Matšoao ka bomong ka Nucleus Accumbens Ketsahalo ea Lijo le Litšoantšo Tsa Thobalano Ho Bolela Boima ba Boitšoaro le Boitšoaro ba Thobalano (2012)

J Neurosci. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho; e fumanehang ho PMC Oct 18, 2012.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

PMCID: PMC3377379

NIHMSID: NIHMS370916

Phetolelo ea ho qetela ea sengoliloeng sa sengoliloeng sena e fumaneha mahala ho J Neurosci

Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Ho sitoa ho itaola ho atile, ho lebisa mathateng a mangata a sithabetsang a tobaneng le batho ba mehleng ena, ho tloha ho ja ho tlola tekano le botenya ho isa boits'oarong bo bobe ba ho kopanela likobo le HIV / AIDS. Lebaka le leng leo batho ba nang le tloaelo ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo sa batleheng ke hobane ba bonahatsa maikutlo a tebileng ho litloaelo tse amanang le boits'oaro boo; batho ba ka nona ho feta tekano ka lebaka la karabelo ea hyper ho lithahasello tsa lijo, batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba ka khutla kamora ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tseo ba li ratang, 'me batho ba bang ba ka etsa thobalano e sa tsotelleng hobane ba susumetsoa habonolo ke tšusumetso e fosahetseng. Potso e otlolohileng ke hore na liphapang tsa motho ka mong tsa reural reacuction li amana joang le liphetho tsa boitšoaro ba 'nete. Mona re bontša hore liphapang tse fapaneng le tšebetso ea boko e amanang le moputso oa motho bokong li bokellana ho lijo le litšoantšo tsa thobalano li bolela esale pele ka ho eketseha ha boima ba 'mele le ts'ebetso ea thobalano likhoeling tse tšeletseng hamorao. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e phahameng ea moputso bokong ho lijo le litakatso tsa thobalano e hokahana le boitšisinyo ba ho nona le ho etsa thobalano, ka ho latellana, 'me e fana ka bopaki ba mochine o tloaelehileng oa neural o amanang le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro.

Leha batho ba na le bokhoni bo tsotehang ba ho itaola, ho hloleha ho atile, mme ho lebisa ho mathata a mangata a bophelo a ka thibeloang, ho tloha ho ja ho feta tekano le botenya ho isa boits'oaro bo potlakileng ba thobalano le HIV / AIDS. Lebaka le leng leo batho ba ka etsang boits'oaro bo joalo ka lona ke ka lebaka la ho tsotella ha litloaelo tsa tikoloho (Heatherton, 2011). Lithuto tse nchafatsang tse lekolang boteng hape ho mekhoa e metle ea takatso ea lijo li hlokometse ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea meputso ea batho, ho kenyelletsa le cyral striatum le amygdala (Passamonti le al., 2009; Demos et al., 2010). Mohlala, basali ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ka lebaka la lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata ho feta lithuto tse laolehileng ka boima ba mmele (Stoeckel et al., 2008). Basali ba nang le bulimia mothosa le bona ba bonts'a tšebetso e eketsehileng ea moputso oa boko ha ba shebile mekhoa ea lijo (Brooks et al., 2011). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litloaelo tsa ho hohela 'mele li kenya letsoho ho banna le basali (Cloutier et al., 2008), joalo ka ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila (Hamann et al., 2004).

Reacaction ea Neural le ea 'mele ho litheko tsa lithethefatsi e bolela litholoana tsa bohlokoa tsa boitšoaro, tse joalo ka ho tlohela ho tsuba (Janes et al., 2010) le ho oela hape ka koae (Ka morao le al., 2010). Na ho etsa joalo hape ho bolela sephetho sa nako e telele bakeng sa boits'oaro bo seng lithethefatsi? Potso e bulehileng ke hore na liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea boko, haholo libakeng tse amanang le tšusumetso ea meputso, li amahanngoa le ho eketseha ha litheko mme ka hona ho bolela bokamoso ba morao le / kapa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Re ile ra nahana hore liphapang tsa motho ka mong liketsong tsa NAcc ka lebaka la ho shebella lijo le litšoantšo tsa thobalano li ka bolela bokamoso ba boima ba mmele le boits'oaro ba thobalano.

Sehlopha se seng sa liithuti tsa koleche ea basali ea selemo sa pele (N = 58) se ile sa hlahlojoa nakoana kamora ho fihla khamphaning se sebelisa ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka matla a sefahleho (fMRI) ha se ntse se shebile litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo, litšoantšo tsa tikoloho, ho thoholetsa lijo le batho (Setšoantšo sa 1). E meng ea litšoantšo tsa batho ba ne ba bontša batho litšoantšong tsa thobalano kapa ba noang joala. Litaelo tsa mosebetsi e ne e mpa e le ho supa hore na motho o teng ka setšoantšo. Pele ho teko, barupeluoa ba ile ba imeloa tlas'a mohopolo hore ke mohato o hlokahalang ts'ebetsong ea ho hlahlojoa. Kahoo, barupeluoa ba ne ba le sepheo sa lipheo tsa thuto. Likhoeli tse tšeletseng hamorao, 48 ea bankakarolo ba ile ba khutlela laboratoring moo ba ileng ba imeloa hape, mme ba tlatsa lipotso tse hlahlobang boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano. Ho ile ha boleloa hore ts'ebetso ho NAcc e tla bonts'a phapang ea boitšoaro bo fapaneng ba boits'oaro (ke hore, ho ja le ho etsa thobalano).

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Tlhahiso ea paradigm ea cue-reactivity. Litšoantšo tse mashome a robeli tsa mokha o mong le o mong (liphoofolo, lijo, litšoantšo tsa thobalano, litšoantšo tsa tikoloho, batho ka kakaretso, le batho ba noang joala [tse sa bontsitsoeng mona]) li ile tsa bontšoa e le 'ngoe ka nako ea metsotsoana ea 2 e lateloang ke motsotsoana ...

mekhoa

Lihlooho

Basali ba mashome a mahlano a metso e robeli ba matlapa a matala a puo ea Senyesemane selemong sa bona sa pele sa kolecheng ea Dartmouth College ba ile ba kenya letsoho tekong ena. Ho 58, 48 e ile ea khutla kamora likhoeli tse tšeletseng bakeng sa seboka se latelang sa boits'oaro, ka hona feela barupeluoa ba 10 ba lahlehileng ho latela (ke hore, ha a ka a arabela likopo tsa ho khutla) ka likhoeli tse tšeletseng. Barupeluoa ba ne ba le lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa 18 le 19 (bolele lilemo = 18 lilemo). Ha ho lithuto tse tlalehileng nalane e sa tloaelehang ea methapo mme kaofela li ne li e-na le pono e tloaelehileng kapa e lokiselitsoeng hantle. Taba e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fane ka tumello e nang le tsebo ho latela tataiso e behiloeng ke Komiti bakeng sa Ts'ireletso ea Lintho tsa Batho Koleji ea Dartmouth, mme e amohetse matšeliso bakeng sa ho nka karolo thutong ena.

didirisiwa

Ho etsa litšoantšo ho entsoe ho sehatisi sa Philips Intera Achieva 3-Tesla (Phillips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA) ka hlooho ea hlooho ea SENSE (SENSEitivity Encoding). Nakong ea ho hlahlojoa, ho hlohlelletsa lintho tse bonoang ka komporo ea Apple MacBook Pro Laptop e sebelisang software ea SuperLab 4.0 (Cedrus Corporation, San Pedro, CA). Morero oa Epson (mohlala ELP-7000) oa LCD o sebelisitsoe ho bonts'a setšoantšo se ts'oarellang skrineng se qetellong ea sekepe sa scanner seo lithuto tse li shebileng ka seiponeng se phahamisitsoeng ka holim'a coil. Mochine oa khatiso oa fiber-optic, o bobebe o shebang likaroloana tsa Cedrus Lumina Box o tlaleha likarabo tsa lithuto. Li-cushion li ne li beoa haufi le hlooho ho fokotsa motsamao nakong ea ho phenya le ho eketsa boiketlo.

Ho nahana

Litšoantšo tsa Anatomic li ile tsa fumanoa li sebelisa ts'ebetso ea matla a 3-D ea matla a phahameng-e lokisitsoeng ka potlako ea gradient echo (MPRAGE; 60 sagittal slices, TE = 4.6 ms, TR = 9.9 ms, flip angle = 8 °, size voxel = 1 × 1 × 1 mm). Litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa T2 * tšimo e potlakileng echo, litšoantšo tsa ts'ebetso ea tšebetsong (EPIs) e utloisisang BOLD tofauti (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 35 ms, flip angle = 90 °, 3 × 3 mm in-ndege resolution, factor factor ea 2). Ho hlahlojoa ka ts'ebetso ho entsoe ka makhetlo a mahlano, mme nakong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litšoantšo tsa 144 axial (likhechana tsa 36, botenya ba 3.5 mm, XLUMX mm skip pakeng tsa lisepa) li ile tsa fumanoa li lumella ho koaheloa ka botlalo ha boko.

Tsamaiso

Nako 1

Barupeluoa (n = 58) ba ne ba hlophiselitsoe seboka sa FMRI ka khoeli ea pele ba fihlile khamphaseng ea koleche. Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba hane ho ja, ho nwa joala kapa kofi, le ho tsuba lihora tse peli pele ho kemiso ea bona ea FMRI. Kapele pele ho sekaseka thuto ka 'ngoe ho ile ha botsoa ho arabela ho letoto la lipotso ho lekola boemo ba bona ba morao-rao, moo ba thathamisitseng lijo le lino, lino le tšebetso ea tlala.

Ka mokhoa o makatsang, ntle le tlaleho ea boits'oaro ea barupeluoa mabapi le boima ba bona (mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho hlahlojoa ha fMRI) barupeluoa bana ba ne ba lekoa hape ba lekantsoe ho sebelisoa Scecto Doctor's Scale (Cardinal Scale Production Company, Cardb City, MO) pele ho ho hlahlojoa. Bakeng sa ho hlalosa tlhokahalo ea ho fumana li-anthropometric tsena, barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa ka bohlokoa ba ho bala ka nepo litekanyo tsa 'mele bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha fMRI. Litekanyo tsena li ile tsa sebelisoa ho bala mmele oa Mass Mass Index (BMI: [boima ka kilo] / [bophahamo ba limithara]2) hape e sebetsa joalo ka tlhahlobo ea nako ea motheo (Nako 1) ea BMI e tla sebelisoa ha e bapisoa le e fumanoeng ho Nako 2 (likhoeli tse tšeletseng hamorao).

Litaba li ile tsa hlahlojoa katong e amanang le cue-reactivity e amanang le ketsahalo ha ba ntse ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo (80), lijo (80), batho ba noang joala (80), batho ba litšoantšong tsa thobalano (80), batho (bao eseng ba bong ba thobalano / bao eseng- ho nwa) (80), le lits'oants'o tsa tikoloho (80) (Setšoantšo sa 1). Litšoantšo li ne li kopantsoe ho tsoa marang-rang, hammoho le International Affective Picture System (IAPS, Lang Bradley le Cuthbert 1997) 'me tsa theoloa ka boholo ba sebelisa Adobe Photoshop® 7.0 (San Jose, CA) ho ba li-pixel tsa 480. Nakong ea ho sekaseka lithuto li ile tsa botsoa ho khetha feela hore na setšoantšo se seng le se seng se na le motho kapa se sebelisa mecha ea khatiso ea mantlha ho etsa likarabo (karabelo ea letsoho le letšehali bakeng sa 'motho eo e seng motho'; karabo ea letsoho le letona bakeng sa 'motho'). Morero oa mosebetsi ona e ne e le ho netefatsa tlhokomelo ea lithuto litšoantšong. Setšoantšo se seng le se seng se hlahisitsoe bakeng sa 360 ms e lateloang ke sefapano (2000ms) 'me ka tšohanyetso e hokahane le nyeoe ka linako tse fetotsoeng tsa ho lokisa (500 -0 ms; mean inter-test interval [ITI] = 10,000 ms).

Nako 2 (ho latela likhoeli tse tšeletseng)

Hoo e ka bang likhoeli tse 6 kamora Nako ea 1, barupeluoa ba tšoanang ba 58 ba ile ba kopana le bona mme ba kopuoa ho khutlela labong bakeng sa seboka sa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro. Kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 48 ba khutlile ho tla nka karolo lenaneong lena. Nako e bolelang lipakeng tsa linako e ne e le matsatsi a 180.5, (matsatsi a fapaneng a 160 ho isa ho matsatsi a 200). Nakong ea seboka sena, Socio-Sexual Orientation Inventory (Simpson & Gangested, 1991) le Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI) (Spector, Carey, & Steinberg, 1996) li ne li fanoa. Kamora ho phethela lipampiri tsa lipotso, barupeluoa ba ile ba boela ba bekha le ho lekanngoa ka tekanyo e tšoanang ea kalafo e sebelisitsoeng ho Nako 1.

Tlhahlobo ea data ea fMRI

Lintlha tsa fMRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa software ea Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2, Lefapha la Wellcome la Cognitive Neurology, London, UK) (Friston et al., 1995). Bakeng sa ts'ebetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sebetsang, datha li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ho tlosa mehloli ea lerata le maiketsetso. Lintlha tsa ts'ebetso li ile tsa sebetsoa kahare le hohle ho matha bakeng sa ho tsamaisa hlooho, ho ngolisoa ka bobeli ka data ea motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo, 'me e fetoloe sebaka sa standard anatomic (3-mm isotropic voxels) e ipapisitseng le ICBM 152 template template (Montreal Neurological Institute). Lintlha tse tloaelehileng li ile tsa hlakisoa hantle (6-mm ka bophara bo felletseng ka halofo e phahameng [FWHM]) ba sebelisa kernel ea Gaussian, 'me lefats'e ka bophara ba fuoe tumello lipakeng tsa papiso ea sehlopha. dikarolo tse hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ka bohloeki (ROI) bakeng sa li-bokellase tsa nucleus, le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea kelello ea kelello eohle.

Litšoantšo tsa Statistical

Ho motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo, mohala o akaretsang o kenyelletsang litlamorao tsa mesebetsi (e etselitsoeng e le ketsahalo e amanang le ketsahalo e hlophisitsoeng ka ts'ebeliso ea "canonical hemodynamic reaction function") "moelelo, le mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa melaetsa li sebelisitsoe ho kopanya litšoantšo tse fapaneng (litekanyetso tsa paramente e boima) bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe bapisa le voxel e ngoe le e ngoe. Litšoantšo tsena tse arohaneng li ne li romelloa tlhahlobisong ea bobeli, ea litlamorao tse sa fetoheng ho theha litšoantšo tsa li-t-t (tse thibelitsoeng ho p = 0.001, tse sa lokang).

Sekala sa Thahasello (ROI) sea hlahlobisisa

Phuputso ena e batlile ho fuputsa liphapang tsa motho ka mong ho rarollang meputso nakong ea ho shebella maikutlo a bonolo a lijo le litšoantšo tsa thobalano. Ho hlahloba ka ho khetheha ho kenya letsoho ha li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc), setsi sa tsamaiso ea moputso oa dopaminergic ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng o bonts'itsoeng lithutong tsa motho le liphoofolo tsa moputso, bokhoba le tšusumetso, li-ROI li thehiloe ho latela likhakanyo tsa anatomical tse hlalositsoeng lipatlisisong tsa stereotactic tsa motho NAcc (Neto et al., 2008). 6mm spherical ROIs e ne e thehiloe kahare ho li-coinate tsa MNI x = −9, y = 6, z = −4 (NAC ea morao) le x = 9, y = 6, z = −4 (le letona la Nacc). Matla a Signal (boleng ba beta) bakeng sa ROI ena a ne a ba a baloa ka thoko bakeng sa boemo bo bong le bo bong ha ho bapisoa motheo oa ho lokisa le kamano pakeng tsa tšebetso sebakeng sena le mehato ea boits'oaro e ile ea hlahlojoa ka lipalo.

Rea Hlahlobisisa Boemo ba 'Mele Ohle oa Brain. Leha lits'oants'o tsa mantlha tse tlalehiloeng mona li ne li thehiloe ho a priori Sebaka se hlalositsoeng sa thahasello se shebaneng le NAcc, ho supa lits'ebetso tse ling tse bonts'itseng kamano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro le ts'ebetso ea boko, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tse ling tsa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea kelello e felletseng. Ho tseba libaka tse amanang le phetoho ea boima, phetoho ea BMI bakeng sa taba ka 'ngoe e kentsoe tlhahlobisong ea khatello ea kelello e felletseng e lekolang karabelo ea methapo ea litšoantšo tsa lijo (lijo> tsa motheo). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho supa libaka tseo ketso ea tsona ho arabela litšoantšo tsa thobalano e amanang le boits'oaro ba thobalano, lintlha tsa SDI (dyadic le boinotšing) bakeng sa taba ka 'ngoe li kentsoe tlhahlobisong ea khatello ea kelello e felletseng e lekolang karabelo ea methapo ea litšoantšo tsa lijo (litšoantšo tsa thobalano> motheo) .

Results

Ho Bolela Phetoho ea Boima

Likarolo tsa lithahasello tsa Anatomical (ROI) li ile tsa khethoa NAcc ka bobeli le ka ho le letona ho latela likhakanyo tsa li-stereotactic (x, y, z = +/− 9, 6, −4) (Setšoantšo sa 2a). Ketsahalo e arabelang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa lijo (nakong ea ho sekena; Nako ea 1) e ile ea sebelisoa ho noha phetoho ea boima ba 'mele likhoeli tse ka bang tse tšeletseng hamorao (Nako ea 2; e baloa joalo ka Body Mass Index [BMI] ka Nako ea 2 - BMI ka Nako ea 1). Liphetho li senotse hore ts'ebetso e ka letsohong le letšehali la NAcc e hokahane hantle le phetoho ea BMI, joalo ka ha ts'ebetso e kholo e ne e bolela esale pele ho ba le boima ba 'mele (r = 0.37, p <0.05; Setšoantšo sa 2b). Habohlokoa, kamano ena e ne e ikhethile ho litšoantšo tsa lijo. Ketsahalo ea NAcc ho arabela litšoantšo tse seng tsa lijo ha ea ka ea bolela esale pele ho ba le boima ba 'mele (liphoofolo: r = -0.07; batho: r = -0.17; litšoantšo tsa ho noa: r = 0.01; litšoantšo tsa thobalano: r = -0.26; litšoantšo tsa tikoloho: -0.03 ). Ha e bapisoa ka kotloloho (ho sebelisoa mekhoa e tloahelehileng ea ho bapisa boleng ba r ho sebelisa Fishers r ho z phetoho), khokahano ea cue-reactivity le phetoho ea BMI e fapane le khokahano ea litšoantšo tse seng tsa lijo (p <0.01).

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Ts'ebetso ea nyutlelie ea ho ja lijo le litšoantšo tsa thobalano e bolela tsoelo-pele ea boima le takatso ea thobalano. (A) ROI ea anatomical ea NAcc ea hlooho ea letsoho e setseng e nang le li-coordinates tsa Talairach tse bohareng (x, y, z) −9, 6, −4 e bonts'oa holima selikalikoe sa boko. ...

Likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea NAcc le phetoho ea boima ba 'mele le tsona li ne li bonahala tlhahlobisong ea khatello ea kelello e felletseng. Liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa khatello ea kelello e felletseng li senotse hore ts'ebetso ea li-nucleus accumbens (lNAcc; -9 -9) e ne e le eona feela sebaka se bonts'ang kamano e kholo le BMI moeling ona. Ho sebelisa lipalo tse bonolo haholoanyane (p <3), likhokahano tse ling tse ntle li ile tsa bonoa ho anterior cingulate (BA 0.005: 32 6 50), le gyrus e tlase ea nakoana (BA 0; 20-36 -5).

Ho Boela Litaba tsa Thobalano

Joalo ka ha ho etsa lipapiso tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa lijo ho fumanoe joalo ka bao ho ka etsahalang hore ho na le boima ba 'mele, ho tla boela ho sebelisitsoe litšoantšo tse amanang le thobalano ho bolela takatso ea thobalano (joalo ka ha e supetsoe ke Disney Desire Inventory: takatso ea thobalano e le' ngoe (SDI-SSD), e lekang thahasello ho etsa thobalano le motho ka mong, le takatso ea thobalano ea dyadic (SDI-DSD), e lekang thahasello ea ho etsa thobalano le moratuoa) (Spector et al., 1996). Mosebetsi oa NAcc o ka letsohong le letšehali ho arabela ho shebella litšoantšo tsa thobalano o ne o hokahane hantle le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate a le mong (r = 0.36, p = 0.01) le takatso ea thobalano e matla (r = 0.39, p <0.01; Setšoantšo sa 2c). Le ha kamano lipakeng tsa boima ba 'mele le ts'ebetso ea NAcc e ne e ikhethile litšoantšong tsa lijo, kamano lipakeng tsa takatso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea NAcc e ne e ikhethile litšoantšong tsa thobalano. Ha ho le likarolo tse ling tsa litšoantšo tse boletsoeng esale pele ka takatso ea thobalano (all r's <± 0.20), le kamano lipakeng tsa cue-reactivity bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa thobalano le lintlha tsa SDI li fapane le likamano tse sa amaneng le thobalano (p <0.05).

Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e felletseng ea boko li senotse likamano tse ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano le litšoantšo tsa thobalano le mehato e ikemetseng ea takatso ea thobalano (e thibetsoeng ho p <0.001, boholo ba sehlopha sa li-voxels tse 5) sebakeng sa orbitofrontal cortex (BA 10: 15 58 0) gyrus ea nakoana ea bohareng (BA 20: 39 2 -20) le gyrus ea parahippocampal gyrus (-21 −27 −16).

Leha palo ea balekane ba thobalano bao barupeluoa ba tlalehileng e ne e lebelletsoe ho sebelisoa e le phapang e tsoelang pele, barupeluoa ba 26 ho ba 48 ba khutlang ba tlalehile hore ha ba na balekane ba bona ba thobalano. Kahoo, hobane ba fetang halofo ea bankakarolo ba tlalehile hore ha ho na thobalano nakong ea selemo, boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ile ba nkuoa e le phapang e fapaneng (batho ba ileng ba etsa thobalano nakong ea selemo [N = 22] ho bapisoa le ba sa kang ba [N = 26]). Ketsahalo e ka letsohong le letšehali ha e ntse e shebile litšoantšo tsa thobalano e ne e le kholo ho batho ba tlalehang thobalano le bonyane molekane a le mong (t [46] = 6.30, p <0.0001) Mosebetsi oa NAcc o ka letsohong le letšehali o ne o sa fapane lipakeng tsa lihlopha bakeng sa litšoantšo tse ling tse ling ( tsohle tsa P> .14).

Puisano

Phuputso e teng hona joale e bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea moputso ka lebaka la takatso ea takatso ea lijo e bolela sephetho sa nako e telele le litholoana tse ntle tsa boitšoaro. Ho latela liphuputso tsa batho le tsa liphoofolo, ho pepesehela litakatso tsa takatso ea lijo ho eketsa monyetla oa hore ntho e ratoang e tla jeoa kapa boitšoaro bo entsoeng (Stewart et al., 1984; Drummond et al., 1990; Jansen, 1998). Mosebetsi oa morao-rao ke Kober et al (2010) e senotse hore maano a kelello a reretsoeng ho fokotsa litakatso tsa koae le lijo a tsamaisana le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ho ventral striatum. Martin le Delgado (2011) e bonts'itse liphokotso tse tšoanang tsa ts'ebeliso ea chelete nakong ea liqeto tse laoloang ka katleho ea chelete, a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore mohlomong boitaolo bo sebetsang bo ka tsamaisana le maikutlo a meputso a fokotsehileng (Kober et al., 2010; Martin le Delgado, 2011). Boithuto ba boithuto bo bontša hore ho itaola ho kenyelletsa botsitso lipakeng tsa likarolo tse sa sebetseng tsa boko bo emelang moputso, ho thella le boleng ba maikutlo ba libaka tse susumetsang le tsa kereke tse amanang le taolo e kholo (Wagner le Heatherton, 2011), haholo holo dorsolateral preortal cortex (Hare, Camerer, & Rangel, 2009; Staudinger, Erk, & Walter, 2011). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a sebopeho se akaretsang sa ts'ebetso ea boko bo amanang le moputso moo ts'ebetso e phahameng ho maqhubu a li-nucleus e ka sebelisoang e le projeke bakeng sa boits'ebetso ba nako e tlang ba takatso, mme phokotso ea boits'oaro bo joalo e ka kenyelletsa litsamaiso tse kholo tsa taolo. Ntle le moo, ho na le bopaki ba hore phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka ama likamano tse fapaneng pakeng tsa mosebetsi oa moputso le boima (Stice et al., 2010).

Ho bonahala monyetla oa hore khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le selemo sa pele sa koleche e kanna ea ba sesosa sa liphetoho mekhoeng ea boitšoaro. Patlisiso ho liphoofolo tseo e seng batho li bontša hore khatello ea maikutlo e nyenyefatsa taolo ea pele ho boitšoaro (Arnsten, 2009) ha a ntse a matlafatsa mekhoa ea moputso ho li-biologically salient stimuli (Piazza & Le Moal, 1996). Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo e ka senya boiteko ba boitaolo hobane e amahanngoa le taolo e fokotsitsoeng ea holimo-tlase ho tloha ho preortal cortex hammoho le likarabo tse matlafalitsoeng tsa hedonic ho tšusumetso ea takatso ea maikutlo (Heatherton & Wagner, 2011). Mohlala, palo e ngata ea lipatlisiso e bonts'a hore khatello ea maikutlo le mefuta e meng e fosahetseng e baka phepelo ea ho ja, haholo ho ba lekang ho laola boima ba bona (Heatherton le Baumeister, ka 1991). Mabaka a mang, a kang ho ikoetlisa khafetsa, ho lula hole le tšusumetso ea batsoali, le liphetoho tsamaisong ea letsatsi le letsatsi le boroko le litlamorao tsa tsona tsa li-hormone kaofela e ka ba lisosa tsa ho nona le ho fetoha hoa boitšoaro ba thobalano bo bonoang hara baithuti ba koleche. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho hlakola mekhoa ena e tlamang.

Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe, ho pepeseha hoa cue ho eketsa ts'ebetso libakeng tsa moputso oa boko, empa ho boetse ho hlahisa mesebetsi e ikemetseng marang-rang a tlhokomeliso ea ketso, joalo ka ha batho ba tsubang ba ithaopela ho etsa liketso tsa boits'oaro ba kelello ha ba shebella ba bang ba tsuba (Wagner et al., 2011). Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa sejoale-joale ho khethollo ea kahisano, ho pepesehela litakatso tsa takatso ea takatso ea bohloeki ntle le sepheo sa batho kapa tlhokomeliso (Bargh le Morsella, 2008). Mokhoa o tlatsetsang bakeng sa ho chechisa boitšoaro ke hore ho pepeseha hoa ts'ebetso ho hlahisa maikutlo a lebisang pakaneng ea sepheo se sa tsebeng letho, mme qetellong e hlahisa litholoana tse tšoanang le tseo sepheo sa ho phehella lipheo li etsang (Dijksterhuis et al., 2007). Ehlile, le haeba batho ba tseba ho pepesetsoa litabatabelo tsa takatso ea lijo, ba kanna ba se lemohe hore na litloaelo tse joalo li ba le tšusumetso e fe boits'oarong ba bona (Stacy le Lihlopa, 2010). Ho tloha ka pono ena, ho pepesehela lijo kapa litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho etsa hore batho ba be le boits'oaro bo botle le ho etsa hore ba be le sepheo sa ho etsa lintho tse joalo.

Moelelo o tsoang lipatlisisong tsa hajoale ke hore ho na le liphapang tse fapaneng le tseo motho a bang le monyetla oa ho li bona nakong ea litekanyetso, e le hore batho ba bang ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea moputso o matla lithutong tse monate, tseo le tsona li ka hlahisang boitšoaro bo boholo. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho hlophiseha hoa lintho tsa morao-rao thutong ea hona joale ho bonts'a ho hlaka, hore ba bonts'itseng mesebetsi e mengata ea moputso litšoantšong tsa lijo ba na le boima empa ba sa kopanele boitsholong bo bobe ba botona le botšehali. Ho utloisisa hore na phapang e pakeng tsa karabelo ea karabelo ea moputso e etsa joang liketso tse ikhethang tse ka thusang ho nts'etsopele hoa maano a atlehang a ho thibela ho itlhokomela, joalo ka ho ja ho tlola kapa ho etsa ketso e kotsi ea thobalano. Patlisiso ena e bonts'a hore ho na le litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa ho se tšoane ha motho a le mong karabelong ea cue.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re leboha Cary Savage, Paul Whalen, Courtney Rogers, Tammy Moran, Leah Somerville, Kristina Caudle, le Dylan Wagner ka thuso ya bona morerong ona. Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke National Institute of Drug Abuse (DA022582).

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