotsa palo ea lintho ho khothaletsa litheko tse phahameng. Hape, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka leka ho bapisa matla a boletsoeng pele a IAT le IPAT bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tseo ba reng ba li lekanya. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li boetse li lokela ho leka ho fumana litekanyetso tsa methapo ea ts'ebetso ea marang-rang ka sesebelisoa se khuts'oane se ka ts'oereng letsatsi le leng se ka nka sebaka sa IAT e le sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Jason Northrup o thusitse ho emisa le ho rala liteko, a etsa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng bakeng sa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang, le ho theha lisebelisoa tsa IPAT. Coady Lapierre o thusitse ho emisa le ho rala liteko le ho etsa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng bakeng sa MHI-5. Jeffrey Kirk o ile a etsa tlhahlobo ea data. Cosette Rae o thusitse ho emisa thuto le ho etsa lintho bakeng sa IPAT.

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Cosette Rae ke CEO, Co-mothehi, le Motsamaisi oa Lenaneo la TLHALOSA, lenaneo la kalafo bakeng sa inthanete, papali ea video, le lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso.

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