ISRN Psychiatry. 2013 Mar 28; 2013: 961734. doi: 10.1155 / 2013 / 961734.
Ozturk FO, Ekinci M, Ozturk O, Canan F.
mohloli o moholo
Lefapha la Nursing Nursing, Lefapha la Saense ea Bophelo, Univesithi ea Ataturk, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
inahaneloang
Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le karolo ea profiles tse amehang tsa botho le litsobotsi tsa maikutlo le boitšoaro le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete har'a liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng. Mohlala oa ho ithuta o ne o kenyelletsa liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng sa 303. Foromo ea data ea litaba tsa boleng ba sechaba, tekanyo ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, matla le mathata a lipotso, le tlhahlobo ea mocheso ea Memphis, Pisa, Paris, le San Diego autoquestionnaire li ile tsa sebelisoa ho bokella datha.
Mohlala, 6.6% e fumanoe e lemaletse marang-rang. Ho ba le komporo ka tlung (P <0.001) le ho sebelisa marang-rang nako e fetang lilemo tse peli (P <0.001) ho fumanoe hore ho amana le lintlha tse phahameng ho IAS. Sekhahla sa sekhahla sa ho tšoenyeha ha batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete se ne se feta sa batho bao e seng batho ba lemalang (P <0.001). Dysthymic (r = 0.199; P <0.01), cyclothymic (r = 0.249; P <0.01), hyperthymic (r = 0.156; P <0.01), e halefa (r = 0.254; P <0.01), le ho tšoenyeha (r = 0.205 ; P <0.01) bohale; mathata a boitšoaro (r = 0.146; P <0.05), ho se tsotelle-ho se tsotelle (r = 0.133; P <0.05), matšoao a maikutlo (r = 0.138; P <0.05), le mathata a felletseng (r = 0.160; P <0.01) e ne e le e fumanoe e amana le lipalo tsa IAS. Ho latela liphumano tsena, ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le litsoantso tse amanang le bohale, haholo-holo ka moea o mong o nang le letsoalo. Ho feta moo, mathata a maikutlo le boitšoaro a atile haholo ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete.
1. Selelekela
Marang-rang ke theknoloji e thusang ho fihlella mefuta e fapaneng ea mehloli ea tlhaiso-leseling le tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhahisoleseling habonolo ka tsela e theko e tlaase ebile e bolokehileng. Leha tlhaloso e lekantsoeng ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e sa lumellanoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang, bafuputsi ba bang ba hlalosa tlhekefetso ea inthanete e le ho se khone ho laola cheseho mesebetsing ea inthanete, ba lahleheloa ke bohlokoa ba nako ntle le ho hokahana le inthanete, letsoalo le feteletseng le boitšoaro bo mabifi ha nyenyefalitsoe, le ho senyeha ho tsoelang pele mosebetsing, le tšebetsong ea sechaba le ea lelapa [1, 2]. Bafuputsi ba supa hore bokhoba ba marang-rang bo ka bonoa ho lilemo tsohle ho ba batona le ba batšehali ho tloha bonyenyaneng ho feta lits'ila tse ling [3]. Lipalopalo tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi tsa inthanete har'a bacha li fapana haholo le 2% [4] ho 20% [5] ho pholletsa le litso le sechaba.
Motho ea lemaletseng Inthanete a ka qeta lihora tse 40-80-beke le beke [3]. Ka lebaka lena, ho lemalla ha marang-rang ho ka baka mathata a 'mele le a sechaba le ho ferekanya kelello [6].
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li hatisitse litlamorao tse mpe tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba' mele le kelello mme boholo ba bacha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea tahi ea inthanete le bona ba tlalehiloe ba na le bothata bo bong ba kelello [7, 8]. Mathata a bokuli ba kelello, mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tlhaselo ea kelello e fokolisang tlhaselo ea kelello (ADHD), likotsi tsa boitšoaro bo sa foleng, mathata a ho tšoenyeha, mathata a ho robala, mathata a ho ja, le ho tsietsana ke maemo a mang a proven a amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete [9].
Ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore temallo ea inthanete ha e le hantle ke mokhoa o nkang karolo mekhoeng e meng e mebe e utloisisang libaka tse sa pheleng tsa bophelo joalo ka ha ho bonoa khatello ea maikutlo [10]. Moelelong ona, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete e ka bonoa e le mokhoa o khotsofatsang, mme ka mekhoa ea ho ithuta, e ka sebelisoa e le leano le sa lekaneng la ho sebetsana le maikutlo a mang a fosahetseng [11].
Litšobotsi tsa mocheso oa bonyatsi kapa tse batloang ke maikutlo tse tlalehiloeng li phahame haholo ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ho feta bathong ba sa tsebeng letho [12]. Bangoli ba bangata ba lumela hore mekhoa ena e eketsa kotsi ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka kakaretso [13], mohlomong ka lebaka la tloaelo e atileng ea ho leka lithethefatsi. Lithutong tse batlisisang litšobotsi tsa maikutlo a bacha ba bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi tsa inthanete, ho ile ha senoloa hore baithuti ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba ne ba angoa habonolo ke maikutlo, ba sa tsitsa maikutlong, ba nahana lintho tse ngata, ba tsepamisitse mohopolo, ho itšeha, ho etsa liteko le ho khetha liqeto tsa bona [7]. Bacha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le bona ba bontšitsoe hore ba na le likhaolo tse phahameng ho mekhahlelo ea maikutlo le maikutlo a kelello ho feta a sehlopha sa taolo [14]. Leha ho le joalo, tsebong ea rona, ha ho na thuto ka har'a lingoliloeng tse sebetsanang le kamano pakeng tsa lintlha tse amanang le tšireletso eo motho a nang le eona le bokhoba ba marang-rang..
Morero oa pele oa thuto ena e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka bokhoba ba marang-rang le bohlokoa ba likarolo tsa sechaba har'a batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ba Turkey. Taba ea bobeli, e ne e reretsoe ho bapisa maemo a profil a hlaselang le litšobotsi tsa maikutlo le boitšoaro tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha kapa ntle le ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete.
2. Mekhoa
2.1. Moralo le Mohlala
Ena ke thuto e hlalosang le e khahlisang. Baahi ba thuto ba ne ba kenyelletsa baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba Erzurum Ataturk High School naheng ea Turkey selemong sa thuto sa 2010-2011 (n = 325). Mohlala oa ho ithuta o ne o kenyelletsa baithuti ba 303 ba neng ba le teng litlelaseng ka letsatsi leo ho bokelloang data, ba ileng ba lumela ho nka karolo thutong, le ba tlatsitseng lipotso ka botlalo (tekanyo ea karabelo = 93.2%).
2.2. Mehopolo ea boitšoaro
Tumello ea komiti ea boitšoaro e fumanoe Setsing sa Saense ea Bophelo ba Univesithi ea Ataturk. Ho amohetsoe tumello ho tsoa ho motsamaisi oa Sekolo se Phahameng sa Erzurum Ataturk. Baithuti ba fuoeng tlhahisoleseling mabapi le thuto le ba amohetseng ho nka karolo thutong eo ba kenyelelitsoe. Hape, tumello e fumanoe ho Directorate of School Education, e amanang le Lefapha la Thuto.
2.3. Pokello ea data
Ho sebelisitsoe lisebelisoa tse 'ne ho bokella datha: foromo ea litaba tsa boleng ba sechaba, tšebeliso ea matla a marang-rang, matla le lipotso tse thata, le tlhahlobo ea mocheso ea Memphis, Pisa, Paris le San Diego autoquestionnaire. Baithuti ba fane ka likarabo tsa bona nakong ea thupelo ea thupelo. Ho phetheloa ha liletsa ho nkile karolelano ea metsotso ea 40.
2.4. Lisebelisoa tsa Ho Bokella Datha
2.4.1. Foromo ea Boitsebiso ba Litšobotsi tsa Sechaba
Re thehile lethathamo la lipotso tsa sechaba tsa 12 le lintho tse amanang le lilemo, thobalano, sehlopha, moputso o tloaelehileng oa khoeli le khoeli, mofuta le tšebeliso ea inthanete (mohlala, "O sebelisa inthanete hokae?") Le boteng ba khomphutha ho khomphutha. lapeng.
2.4.2. Sekala sa Tebeliso ea Inthanete (IAS)
IAS [15] ke sesebelisoa sa ho itlaleha se nang le lisebelisoa tsa 31 (mohlala, "Ke lutse marang-rang nako e telele ho feta kamoo ke neng ke ikemiselitse," "Ke nahana hore bophelo kantle ho Marang-rang bo tla ba monate ebile bo se na thuso," "Ke lekile ho sebelisa chelete e tlase. nako inthaneteng empa ha ke a khona ho etsa joalo. ”) e thehiloe ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida, Khatiso ea Bone, litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litheko, le 2 mekhoa e meng e khothalletsoang ke Griffiths [16]. IAS ke mohato o ka tšeptjoang haholo le o lumellanang kahare (Cronbach α = .95). Sekala se ile sa fetoleloa ho Seturkey, mme maemo a psychometric a phetolelo ea Turkey ea tekanyo eo a ile a hlahlojoa har'a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ho senola ts'epahalo e kholo ea ho khutlisa liteko [17]. Ho ts'epahala ha 'moho ho fokotsitse sekhahla sa pele ho tloha linthong tsa 31 ho isa linthong tsa 27 (ka Cronbach α ea .94). Lintho tse mahlonoko li lekantsoe sethaleng sa 5-point Likert (1, ha ho mohla; 2, ka seoelo; 3, ka linako tse ling; 4, khafetsa; 5, kamehla), ka lintlha tse phahameng tse emelang bokhoba bo bongata ba inthanete. Ho ile ha fanoa ka lintlha tsa "cutoff lintlha" tsa 81 (3 x 27) e le sesupo sa bokhoba ba marang-rang.
2.4.3. Lipotso tsa "Matla le Mathata" (SDQ)
SDQ [18] e ile ea ntlafatsoa ho tseba likarolo tsa matla le boits'oaro bo thata ba bacha. Sesebelisoa sena se na le lipotso tse 25 tse botsang ka litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro, tse ling tsa tsona li ntle, 'me tse ling tsa tsona li le mpe. Lipotso tsena li thathamisitsoe tlasa lihloohoana tse hlano: (1) mathata a boitšoaro; (2) ho se tsotelle ho se tsotelle; (3) matšoao a maikutlo; (4) mathata a lithaka; le (5) boits'oaro bo botle. Lihloohoana tse 'ne tsa pele li arotsoe ka "lintlha tse thata tsa bothata" Lintlha tsena li fapana pakeng tsa 0 le 40. Ho nepahala le ho ts'epahala ha mofuta oa SDQ oa Turkey ho entsoe ke Güvenir et al. [19] e nang le botsitso bo ka hare bo amohelehang (Cronbach's alpha = 0.73).
2.4.4. Teko ea Phepo ea Memphis, Pisa, Paris, le San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A)
Phetolelo ea autoquestionnaire ea tlhahlobo ea maikutlo ea Memphis, Pisa, Paris, le San Diego (TEMPS-A) ke sesebelisoa sa ho itlaleha se entsoeng ke Akiskal et al. [20]. E netefalitsoe hore e ka sebelisoa ho batho ba kulang le ba phetseng hantle kelellong. Lenane la lipotso le felletseng le nka mehato e matla ea bohale, e teng bophelong bohle ba taba, e emeloang litekanyong tse hlano: khatello ea maikutlo, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, ho teneha le ho tšoenyeha. Thutong ena, ho sebelisitsoe mofuta oa Turkey [21].
2.5. Tlhahlobo ea data
Setifikeiti sa Statistical bakeng sa software ea Social Science (SPSS 15, Chicago, IL, USA) se sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Litekanyetso tse hlalosang li ne li bonts'oa e le "ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng" kapa liperesente. Lintho tse tsoelang pele li ne li bapisoa le Morutoana t teko. Teko ea Pearson ea sekwere e ne e sebelisetsoa ho sekaseka liphapang tsa mekhoa le boholo ba lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Ho ile ha sebelisoa liteko tsa Spearman's kapa Pearson ho lekola botsoalle pakeng tsa IAS le liphallelo tsa SDQ le TEMPS-A. A P boleng ba <0.05 bo ne bo nkuoa bo le bohlokoa.
3. Liphetho
Kakaretso ea bashanyana ba 210 (69.2%) le banana ba 92 (30.8%) ba qetile tekanyo le lipotso. Ho mehlala, 20 (6.6%) li fumanoe li lemaletse marang-rang ho latela IAS. Karolo ea bashanyana ba neng ba khethiloe e le boloi ba marang-rang e ne e le 6.2%. Bakeng sa banana, karolo e lumellanang e ne e le 7.6%; phapang e ne e se ea bohlokoa lipalo. Ho ba le k'homphieutha ka tlung ho fumanoe hore e amana haholo le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Lethathamo 1 e thathamisa lintlha tsa mantlha tsa sehlooho ka ho ba teng kapa ho se be teng hoa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete.
Mekhoa ea sechaba ea bacha ea lilemong tsa bocha mabapi le boemo ba bokhoba ba inthanete (tlhahlobo ea chi-mraba).
Morero oa lipalo tsa IAS o ne o phahame haholo ho bacha ba nang le k'homphieutha lapeng ho feta ba neng ba se (P <0.001). Ntle le moo, baithuti ba neng ba sebelisitse inthanete ka nako e fetang lilemo tse peli ba fumanoe ba fumana lintlha tse holimo ho IAS ho feta ba neng ba ntse ba sebelisa marang-rang ka lilemo tse peli kapa ka tlase ho moo (P <0.001). Lintlha tsa IAS le tsona li ne li phahame haholo ho bacha ba neng ba ntse ba sebelisa marang-rang hae ho feta ba neng ba ntse ba sebelisa marang-rang libakeng tse ling (P <0.001).
Tekanyo e atileng ea ho ba le moea oa ho tšoenyeha ka bokhoba ba marang-rang e ne e le 15%, athe bakeng sa litheko tse ngata, e ne e le 2.8% (P <0.001). Li-subtypes tsa mocheso le kabo ea tsona ho latela maemo a bokhoba ba inthanete li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 2. Lotsalo tse bolelang hore IAS e fumanoe e phahame ho bacha ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo (63.9 ± 25.3) ho feta ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo (47.9 ± 18.1)P <0.05). Ho ba teng kapa ho ba sieo ha mefuta e meng ea bohale ho ne ho sa amanngoe le lintlha tse fapaneng haholo ho IAS. Ho latela coefficient ea Pearson ea khokahano, likamano tse kholo li fumanoe lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le dysthymic (r = 0.199; P <0.01), cyclothymic (r = 0.249; P <0.01), hyperthymic (r = 0.156; P <0.01), e halefa (r = 0.254; P <0.01), le matšoenyeho (r = 0.205; P <0.01) bohale.
Litšobotsi tsa maemo a bacha mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang.
Bacha ba nang le temallo ea Inthanete ntle le ntle le bona ba ne ba bapisoa ho latela lintlha tsa bona tsa TEMPS-A le SDQ (Lethathamo 3). Leha ho se phapano e ileng ea bonoa TEMPS-A, baithuti ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba ile ba ipeha maemong a phahameng a boitšoaro (P <0.05) le mathata a felletseng (P <0.05) lihlapiso tsa SDQ ho feta baithuti ba se nang bokhoba ba inthanete. Ho feta moo, ho bile le kamano e ntle le ea lipalo lipakeng tsa IAS le mathata a boitšoaro (r = 0.146; P <0.05), ho se tsotelle ho se tsotelle (r = 0.133; P <0.05), matšoao a maikutlo (r = 0.138; P <0.05), le mathata a felletseng (r = 0.160; P <0.01).
Ho bapisoa ha TEMPS-A le SDQ ho bolela palo e ngata ea baithuti ba nang le ntle le bokhoba ba marang-rang.
4. Puisano
Phuputsong ea hona joale, ho ata ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho fumanoe e le 6.6%, e tšoanang le sekhahla se fumanoang lithutong tse ling tse lekolang liithuti tse tsofetseng le tsona [22, 23]. Ho latela seo re se fumaneng, menyetla ea ho ba lekhoba la marang-rang e eketseha ka keketseho ea monyetla oa ho fumaneha ha inthanete. Ntle le moo, tšebeliso ea inthanete e nkileng nako e fetang lilemo tse peli e boetse e fumanoe e amana le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho lemalla Internet.
Thutong ea rona, mohlomong ka lebaka la litheko tse tlase tsa banana, ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ho ea ka lintlha tsa IAS. Khahlano le seo re se fumaneng, Turkey Statistical Institute e boletse hore ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha le marang-rang li ne li atile haholo har'a bashanyana ho feta ho banana ba leng ho data ea 2010 [24]. Boithuto bo bong bo tsoang Turkey bo boetse bo bontšitse hore bashanyana ba ne ba le tšekamelo ea ho feta litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete [17, 25].
Phuputsong e ileng ea lekola liithuti tsa sekolo sa mathomo sa 535 tse sebelisang lethathamo la bana la bana la bana, lintlha tsa ADHD li fumanoe li phahame haholo ho bacha ba lemaletseng marang-rang ho feta ho ba se nang [26]. Ntle le moo, Yen et al. [27], ho lekola liithuti tsa koleche ea 2793, ho senotse hore ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa lekhoba la marang-rang le ho lemalla ho fokola ha kelello (ADHD). Ba boetse ba bonts'itse hore kamano e hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang e ne e le sehloela sa matšoao a bofokoli ba tlhokomelo. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, lithutong tsa hona joale, lintlha tse lemalloang Inthaneteng li fumanoe li amana hantle le khaello ea kelello le lintlha tse phahameng haholo. Ho latela "lefu la ho khaotsa ho amohela," ka lebaka la khaello ea li-receptor ea D2, bana ba nang le ADHD ba tšoaile tšekamelo ea ho ts'oaroa ke ts'ebeliso ea lefu la sethoathoa, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala, le boits'oaro bo potlakileng le bo phehellang [28]. Bokhoba ba marang-rang, ho latela "moputso oa tlhaelo ea moputso," bo ka sebetsa e le "moputso oo e seng oa tlhaho" mme bo ka tsamaisana le matšoao a ADHD ka tsela ena [26].
Litšobotsi tsa botho bo ikemetseng li bonts'itsoe li amana le ho tsitsipana, ho batla lintho tse ncha, kelello le mathata a likamano tsa sechaba lithutong tse 'maloa [29, 30]. Landers & Lounsbury [31] e lekole liithuti tsa undergate tsa 117 mme ea fumana hore ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e ne e sa tsamaisane hantle le litšobotsi tse tharo ho tse hlano tse kholo, ho amoheloa, letsoalo le ho fetelletsa lintho hammoho le litšobotsi tse peli tse patisaneng; ts'epo le ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi, hape e amanang le ho ba le kelello e thata. Phuputsong e entsoeng ho baithuti ba koleche Turkey, ho bonoa psychoticism e le eona feela ntlha ea botho e amanang le ho theha likamano tse ncha le ho ba le metsoalle ea "inthanete" feela. Ho feta moo, extindowsion e ne e le eona feela sebopeho sa botho se amanang le ho boloka likamano tse telele le ho ts'ehetsa likamano tsa sefahleho sa sefahleho sa letsatsi le letsatsi [32]. Thutong ea rona, ho ile ha fumanoa khokahano e nepahetseng le e matla lipakeng tsa marang-rang a lithethefatsi tsa bokhoba ba inthanete le maemo a sithabetsang a maikutlo, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, ha a halefe, le ho ba le mathata a ho tšoenyeha. Ho feta moo, khafetsa maqhubu a ho tšoenyeha ho ile ha fumanoa a phahame haholo ho baithuti ba lemaletseng Inthanete ho feta ba neng ba se na eona.
Ho lemalla boitšoaro ho bontša litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba 'mele le kelello bo kang ho ruruha kelellong, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho mamella, ho tlohela, likhohlano pakeng tsa motho, le ho oela hape [33]. Ho ea ka "hypothesis ea ho itlhekella," hangata bakuli ba sebelisa lintho ho fetola boemo ba bona bo sa batleheng ba maikutlo, ho fokotsa ho tšoenyeha ha bona le ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho senyeha hoa kelello [34]. Sena se ka bonoa bokhobeng ba marang-rang, boo hape e leng bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho pheta-pheta boiteko ba ho fumana marang-rang e ka ba tsela ea ho fokotsa botebo ba matšoao a bang teng ha motho a tsoa bohlasoa. Ntle le moo, litlhaloso tsa ho eketseha hoa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo li ka amana le "hypothesis" ea ho itlhalosa.
Bacha ba nang le ts'ehetso ea maikutlo le kelello ba tlalehiloe ba le kotsing e eketsehileng ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi Inthaneteng [35]. Morahan-Martin le Schumacher [36] e senotse hore 22.7% ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba ne ba e-na le bothata le likamano tsa lithaka le ba malapa mme ba na le bothata mosebetsing le mesebetsing ea sekolo ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea inthanete. Mohlaleng oa rona oa ho ithuta, lintlha tse ngata tsa matla le mathata a boitšoaro a SDQ li fumanoe li phahame haholo ho baithuti ba lemaletseng Inthanete. Hape, ho bile le khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa marang-rang a lithethefatsi tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le mathata a felletseng, mathata a boitšoaro, ho se tsotelle, le matšoao a maikutlo. Ho latela lipatlisiso tsena, ho na le kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Marang-rang le mathata a maikutlo le a boits'oaro.
Meeli. Ho na le meeli e 'maloa ea thuto ea joale. Taba ea pele, kaha mohlala oa thupelo ena o kenyelelitse baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng, liphetho tsa thuto li ke ke tsa akaretsoa ho palo e kholo ea batho ba Turkey. Taba ea bobeli, mohlala oa mohlala o ne o ikokobelitse ho fihlela liqeto tse hlakileng. Hape, thuto ea sekolo se phahameng e ne e sa tlamehe Turkey ha thuto ena e ne e etsoa. Malapa a Bochabela le Boroa-bochabela ho Turkey a tsetela ho feta lithutong tsa bara ba bona ho feta barali ba bona [37]. Kahoo, palo ea rona ea lithuto e na le bashanyana ba 69.2% le banana ba 30.8%. Kamora nako, moralo oa lipatlisiso tsa karolo e nyane ea thuto e teng hona joale ha oa ka oa tiisa likamano tsa mabaka le moferefere oa mathata a boitšoaro ka ho lemalla tahi.
5. Liphello
Ho latela se fumanoeng ke boithuto ba hona joale, bokhoba ba marang-rang ke ntho e tloaelehileng har'a bacha. Ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le bokhoba ba tlhokomelo le matšoao a hanyane ka hanyane hape le moea o tšoenyehileng. Ho feta moo, mathata a boitšoaro a atile haholo ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete. Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa thuto ena, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho hlalosa hore na sephethe-phethe sa sephetho ke eng. Ho na le tlhoko ea hore ho be le lithuto tse batlang ho ba teng tse hlahlobang maemo a mofuthu a ba lilemong tsa bocha ba leng kotsing ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete maemong a maholo a thuto.
Khohlano ea Lithahasello
Ha ho na mongoli ea nang le kamano e tobileng ea lichelete le boitsebahatso ba khoebo bo boletsoeng pampiring bo ka lebisang khohlano ea lithahasello.
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