Ke ne ke tla etsa joang ha se etsahetse? Ho etsa liqeto, ho kula le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi (2013)

Front Psychol. 2013 Sep 10; 4: 609. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2013.00609. eCollection 2013.

inahaneloang

Mosebetsi oa morao-rao o senotse kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological le ho eketseha ho ts'oaroa ho hoholo ho bana le bacha. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo boetse bo bontšitse ho eketseha ha likotsi ntle le tikoloho ea papali ea video kamora papali ea papali, empa mosebetsi ona o shebile haholo mofuta o le mong oa lipapali tsa video (ke hore, racing). Ba susumetsoa ke liphumano tsena, sepheo sa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho lekola kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological le eo e seng ea methapo, ho se ts'oenyehe le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi. Phuputso ea morao-rao e boetse e fupere likamano lipakeng tsa boiphihlelo ka mefuta e 'meli e tsebahalang haholo ea lipapali tsa video [ke hore, thunya ea motho oa pele (FPS) le leano] le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. E lumellana le mosebetsi o fetileng, ~ 7% ea sampole ea hona joale ea batho ba baholo ba kolecheng ba fihletse ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video. Palo ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala papali ka beke e ne e amahanngoa le ho ts'oaroa ho eketsehileng ka tekanyo ea ho itlaleha le mosebetsing oa nakoana oa ho theola litheko (TD). Kamano ena e ne e amehile ka mofuta oa papali ea video; ka kotloloho, boiphihlelo ka lipapali tsa FPS bo ne bo amana hantle le ho qobelloa, ha boiphihlelo ka lipapali tsa leano li ne li sa tsamaellane hantle le ho qobelloa. Lihora ka beke le matšoao a amanang le ts'oaetso ea methapo e boletse esale pele ho nka likotsi tse eketsehileng mosebetsing oa kotsi le mosebetsi oa papali ea Iowa, o tsamaisana le ts'ebetso e mpe ho feta, o bonts'a hore leha likhetho tse kotsi li sa lefelle, batho ba ileng ba qeta nako e ngata ea papali ba bile ba amohela matšoao a ho feta papali e ile ea tsoela pele ho etsa likhetho tsena. Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tsena, re khothaletsa hore boteng ba matšoao a pathological le mofuta oa papali ea video (mohlala, FPS, leano) e kanna ea ba lintlha tsa bohlokoa ho tseba hore na palo ea boiphihlelo ba papali e amana joang le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi.

Keywords: lipapali tsa video, ho nka liqeto, kotsi, ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea methapo, ho se ts'oenyehe, ts'ebetso ea moputso

Patlisiso e fetileng e bontšitse hore lipapali tsa video li ba le tšusumetso ho bonts'a maikutlo le maikutlo ka mekhoa e mengata (West le Bailey, 2013). Mohlala, boiphihlelo bo boholo ba papali ea video bo amahanngoa le tšebeliso e fokotsehileng ea taolo e sebetsang ea kelello (Kronenberger et al., 2005; Mathews et al., 2005; Bailey et al., 2010), phapang phihlelong le ponahalong ea tšusumetso e ntle le e mpe (Bartholow et al., 2006; Kirsh le Lipalo, 2007; Bailey et al., 2011), le keketseho ea palo ea matšoao a amanang le ADHD, haholo ho batho ba bonts'a papali ea video ea pathological (PVP; Lichaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011;; Pawlikowski le Brand, 2011). Liphumano tse tsoang liphuputsong tse 'maloa li bonts'a hore katleho ea ho etsa liqeto e ntlafatsoa ke maikutlo, taolo kapa taolo ea kelello, le boteng ba bokhoba ba lik'hemik'hale le boits'oaro (Tanabe et al., 2007; Weber le Johnson, 2009; Figner le Weber, 2011). Ka lebaka la kopano pakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea video, PVP, le maikutlo le taolo ea kelello, motho a ka lebella hore boiphihlelo ba papali ea video bo ka ba le phello e mpe ts'ebetsong ea ho etsa liqeto. Ho ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso ena, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore ho pepesehela lipapali tsa video tsa mabelo ho ka susumetsa liqeto tsa lefats'e tsa nnete tse amanang le boits'oaro ba ho khanna (Fischer et al., 2009; Beullens et al., 2011). Boithuto ba hajoale bo fetisa bopaki bo teng ka ho hlahloba kamano lipakeng tsa mefuta e meng ea lipapali tsa video [ke hore, motho ea thunyang motho oa pele (FPS) le leano], PVP, le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi maemong a papali ea chelete.

Patlisiso e hlahlobang kamano lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa video le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi e shebane haholo le litlamorao tsa lipapali tsa video tsa mabelo mabapi le maikutlo le ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse kotsi tsa ho khanna (mohlala, ho potlakisa, ho palama ka monate, ho matha ka seterateng; bona Fischer et al., 2011). Ho ipapisitsoe le mehato ea ho itlaleha, nako e sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa mabelo li amahanngoa hantle le ho nka karolo ho khanna ho kotsi ho bacha le batho ba baholo, haholoholo banna (Beullens et al., 2011), hape e amanang le ho khanna ka hloko (Fischer et al., 2007). Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsoa likabelong tsa lipapali tsa mabelo ho eketsa maikutlo a nepahetseng mabapi le ho ipeha kotsing le ho ipeha kotsing e kholo mosebetsing oa ho khanna o tsamaisoang ke komporo (Fischer et al., 2007, 2009), e ka bang teng ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo kholo joalo ka mokhanni ea kotsi (Fischer et al., 2009). Ntle le moo, lipapali tsa video tsa mabelo li shebahala li hohela haholo ho batho ba ikemiselitseng kotsi e eketsehileng ea likotsi tsa likoloi le lefu (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2009). Ho ipapisitsoe le liphumano tsena, ho bonahala eka ho bonts'oa ha video nako e telele le haufinyane ho ka lebisa ho liphetoho mekhoeng ea boitšoaro le boits'oaro bo bontšitsoeng papaling.

Tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e emela bothata bo boholo bakeng sa 8-9% ea bana le bacha (Lichaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011). Batho ba nang le matšoao a PVP ba tlaleha ho bapala lipapali tsa video khafetsa le ka nako e telele, ba tlola mesebetsi e meng (mohlala, mosebetsi oa lapeng, mesebetsi ea lapeng) ho bapala lipapali tsa video, le ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video ho baleha mathata a bona khafetsa ho feta lithaka tsa bona. Letšoao le leholo la PVP le boetse le hokahantsoe le litlaleho tsa ho eketseha ha mabifi le ho hloka matla, ho se sebetse hantle sekolong, le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa matšoao a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo le ADHD (Lichabeng et al., 2011).

Papali ea pathological e kanna ea amana le keketseho ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. Pawlikowski le Brand (2011) a hlahloba ho se tšoane ho ho bapalang papali ea inthanete le ts'ebetso ho Game of Dice task, mokhoa oa ho etsa liqeto o kotsi. Mosebetsing ona, motho ea nkang karolo o leka ho etsa chelete e ngata kamoo ho ka khonehang ka ho hakanya hore na ho tla hlaha lipalo life tse tsoang lehlakoreng la 6. Libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata li ile tsa khetha likhetho tse tlase haholo hangata ho feta bao e seng libapali, tse bakang tahlehelo e kholo. Boitšoaro bona bo tšoana le bo bontšitsoeng ke batho ba nang le mathata a papali ea chelete (Cavedini et al., 2002;; Brand et al., 2005). Mosebetsi ona o fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea li-pathological e amana hantle le ho ts'oaroa le ho nka likotsi hofihlella nako e sebelisitsoeng papaling.

Bopaki bo tsoang liphuputsong bo lekang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete ea mathata bo ka fana ka leseli la hore na PVP e susumetsa joang ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Kirby et al., 1999; Mitchell, 1999; Kim et al., 2011) le bothata ba papali ea chelete (Brand et al., 2005; Slutske et al., 2005; Tanabe et al., 2007) li hokahane le keketseho ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi ka tsela e le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa tse latelang: mesebetsi e tsitsitseng ea botsamaisi, maikutlo a fetotsoeng litlamorao ho sephetho se setle le se fosahetseng, kapa ho eketseha ha khatello. Mohlala, bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka joala ba mpefala ho Iowa Gask Task (IGT; Kim et al., 2011), ho nka nako e telele ho ithuta ho tsoa liphellong tse mpe (ke hore, ho tsoela pele ho khetha likarete tse "mpe") ha li bapisoa le bakuli ba sa noeleng joala. Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho ho amahantsoe le ho fokotseha hoa mesebetsi ea pele ho hemisphere e nepahetseng nakong ea IGT, mohlomong e bonts'a liphetoho liphethong tse nkang kotsi (Tanabe et al., 2007). Litlamorao tsa nicotine ho impulsivity li ithutoe haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea mosebetsi oa nakoana oa ho fokola (TD) mosebetsi (mohlala, Mitchell, 1999; Ahmura et al., 2005) moo barupeluoa ba khethang lipakeng tsa meputso e menyenyane e fuoang hanghang kapa kamora ho lieha ho khutšoanyane le meputso e meholo e tlisoang kamora ho lieha ho feta (Loewenstein le Thaler, 1989; Bala, 2004). Ho khetha moputso o nyane, moputso oa hang-hang o ka hlalosoa ho bonts'a ts'usumetso e kholo. Batho ba tsubang koae ba tsuba khafetsa mosebetsing ona ho feta ba sa tsubeng (Mitchell, 1999; Reynolds et al., 2004). Ho ekelletsa moo, tekanyo eo mofufutso oa ho tsuba o liehang ho fumana phaello e kopantsoeng le tšebeliso ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea nicotine (Reynolds et al., 2004; Ahmura et al., 2005). Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ho becha ha mathata li amahanngoa le khetho e ntle ea meputso kapele, mohlomong e le lebaka la taolo e fokolang ea boitšoaro.

Lipapali tsa video tsa mabelo li bonahala e le menahano e amanang le kotsi le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho khanna; leha ho le joalo, ha ho ntse ho sa hlake hore na mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali tsa video le eona e ka ba kotsi ho etsa liqeto libakeng tse ling. Ho na le bopaki, leha ho le joalo, hore mefuta e meng ea lipapali tsa video e ka ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng taolong ea kelello, sete ea bokhoni bo lumellang motho ho boloka ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso-leseling e tataisitsoeng ka sepheo (Basak et al., 2008; Bailey et al., 2010). Mohlala, thutong e fapaneng ea motho ka mong (Bailey et al., 2010), e fumane hore boiphihlelo ka lipapali tsa video tsa FPS li kopantsoe le phokotso ea taolo e sebetsang (ts'ebetso, ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea lintlha tse amanang le sepheo) mme e ne e sa tsamaellane le taolo e sebetsang (ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea nako ea taolo kamora ho qabana; , 2012). Ho feta moo, Swing (2012) e bonts'itse hore 10 h ea boiphihlelo ba FPS e bakile phokotso ea ts'ebeliso ea taolo ea proactive thutong ea boikoetliso. Liphumano tsena li ka bonts'a hore libapali tsa FPS li ka ba le monyetla oa ho etsa liqeto tsa tsona motsotso eseng ho latela ho nahanisisa ka mokhoa o nahanang, tloaelo e ka bonahatsang e le khetho bakeng sa meputso e potlakileng ho fapana le tlhahlobo ea nako e telele ea likotsi le melemo. Ho fapana le lipapali tsa FPS, lipapali tsa video tsa leano li ka phahamisa keketseho ea moralo o hlokolosi le taolo ea boitšoaro bo phahameng. Basak et al. (2008) e bonts'itse hore 23.5 h ea boikoetliso papaling ea video ea leano e ntlafalitse bokhoni ba ho fetola mesebetsi le memori e sebetsang. Sebaka sena sa lipatlisiso se sebetsana le thuto ea hona joale hobane likarolo tse tšoanang tsa neural li kentse letsoho taolong ea kelello le ho etsa liqeto (Steinberg, 2008; Christopoulos et al., 2009). Ka hona, litlamorao tsa ho pepesetsoa lipapali tsa video libakeng tsena tsa boko le tsona li ka ba le litlamorao bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto ka katleho.

Morero oa thuto ea hona joale e ne e le ho holisa mosebetsi oa Fischer et al. (2007, 2009) ho mefuta e meng ea lipapali tsa video le maemo a ho etsa liqeto ho fana ka kutlwisiso e phethahetseng ea hore na boiphihlelo ba papali ea video bo amana joang le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. Bakeng sa ho fihlela sepheo sena, ho ile ha sebelisoa mesebetsi e mengata ea ho etsa liqeto e amanang le kotsi. Re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho FPS le ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka lebaka la ho tuma ha bona har'a libapali (Sehlopha sa NDP, 2010), hammoho le monyetla oa bona oa ho susumetsa ho etsa liqeto ka litsela tse hanyetsanang. Phuputsong ea hona joale, batho ka bomong ba tlaleha boiphihlelo ba lipapali tsa video bo fetileng (ke hore, lihora tse bapaloang ka beke, matšoao a PVP, le mofuta) mme ba qeta lethathamo la lipotso le mesebetsi ea khomphutha e hlahlobang ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. Ts'ebetso ea "canonical correlation analysis" (CCA) e sebelisitsoe ho lekola likamano tsa morao-rao liphihlelo tsa papali ea video, PVP le thobalano (ke ho re, mefuta ea lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele), le mehato ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi (ke hore, tse sa tšepahaleng.). E ipapisitse le mosebetsi o fetileng (Moditjhaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011), re fane ka maikutlo a hore palo e tloaelehileng ea lihora tse sebelisoang ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka beke le palo ea matšoao a ts'oaetso a emisitsoeng e tla bolela esale pele ho eketseha ha maikutlo, leeme ho moputso o potlakileng kapa o moholo, le khetho e eketsehileng ea likhetho tsa riskier. FPS le lipapali tsa video tsa leano li ne li lebelletsoe ho amahanngoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng le qeto e kotsi; Libapali tsa FPS li ne li lebelletsoe ho ba tse sa potlakang le ho tsotella meputso, athe libapali tsa leano li ne li lebelletsoe ho khetha likhetho tse fokolang tse kotsi mme li amehe haholo liphellong tse mpe. Litšebelisano lipakeng tsa lihora, PVP, le mofuta li ile tsa hlahlojoa hape ho bona hore na litlamorao tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa video le ho hlaha ha tšebeliso ea methapo ea methapo li ka lekanya likamano tsa mofuta ofe kapa ofe.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa e ne e le li-undergraduates tsa 149 (basali ba 70) ba tsoang Univesithing ea Iowa State ho tloha lilemong tsa 16 ho isa lilemong tsa 30. Ka lebaka la phoso e teng software, datha ea karolo ea tlhahlobo ea mosebetsi oa khetho ea probabil e ile ea lahleheloa ke morupeluoa a le mong. Ba ile ba fumana tumello e nang le tsebo e tsoang ho bohle ba neng ba nka karolo 'me ba ile ba fuoa tlotla ea ho ba le seabo. Boithuto bona bo amohetse Boto ea Institutional Review Board ea univesithi.

Lisebelisoa le moralo

Potso ea ts'ebeliso ea media

Potso ea ts'ebeliso ea media e kenyelletsa lipotso tse tharo tse phahameng tsa tlhophiso. Lipotso tse peli li ile tsa botsa motho ka mong hore a bonts'a palo ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka letsatsi le tloaelehileng la beke (Potso 1, Mantaha ho fihlela Labohlano) kapa beke (Potso 2, Moqebelo le Sontaha) bakeng sa e 'ngoe ea linako tse' ne (6 hoseng ho isa mantsiboea, mantsiboea ho ea 6 thapama, 6 bosiu ho isa mantsiboea, le har'a mpa ea bosiu ho ea 6 hoseng). Potso ea boraro e ile ea botsa morupeluoa ho bontša hore na o bapala lipapali tsa video tsa 12 ka makhetlo a makae le papali ea video eo ba qetileng nako e ngata a e bapala. Mefuta e itšetlehileng e sebelisitsoeng e ne e le palo e felletseng ea lihora tse sebelisoang ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka beke le ho khetholloa e le FPS kapa leano la sebapali sa video (0 kapa 1) ho latela mofuta oa papali ea video eo ba tlalehileng ho bapala khafetsa. Ho ts'epahala kahare ho ne ho phahame bakeng sa palo ea lihora tse bapaloang (coefficient α = 0.85) le bakeng sa palo ea boiphihlelo ka mefuta ea lipapali tsa video (coefficient α = 0.87).

Tekanyo ea lipapali tsa boloetse

Mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa sekala sa PVP (Moditjhaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011) e entsoe ka lintho tsa 13 tse neng li ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV tsa bokhoba ba papali ea chelete. Barupeluoa ba arabile potso ka 'ngoe ka ho khetha "e," "che", "ka linako tse ling" kapa "ha ke tsebe." Mofuta o ikhethileng e ne e le palo ea lipotso tseo ba arabileng ka "e" (1-13). Ho tšepahala ka hare ho sampole ea hajoale ho ne ho amoheleha (coefficient α = 0.60).

Barratt ha ho na sekhahla

Mofuta oa Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11; Patton et al., 1995) e ne e sebelisoa ho lekanya ho se ts'oanehe ka kakaretso. BIS-11 e entsoe ka polelo ea 30 (mohlala, ke fetola lintho tseo ke itlosang bolutu ka tsona; ke rala bakeng sa ts'ireletseho ea mosebetsi) le karolo ka 'ngoe e nkang karolo bankeng ba khethiloeng har'a likhetho tse latelang: “Kamehla / Ha ho mohla,” “Nako le nako,” “Hangata,” kapa "Hoo e batlang e le" kamehla / Kamehla. ”Bakeng sa ho fumana lintlha, likarabo li ne li ngotsoe lipalo-palo ho tloha 1 (ka seoelo / ha ho mohla) ho 4 (hoo e batlang e le / kamehla) 'me li bitselitsoe ho fumana lintlha kaofela (0-20). Mefuta e phahameng e bonts'a maemo a maholo a ho hloka letho. Ho tšepahala kahare ho BIS mohlaleng oa hona joale o ne o le holimo (coefficient α = 0.75).

Boemo ba menyetla ea kotsi

Mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Risk-patterns Scale (RAS; Weber et al., 2002) e kenyelletsa polelo ea 20 ho tsoa litekanyetsong tsa boitšoaro, papali ea chelete le boithabiso ba tekanyo ea pele. Barupeluoa ba bontšitse hore na ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo hlalositsoeng polelong e 'ngoe le e ngoe ka tekanyo ho tloha 1 (ho sa rateheng haholo) ho 5 (mohlomong haholo). Phapang e itšetlehileng ka eona e ne e le sekala se akaretsang linthong tsohle (1-5). Likolo tse phahameng li bonts'a maikutlo a ho amohela kotsi. Ho ts'epahala kahare ho tekanyo ho sampole ea hona joale e ne e le holimo (coefficient α = 0.76).

Mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa

Ho IGT (Bechara et al., 1994) barupeluoa ba ile ba khetha e 'ngoe ea li-tokens tse' nè tekong ka 'ngoe e le ho fumana lintlha. Letšoao ka leng le ne le amahanngoa le melemo le tahlehelo ea eona. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho leka ho fumana lintlha tse ngata kamoo ho ka khonehang pele mosebetsi o fela. Moputso kapa tahlehelo bakeng sa letšoao le leng le le leng li ne li reroe esale pele bakeng sa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 100, e le hore ho khetha li-tokens tse peli (potoloho kapa sekwere) litekong tse ngata ho fella ka phaello ea lintlha, ha u ntse u khetha li-tokens tse ling tse peli (kristale kapa daemane) litekong tse ngata li baka tahlehelo ea lintlha. Barupeluoa ha baa ka ba bolelloa hore na "li-tokens" li ne li "ntle" le tse "mpe." Kamora hore ho khethoe letšoao, morupeluoa o ile a tsebisoa ka sephetho (phaello kapa tahlehelo) le kakaretso ea lintlha tseo ba li fumaneng. Li-tokens li ile tsa lula skrineng ho fihlela motšehetsi a khetha. Karabo e bonts'itsoe bakeng sa 1500 ms, 'me linotlolo tsa karabo e ne e le "i" (sedikara), "r" (kristale), "c" (sekwere), le "m" (daemane). Phapang e ikhethileng e ne e le palo ea makhetlo ao "li-tokens" tse mpe li ileng tsa khethoa litekong tsa ho qetela tsa 20.

Phokotso ea nakoana

Mosebetsi oa TD o ne o tšoana le McClure et al. (2004). Barupeluoa ba boletse thato ea bona ka letoto la likhetho lipakeng tsa chelete e nyane eo ba e fumaneng nakong e fetileng le chelete e ngata e fumaneng hamorao. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho etsa qeto ka 'ngoe joalokaha eka ba tla amohela khetho eo ba e khethileng. Likhetho tse peli tsa pele li ne li behiloe ho lumella barupeluoa ho ithuta ho araba mosebetsing. Khetho ea pele e ne e hloka hore barupeluoa ba khethang pakeng tsa chelete e lekanang e liehang ho lieha tse peli tse fapaneng (mohlala, $ 27.10 ka libeke tsa 2 vs. $ 27.10 ka khoeli ea 1 le libeke tsa 2) le khetho ea bobeli e ne e hloka hore barupeluoa ba khethe pakeng tsa chelete e 'ngoe. moo chelete ea pejana e neng e le tlase ho liperesente tsa 1 tsa kamora nako (mohlala, $ 0.16 kajeno vs. $ 34.04 ka khoeli ea 1 le libeke tsa 2). Liteko tsa 40 tse setseng li entsoe ka ho kopanya e 'ngoe ea litšibollo tsa pele (kajeno, libeke tsa 2, kapa khoeli ea 1) le e' ngoe ea lits'ebetso tsa morao-rao (libeke tsa 2, khoeli ea 1) le e 'ngoe ea lipapatso tse latelang tsa palo ea chelete: 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 50%. Chelete ea pele e ne e huloa ka mokhoa o sa khaotseng ho tloha ho $ 5 ho isa ho $ 40 ebe chelete e kholo e behiloe ho phapang e boletsoeng. Motsoako oohle oa ho lieha ho lieha, ho lieha ho lieha, le liphapang tsa liphesente li sebelisitsoe ntle le tseo ho lieha ha morao ho neng ho tla ba ho feta likhoeli tsa 6 kamora teko. Likhetho tse peli li ne li bontšoa ka lehlakoreng le leng la skrini ka moputso o nyane, oa pele o ne o hlahisoa ka letsohong le letšehali, 'me likhetho li lula skrineng ho fihlela karabelo e entsoe. Khetla e 'mala o moputsoa e neng e le ka tlasa khetho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e ile ea fetoha e khubelu bakeng sa 2000 ms ka mor'a karabo ho bontša khetho. Sena se ile sa lateloa ke skrini se se nang letho bakeng sa li-2000 ms ebe khetho e latelang e hlaha. Linotlolo tsa karabo e ne e le "v" bakeng sa khetho e ka ho le letšehali le "m" bakeng sa khetho e ka ho le letona. Phapang e ikhethileng e ne e le liperesente tsa likhetho moo chelete ea pejana / e nyane e neng e khethoa teng. Ho khetha khetho ea pejana khafetsa ho supa ho hlohlona ho hoholo.

Khetho ea mohlomong

Mosebetsing oa khetho ea probabilistic (Frank et al., 2004), Barupeluoa ba ile ba shebella lihlopha tse tharo tsa khothatso (AB, CD, EF) li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng 'me ba laetsoe ho khetha e le ngoe ea tse susumetsang ka bobeli. Karabo ea probabilistic e hlahisitsoe kamora khetho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe. Karolong ea pele, ho khetha A ho isitse karabong e nepahetseng (ke hore, "Ho lokile!") 80% ea nako mme ho khetha B ho lebisitse ho maikutlo a fosahetseng (ke hore, "Ho fosahetse") 20% ea nako. Karolong ea bobeli, ho khetha C ho ile ha lebisa ho karabelo e ntle ea 70% ea nako, 'me ho khethoa ha E ea boraro ho lebisitse ho 60% e ntle ea nako. Barupeluoa ba entse li-block tse tharo tsa ho ithuta tsa liteko tsa 60 (20 ea para ka 'ngoe). Khetlong la ho qetela, barupeluoa ba ile ba shebella kaofela ha linako tse tšeletseng tse khothatsang makhetlo a mane 'me ha ba ka ba fumana karabo mabapi le likhetho tsa bona. Liphetoho e ne e le litlhaku tse tšeletseng tsa Sejapane tsa Hiragana tse ileng tsa hanyetsoa mefuteng e meraro ea karabelo (ke hore, AB, CD, EF). Libekeng tsohle, lipalo li ile tsa lula skrineng ho fihlela karabelo e etsoa kapa ho fihlela 4000 ms e feta haeba ho se karabelo e fumanoeng. Libekeng tsa ho ithuta, karabo e bonts'itsoe bakeng sa 1500 ms. Ho ne ho e-na le karohano ea karabelo ea "ms" ea 500 ms-block ea ho qetela. Linotlolo tsa karabo e ne e le "v" ho khetha setšoantšo ka letsohong le letšehali le "m" ho khetha setšoantšo ka letsohong le letona. Mekhoa e itšetlehileng ka eona e ne e le liperesente tsa liteko moo ho neng ho khethoa A (Khetha A) 'me B ho qojoa (Qoba B) ka har'a sekheo sa ho qetela. Khetho e kholo ea A ho feta ho qoba B ho setupu sa ho qetela e bonts'a ho ithuta ho ipapisitse le litholoana tse ntle. Thibelo e kholo ea B ho feta khetho ea A setopong sa ho qetela e bonts'a ho ithuta ho latela liphetho tse mpe ho feta liphetho tse ntle.

Mosebetsi oa kotsi

Mosebetsing oa kotsi (Knoch et al., 2006), Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisoa ka mabokose a tšeletseng, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka nepo e kanna ea ba le lethathamo la katleho. Mabokose a mang a ne a le putsoa 'me a mang e le a pinki. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho khetha 'mala oa lebokose leo ba lumelang hore le na le lethathamo la ho hapa. Haeba ba ne ba khethile ka nepo ba ne ba fumana palo ea lintlha tse amanang le 'mala oo ba o khethileng, empa haeba ba ne ba sa nepahala ba lahlehetsoe ke lintlha tseo tse ngata. Ho fetotsoe likarolo tse peli mosebetsing ona. Boemo ba kotsi bo bolela karo-karo ea mabokose a pinki le a maputsoa ao e ka bang 5: 1, 4: 2, kapa 3: 3. Mohlala, haeba ho na le mabokose a maputsoa a 5 le lebokose le pinki la 1, joale ho na le 1 ho monyetla oa 6 oa hore lebokose la pinki le be le letšoao la ho hapa; ka hona ho khetha pinki e ne e tla ba riskier ho feta ho khetha putsoa. Tekanyo ea moputso e lebisa ho palo ea lintlha tseo mebala e li hlokang 'me e ka ba 90: 10, 80: 20, 70: 30, kapa 60: 40. 'Mala o nang le mabokose a fokolang o ne o lula o lekana le boleng ba ntlha e kholo. Mohlaleng o kaholimo, mohlala, ho khetha pinki ho ka ba le lintlha tsa 90 ha u khetha 'mala o moputsoa ho ne ho tla ba le lintlha tsa 10 feela. Barupeluoa ba qetile liteko tsa 100. Tse 'ne tsa tsona e ne e le motsoako oa 3: boemo ba 3 ba kotsi le moputso mme ha oa ka oa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong. Liteko tse setseng tsa 96 li kenyeletsa mefuta eohle e meng e ka khonehang ea sekhahla sa kotsi, tekanyo ea moputso le mmala. Boemo ba kotsi bo bontšitsoe kaholimo ho mabokose a teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe 'me tekanyo ea moputso e bontšitsoe ka tlase. Lipontšo tsa lebokose li lutse skrineng ho fihlela morupeluoa a araba ka ho latela karabo e bonts'a sephetho le lintlha tse felletseng tsa 1500 ms. Linotlolo tsa karabo e ne e le "v" ho khetha pinki le "m" ho khetha putsoa. Mefuta e itšetlehileng ka mohato ona e ne e le kakaretso ea palo qetellong ea mosebetsi (Kakaretso ea Kotsi) le liperesente tsa likhetho tse tlase tsa kotsi (Low Kotsi).

Tsamaiso

Liphetoho tsohle li hlahisitsoe ho sebelisoa E-Prime 1.2 Software (Lisebelisoa tsa Psychology Software, Pittsburgh, PA). Barupeluoa ba ile ba saena tumello e nang le tsebo mme ba qeta BIS-11, tekanyo ea lipapali tsa lipapali tsa methapo, RAS, le lipotso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba. Halofo ea barupeluoa e phethile mesebetsi ena ka tatellano e latelang: TD, mosebetsi oa kotsi, Mosebetsi oa Papali ea Papali ea Iowa, le Khetho ea Probabilistic; halofo e 'ngoe ea barupeluoa ba phethile mesebetsi ka tatellano e latelang. Barupeluoa le bona ba phethile karolo ea bohlokoa ea pono le lits'ebetso tsa ho emisa, empa kaha lintlha tsena ha li bue ka ho toba kamano pakeng tsa lipapali tsa video le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, ha ho tlaleheloe mona. Kamora hore mesebetsi e phethe, litho tsa sehlopha li ile tsa nyahlatsoa 'me tsa leboha ka ho nka karolo. Phuputso eohle e nkile ~ 90 min.

Results

Mehlala ea mohlala

Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e kenyelletsa mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, le mekhahlelo ea mefuta eohle e lekantsoeng. Ho feta halofo ea sampole (64%) e tlaleha ho bapala lipapali tsa video bonyane 2 h ka beke. Nako e tloaelehileng e tlalehiloeng e bapalang lipapali tsa video e ne e le 20.6 h ka beke (SD = 25.4, 25th tribtile = 0, 50th tertig = 13, 75th tertig = 34). Banna ba tlaleha ho bapala lihora tse ngata ka beke (M = 28.2, SD = 21.9) ho feta basali (M = 12.1, SD = 26.5), t(147) = 4.06, p <0.001. Papali ea bophelo bo botle (ke hore, ho araba "e" ho lipolelo tse 6 kapa ho feta ka sekala sa PVP) e tlalehiloe ke 7.4% (banna = 13.9%, basali = 0%) ea sampole, e tsamaellanang le sekhahla se bonoang mehlala e meng ea bana le bacha (Molichaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011). Palo ea lipontšo tsa papali ea pathological e ne e le, M = 1.8, SD = 2.0. Banna ba tlaleha matšoao a mang a amanang le papali ea methapo ea maoto (M = 2.7, SD = 2.1) ho feta basali (M = 0.8, SD = 1.2), t(147) = 6.90, p <0.001.

Lethathamo 1 

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang bakeng sa mefuta eohle e ikemetseng le e itšetlehileng ka eona.

Litumellano tsa Zero

Litumellano pakeng tsa mefuta eohle e kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong li hlahisitsoe ka Lethathamo Lethathamo2.2. Tsela eo mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o hlokometsoeng ka eona mefuteng ena e akaretsoa hakhutšoanyane pele ho nahanoa ka sephetho sa CCA e le ho lebisa 'mali ho likamano tsa mantlha tse teng bukeng ea pokello ea libuka. Ntle le mefuta e hlokometsoeng, ho sebelisitsoe mantsoe a mahlano a tšebelisano-'moho (ka mohlala, lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka beke (lihora) le PVP le mefuta e 'meli ea lipapali tsa video (ke hore, FPS le leano), le PVP le mefuta e mmedi). Thobalano (dummy coded: Male = 1, Female = 2) e ne e hokahane hampe ka Hours, FPS, PVP, RAS, Hours × PVP, Hours × FPS, Hours × Strategy, PVP × FPS, le Leano la PVP boiphihlelo ba lipapali tsa video tse kholo, papali ea li-pathological le ho ipeha kotsing ho feta ea basali. Lihora li ne li hokahane hantle le PVP, PVP × FPS, le Leano la PVP ×. Papali ea FPS e ne e hokahane hantle le PVP. Leano la papali ea leano le ne le hokahane hantle le PVP le Lihora tsa PVP. Palo ea matšoao a papali ea pathological e ne e hokahane hantle le Hours × FPS le Leano la Lihora. Lintlha tsena li bontša hore ho ata ha papali ea li-pathological ho eketseha ka palo ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala papali ka beke, le hore sena ke 'nete bakeng sa lipapali tsa FPS le maano.

Lethathamo 2 

Litlamorao lipakeng tsa mefuta eohle ea mantsoe le tšebelisano.

Tumellanong le litlatsetso tsa rona, ho ne ho e-na le mekhoa e 'meli ea setsoalle pakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea video le mehato ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi (ke hore, ho eketseha ha maikutlo, ho fokotsa maikutlo ho maikutlo a fosahetseng). Boiphetetso bo ipolelang bo ne bo amana hantle le Lihora le Lihora tsa PVP, e lumellana le mosebetsi oa nakong e fetileng (oa Lichaba et al., 2011). Ho khethoa ha moputso oa pejana, moputso o monyane mosebetsing oa TD o ne o hokahane hantle le libapali tsa FPS [FPS: M = 0.79, SD = 0.17; libapali tse seng tsa FPS: M = 0.71, SD = 0.22; t(147) = -2.10, p = 0.04] le Lihora tsa XPS ' (Figure1A), 1A), e tsamaellanang le khopolo-taba ea hore mofuta ona oa papali ea video o ka suthisetsa mohopolo oa motho ho meputso ea hanghang, mme seo sa fella ka ho nka liqeto ka lepotlapotla.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

(A) Ho bolela karolo ea likhetho tsa pejana mosebetsing oa theolelo ea nakoana e le ts'ebetso ea Lihora le ho tsebahala joaloka sebapali sa FPS. (B) Qoba B ho mosebetsi oa khetho ea mofuta oa probabilistic e le ts'ebetso ea ho tsebahatsa e le sebapali sa maano. Liphoso tsa liphoso li emela ...

Khetho ho tsoa ho li-desks tse mpe ho IGT e ne e amana hantle le Lihora tsa PPP (Setšoantšo (Figure2A), 2A), e ts'ehetsang mohopolo oa hore lihora tse ngata le pathology li amana le ho fokotsa ho ithuta ho tsoa liphellong tse mpe. Peresente ea likhetho tsa likotsi tse tlase mosebetsing oa likotsi e ne e tsamaellana hampe le Lihora, Lihora tsa PPP, le Lihora tsa XPS, tse bonts'ang kotsi e kholo e nkuoa har'a libapali. Habohlokoa, palo eohle ea mosebetsi oa kotsi e ne e hokahane hampe le Lihora le Lihora tsa PVP (Setšoantšo. (Figure2B), 2B), ho bonts'a hore ho khetha khetho ea riskier khafetsa ho bile le phello e mpe liputsong tse felletseng bakeng sa batho ba nang le boiphihlelo bo fetang ba papali le matšoao a PVP. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, kutloisiso ea karabelo e mpe mosebetsing oa khetho ea probabilistic e ile ea tsamaellana hampe le Lihora, e boetse e supa ho hloleha ho ithuta ho tsoa liphellong tse mpe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maikutlo a maikutlo a fosahetseng a ne a tsamaellana hantle le lipapali tsa Strategy (Setšoantšo (Figure1B) .1B). Batšoantšisi ba malebelaM = 0.72, SD = 0.25) e qoba B hangata ho feta libapali tse se nang leano (M = 0.62, SD = 0.23), t(146) = -2.09, p = 0.04, e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore mofuta ona o ka khothaletsa libapali ho ithuta liphosong le ho qoba ho li etsa nakong e tlang.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

(A) Karolo ea liteko tseo li-desks tse "mpe" li ileng tsa khethoa ho IGT le (B) lintlha tse felletseng tse fumanehang mosebetsing oa kotsi e le ts'ebetso ea matšoao a Lihora le PVP. Liphoso tsa liphoso li emela phoso e tloaelehileng ea se bolelang.

Tlhatlhobo ea khokahano ea Canonical

Ho hlahloba litloaelano tsa morao-rao lipakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea video le pathology (ke ho re, lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele), le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi (ke hore, li-variables tse itšetlehileng; Figure3) 3) CCA e etsoang. Melemo ea ho sebelisa mokhoa ona le menahano ea ona e hlalositsoe ho Sherry le Henson (2005). Habohlokoa, CCA e fokotsa monyetla oa phoso ea mofuta oa Type I (ke hore, liphatlalatso tse tebileng tsa sepakapaka) ha e ntse e lumella mofuputsi ho lekola likamano tse arolelanoang ka bongata pakeng tsa likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng (ke hore, boiphihlelo ba papali ea video le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi). Tlhatlhobo e senotse mesebetsi e robong e nang le likakanyo tsa "canonical" tse kopantsoeng habeliR2cya 0.39, 0.28, 0.19, 0.14, 0.11, 0.05, 0.03, 0.02, le 0.01 bakeng sa mesebetsi ya pele ho isa ho e robong, ka ho latellana. Moetso o felletseng o ne o le bohlokoa ka ho sebelisa mokhoa oa Wilks λ = 0.25, F(117, 955) = 1.68, p <0.001. Λ ea Wilks e emela phapang e sa hlalosoang ke mohlala, ka hona 1-λ ea Wilks e emela boholo ba litlamorao tsa mofuta ho latela r2. Thutong ena, ho na le mesebetsi e robong ea mangolo r2 e ne e le 0.75, e bonts'a hore mohlala o felletseng o hlalositse 75% ea phapang lipakeng tsa li-setshelo tse peli. Ho leka moralo oa tšebetso oa boleng ba lipalo, ho ile ha sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea tekanyo ea tekanyo (Tafole (Tafole3) .3). Teko ea mofuta o felletseng e ne e le bohlokoa (ke hore, Mesebetsi 1-9), joalo ka teko ea mesebetsi 2-9. Ka bobeli mesebetsi ena e hlalositse 67% ea phapang. Ha ho na mesebetsi e meng e hlalositseng karolo e kholo ea phapano e arolelanoang lipakeng tsa li-sets tse fapaneng ka mor'a ho hula mesebetsi e fetileng. Ts'ebetso ea pele ea "canonical function" e senotse khokahano ea r = 0.62 lipakeng tsa sebatiri le lintho tse itšetlehileng ka tsona, 'me tšebetso ea bobeli ea mangolo e senola khokahano ea r = 0.53 lipakeng tsa sete e fapaneng. Sena se bonts'a hore mesebetsing e 'meli ea pele ea likoloto likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng li ne li tsamaisana hantle haholo (Sherry le Henson, 2005).

Setšoantšo sa 3 

Papiso ea mosebetsi oa khokahano ea canonical le baphatlalatsi ba leshome (mabokose a lehlakoreng le letšehali) le lintho tse robeli tse itšetlehileng ka (mabokose a lehlakoreng le letona). Khokahano ea li-canonical ke Pearson's r lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea maqhubu a morao, e leng tse nkiloeng ...
Lethathamo 3 

Liteko tsa tšebetso ea mangolo.

Lihokelo tsa canonical lipakeng tsa tse feto-fetohang (boleele le bo its'epo) le lits'ebetso li bonts'a mefuta efe e nang le ts'ebetso e matla ts'ebetsong mme e ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le likarolo tsa tlhatlhobo ea lintlha (Afifi et al., 2004). Mohlala oa 148, a r ea 0.30 e bohlokoa maemong a 0.001; ka hona, lia feto-fetoha r ≥ 0.30 e ne e nkuoa e le bohlokoa ka lipalo (Tafoleng (Tafole4) .4). Tumellanong le likhakanyo tsa rona, ts'ebetso ea pele e bonts'a kopano e ntle lipakeng tsa lihora le lipapali tsa methapo, le ho nka likotsi, ho se tsitse, le ho ithuta ka phapano ho tsoa karabong e ntle le e mpe (Setšoantšo. (Figure4) .4). Ka ho khetheha, ts'ebetso ea pele ea canonical e hlalositse 11.12% ea phapang e teng mefuteng e itšetlehileng 'me e ne e amana haholo le RAS, Kotsi ea Kakaretso, Qoba B, Khetha A, le BIS-11. Kantle ho RAS, lets'oao la khokahano le ne le tšoana hantle bakeng sa mefuta eohle, ho bonts'a hore li ne li amana ka kotloloho. Lintlha tsa RAS li ne li amana ka kotloloho le tse ling tse fapaneng, ho bolelang hore lintlha tse phahameng ho RAS li ne li amahanngoa le lintlha tse tlase tse tlasa mosebetsi oa kotsi. Ts'ebetso ea pele e hlalositse 5.34% ea phapang e teng ho musisi ea boletsoeng esale pele ka menehelo ea mantlha e tsoang ho Lihora tsa PPP, Lihora, Botsoa, ​​PVP, le Hours × FPS. Lintho tsena kaofela, ntle le thobalano, li ne li amana hantle le mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona, li bonts'a lihora tse ngata, matšoao a pathological, le linako tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa FPS tse boletsoeng esale pele ho susumetsa maikutlo, kutloelo-bohloko ea ho fana ka maikutlo le tahlehelo mosebetsing oa kotsi. Kamano e mpe ea thobalano e bonts'a hore banna ba kenang liqetong tse kotsi ho feta basali.

Lethathamo 4 

Litokellano tsa Canonical ka mor'a ho potoloha ha li-varimax tsa mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona.
Setšoantšo sa 4 

Papiso e hlakileng ea mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea lingoloa tsa bophatlalatsi le batseteli ba matla ba kenyang letsoho (lehlakoreng le letšehali) le mefuta e itšetlehileng ka lehlakoreng (lehlakoreng le letona). Metha e tiileng e emetse tšebetso ea pele ea "canonical function" 'me mela e tsitsitseng e emela mongolo oa bobeli oa mangolo ...

Ts'ebetso ea bobeli e hlalositse 8.08% ea phapang ho tse fapaneng tse itšetlehileng mme e ne e amana haholo le BIS-11, Kotsi ea Kotsi, le likhetho tse tlase tsa kotsi. Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, ho etsa likhetho tse tlase tsa kotsi ho ne ho amahanngoa le lintlha tse phahameng mosebetsing oa kotsi le ho ba le khatello e tlase. Ts'ebetso ea bobeli e hlalositse 2.94% ea phapang ho li-varior tsa foreimi mme e ne e amana haholo le FPS, Hours × FPS, PVP, Lihora le thobalano. E lumellana le li-hypotheses tsa rona, boiphihlelo ka lipapali tsa video tsa FPS le matšoao a PVP a boletse ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing oa kotsi (mohlala, likhetho tse fokolang tsa kotsi le lintlha tse tlase tse tlase) le ho ts'oaroa ho hoholo (Setšoantšo. (Figure4) .4). Ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea pele, lintlha tsa BIS-11 li ile tsa boleloa ka matla mona, li hatella litlamorao tsa ho susumetsoa le ho ts'ehetsa mosebetsi oa nakong e fetileng (Moditjhaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011).

Puisano

Boithuto ba hajoale bo ne bo etselitsoe ho hlahloba likamano lipakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea video, papali ea methapo ea maoto le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. E lumellana le mosebetsi oa pele (Moditaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011), ~ 7% ea sampole ea hona joale ea batho ba baholo e ile ea fihlela mekhoa ea lipapali tsa pathological. Ho feta moo, papali ea li-pathological e ne e sa bonoe ho basali mohlaleng oa rona. Ha ho fanoa ka tekanyo ea bong ho sampole, sena se bolela hore hoo e batlang e le 14% ea banna ba neng ba nkile karolo lithutong ba tlaleha lipapali tsa methapo ea kutlo. Lits'oants'o tsa bohlokoa li ile tsa bonoa lipakeng tsa lihora tse sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa papali, papali ea methapo ea methapo le mofuta oa papali, le ho ts'oaroa, ho ipeha kotsing le kutloelo-pele ea karabelo e ntle le e fosahetseng. CCA e senoletse hore papali ea pathological e ne e amana hantle le maikutlo a ho arabela, ha ho bapala lipapali tsa FPS ho ne ho amana hantle le ho ts'oaroa le ho ipeha kotsing.

Boitlhahlobo ba boits'oaro le mekhoa ea boitšoaro e senotse hore lipapali tsa lipapali tsa ho bapala le ho bapala lipapali tsa FPS li ne li amana hantle le ho ts'oaroa ho hoholo. Tšebelisano pakeng tsa lihora le PVP e ne e boetse e amana hantle le lintlha tsa BIS-II tse bonts'ang hore matšoao a eketsehileng a ts'oaetso a ne a amahanngoa hantle le ho ts'oaroa ho hoholo (Moditjhaba et al., 2011). Ho tlatsa phumano ena, khokahano ea bobeli ea "canonical" e emetse kamano lipakeng tsa papali ea methapo, papali ea FPS le ho se ts'oanelehe. Bopaki ba mosebetsi oa TD bo boetse bo tšehetsa mohopolo oa hore mofuta oa papali o ka susumetsa kamano lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le ho se ts'oenyehe. Bakeng sa mosebetsi oa TD, khetho ea moputso o monyane o isitsoeng pejana e ka nkuoa e le index ea impulsivity (Mitchell, 1999; Ahmura et al., 2005). Mosebetsing ona, khetho ea meputso e nyane e ne e tsamaisana hantle le lipapali tsa video tsa FPS, empa eseng ka ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa leano. Kopano lipakeng tsa papali ea FPS le ho ts'oaroa hoa khahla, ha ho fanoa ka bopaki ba hore sebopeho sena ke papali se boetse se amana le phokotso ea tšebeliso ea taolo e sebetsang ea kelello (Bailey, 2009; Bailey et al., 2010; Swing, 2012). Ka bobeli lintlha tsena li ka bonts'a hore ho bapala lipapali tsa FPS le papali ea pathological li amana le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo sa tsitsang bo bakoang ke ho fokotseha ha tšebeliso ea taolo e sebetsang ea kelello ho tataisa boits'oaro.

Kamano lipakeng tsa lipapali le liqeto tse kotsi e ne e le mofuta oa papali. Mosebetsing oa kotsi, palo ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa video, tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lihora le PVP, le ho aroloa ka sehlopha sa papali ea FPS kaofela li ne li amana hampe le liperesente tsa likhetho tse tlase tsa likotsi; le lihora tse boletsoeng esale pele ho khetha khetho e kotsing e kholo khafetsa ho CCA. Sena se ne se tsamaisana le phokotso e makatsang lintlheng tsohle tse fumanoeng qetellong ea mosebetsi, ho bonts'a hore khetho ea likhetho tse kotsi mosebetsing oa kotsi ha ea ka ea putsa qetellong. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore nako ea papali, bolwetse le lipapali tsa FPS li susumetsa khetho ea motho ka bomong, mme boits'oaro bona bo bonahala bo ntse bo tsoela pele leha ho na le phello e mpe ts'ebetsong ka nako. Ho fapana le papali ea FPS, papali ea leano e ne e sa amane ka matla le ho ipeha kotsing. Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe ea tšusumetso e fapaneng ea mofuta oa papali ke hore ho kanna ha ba le litlamorao sechabeng bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto tse potlakileng papaling ea leano hobane katleho papaling hangata e hloka tšebelisano' moho le sehlopha. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore lipapali tsa maano ka bobeli le lipapali tsa FPS li ne li hokahane hantle le PVP le khokahano lipakeng tsa matšoao a mafu le leqheka la lihora (r = 0.46) e ne e bonahala e phahame ho feta khokahano pakeng tsa PVP le lihora × FPS (r = 0.29), leha phapano ena e sa fihle, t(146) = 1.53, p > 0.05. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore leano le lipapali tsa FPS li amahanngoa le papali ea mafu, empa hore litlamorao tsa ho se ts'oenyehe le ho ipeha kotsing ha li tšoane le mefuta e 'meli. Sena se ka bakoa ke sebopeho sa tikoloho ea lipapali kapa lipheo tsa libapali ka har'a mefuta e fapaneng.

Ts'ebetso mosebetsing oa kotsi, mosebetsi oa khetho ea probabilistic, le ho isa tekanyong e tlase IGT e fana ka bopaki bo bong ba hore papali ea lipapatso le lefu la kelello li tsamaisana hantle le maikutlo a fokotsehileng a liphetho tse mpe. Nako ea papali e ne e tsamaisana hantle le ts'ebetso ea mafutsana mosebetsing oa kotsi (mohlala, lintlha tse tlase) ka lebaka la khetho e kholo ea likhetho tse kotsi. Mohlomong, kamora likhetho tse 'maloa tsa likhetho tse fokolang tse nang le menyetla e mengata, ho bokelloa ha tahlehelo e lokela ho ba tšitiso ea ho khetha khetho e kotsi, empa ho ne ho sa bonahala ho le joalo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho fana ka maikutlo mabapi le liteko tse 'maloa tsa IGT ho lokela ho fella ka hore khetho e fokotsehe ho tsoa litulong tse "mpe". Lipapali tse phahameng tsa PVP le lipapali tsa lihora tse ngata li ne li hokahanngoa le khetho e kholo ho tsoa ho "bareki" ba fosahetseng "ba neng ba fetile ntlha eo karabo e neng e sebetsa hantle ho fokotseng khetho ea litsi tsena har'a libapali tse phahameng tseo e seng tsa methapo.

Mosebetsi oa khetho ea probabilistic (Frank et al., 2004) e fane ka leseli la hore na ho ithuta kapa ho se khothaletse ho ithuta ho tsamaisoa ka karabelo e ntle kapa e fosahetseng ho ne ho le bonolo ho lipapali. Ho eketseha ha lipapali tsa FPS le lipapali tsa lipapali tsa lipapali ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ho qoba B (ke hore, ho ithuta ho tsoa tlalehong e mpe). Leha ho le joalo, lipapali tsa maano li ne li tsamaisana hantle le ho qoba B (ke hore, r = 0.17), a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore batho ba khethollang e le libapali tsa maano ba amehe haholo ka karabelo e mpe. Joalo ka ho susumetsoa, ​​litšobotsi tsa lipapali tsa maano li ka hlalosa kamano ena. Liphoso tsa papali ea leano li ka ba le litlamorao tsa nako e telele bakeng sa ho fihlela sepheo papaling hobane papali ea lipapali hangata e fana ka nako e telele ho feta papali ea video ea FPS. Ka hona, liphoso tsa papali ea video ea leano li ka bitsa chelete e ngata, 'me motho a ka rua molemo ka ho ela hloko liphetho tse mpe le ho ithuta ho qoba sephetho seo nakong e tlang.

Ho na le meeli e 'maloa ea lithuto tsa morao-rao tse re lokelang ho li ela hloko. Taba ea pele, moralo e ne e se oa liteko mme hona ho na le moelelo o habeli. Ho na le monyetla oa hore li-account tse ling tse sa hlalosoang tse fumanehang li sa fumanehe, le hore na ho ts'oaroa ha ho hlalosoe ho ka hlalosoa joang (ke hore, ho bapala lipapali ho eketsa ho nka kotsi le ho se qalelle kapa ho hohela batho ba ts'oanang le lipapali tsa video?). Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka rarolla bothata bona ka ho sheba litlamorao tse khutšoane le tsa nako e telele tsa koetliso ea papali ea video mabapi le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, tse ts'oanang le ho sebetsa ka mabifi (Anderson et al., 2010) le ts'ebetso ea visuospatial (Bavelier et al., 2012). Taba ea bobeli ke mefuta e 'meli feela ea lipapali tsa video e ileng ea hlahlojoa, leha ho le joalo, mefuta e hlahlobiloeng thutong e tloaetse ho tsebahala har'a batshameki (The NDP Group, 2010). E ipapisitse le data ea hona joale le mosebetsi o mong (mohlala, Fischer et al., 2009), ho bonahala eka kamano e lipakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea video le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi ho ka fetoloa ka mofuta oa papali ea video, ka litlamorao tse itseng li lebisitsoe ho mofuta o le mong (Green le Bavelier, 2003). Patlisiso e eketsehileng e tla hlokahala ho utloisisa hantle litlamorao tsa mefuta e fapaneng le hore na litlamorao tsena li ka sebetsa joang ho batho ba bapalang mefuta e fetang e le 'ngoe. Kamora nako, thuto ea hajoale e shebane haholo le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi maemong a papali ea chelete (ke hore, barupeluoa ba ne ba leka ho fumana lintlha mesebetsing ea ho etsa liqeto), ka hona, datha ha e bue ka ho nka likotsi maemong a mang, joalo ka a setjhaba kapa a boits'oaro ba thuto. Boithuto bo bong bo bontšitse litlamorao tsa ho khanna lipapali tsa video ho maikutlo mabapi le ho kenya letsoho boits'ebetsong bo kotsi ba ho khanna (Beullens et al., 2011), ka hona hammoho le liphumano tsa hajoale ho bonahala eka lipapali tsa video li ka susumetsa ho nka likotsi maemong a amanang haufi haholo le maemong a sa lumellaneng le ho feta (mohlala, lipapali tsa FPS li bolela ts'ebetso mosebetsing oa kotsi).

Boithuto ba hajoale bo eketsa lingoliloeng mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali ea video le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi ntle le mokhoa o kotsi oa ho khanna (Fischer et al., 2009; Beullens et al., 2011), hape e bonts'a hore matšoao a lefutso le mofuta oa ona li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khethollang kamano lipakeng tsa boiphihlelo ba papali le ho etsa liqeto. Re bonts'itse ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e amana le ho ts'oaroa ho eketsehileng, ho beha likotsi tse kholo le tahlehelo e kholo mesebetsing e kang ea papali ea chelete. Liphumano tsena tse thehiloeng laboratori li lumellana le litlaleho tsa 'nete tsa lefatše tsa litlamorao tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa video haholo, ho kenyelletsa le ho hloka kutloano hoa lelapa (Warren, 2011), tahlehelo ea lichelete (Doan le Strickland, 2012), esita le lefu (Litaba tsa BBC, 2005). Mohlala oa hajoale, lipapali tsa video tsa FPS le maano, mefuta e 'meli e tsebahalang, li ne li tsamaisana hantle le matšoao a lefu la kelello. Mosebetsi ona o hatella bohlokoa ba lipatlisiso tse ling ho utloisisa etiology le kalafo ea tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video tsa methapo, le ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa mefuta e fapaneng.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

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