Ho tsosoa ka thobalano ka sepheo se seng sa motho (2011)

Horm Behav. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC May 1, 2012.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho Horm Behav

Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Boemo ba ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali bo bontšitsoe mefuteng e 'maloa ho tloha litlhaping ho isa ho batho, empa ha bo so ka bo bontšoa lithutong tse seng tsa motho. Khang e teng mabapi le hore na litšoene tse seng tsa batho li hlahisa li-pheromones tse tsosang boitšoaro ba thobalano. Leha marmosets a tloaelehileng a kopane ho potoloha lehe la ovari le nakong ea kemero, banna ba bonts'a matšoao a boits'oaro bo botle, ba bonts'a tšebetso e matla ea neural activation ea anterior hypothalamus le sebaka sa medial preoptic mme ba na le keketseho ea serum testosterone kamora ho pepesetsoa monko oa lipalesa tsa basali tse hlasimollang bohlola. pheromone. Ba batona le bona ba eketsehile li-androgens pele balekane ba bona ba ba le mae. Le ha ho le joalo, ba batona ba hlahisoang ka monko oa litlolo tse tsoang nakong ea bokhachane ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea libaka tse ling tsa boko tse amanang le tšusumetso, ho hopola le ho etsa liqeto. Phuputsong ena re bonts'a hore li-marmosets tsa banna li ka fuoa maemo a sengoloa, monko o hanyetsanang (lemone) ka ho shebella li-erections, le ho eketseha ha tlhahlobo ea sebaka seo ba kileng ba bona mosali ea mamelang ho sona, le ho eketseha ha ho hlaha litekong tsa boipheliso ntle le mosali ea teng. Karabelo ena e nang le maemo e bontšitsoe ho fihlela beke kamora ho fela ha liteko tsa maemo, phello ea boemo bo telele ho feta bo tlalehiloeng lithutong tsa mefuta e meng. Liphetho tsena li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore monko oa litlama tse tšehali ha se li-pheromones, li bua ka tieo, le hore banna ba marmoset ba ka ithuta litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa monko oa basali tse fanang ka motheo oa ho tsebahala oa molekane.

Keywords: Boemo ba botona le botšehali, ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali, li-pheromones, marmosets a tloaelehileng, tlamahano ea lenyalo

Selelekela

E 'ngoe ea lipapatso tsa lipatlisiso mabapi le maemo a thobalano ke hore na ke hobane'ng ha ts'ebetso ea ho iphetola ha lintho e lokela ho lumella libopuoa ho arabela lithahasellong tseo e seng tsa tlhaho bakeng sa takatso ea thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore boemo ba thobalano bo hlile bo eketsa katleho ea ho beleha le ho ba le mmele o motle. Litlhapi, gouramis e putsoa (Trichogaster trichopterus), Hollis le basebetsi-mmoho (Hollis et al a, 1989, 1997) e fumane hore Pavlovian e maemong a ho supa pele ho nehelano ea mohanyetsi ea sa laoleheng oa naha le ho eketseha hoa lefereho le boits'oaro bo khahlisang. Ka lebaka leo, banna ba maemong a matle ba ile ba hlaha kapele le basali, ba loantšana hangata le ho hlahisa ba banyenyane ho feta ba batona ba sa kang ba nyaloa. Domjan et al a. (1998) e bonts'itse hore likoekoe tsa banna tse maemong a ho lebella mosali ka mora tlhahiso ea masiba a mmala oa lamunu a hlahisitse mefuta e mengata ea li-ejeremate le palo e kholo ea spermatozoa ho feta likoekoe tsa taolo, hape ho fana ka maikutlo a monyetla o hlakileng oa maemo a ho kopanela liphate.

Tšitiso ea thobalano e nang le maemo kapa e nang le ts'oaetso ea thobalano e bile le ts'abo e batsi ea lipatlisiso bakeng sa mabaka a kalafo a ka eketsang kapa a fokotseha ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano kapa ea fana ka mehlala ea kamoo likarabo tsa thobalano li ka fetisetsoang mererong e meng. Boholo ba mosebetsi oa mantlha o entsoe le liphoofolo tseo e seng batho. Ka mohlala, Crowley et al a. (1973) o sebelisitse molumo o bokhutšoaane ka motlakase o bobebe oa motlakase ho tsosa ho qopitsa ho likhoto tsa banna tse sa tsotelleng e le hore ba ka potlakisa boitšoaro ba thobalano le molumo o matla oa molumo. Zamble le basebetsi mmoho (1985, 1986) beha likhoto tsa banna ka har'a lijaneng tse ikhethileng ho tse tšehali tse amohelang 'me ho fumanoe hore li fokotsehile. Li boetse li bonts'a hore litselana tsa boemo ba 6-9 lia hlokahala le hore likhoto li ile tsa fetoha tsa maemo a morao-rao. Kippin et al a. (1998) Pair ea monko oa almonde eo ho neng ho nahanoa hore ha e nke lehlakore (empa bona ka tlase) ka mokhoa oa ho fumana likhoto tsa basali tse amohelang thobalano mme o fumane khetho ea semmuso ho mosali eo ea nang le monko o joalo. Domjan et al a. (1988) fumana hore likoekoe tsa Majapane ((Coturnix japonica) e bonts'itse mokhoa oa mokhoa oa katamelo o maemong ohle le boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng hloohong le molaleng oa mosali ea khabisitsoeng ka masiba a lamunu. Johnston et al a. (1978) aversion e kenella ea lithium chloride ka ho pepesetsoa lekunutu la mosali ka hara hamsters ea banna (Mesocricetus auratus) 'me a fumana sekhahla se eketsehileng sa ho hlohlona le ho nyolla mosali kamora thupelo ea ho feto-fetoha. Thutong ea li-hamsters tsa basali Meisel le Joppa (1994) o fumane sebaka se khethiloeng bakeng sa kamore eo ba kopaneng le eona ea thobalano le monna. McDonnell et al a. (1985) o qapetse mokhoa oa ho se sebetse hantle ka thobalano ho li-stallion (Equus caballus) sebelisa boikoetliso bo matlafatsang ba maikutlo a marang-rang mme re ka fetola litlamorao tsena ka Diazepam. Tsena ke lipapiso tsa mofuta oa lipatlisiso tsa boemo ba thobalano, ho tsamaisa kapa ho thibela boits'oaro ba thobalano, bo etsoang ka liphoofolo tse se nang botho. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tse ling bona Pfaus et al a. (2001 (2004) le Akins (2004).

Ho entsoe lithuto tse tšoanang le batho ba nang le mehlala e 'maloa e lekiloeng mona. Letourneau le O'Donohue (1997) e ile ea sitoa ho fumana bopaki ba mofere-fere oa bootsoa ho basali ha lebone la amber le pentiloe ka livideo tsa boitšoaro bo bobe. Lalumière le Quinsey (1998) ba ithutile banna ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa basali ba apereng li-scantily ba apereng li-videotape tse seng molaong tsa thobalano mme ba fumane tekanyetso, 10%, keketseho ea setho sa botšehali ho khothaletso e lebisitsoeng e hlahisitsoeng a le mong kamora ho ts'oaroa. Hoffmann et al a. (2004) a hlahisa banna le basali ba nang le litšoantšo tsa mpa ea batho ba bong bo fapaneng le litšoantšo tsa sethunya ba sebelisa linako tse tlase tsa ho pepesa le batho ba phahameng sechabeng. Ba batona le ba batšehali ba bontšitse hore ba khahliloe haholo ke litšoantšo tse nyane tsa mpa tsa ka mpeng ho feta lithunya, empa basali ba makatsang ba bonts'itse seemo se setle sa ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa lithunya ho fapana le litšoantšo tsa mpa. ka bobeli et al a. (2004) lekanya likarabo tsa botona le botšehali ho lifilimi tsa thobalano le tsa thobalano mme a kopa barupeluoa ho latela litakatso tsa thobalano, litoro le liketso tsa nnete tsa thobalano bakeng sa letsatsi le hlahlamang. Ka bobeli banna le basali ba bonts'itse takatso ea setho sa botšehali mme ba tlaleha maikutlo a ho tsosa takatso le takatso e feteletseng kamora ho shebella filimi ea thobalano mme barupeluoa bana le bona ba ne ba le menahano e phahameng ea mehopolo ea thobalano, litoro le lintho tse etsahetseng letsatsing le hlahlamang thuto. Ntho ea bohlokoa mabapi le lithuto tsena ho batho ke ho se fihlelle maemo a matla a ho se nke lehlakore le tšebeliso e pharalletseng ea lintho tse tsosang takatso tse tšoanang le tse khothalletsoang. Lithuto tsena li fapana haholo le lithutong tsa maemo a monate tsa liphoofolo tse sebelisitseng tikoloho ea 'mele e sa nke lehlakore, tšusumetso ea maikutlo, litoni kapa monko joalo ka tšusumetso ea maemo.

Le ha mefuta e mengata ea taxa ho tloha litlhaping ho isa ho linonyana ho ea ho litoeba ho batho e bontšitse mofuta o itseng oa boemo ba thobalano, ha re so fumane lithuto tsa pejana tsa boemo ba thobalano le batho bao e seng batho. Tlhahlobo ea maemo a amanang le thobalano lithutong tse seng tsa botho ha e bohlokoa feela bakeng sa botlalo bo phethahetseng ba lekhetho, empa hape e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea lintlha tse mabapi le mekhoa e tsosang takatso ea thobalano lithutong tse seng tsa motho.

Le pampiring e tšoaeang Nature Michael le Keverne (1968) o pheha khang bakeng sa karolo ea li-pheromones (monko o lokollang likarabo tsa boits'oaro ho ba amohelang) ho ho fana ka maemo a thobalano le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano lithutong tse seng tsa motho. Patlisiso ea bona e khothalelitse ho ba teng hoa lets'oao la chemosensory ho tsoa ho li-acheteric acid ka har'a li-uke tsa basali ho li-rhesus macaques tse fapaneng ka ho potoloha le ho khothaletsa takatso ea thobalano ho banna. Goldfoot (1982) e hanne khopolo ea pheromone ea botšehali ka har'a li-macaques ho fumana hore li-acids tsa akhatiki li nyolohile ka sekhahla nakong ea luteal phase, 'me, ho fapana le maikutlo a pheromone, banna ba lithutong tsa hae ho ne ho bonahala ba na le balekane ba khethiloeng ka ho khetheha, ba ka nyalana le basali ba ovariectomised , mme ba ile ba khahloa ke monko o seng monate oa "pheromone" ea pepere e tala. Goldfoot (1982) e khothalelitse hore li-acids tsa vaginal ha li sebetse joalo ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso ea botona kapa botšehali, eseng banna, ho laoloa boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng. O boetse a re banna ba ithuta likarolo tse fapaneng tsa maikutlo a basali ba ratoang le hoja a sa bonts'a mokhoa oa ho etsa thobalano.

Li-primate tsa Callitrichid, li-marmosets le li-tamarin, ka tšebelisano li tsoala litšoene ho tsoa Lefatšeng le Lecha moo tse tona le tse tšehali li theha maqhama a mabeli le ho sebetsana le tsona nakong eohle ea potoloho ea mae a bomme esita le nakong ea kemolo. Ka nako e telele ho ne ho nahanoa hore ovulation e patiloe, empa Ziegler et al a. (1993) e bontšitse hore li-tamarins tse holimo tsa k'hothone (Saguinus oedipus) ba foufetsoe ka thobalano ba bonts'a li-erections tse eketsehileng le likhahla tse ngata ho balekane ba bona ha ba hlahisoa ka monko oa buka e nyane, e hohelang basali. Kamora moo, Smith le Abbott (1998) e bontšitse hore li-marmosets tse tloaelehileng tsa banna (Callithrix jacchus) khethollo pakeng tsa monko oa li-marmosets tsa basali. Ntle le moo, banna ba tamarin ba top-tamarin ba bonts'a likarabo tse lebelletseng tsa li-hormone ho lipontšo tsa pelehi tsa mahe a mosali oa hae ka mor'a pelehiZiegler et al a. 2004). Re sebelisa mekhoa e sebetsang ea matla a ho nahana ka matla a sefahleho (fMRI), Ferris et al a. (2001) e bonts'itse hore monko oa basali ba peri-ovulatory females o hlahisitse keketseho e kholo ts'ebetsong ea neural sebakeng sa medial preoptic area (MPOA) le anterior hypothalamus (AH), libaka tseo lesapo le lebisitseng ho fokotseng boitšoaro ba thobalano (Lloyd & Dixson, 1988).

Leha taba ea hore makhala a tloaelehileng a mongobo sechabeng, lithutong tsa botlamuoeng (Anzenberger, 1985, Evans, 1983) o fumane hore banna ba sa boneng balekane ba bona ba tla bontša mokhoa oa lefereho ho basali ba maoatle, le naheng Digby (1999) 'me Lazaro-Perea (2001) fumana khafetsa boits'oaro ba thobalano lipakeng tsa marang-rang a lihlopha tse fapaneng tse amang bohle empa e le tse tšehali sehlopheng ka seng. Kahoo, ho sa tsotelehe ho nyallana ha batho sechabeng, marang-rang a banna a bonahala a ikemiselitse ho ikamahanya le tse tšehali tse tšehali, haholo-holo ka popelong. Lintho tsena li ne li tšehelitsoe ke Ziegler et al a. (2005) e fumane hore bo-makhoe ba banna ba nang le ntlo e le 'ngoe ba bonts'a thahasello ea boits'oaro le ho tsosa monko o monate oa basali ba basali ba peri-ovulatory joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke litekanyetso tse eketsehang tsa ho phunya le ho phahama le ho phahamisa ho hoholo ha maemo a serum testosterone a amanang le monko oa koloi. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore mohlomong ho fapana le seo Goldfoot's (1982) e se fumaneng ho litšoene tsa rhesus, metsing a marang-rang ho ka ba le phello e tobileng ea monko oa basali oa peri-ovulatory le ho tsosa ha motho e motšehali.

Leha ho le joalo, ho na le liphetho tse hanyetsanang tse fanang ka tlhokomeliso ho toloko ena. Ho Ziegler et al a. (2005) sehlopha se eketsehileng sa banna bao e neng e le bo-ntate ka nako ea tlhahlobo ha ba ka ba araba ka boits'oaro mme se bonts'itse karabelo e fokolang ea lihormone ho monko oa lipale tsa basali, basali ba peri-ovulatory. Kahoo ho na le ho hong ka ho ba ntate ho ammeng karabelo ho monko. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea likarabo tsa neural ho monko oa peri-ovulatory nakong ea fMRI (Ferris et al a. 2004) e bonts'itse libaka tse ngata tsa boko ho kenyelletsa MPOA le AH li kentsoe tšebetsong. Tsena li ne li kenyelletsa letšoao le ntlafatsang la O oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) ho monko oa peri-ovulatory ho striatum, hippocampus, septum, periacqueductal grey le cerebellum le ho eketsa lets'oa le lebe la BOLD ho tsebisa monko ho cortex ea nakoana, cingrate cortex, putamen, hippocampus, subtstantia nigra MPOA le cerebellum. Bongata ba libaka tsena li kenelletse tekong ea maikutlo, ho etsa liqeto le / kapa khothatso. Taba ea hore bo-ntate ha ba arabele monko oa peri-ovulatory ho tsoa ho basali ba maoatleng le hore libaka tse ngata tsa boko tse fetang tse amehang ho tsa thobalano li bontša hore monko oa basali ba peri-ovulatory ha o sebetse e le pheromone ea 'nete kapa hore karabo ea' nete ea neuroendocrine e etsahala feela. ha banna ba hlahisoa ka monko o amanang le sechaba, ke hore, Molekane oa monna ea nang le ba batona ba lelapa le mosali e mocha ea nang le banna bao e seng balekane.

Haeba li-marmosets tseo e seng tsa bo-ntate li ka nkoa li ts'oaroa ke thobalano ka monko, e leng monko o hanyetsanang, ho ka etsahala hore banna ba se ke ba arabela ka boomo ho monko oa basali empa ha e le hantle ba khona ho tseba likarolo tse ikhethileng tse amanang le ho ruruha. Haeba maemo a monko o hanyetsanang a atlehile, ho ka 'na ha hlalosoa hore na hobaneng bo-ntate ba sa arabele le hore na ke hobaneng libaka tsa boko tse kenyelletsang tekong le sepheong li hlahisoa ke monko oa basali ntle le likarolo tse amehang ka kotloloho mokhoeng oa thobalano.

Thutong ea hajoale re lekile ho beha banna ho lebella ho qopitsoa le mosali ea amohelang mahe a botona kapa botšehali a sebelisang lero la lemone e le tšusumetso e sa amaneng le litabatabelo tse sa amaneng le tsa thobalano. Re khethile mofuta oa tšusumetso ea lemone hobane (1) lithuto tsa rona li ne li sena boiphihlelo ba pele ka monko ona mme (2) lemone (limonene) li bonts'a boemo bo tlase ba ts'ebetso ea BAL ha bo bapisoa le monko o mong, haholo-holo almond (benzaldehyde) e hlahisitseng ts'ebetso ea boikemisetso libakeng tse ngata tsa cortical le subcortical (Ferris et al., ka tlhahlobo).

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Lintho le Bolulo

Re lekile li-marmosets tsa banna ba baholo ho tloha ka 3.5 ho isa lilemong tsa 6. Ba batona ba babeli e ne e le likhaitseli tsa lelapa le le leng ba sa kang ba ba le thobalano le motho e mong ntle le 'm'a bona. Banna ba bang ba babeli ba ne ba lula le balekane ba basali bao methapo ea bona ea maqhubu ea mahe e neng e laoloa ba sebelisa 0.75 ho 1.0 μg Estrumate, e leng analogue ea prostaglandin F2α analogue (cloprostenol sodium). Banab'eso ba babeli le e mong oa ba batona e ne e le lithuto lithutong tsa rona tse fetileng tsa ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a makenete e nang le likarabo tsa monko oa basali (Ferris et al a., 2001, 2004).

Re sebelisitse basali ba 14 novel peri-ovulatory females (ha ho le ea mong oa bona ea tloaetseng ho beha banna) ho tsamaisa ts'ebetso ea kopulate le banna ba sehlooho. Li-potoloho ea li-ovary tsa tsena tsohle tse tšehali li beiloe leihlo ka ho hlahloba maemo a progesterone ea serum (Saltzman et al a. 1994) li ne li laoloa ka Estrumate e fanoeng nakong ea potoloho ea potoloho. Nako e latelang ea peri-ovulatory e etsahetse matsatsing a 8-11 kamora kalafo ena. Tse tšehali li ne li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'ne tse bolokiloeng ka nako e le hore li ka fihla phuleng ea ovri ka nako ea matsatsi a 1-2. Re ile ra bokella disampole tsa serum ho tsoa ho mosali e mong le e mong makhetlo a mararo ka beke ebe re ts'oara progesterone ho netefatsa hore mosali e mong le e mong o mocheng oa peri-ovulatory ka nako eo a e batlang.

Liphoofolo tsohle li ne li bolokiloe e le lihlopha ka har'a mabokoseng a neng a le 0.6 × 0.91 × 1.83 m (WXLXH). Ka bobeli ba ne ba lula ka likamoreng tsa kolone moo ba neng ba khona ho bona, ho utloa le ho fofonela marumo a mang. Liphoofolo li ne li feptjoa har'a motšehare mme ha ho tlhahlobo ea thapama ho fihlela bonyane lihora tsa 1.5 ka mor'a lijo tsa motšehare. Ho boetse ho hlalositsoe maemo a eketsehileng a kolone le a ho nyala Saltzman et al a. (1994).

Design

Teko ea boitšoaro e ne e le mekhahlelo ea 5 (Feie. 1): Mehato e 'meli ea ho aha ntlo, mohato oa tlhahlobo ea peleho, mohato oa boemo, le mohato oa tlhahlobo ea kamora maemo. Nakong ea methati eohle, molekane o ile a tlosoa holima likhoele, 'me a kentsoe likharetene holim' a mabokose a liphoofolo tse ling ka phapusing ho thibela banna ba teko ho bona li-marmose tse ling ho fokotsa lipono le ho phahamisa tlhokomelo litekong tsa maemo. Ntlo ea pele e ile ea etsoa ka matsatsi a mararo a latellanang mme e kenyelletsa ho tlosoa ha molekane, ho beoa ka liketane le ho kenya lebokose la khothaletso le se nang letho ka lekarecheng. Sebaka sa bobeli sa bolulo se ne se kenyelletsa ho tlosoa ha molekane, ho beoa ka masela le lebokose la sefutho le ho eketsoa ha sebali 'me se ile sa etsoa ka matsatsi a mane a latellanang.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Sethala sa bolulo le tlhahlobo.

Karolong ea tlhahlobo ea maemo a pele monna e mong le e mong a fumana liteko tse tšeletseng tsa 20 kamora ho pepesetsoa monko oa linate tse telele tsa lehong le liteko tse tšeletseng tsa 20 kamora ho pepesetsoa taolo ea li-disc tsa lehong (ha ho na monko) ka moralo o ikhethileng o sa lumellaneng. Lebokose la ho hlohlelletsa le ne le se na letho ha ho motho oa mosali nakong ea mekete.

Nakong ea maemo a boemo bo bong le bo bong monna e mong o ile a fumana liteko tse leshome le metso e 'meli (ho fihla ho 15 min) ka ponahalo ea pele ea monko o lateloang ke phihlello ea mosali ea peri-ovulatory e lokollotsoeng lebokoseng la tšusumetso. Teko ea boemo ba Lemon e ile ea felisoa hang hang holim'a ho kopitsoa ha banna ho ea kemiso Liteko tsa Lemon li ile tsa hanyetsoa le liteko tsa taolo ka monko oa li-15 tse leshome tsa 'mankhonthe, moo mosali ea peri-ovulatory a neng a lula a le ka lebokoseng la khothalletso empa a sa lokolloe. Liteko tse nang le maemo li ne li lekana hantle pakeng tsa thuto ea hoseng le ea motšeare mme tsohle li phethetsoe ka matsatsi a latellanang a 15.

Teko ea maemo a morao-rao e qalile matsatsi a 5 kamora ho fela ha liteko tsa maemo mme e ne e ts'oana le tlhahlobo e lekantsoeng ka liteko tse tšeletseng tsa 20 kamora ho pepesetsoa ke monko oa lemone le liteko tse tšeletseng tsa 20 tsa taolo. Joalo ka mohatong oa liteko tsa pele ho maemo ho ne ho se na mosali ka teng ka lebokoseng la tšusumetso nakong ea mohato oa tlhahlobo ea boemo ba kamora maemo. Liteko tsa tlhahlobo ea maemo a pele ho maemo le litekanyetso tsa maemo a morao-rao ka tšusumetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe li ile tsa etsoa ka nako ea letsatsi la 4 mohlomong kapele pele ho boemo ba maemo kapa ho qala matsatsi a 5 kamora moo.

Tsamaiso

Hoseng ho hong le ho hong nakong eohle ea methapo, molekane o ile a tlosoa a sa tlosoe ho fihlela liteko tsa letsatsi li phetheloa. Pele ho teko efe kapa efe ea boits'oaro monna e mong le e mong o ne a tlosoa ntlong ea hae ebe o isoa ka lebokoseng la tšepe le hloekileng moo ho neng ho kengoe mabokose a moea haufi le thapo e nang le li-disc tsa lehong tse 'ne. Litekong tsa monko oa Lemon e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e neng e na le 100 μl ea Lemon e tsoang le litekong tsa taolo e sa sebetsoang li ne li hlahisoa. Tse tona li lula haufi le li-disc bakeng sa metsotso e mene ebe monna eo o tlosoa ka letsoho ka lebokoseng ebe o khutlisetsoa mokotleng o mong hae ha e ntse e le monko o khelohileng oa lemone kapa disc e sa thehoang (ho latela maemo) e neng e ts'oaroe tlasa nko ea hae.

Bakeng sa liteko tsa maemo, lebokose la ho hlohlelletsa le ne le kentsoe ka lekarecheng la monna nakong ea ponahalo ea monko mme kamehla le ne le na le mosali oa peri-ovulatory. Monyako oa lebokose la tšusumetso o ne o sirelelitsoe ka sekotoana se nang le disc ea lehong, ebang e na le monko kapa e sa thetsoa. Metsotso e meraro ka mor'a hore e tona e khutlisoe sekheiti se ile sa tlosoa 'me sa kenngoa ka mokotleng o tiisitsoeng oa Zip-loc hore se be le monko. Litekong tsa taolo, kapele-pele re ile ra khutlisa sekhechana sena ka sekotoana se seng ntle le disc mme mosali ea peri-ovulatory a sala ka lebokoseng la sehlaha. Litekong tsa lemone monyako o ile oa lula o bulehile mme basali ba tloha kapele lebokoseng la sehlaha. Re hatisitse lintlha tsa boits'oaro ho e motona bakeng sa metsotso ea 15 kamora hore sekhechana sa lebokose la tšusumetso se fetotsoe, kapa ho fihlela ho hlaha hoa tlhaho (liteko tsa lemati feela). Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ka ho tsoelang pele li sebelisa lenaneo la k'homphieutha le tšoaeang nako le nako ke motho ea nang le boiphihlelo. Qetellong ea teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea boemo bo botle kapa ho omisoa, lebokose le tšehali le ntšetso-pele le tlosoa hang-hang 'me lebokose la monna la sehlaha le busetse monyako o bulehile. Ho ne ho sebelisoa mabokose a khathollang a hloekileng le a hloekileng. Qetellong ea tlhahlobo ea letsatsi, likharetene li ile tsa tlosoa 'me molekane oa mosali oa hae oa khutla.

Tse tona li fumana bonyane lejoe le le leng le teko e le 'ngoe ea ho laola maemo ka letsatsi le ha nyeoe e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e tona e ne e hlahisoa le mosali e motšo. Ha ho monna le mosali ba ileng ba penta ka makhetlo a fetang le le leng. E tšehali e ne e sebelisoa leetong la boemo ba lemone hang ka letsatsi. Bakeng sa e mong le e mong e motšehali mosali o ne a sebeletsa tekong ea taolo pele a ba tekong ea boemo ba lemone e le hore monna a se ke a kopana le nyeoe ea taolo e tšehali e neng e entsoe pele ka tsatsi leo.

Bakeng sa liteko tsa tlhahlobo ea boemo ba pele le tsa boemo bo kamorao, ha ho na basali tse neng li le teng ka lebokoseng la tšusumetso. Lebokose la tšusumetso le ne le kentsoe ka lekarecheng la lapeng mme kamora 3 min sekotwana se nang le monko oa lemone kapa taolo ea lehong se ile sa nkeloa sebaka ka sekotoana se seng mme re hatisa data ea boits'oaro bakeng sa 20 min.

Pokello ea Tlhahlobo le Tlhahlobo

Nakong ea methati eohle ea liteko, motho ea nang le boiphihlelo ea nang le boitsebelo o tšoaileng nako: tlhaiso-leseling la boitšoaro ka har'a komporo ea laptop e sebelisang software e ikhethileng. Liphoofolo tsohle li ne li lula sebakeng sa ho shebella. Bakeng sa liteko tsa tlhatlhobo ea boemo bo fetileng le ea kamora maemo (ha ho na mosali ea neng a le teng), re ne re tlaleha makhetlo a susumetsoang a lebokose le reng a ho sheba, ho fofa, kapa ho ama lebokose le reng le entsoe ka tekanyo e le 'ngoe ea boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng lebokoseng. Re boetse re rekota ts'ebetso ea "locomotor" e thehiloeng ho maqhubu a kopaneng a marang-rang a pakeng tsa terata, re ts'oaroa hangata joalo ka mokhoa oa ho tšoenyeha (Cilia le Piper, 1997; Barros et al a., 2000) le motheong oa lipapatso (ho latela ponahalo ea genitalia) hore na ketso e bonoe kapa che. Nakong ea liteko tsa boemo ba Lemon re ile ra bokella datha ka mehato ena hammoho le boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho kenyelletsa ho qopitsoa ho ho nona. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-t-liteko tsa ta-ha-mehele tse peli tse kopantsoeng le alpha e behiloeng ho 0.05. Ha ho data e behiloeng e sebelisitsoeng papisong e fetang e le 'ngoe.

Results

Ba batona le ba batšehali ba kopantsoe hore ba hloibane tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lemone. Ho ne ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa taolo le lephoka la lemone ka liketso tse lebisitsoeng lebokoseng la sehlaha nakong ea mohato oa tlhahlobo ea maemo a pele (bolelang ± SEM lemon 2.03 ± 0.48, laola 1.95 ± 0..50, t(3) = 0.151, ns) empa phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa Lemon le maemo a taolo mohatong oa teko ea boemo ba morao (Lemon 17.5 ± 3.4, laola 1.75 ± 0.85, t(3) = 4.70, p = 0.018, Setšoantšo sa 2). Ho fapana le boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng lebokoseng ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa lemati le ha ho liteko tsa Lemon ho boemo ba pele (Lemon 28.5 ± 5.83, laola 29.1 ± 7.43, t (3) = 0.130, ns) kapa mekhahlelo ea maemo a morao-rao (Lemon 23.1 ± 4.97, laola 28.9 ± 9.52, t (3) = 0.764, ns, Setšoantšo sa 3). Ha ho mohla re kileng ra bona meketjana litekong leha e le life tsa boemo ba pele kapa litekong tsa taolo ea boemo ba kamoso. Leha ho le joalo li-erections li ile tsa bonoa molemong oa 79.2 N 14.4% ea lits'oants'o tsa lemonet(3) = 6.33, p = 0.008, Setšoantšo sa 4). Tekanyo ea ho chechisa ha ea ka ea fapana lipakeng tsa lere le taolo mo maemong oa pele (boemo ba 25.1 ± 7.36, laola 18.0 ± 3.52, t (3) = 1.54, ns) empa e ne e fapana liphatlalatsong tsa boemo ba kamora (boemo ba 41.0 ± 8.23, laola 18 ± 4.76, t (3) = 4.00, p = 0.028, Setšoantšo sa 5).

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Bolela boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng lebokoseng ka teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (sheba, ho hlaseloa, ho ama) ka mekhahlelo ea maemo a pele le ea boemo ba morao. Boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng lebokoseng liteisheneng tsa lemone la boemo bo morao bo boholo haholo ho feta litekong tsa taolo (p = 0.018).
Setšoantšo sa 3 

Bolela mekhoa ea locomotor ka tsela e ngoe le e ngoe ka mekhahlelo ea maemo le ea kamora maemo. Ha ho na phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liteko tsa Lemon le Taolo ea mokhahlelo oo.
Setšoantšo sa 4 

Bolela liperesente tsa liteko tsa pele le tsa ka morao ho moo maemo a neng a bonoa teng. Ho bile le linako tse ngata haholo tse amanang le lereate ho feta ho laola litekong tsa boits'oaro (p = 0.008).
Setšoantšo sa 5 

Bolela sekhahla sa sekhahla ka teko e ngoe le e ngoe maemong a maemo a pele le a boemo. Ho bile le liphapang tse ngata litekong tsa lemone ho feta liteko tsa taolo moahong oa kamora boemo (p = 0.028).

Puisano

Phuputso ena e bonts'a hore li-marmose tse tona li ka beoa ka katleho ho bontša likarabo tsa thobalano ho monoto o hanyetsanang le ho hloka toka. Ho bohlokoa ho supa hore mokhoa o susumetsang, monko oa lemati, o ne o entsoe ka nako ea pejana ea ponahalo ea molekane ea neng a ka ba teng mme o ne a le sieo ha mosali a le teng bakeng sa ho kopitsoa. Tekanyo e ntseng e eketseha ea lebokose la ts'usumetso karolong ea maemo a morao e ts'oana le sebaka se ratoang sa sebaka se bontšitsoeng lithutong tse ling (mohlala. Meisel & Joppa, 1994). Ha ho na banna ba bonts'itseng moralo oa mofuta o mong le o mong oa lemone kapa teko ea taolo kapa teko efe kapa efe ea taolo ea boitšoaro ba morao. Leha ho le joalo li-erections li ile tsa bonoa molemong oa liteko tsa morao-rao tsa 79.2% tse bonts'a ho hlaka ho monate ha thobalano le monko oa linoko ho sa hlokahale mekhoa efe kapa efe e tsoang ho mosali. Kahoo marang-rang a ile a bontša likarabo tse matla le tse sebetsang tsa tebello ea monko oa linoko tse latelang ho boemo. Sephetho sena se bontša hore li-marmosets li khona ho hokahanya khoele e ntšo e nang le tšibollo ea maikutlo le phihlello ea mosali ea peri-ovulatory.

Kaha liteko tsa boemo ba morao-rao li qalile matsatsi a mahlano kamora ho fela ha maemo le ho tsoela pele ka matsatsi a mane, litlamorao tsa maemo li ne li sa tšoarelle. Lithutong tse ling le liphoofolo tse se nang botho liteko tsa liteko li ile tsa fanoa hang hang kamora liteko tsa ho qetela tsa maemo kapa ka letsatsi le le leng le latelang ho latela boemo (mohlala, Domjan et al a. 1988, Hollis et al a. 1989, Hollis et al a. 1997; Kippin et al a, 1998; Zamble et al a., 1985, 1986).

Leha banna ba babeli ho ba bane ba neng ba le teng thutong ea rona e ne e se na phapang lipakeng tsa banna bana le ba nang le boiphihlelo, ba batona ba palameng lipalo tse ngata (banna bohle ba kopantsoe le kemolo le basali bohle litekong tsa maemo) leha ho bile le phapang e totobetseng ea boits'oaro posong Liteko. Lipopae tse se nang morero tsa thobalano li ne li tsosoa ebile li le bonolo ho ba joaloka banna ba nang le bohlola.

Liphetho tse makatsang ke keketseho e kholo ea boits'oaro bo botle tseleng ea lemati ka morao ho maemo. Ho qala ho fumanoe e le sesupo sa boits'oaro ba ho tšoenyeha lithutong tse mabapi le mefuta e amanang haholo ((Barros et al. 2000). Lebaka le leng le ka bang la ho eketseha ha sekhahla litekong tsa lemati la maemo a morao-rao ke hore nakong ea maemo ba batona ba ntse ba lebelletse ho sebetsana le mosali ka mor'a ho ba le lephoka la lemone mme litekong tsa ho chechisa morao tjena ha ho na basali ba teng ka lebokoseng ka hona ha ho na tse fumanehang bakeng sa qopitso. Ho tla hlokahala thuto e eketsehileng ho utloisisa sephetho sena hantle.

Li-"marmosets" tse peli tse tloaelehileng le tamarins tsa k'hothone tse holimo li 'nile tsa bonoa ho khetholla pakeng tsa monko oa basali ba peri-ovulatory le ba se nang ovulatory ka ho eketseha hoa takatso ea thobalano le ho lokolloa ha testosterone (Smith le Abbott, 1998, Ziegler et al a. 1993, 2005). Monko oa peri-ovulatory o ka kenya tšebetsong sebaka sa medial preoptic le hypothalamus ea anterior metsing a tloaelehileng a marmosets joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka monahano o sebetsang oa matla a matla a matla a khoheli (Ferris et al a., 2001).

Leha ho le joalo, pontšo ea boemo ba thobalano ho monko o sa fetoheng e thusa ho rarolla pherekano e hlakileng mabapi le marang-rang a tloaelehileng. Lithutong tsa botlamuoeng le tsa tšimo (Anzenberger, 1985, Digby, 1999; Evans, 1983; Lazaro-Perea, 2001) bo-'mamose ba tloaetse ho ratana le ho ikopanya le liphoofolo tse ling tse tsoang ho lihlopha tse ling, leha ho le joalo kamano e haufi e bonahala e le bohlokoa bakeng sa ho holisa bana ka katleho ho tloha ha bo-ntate ba kenya letsoho tlhokomelong e batsi ea batsoali. Tlas'a maemo a joalo, boits'oaro bo neng bo tla bua ka bonnete ba bo-ntate bo ne bo bohlokoa. Boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali le basali ba bang ba botlamuoeng boa thatafala ha banna ba khona ho bona balekane ba bona (Anzenberger, 1985) le naheng, leha ho le joalo banna ba baholo ba hlokometsoe lipokellong tsa sehlopha se eketsehileng ha masea a its'ehetsang a le sieo, tse tšehali ha li kopanele lipokellong tsa sehlopha se eketsehileng (Lazaro-Perea, 2001), basali ba bang ba sa tsoalang ba nkang karolo ea sehlopha sa tlatsetso ba ka ima mme ba sa khone ho holisa masea a felletseng ka katleho.Digby 1995; Roda & Medes Pontes 1998; Lazaro-Perea et al a 2000; Melo et al a 2003; Arruda et al a 2005; Sousa et al a 2005; Bezerra et al a 2007), e fana ka bonnete ba paternity. Lintlha tse ling tsa hore (bo-ntate ba 1) ha ba arabele monko o tsoang ho basali, basali ba peri-ovulatory ka ho se bontše thahasello ea boits'oaro le khaello ea kholo ea testosterone joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke banna bao e seng ntate (Ziegler et al a, 2005) le (2) monko oa litlatse tse tšehali li susumetsa ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng mohopolong, khothatsong le litekong (Ferris et al. 2004) ka bobeli li fana ka maikutlo a hore boitšoaro ba monna ba thobalano ha bo tsamaisoe feela ke pheromone e tsosang e bolokiloeng ke mosali oa peri-ovulatory. Sebakeng seo mekhoa e meng e tlameha ho ameha.

Re fana ka maikutlo (joalo ka Goldfoot (1981) e etselitse macaques) hore likotsi tse susumetsang boitšoaro ba monna ba thobalano li ngatafalitsoe ebile li kenyelletsa boemo ba motho ba monna, ekaba ba lesoha kapa ba babeli, ntate kapa eseng ntate mme hape banna ba ithute ka lintlha tse ikhethang tse amanang le balekane ba bona eseng feela monko. lintlha tse ikhethang empa hape le mekhoa ea lentsoe le ea pono e teng. Lemoha hore Anzenberger (1985) o fumane hore boteng ba molekane bo ne bo lekane ho thibela lefereho la mosali oa moroetsana.

Boithuto ba mefuta e 'maloa ea li-marmosets le tamarins li tlalehiloe ka kamohelo ea motho ka mong ka monko o le mong (bona Epple, 1986 bakeng sa tlhahlobo) mme boithuto bo teng hona joale bo bonts'a hore ba batona ba ka ithuta ho hokahana le litlolo tse hlabisang lihlong le boiphihlelo ba thobalano ba fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ba ka ithuta mekhoa ea ho khetholla balekane ba bona ka ho etsa thobalano. E tla ba sehlooho se khahlisang le sa bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse tla etsahala nakong e tlang ho hlahloba likarabo tsa tlhaho tsa bo-'mamose ba banna le linthong tse ling tsa maikutlo a balekane ba bona le tsa basali ba maoatle e le ts'ebetso ea boemo ba banna ba maemo.

lumela hore baa fokola

E tšehelitsoe ke Institutes tsa Sechaba tsa Lits'ebeletso tsa Bophelo MH058700 ho Craig F. Ferris, MH035215 ho Charles T. Snowdon le Toni E. Ziegler le RR00167 ho Setsi sa Patlisiso sa Tlhaho sa naha sa Wisconsin.

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