Karolo ea maemo a ho khetholla batho ba ratanang le ba ratanang le ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang le ba ratanang le basodoma

Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol. 2012; 2: 17340.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang Mar 15, 2012. Doi:  10.3402 / snp.v2i0.17340

PMCID: PMC3960032

Genaro A. Coria-Avila, DVM, MSc, PhD*

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Likhetho tsa molekane li hlahisoa ke mefuta e mengata ea sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le batho. Hangata li bonoa e le likhokahano tse ikhethileng le motho a le mong, ho qeta nako e ngata li le hammoho, le boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng leferehong le lebisang ho qobelloeng ha khetho. Tlhahlobo ena e bua ka phello ea maemo a ho ntlafatsoa ha likhetho tsa molekane oa monna oa bong bo fapaneng le ba bosodoma lipolaong. Likhetho tse ithutoang li ka hlaha ha maikutlo a ntlafatsang (CS) a amanang le maemo a tšohanyetso le ts'usumetso e se nang boikemelo (UCS) e sebetsang joalo ka matlafatso. Ka lebaka leo, motho a le mong a ka bontša hore o rata molekane ea nang le CS. Li-UCS tse ling li ka matlafatsoa kapa li matlafatsoa, ​​ho latela hore na li na le boiphihlelo, 'me li ka fapana ho ba batona le ba batšehali. Mohlala, ho ka etsahala hore, ke feela nakong ea kholiseho ea pele, ts'usumetso e amanang le ho holisa le ho bapala ha bacha e kenngoe hantle. Ha u le motho e moholo, lintho tse ling tse kang moputso oa thobalano, ho lula hammoho, khatello ea maikutlo, kapa ho sebelisa manonyeletso a meriana, li ka sebetsa e le ho tlatsetsa ho khethoeng ke balekane. Litsebi tsa thuto ea tlhaho ea ho iphetola ha lintho le litsebi tsa kelello li tlameha ho nka mohopolo oa hore boiphihlelo ba motho ka moputso (ke hore, thobalano le pharmacological) bo ka fetisa likhetho tsa molekane (mohlala: assortativeness and oriental) kapa maano a molekane (mohlala, monogamy kapa polygamy) ka Pavlovian le meketjana e sebetsang. Ebile, ho kanna ha tsoaloa ho ithuta ka tikoloho ka mekhoa e holisang moputso le ho nyenyefatsa liphetho tse fapaneng, ho etsa seo ho thoeng ke 'proximate' (mohlala, thabo) ho feta matla a bolepi ba boits'oaro ba sechaba le khetho ho feta seo ho thoeng ke 'seholohali' lisosa (mohlala: liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa ho ba le mmele oa ho beleha).

Keywords: pavlovian, mosebeletsi, ho ithuta, thobalano, ho qapa

Likhetho tsa li-Partner li etsahala mefuta e mengata ea sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le batho. Khetho e tloaelehile ho bonahala e le likhokahano tse ikhethileng le motho a le mong, ho qeta nako e ngata hammoho, le boitšoaro bo tataisang lefereho bo lebisang ho qopisisong e khethiloeng. Ka kakaretso, mefuta e nang le likhetho tsa balekane bao e seng bona ba ikhethang e bitsoa sethepu. Mefuta eo e ka bontša khetho ho molekane ea itseng, empa e tšoarella feela ha nako e ntse e ea. Ho feta moo, khetho e kanna ea se be ea motho ea itseng kapa likarolo tsa motho a le mong empa e ka ba bakeng sa ponahatso e akaretsang ea thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mefuta e bonts'ang khetho e ikhethileng le e tšoarellang ho molekane e mong hangata e bitsoa e nyalanang. Motho ea se nang molekane o tla khetha ho khetha makhotleng, ho qopitsa, ho haha ​​sehlaha le ho holisa bana, ka molekane ea nang le likarolo tse ikhethang le tse hlokomelehang (Coria-Avila, 2007). Ntle le moo, bafuputsi ba bang ba lumellana ka mohopolo oa hore mefuta e nyalisitsoeng e hlahisitseng kamano e haufi e ka hana ka mokhoa o hlekefetsang ho kopana ho sa tloaelehang, ho kenyeletsoa ba bang ba ka nyalanang (Aragona et al., 2006; Carter, DeVries, le Getz, 1995; Wang, Hulihan, & Insel, 1997; Tlholo, Hastings, Carter, Harbaugh, & Insel, 1993).

Likhetho tsa li-Partner ke sepheo sa ho hokahana ka tatellano lipakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, litlamorao tsa li-hormone, le ho ithuta. Mohlala, motho a ka tsoaloa a e-na le tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e tataisang sebopeho sa boko le boemo ba li-hormone bo tataisang kutloisiso ea maikutlo ho arabela ho mofuta o itseng oa molekane, o atisang ho hlaha ho motho ea holileng oa bong bo fapaneng. Le ha ho le joalo, ho qala ka nako ea tlhaho, liphoofolo li ka ithuta lintho tse ncha tse khethiloeng ho ipapisitsoe le batho ba mefuta ea bona. Puisano ena ea pejana e thusa liketsahalo tse joalo ka ho penta (Batenson, 1978), eo ho eona maikutlo a pele a amanang le "unconcific" a amanang le ona ka linako tse mahlonoko tsa nts'etsopele a ka lebisa thato ea molekane oa nako e tlang. Ka lebaka leo, khetho ea molekane e khethiloeng ho motho e moholo ea sa kopaneleng ka thobalano e ka ba sepheo sa lintlha tse tlisoang ke tlhaho le boiphihlelo ba ho ithuta nakong ea linako tse mahlonoko. Ntle le moo, batho bohle ba ka theha lithahasello tse ncha pele ho bophelo bohle ba bona 'me ba etsa metsoalle e mecha bakeng sa ho phehella menyaka le ho qoba ho utloa bohloko. Ka hona, likhetho tsa molekane oa motho e moholo li ka ba maemong a susumetsang ba fetohileng moputso oa thobalano (kapa mefuta e meng ea moputso). Kahoo, boteng ba motlalehi oa moputso, khetho ea molekane e ka nolofalletsoa kapa ho hlahisoa habonolo, athe, ha ho e-na le sebatli se seng se sebe, molekane a ka qojoa, a chesoa kapa a hloloheloa. Ka lebaka leo, lithahasello tsa molekane oa 'motho oa kahare' (mohlala bakeng sa likarolo tsa tšireletso) kapa maano a molekane (mohlala, monogamy kapa sethepu) li ka fokotsoa kapa tsa fetoloa ka maemo a latelang a ho ba motho e moholo ka likarolo tse amanang le moputso.

Likhetho tsa balekane li ka ithutoa ka mekhoa e fapaneng. Mohlala, ho ea ka pono ea baeloji, ho bohlokoa ho ithuta ka litlamorao tsa ho ba le khetho ea molekane mabapi le ho phela le ho tsoala ha mofuta o itseng. Ho latela pono ea kelello, likhetho tsa balekane lia ithutoa hobane li ka lebisa ho kamano ea sechaba, eo ho thoeng ke litlamo tse peli liphoofolong tse ling le 'lerato la lerato' bathong; le tšitiso ea likhakanyo tse thehiloeng, kapa ho se khone ho theha tse ncha, li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba kelello (Insel & Young, 2001). Kahoo, ho utloisisa metheo ea khetho ea balekane ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea boits'oaro ba liphoofolo ho batho le ho batho.

Morero oa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ke ho bua ka karolo ea ho ithuta ka maikutlo a baratuoa ba bong bo fapaneng le ba bosodoma liporong. Ha ke le mothating ona, ke tla hlalosa lits'oants'o tsa maemo a Pavlovian le a li-activant (tse sebetsang). Ntle le moo, ke tla fana ka bopaki ba hore na mekhoa ena e 'meli ea ho ithuta e sebetsa joang linakong tse mahlonoko tsa ntlafatso, ho kenyelletsa le linako tsa pele tsa pelehi le tsa bocha. Leha ho le joalo, ke tla bua ka hore na 'linako tse ling tse mahlonoko' li buloa joang nakong ea boiphihlelo ba moputso oa thobalano ha e le motho e moholo kapa dessyecik phekolo ea meriana.

Boemo ba Pavlovia ba khetho ea molekane

Pavlovian kapa boemo ba li-classical bo bua ka setsoalle se thehoang lipakeng tsa lisosa tse peli (Pavlov, 1927). Mohlala, tlasa maemo a tloaelehileng, ts'usumetso e sa hlalosoang (UCSs) e tla etsa hore likarabo tse sa hlokeng 'mele (UCRs) li fihlelle. Li-UCR ke likarabo tse sa rutoang tse seng li ntse li le teng setšoantšong sa tlhaho sa liphoofolo. Li-UCS ke lintho tsa tlhaho tse tloahelang ho etsa hore li-UCR li hokahane ka mohopolo o matla oa khothaletso oa tšusumetso (SR). Ho hlohlelletsa ho se nke lehlakore, leha ho le joalo, ho ke ke ha tsosa UCR efe kapa efe, empa haeba e apere hantle ka ho kopantsoeng le maemo a tšohanyetso le UCS, liphoofolo li ka etsa setsoalle se kopanyang pakeng tsa khothalletso e sa nke lehlakore le UCS, e ntan'o baka UCR. Ha ts'usumetso e sa nke lehlakore e khona ho baka karabo e neng e le sieo pele ho thuto, e bitsoa tšusumetso e nang le maemo (CS), 'me karabelo e bitsoa karabelo e nang le maemo (CR). Ha sena se etsahala, ho lumeloa hore CS e etsa tlhahiso ea UCS maemong a neural.

Ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng eo maemo a Pavlovia a ka amang boits'oaro ba thobalano mme, qetellong, polelo ea khetho ea molekane. Taba ea mantlha, molekane a ka bonoa e le khokahano ea lintho tse ngata tse susumetsang maikutlo. Tse ling tsa litšusumetso tsena li ka sebetsa joalo ka UCS, e hlahisang li-UCR, empa tse ling ha li na thuso hobane li hloleha ho qala UCR (Kippin & Pfaus, 2001). Ho hlohlelletsoa ha tlhaho ea tlhaho (ke hore, mmala oa kobo ho rosa ea monna) ho ka amahanngoa le li-UCS (ke hore, ho kenella kahare ho eena) ka boiphihlelo ba thobalano, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, li ka khona ho fumana li-CR (ke hore, takatso ea thobalano) (Coria-Avila et al. , 2006). Hape, tšitiso ea pele e sa jeleng paate kapa e sa sebetseng (ke hore, monko oa almonde) e ka ba maemong haeba e ka kopanngoa le UCS (Coria-Avila, Ouimet, Pacheco, Manzo, & Pfaus, 2005; Kippin, Kaine, le Pfaus, 2003). Hoa etsahala hore maemo a susumetsang a amanang le balekane a etsahala nakong tse 'maloa tsa bophelo. Leha ho le joalo, linako tse ling tse ikhethang tse bonts'itsoeng hantle li kenyelletsa libeke tsa pelehi tsa boimana, bohlankana kapa linako tse amanang le kalafo e khethehileng ea pharmacological.

Nako ea pelehi ea pelehi

Lintho tse ling tse khothatsang tse utluoang nakong ea linako tse mahlonoko tsa bophelo li hokahana le boemo ba Pavlovian ka meputso ea kahare (mohlala, tlhokomelo ea basali, ho ja limatlafatsi, joalo-joalo). Boemo ba mofuta ona bo bitsoa 'impr impring' mme bo ka ama likhetho tsa botona le botšehali botsofaling (Batenson, 1978). Boemo bona bo hlaha a sa le monyane lilemong ha boko bo le thata haholo ho etsa mekhatlo e mecha. Ho hatisoa hangata ho hlaha likarolong tsa batsoali le mefuta ea liphoofolo 'me ho nkuoa e le mohato oa pele ho ts'ebetso ea ho nyala, moo liphoofolo li khethang ho nyalana ka mokhoa o ikhethileng le litho tsa mofuta oa tsona tse amanang le litho tsa mofuta o fapaneng kapa mefuta e sa ts'oaneng . Ho lumeloa ha thobalano ka matla ho lumeloa hore ho boloka homozygosity nakong ea khatello 'me, ka hona, ho boloka mathata ho hlahisa litšobotsi tse ntle. Ho batho, ho kopanya thobalano ho ka etsahala ha batho ba bontša khetho ea balekane bakeng sa phenotypic (mohlala, morabe, sefahleho, jj.), Sechabeng (mohlala litumelo tsa setso / tumelo), le litšobotsi tsa botho (mohlala, ho kenyelletsa / ho kenyelletsa) tse batlang li tšoana le tsa motho ( Luo le Klohnen, 2005; Malina, Selby, Buschang, Aronson, le Little, 1983; Letsoai, Rebato, le Susanne, 2004), tse ka hlahang li hlahisoa ke 'nete ea hore batho ba khona ho sebelisana hantle le ba bang ba nang le mekhoa le mekhoa e tšoanang.

Ho na le bopaki bo bontšang hore ba batona ba mefuta e fapaneng ba ka hlahisa litšoantšo tsa thobalano bakeng sa balekane ba nang le matšoao a amanang le e tšehali e ba anyesitseng kapa e amanang le nako ea booki. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, ka mohlala, likhoto tse sa tsoa tsoala li ile tsa anyesoa ke bo-mme ba bona ba tlhaho, ba neng ba e-na le monko o sa nke lehlakore (sirilamunu) ka mpeng ea hae. Ka nako e loketseng, tse tona li ne li khoesoa 'me li se ke tsa hlola li pepesetsoa monko hape, ho fihlela matsatsi a ka bang 100, ha li ne li kopantsoe le tse tšehali tse sa tloaelehang tse sa tloaelehang bakeng sa ho kopitsa. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore banna ba pepesitsoe nakong ea pelehi ea pelehi ho monko oa lemone, ba bonts'a nako e khuts'oane ea ho tsoa peo le basali ba monko o monate ha ba hola, ho ipapisitsoe le latency ea ejaculation e bonoang ha ba ne ba pepesetsoa basali ba se nang monko o monate (Fillion & Blass, 1986). Teko eo e bile e 'ngoe ea pele ea ho bonts'a hore monko o sa jeleng paate o utluoang nakong ea peleho o ka eketsa thabo ea thobalano nakong ea thobalano e tlang. Boemong boo, thabo e matla ea thobalano e ile ea bonoa e le khuts'oane e khuts'oanyane ea mofets'e le mosali ea amohelang ea ts'oereng monko.

Liteko tse ling tsa ho kenella ho likhoto tsa banna li shebile haholo ho khetho ea molekane mme li bonts'itse hore mofuta ona oa khetho e ratoang o ka itšetleha ka tšusumetso e ntle eo 'm'a a e fang ngoana nakong ea linako tse mahlonoko tsa bophelo. Mohlala, litlamorao tse ntle tsa ho nyeka nakong ea matsatsi a 10 a pele a bophelo li ka etsisoa le ho hlohlelletsoa hoa mesebetsi. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e entsoeng ke Menard, Gelez, Coria-Avila, Jacubovich, le Pfaus (2006), malinyane a matona a basali a ne a tlosoa ho bo-'m'a 'ona bakeng sa 15 min letsatsi le leng le le leng. Nakong ena a le sieo, ba batona ba sehlopha se apereng liaparo ba ile ba pepesoa ka monko oa linoko o fafalitsoeng holim'a bethe ea patsi e fapaneng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ba ile ba ts'oaroa ka mokhoa o bonojoana ka borashe bo bokhubelu ba penta ka mokokotlong le hloohong, e le hore metsero e ka etsisa lick ea letamo ka nako eo ba neng ba fofonela monko oa lamunu. Ba batona ba leng sehlopheng sa taolo ba ile ba pepesetsoa libethe tsa mapolanka tse patiloeng ka metsi a le mong nakong ea ts'usumetso e tenang. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ile tsa khoesoa matsatsing a 21 'me ha baa ka ba hlola ba utloa lephoka hape. Kamora likhoeli tsa 2, ba batona ba ile ba beoa lebaleng le leholo le bulehileng (123 × 123 × 46 cm) mme ba lumelloa ho sebetsana ka bolokolohi le basali ba babeli ka nako e le 'ngoe, motho e mong o ne a e-na le monko le o mong. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo eo ea likhetho li bonts'itse hore karolo e kholo ea banna ba pair e bontšitse mokhoa oa ho khetha ho qala ka mosali ea nang le monko, athe sehlopha sa taolo ha se a ka a rata basali ba monkoang (Menard et al., 2006).

Liteko tse ling li bonts'itse hore khatiso e matla hoo e ka hlohlelletsang likhetho tsa thobalano ho mofuta o fapaneng. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, mohlala, linku tse tona le lipoli tse neng li khothalletsoa li ile tsa hlahisa khetho ea molekane oa thobalano ho basali ba mofuta oa mme ea mo holisang (Kendrick, Hinton, Atkins, Haupt, & Skinner, 1998). Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li bonts'a hore maikutlo a susumetsang nakong ea ntlafatso ea pele a ka ithutoa mme ka lebaka leo a laela khetho ea molekane nakong ea thobalano e tlang.

Nako ea bacha

Le ha nako ea tlhokomelo ea bakhachane e le ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa nts'etsopele, nako ea kamora ho qeta nako le eona e bohlokoa hobane liphoofolo li tla ba le likamano tsa tsona tsa pele tse seng tsa botsoalle ka boitšoaro ba papali. Likhoto, boits'oaro bona bo kenyelletsa makhetlo a mangata a ho bapala hampe le ho putlama le mabitso a kopaneng a lebisitsoeng nape ea mohanyetsi (Panksepp, Jalowiec, DeEskinazi, & Bishop, 1985). Papali ea sechaba e na le litlamorao tse ntle kholong e tloaelehileng ea liphoofolo hape ho lumeloa hore e ea putsa. Mohlala, phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse hore likhoto tsa bana tse ikarotseng sechabeng li lumelloa ho bapala ka thata nakong ea nako e khuts'oane ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ha ea ka ea fetoha lihlong ebile ea ba mabifi, ha e bapisoa le liphoofolo tse ikhethileng tse sa lumelloang ho bapala (Einon, Humphreys, Chivers, Tšimo, & Naylor, 1981). Ntle le moo, liphoofolo tse nyane li hlahisa khetho ea sebaka feela bakeng sa mahlakore a amanang le monyetla oa ho bapala boits'oaro (Calcagnetti & Schechter, 1992). Melemo ea boithabiso ea papali ea sechaba (hammoho le liphihlelo tse ling tsa sechaba) e fetoloa ke li-opioid, hobane kalafo e nang le li-agonists tsa opioid joalo ka morphine e eketsa botebo le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro (Panksepp et al., 1985), athe mohanyetsi oa opioid ea nang le lexone habonolo o fokotsa makhetlo a eona.

Haufinyane tjena, phuputso e tsoang laboratoring ea rona e bonts'itse hore likhoto tsa basali li hlahisa khetho ea balekane maemong a batona a nang le lintlha tse khahlisang tse neng li amana le papali ea bacha (Paredes-Ramos, Miquel, Manzo, & Coria-Avila, 2011). Phuputsong eo, likhoto tse tšehali tse etsoang pele ho nako li ne li arohane le batho matsatsing a 31 mme ba lumelloa ho bapala letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa 30 min, nakong ea liteko tsa 10, le mosali e mong e monyane ea neng a nkha hampe (ekaba almond kapa monko oa lemone) joalo ka CS. Ka letsatsi le leng kamora nyeoe ea ho qetela ea maemo, basali bohle ba ile ba lekoa bakeng sa khetho ea molekane oa papali ea papali e nang le likhoto tse peli tse nyane le tsa pele ho nako, e 'ngoe e monko o monate oa almonde' me e 'ngoe e na le sirilamunu. Liphetho li bonts'a hore tse tšehali sehlopheng se nang le lipara tsa almonde li khetha e tona ea almonde joalo ka molekane oa papali, ba sa natse e tona e monko o monate. Leha ho le joalo, sehlopheng se khabisitsoeng ka sirilamunu, tse tšehali li ne li rata e tona e monko o monate. Matsatsi a seng makae hamorao, ha basali ba ne ba le matsatsi a ka bang 55, ba ile ba fuoa li-ovariectomized, mme ba fuoa li-hormone ka estradiol le progesterone ho hohela ho amohela thobalano. Eaba ba lekoa bakeng sa khetho ea bona ea pele ea thobalano le banna ba babeli bao ba sa ba tloaelang, e le 'ngoe e monko o monate oa almonde ebile e monko o monate oa sirilamunu. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore basali ba bonts'a khetho e khethiloeng ea balekane ba thobalano ho banna ba nang le monko (ekaba almonde kapa sirilamunu) e neng e kopane le papali ea bacha. Sena se ile sa bonoa ka likopo tse ngata, likopi le metsu, maeto le lipatlisiso tse khahlisang, tse lebisitsoeng ho e tona e khethiloeng. Ho kopa likamano tsa botona le botšehali (ho kenyeletsoa hop le metsu) ho supa takatso ea basali le ho sebetsa e le memo ea banna ho etsa thobalano le bona (Pfaus, Shadiack, Van Soest, Tse, & Molinoff, 2004). Ka 'nete, basali ba ne ba kopa ho batona ba nang le tšusumetso e felletseng, e leng se ileng sa baka ho kenella le ho tsoa ho bona ho feta, ho kenyelletsa le peo ea pele. Sena se kanna sa ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa ho basali ba sa tsitsang. Mohlala, pejana re bontšitse hore peo ea pele ea peo e ka baka 100% ea botate haeba mosali a sa fumane tšibollo e ngoe bonyane 10 min kamora (Coria-Avila, Pfaus, Hernandez, Manzo, & Pacheco, 2004). Ka hona, maemo a khethollo ea molekane nakong ea bongoana a ka ba le boikemisetso ba ho emisa.

Nako ea postpubertal

Nako ea pelehi e fetoha habonolo ka nako ho feta libeke tsa pelehi le karolo ea bocha. Ke nako e mahlonoko hobane hangata liphoofolo li ba le likopano tsa pele tse khotsofatsang tsa thobalano. Mohlala, phuputsong e 'ngoe ea likhoto tsa banna, litekanyetso tsa hormone ea luteinizing le testosterone li ile tsa eketsoa kamora ho pepesetsoa monko o khathollang (ke hore mariha a mariha) a neng a kopantsoe le ho kopitsa (Graham & Desjardins, 1980). Keketseho e ne e ts'oana le tse hlahelletseng tsa monko o monate ho banna ba naïve, li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ikamahanya le moputso oa kopi ho etsa hore monko o sa jeleng paate oa ho ba CS o khona ho baka karabelo ea neuroendocrine e nang le maemo e lokisetsang phoofolo bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Monko o nang le maemo o amanang le kopi le oona o ka tsamaisa tšusumetso ho molekane. Mohlala, Kippin, Talinakis, Chattmann, Bartholomew, le Pfaus (1998) O koetlisitse sehlopha se le seng sa banna (sehlopha se lipara) ho kopanya le almond kapa lephoka la lemone le pentiloeng ka molala oa mosali le sebaka sa ho itlotsa ka mokhoa oa ho ikopisa. Sehlopha se seng (sehlopha se sa sebetseng) se fumane liteko tse kopaneng le basali ba sa koetlisoang (Kippin et al., 1998). Tekong ea ho qetela lebaleng le bulehileng la laboratori, ba batona ba ile ba fumana phihlello ea basali ba babeli ba amohelang thobalano, e 'ngoe e monko o monate le e' ngoe e sa ts'oauoa. Banna ba sehlopha se kopaneng ba bonts'itse khetho ea balekane e maemong ao basali ba nkhang hamonate ba khethiloeng ho amohela peo ea pele ea banna. Liphuputso tse ileng tsa latela li senotse hore ho ithuta ka khetho ena ea peo ea peo ea botona ho etsahetse nakong ea boipelaetso ba postejaculatory (Kippin & Pfaus, 2001). Kahoo, litoeba tsa banna ba sethepu ba ile ba fumana molekane eo ba mo ratang ka ho pepesehela mokhoa o bonolo oa boemo ba Pavlovia bo hokahanyang mohopolo o sa tsitsang oa phello ea thobalano e hlahisitsoeng ke ho tsosa.

Ho ipapisitsoe le taba ea hore nako ea kamora ho qeta lefu e fana ka moputso o lekaneng ho ts'ehetsa nts'etsopele ea khetho ea balekane ba bong bo fapaneng ho likhoto tsa banna, re lekile litlamorao tsa eona ho khetho ea balekane ba maemo a tšoanang. Phuputsong e tsoang laboratoring ea rona (Cibrian-Llanderal, Triana-Del Rio, Tecamachaltzi-Silvaran, & Coria-Avila, 2011), re lumelletse likhoto tsa banna hore li kopanele tlolong e le 'ngoe le likhapha tsa basali tse amohelang thobalano. Hang-hang ka mor'a ho emisoa, banna ba ile ba tlosoa ka bonolo setšoantšong sa basali mme ba kenngoa lebaleng le fapaneng ho pheta 1 h le monna e mong ea neng a e-na le monko oa almond e le CS. Sena se etsahetse nakong ea liteko tsa boemo ba 10, joalo ka thutong ea Kippin le Pfaus (2001). Sehlopheng sa taolo, ba batona ba ile ba beoa bakeng sa ho ts'oara 12 h kamora ho sebetsana le mosali. Ka letsatsi le leng ka mor'a nyeoe ea ho qetela ea maemo, banna ba ile ba lekoa bakeng sa khetho ea balekane ba bong bo le bong ka phapusing e nang le banna ba babeli ba ratoang e le bao e ka bang molekane, almond e le 'ngoe le e mong ea sa kolobetsoang. Ho fapana le tšibollo ea rona, lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ile tsa hloleha ho etsa khetho ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang le ba CS, e leng ho bonts'ang hore nako e mahlonoko e hlahisoang ke ho ts'oaroa ho lekana ho ts'ehetsa monna oa bong bo fapaneng, empa eseng maemo a bosodoma a khethollo ea molekane ho ba batona ba bong bo fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le mekhoa e meng e khahlisang ea lipalo-palo (e seng ea bohlokoa). Mohlala, hoo e ka bang 40% ea ba batona sehlopheng sa liteko ba bontšitse liteko tse phahameng ho banna ba monko, ha ba bapisoa le 20% ea banna ba sehlopha sa taolo. Ntle le moo, banna ba liteko ba bontšitse makhetlo a mangata a boitšoaro bo bapaloang (mabitso a batho ba khubung le liketsahalo tse mpe) ho banna ba nang le monko o monate. Sena se kanna sa supa hore ho pepesehela motho e motona nakong ea kamohelo ea morao-rao ho hlahisitse khetho ea molekane oa hae empa eseng ho khetho ea bosodoma.

Boemo ba tokomane molemong oa khetho ea molekane

Ho batho ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano, liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano li ka tsamaisa maemo a khethollo ea molekane ka ho ikopanya ha thuto ea Pavlovian le ea sebetsa. Boithuto ba 'mino bo hlalosa boemo ba tšohanyetso boo ho bona phoofolo e ithutang ho sebetsa tikolohong ea eona (Skinner, 1953, 1966). E etsahala ha phoofolo e fetola mekhoa ea eona ea boits'oaro tlasa linako tse ling tsa matlafatso, maemo a amanang le phano ea moputso kapa kotlo. Ka ho khetheha, ha phoofolo e bontša karabelo e lateloang ke moputso oa thobalano, maqhubu a karabelo eo aa eketseha mme latency ea eona ea fokotseha. Mohlala, likhoto tsa basali tse tsamaeang ka sekhahla li na le monyetla oa ho fumana moputso oa thobalano (Paredes & Alonso, 1997; Paredes le Vazquez, 1999). Ka hona, tse tšehali li tla kopa khafetsa le ka bokhutšoanyane ho balekane ba banna tse nang le CS tse amanang le monyetla oa ho potlaka ho kopitsa (Coria-Avila et al., 2005, 2006). Sena se bitsoa ts'ehetso e ntle. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha karabelo ea phoofolo e amahanngoa le kotlo, karabelo e kanna ea fokotseha khafetsa le ho eketseha ha latency. Mohlala, le ha ho ts'oasa ho ts'oeroe ke letsoho ho putsa ho litoeba tsa basali, ho bonahala e le khatello ho batho ba baholo. Ka lebaka leo, basali ba tla kopa chelete e fokolang ho molekane oa monna ea nang le CS e amanang le ho soasoa, o tla qeta nako e fokolang le eena, 'me o khetha mofuta o mong o teng oa banna (Paredes-Ramos et al., Submitted). Ka nako e ts'oanang, khetho ea monna e motona e ka matlafatsoa haeba, ka ho mo khetha, mosali o fokotsa monyetla oa ho ts'oaroa. Sena se bitsoa ho matlafatsa hampe. Ntle le moo, haeba mosali a e-na le moputso ka monna e mocha, ho khethoa ke molekane ho ka hlahisoa ka ho kopants'oa lintho tse ntle le tse mpe.

Ka ho tšoanang, liphoofolo tse nang le thobalano li ka bonts'a tšusumetso ea thobalano (dessyecik Boemo ba Pavlovian) kapa ba ithute ho etsa mesebetsi e fapaneng (dessyecik boemo ba lisebelisoa) molemong oa ho fihlella molekane, mohlomong ka lebaka la kamano le moputso oa thobalano (Pfaus, Kippin, & Centeno, 2001). Ho lumeloa hore bokhoni ba ho fumana moputso nakong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano bo bile teng ho nolofatsa monyetla oa ho kopitsoa. Ka hona, ho ea ka pono ea kelello, thobalano e na le thepa e khotsofatsang hobane tšusumetso ea hore ho kenyelletsa ho kopitsa ho eketsa menyetla ea likarabo tsa litheko tse matla tse reretsoeng ho sebeletsa kapa ho atamela tse susumetsang. Ts'ebetso e joalo e ka bonts'a maemo a ts'usumetso ea thobalano a susumetsoang ke lithahasello tsa molekane kapa a ka sebelisoa ho nyenyefatsa khetho ea molekane haeba liphoofolo li lumelloa ho khetha pakeng tsa menyetla e mengata ea ho lumellana le (Pfaus et al., 2001).

Liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano

Joalokaha ho tšohliloe pele, moputso oa thobalano o susumetsoang ke kemolo ke UCS ea bohlokoa e thusang ho khetha ho latela sepheo sa boiketsetso. Ho 'nile ha nahanoa hore tšusumetso ea maemo a ratoang a tloaelo ho litoeba e ka ba mokhoa oa boitšoaro bo nyarosang bo shebiloeng mefuteng e meng ea litoeba (Pfaus et al., 2001). Mohlala, ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo ho thusa ho hokahana lipakeng tsa morabe o le mong (Williams, Catania, & Carter, 1992), Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamo tse tlisoang ke ho nyalana li kopantsoe ke moputso oa thobalano (Young & Wang, 2004). Likamano tsa bobeli li bonoa ha vole e na le khetho ea balekane ba babeli, e mong ea tloaelane, eo kopitso e etsahetseng le eena pejana, le buka e le 'ngoe. Vole e kopantsoeng hangata e khetha ea tloaetseng ho qeta nako e ngata, ho qopitsa le ho ikatisa le eona. Litlaleho tse ling li bonts'a hore boits'oaro bona bo ka tšoarella bophelo bohle, hobane batho ba tlamaneng hangata ha ba kopane le balekane ba bang esita le kamora ho arohana ruri le molekane oa pele (Getz, McGuire, Pizzuto, Hofmann, & Frase, 1993). Ho a khonahala hore tlamo e kopantsoeng e lula e le mong ka lebaka la matlafatso e tsoelang pele e tsoang ho molekane nakong ea likamano tsa batho ba bang le kopanong e sa khaotseng. Ka lebaka leo, likarolo tse ikhethang tsa molekane (mohlala, signature ea ho etsa lintho tse tsoileng tseleng) li ka khethoa ka maemo le ho matlafatsoa ke ho susumetsa le ho holisa botsoalle.

Lintho tse ling tse susumetsang tse amang maemo a khethollo ea molekane

Khatello ea Kelello

Ho na le lintho tse tsosang tse ling ntle le tse nang le boiphihlelo nakong ea ho qopitsa tse ka thusang ho theha khetho ea molekane. Mohlala, ka liketelo tsa banna ba melumo ea basali, nako e telele ea ho sesa ho lumeloa e le khatello ea maikutlo. Haeba li-voles li qobelloa ho sesa 'me li lumelloa ho lula ka nako e itseng ea 6 h (eo hangata e seng nako e lekaneng ea ho itlama ka tlamo), ho tla ba le litlamo tse peli (Carter, 1998; Li-DeVries, DeVries, Taymans, le Carter, 1996). Boitšoaro bona bo lumelloa hore bo tataisoa ka lihormone tse lokolloang nakong ea karabelo ea khatello (ke hore, corticosteroids), hobane liente tsa corticosterone ho banna li thusa ho theha litlamo tsa para (DeVries et al., 1996). Ts'ebetso e tobileng ha e utloisisoe ka botlalo; leha ho le joalo, tlhaloso e le 'ngoe e ka khonehang e thehiloe' neteng ea hore corticosteroids e baka keketseho ea mesebetsi ho mesolimbic dopamine (DA) (Der-Avakian et al., 2006; Rouge-Pont, Marinelli, Le Moal, Simon, & Piazza, 1995), mme DA e buella nts'etsopele ea likhetho tsa balekane le litlamo tse peli (Aragona, Liu, Curtis, Stephan, & Wang, 2003; Aragona et al., 2006; Wang, et al., 1999). Ho na le bopaki ho batho ka litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le ho thehoa ha maqhama a macha a lenyalo. Maemo a mang a tlalehiloe ho seo ho thoeng ke Stockholm syndrome (Julich, 2005; Namnyak et al., 2008), eo ho eona motho ea hapuoeng a hlaolelang kutloelo-bohloko kapa tlamo ho motsamaisi. Kahoo ho ka etsahala hore, ho ipapisitse le matla le nako ea bona, karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo e ka nolofatsa kapa ea sitisa sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane. Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa e tobileng e bakang ho rata kapa ho rata ha e utloisisoe hantle (Feie. 1).

Feie. 1 

Linako tseo nts'etsopele ea khetho ea molekane e ka bang teng. Nakong ea bokhachane, ho na le mokhatlo oa li-circry tsa boko (mohlala dimorphism) tse fanang ka tšusumetso le khetho ho balekane ba nang le UCS e matla. Tlhahiso ena ea kahare ...

Litlhahiso tsa maikutlo

Dopamine

Litloaelano tse tloaelehileng tsa thobalano tse hlahisang moputso oa thobalano li kanna tsa kopanngoa ke kamano e matla e kopaneng tokollong ea DA (Pfaus, et al., 1990; Pfaus, Damsma, Wenkstern, le Fibiger, 1995, li-opioid (Agmo & Berenfeld, 1990; Paredes le Vazquez, 1999; van Furth, Wolterink, & van Ree, 1995), oxytocin (OT), le vasopressin (Bales et al., 2007; Bielsky & Mocha, 2004; Carmichael et al., 1987; Carter, Williams, Witt, le Insel, 1992; Ho Cushing le Carter, 2000; Monyane & Wang, 2004). Li-neurotransmitters li hlophisa tlhokomelo, ho bolela esale pele, tebello, moputso le ts'epo, e leng likarolo tsa maikutlo tsa khetho ea balekane (Berridge & Robinson, 1998; Pfaus et al., 1990;; Schultz, 2002; Schultz, Apicella, Scarnati, le Ljungberg, 1992; Tauber et al., 2011). Hape ho ka etsahala hore khothatso leha e le efe e amang ho lokolloa ha li-neurotransmitters e tla ama ho thehwa ha lithahasello tsa molekane.

Mohlala, ho fetoloa hoa tsamaiso ea dopaminergic (DA) ka bahanyetsi ho sitisa ho hlophisoa ha khetho ea molekane literekeng le maqhubu; athe litekanyetso tse tlase tsa DA agonist li nolofalletsa molekane (Aragona et al., 2003; Coria-Avila et al., 2008a; Gingrich, Liu, Cascio, Wang, & Insel, 2000). Ho bonts'itsoe hore D1- le D2-mofuta oa li-receptor agonists li bapala likarolo tse fapaneng ho thehoeng ha litlamo ka li-voogamous voles (Aragona et al., 2006). Mohlala, agonist ea D1 kapa mohanyetsi oa D2 o thibela ho thehoa ha litlamo tsa boferefere tsa ho tlama (Gingrich et al., 2000); empa agonist ea D2 e tla nolofalletsa sebopeho sa liqhomane tsa marang-rang haeba vole cohabitates e sebetsane le lihora tse 'maloa le molekane ea ka bang teng (Wang et al., 1999), e ts'oanang le khetho e hlahisoang kamora ho tlohisoa.

Motheong oa hore ts'ebetso e ntlafatsang ea D2-mofuta oa li-receptor e thusa ho thehwa ha khetho ea molekane oa bong bo fapaneng, re lekile phello ea agonist ea D2, quinpirole, mabapi le ho thehoa ha khetho ea bosodoma. Kahoo, re ile ra tšoara sehlopha sa likhoto tsa banna le basali ka thobalano ka li-quinpirole mme ra ba lumella hore ba kopane le motho oa bong bo tšoanang (cagemate) nakong ea 24 h, matsatsi ohle a 4, bakeng sa liteko tsohle tsa 3 (Triana-Del Rio et al ., 2011). Cagemate e ne e fofonela monko oa almond e le CS, e le hore likhoto tse tšoaroang ka quinpirole li ka e amahanya le UCS e bakiloeng ke ente. Sehlopheng sa taolo, liphoofolo li fumane letsoai feela empa le tsona li ne li lumelloa ho phela hammoho le balekane ba monko o monate. Matsatsi a mane kamora nyeoe ea maemo a ho qetela, likhoto li ne li se na lithethefatsi 'me li lekoa bakeng sa khetho ea molekane oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang ka kamoreng e mekato e meraro. Ka phapusing e le 'ngoe, ho ne ho e-na le molekane ea monko o monate bao ba kopaneng le bona, mme ka phapusing e' ngoe, ho ne ho e-na le molekane oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang. Tekanyetso ea liteko e ile ea kenngoa ka lekaleng la boraro mme ea lumelloa hore e tsamaee ka bolokolohi pakeng tsa likarolo. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore banna, empa eseng basali, ba bontšitse khetho bakeng sa molekane ea nang le monko o monate (oa bong bo tšoanang), joalo ka ha ba qeta nako ba le hammoho, lipatlisiso tse nyarosang, palo e phahameng ea litheko pakeng tsa bona, le likamano tse sa amaneng le batho ha ba kopana. li ile tsa pepesoa ka morao ka mohala o thibelang ho kopana ka kotloloho.

Aragona et al. e bontšitse hore tšebetso ea mofuta oa li-receptor tsa D2 mokokotlong oa rostral oa nucleus accumbens (NAc) e thusa ho theoa ha khetho ea molekane oa monna oa bong bo fapaneng ho li-voogamous voles (Aragona et al., 2003, 2006). Ka hona, ho na le monyetla oa hore mosebetsi oa mofuta oa receptor oa NAc D2 o boetse o hlophisa sebopeho sa litabatabelo tsa molekane oa bosodoma liperekeng tsa banna le hore ho pheta-pheta ho tlatselletsang ka tlasa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa quinpirole ho thusitse ho hlakola khetho ea monna.

Ho boetse ho hlalositsoe hore karolo ea li-receptor tsa D1 le D2 bokong e fapane pakeng tsa litoeba tsa monogamous le polygamous. Li-receptors tse kang D1 li ngata ho feta maqhubu a sethepu (Aragona et al., 2006), 'me ho bile le khang ea hore li sebetsa ho thibela tlamahano ea mofuta oa sethepu e leng leano la pelehi. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore esita le litoeba tsa sethepu li ka ithuta ho bontša khetho ea molekane ka mor'a liteko tse ngata tsa maemo (Coria-Avila et al., 2006; Ismail, Gelez, Lachapelle, & Pfaus, 2009; Kippin le Pfaus, 2001; Paredes-Ramos et al., 2011). Le ha e se mofufutso, likhoto tsa sethepu li ithuta ho khetha molekane ea itseng ka lebaka la ho tloaelana le moputso. E ntse e lokela ho bonts'a hore na ho kopitsoa ho pheta-phetoang (kapa cohabitation tlas'a litlamorao tsa quinpirole) ho hlahisa li-receptors tse kang D2 tse joalo bokong ba sethepu ho nolofalletsa maemo a mo ratang.

Li-opioids

Tsena ho lumeloa hore ke tsona tse ka sehloohong tse fanang ka moputso oa thobalano (Agmo & Berenfeld, 1990; Coria-Avila et al., 2008b; Paredes & Alonso, 1997; Paredes & Martinez, 2001) kaha li-opioids blockade li sitisa sebopeho sa lithahasello tse boemo bo tlisoang ke thobalano. Li lokolloa haholo sebakeng sa medial preoptic (MPOA) (van Furth, et al., 1995) le sebaka sa tšibollo ea ventral (VTA) (Balfour, Yu, & Coolen, 2004). Ho MPOA, li-opioid li thusa moputso (Garcia-Horsman, Agmo, & Paredes, 2008) hape, ho VTA, hlahisa disinhibition ea mesolimbic DAergic neurons (Balfour et al., 2004; van Furth et al., 1995). Phuputso ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore likhoto tse tona tse alafiloeng ka ente e le 'ngoe ea 10 mg / kg ea opioid agonist morphine li bonts'itse khetho e khetholloang maemong a hamorao ha e kopana le mosali ea kopaneng le ente (Jones, Bozzini, & Pfaus 2009). Tekanyo e joalo ea morphine e ne e le holimo haholo hoo e neng e ka sitisa tšebetso nakong ea nyeoe ea boemo bo le bong. Leha ho le joalo, leha ho se na kopiso, morphine e ka etsisa UCS e etsahalang nakong ea postejaculatory, e thusa ho theoa ha khetho ea balekane ba bong bo fapaneng. Ha ho tsejoe, hore na kalafo ea morphine e ka thusa ho nts'etsapele khetho ea molekane oa basodoma ka likhoto. Ntle le moo, ho tlalehiloe hore li-opioid receptors li fumaneha ka bongata bo lekanang le ho nyala sethepu le ho nyala sethepu (Insel & Shapiro, 1992), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore boiphihlelo ba moputso oa thobalano nakong ea ho hola bo ka tšoana. Ka hona, le ha li-opioid li hlokahala bakeng sa ho rata maemo a molekane, ho thehwa ha likhetho tsa nako e telele ho tla itšetleha ka li-neurochemicals tse ling, DA, OT, kapa vasopressin (AVP).

Li-peptide tse ling

Li-voles tsa monogamous, basali ba hlahisa li-receptor tsa OT haholoanyane libakeng tse amanang le ho ananeloa le thobalano, ha li bapisoa le basali ba sethepu (mohlala ho prelimbic cortex, bethin of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial thalamus, lateral amygdala, and NAc; Insel, 1992). Leha ho le joalo, basali ba basali ba sethepu ba hlahisa li-receptor tse ngata tsa OT libakeng tse ling tse kang septum ea morao, ventromedial hypothalamus, le corticomedial amygdala (Young et al., 1997). Ke liphapang tse fokolang feela tse hlahang li loketse ho theheng likhetho tsa balekane. Mohlala, mohanyetsi oa OT ka prelimbic cortex kapa NAc a ka thibela sebopeho sa likhetho tse ncha tsa balekane li-voles tse susumetsoang ke thobalano kapa li-agonists tsa D2 (Liu & Wang, 2003). Mabapi le AVP, maeto a banna a le mong a hlahisa letsoalo le phahameng ho ventral pallidum, ha e bapisoa le banna ba sethepu (Lim & Young, 2004). Ts'oaetso ea mohanyetsi oa AVP ho ventral pallidum e sitisa nts'etsopele ea litlamo tse kopantsoeng ke thobalano (Young & Wang, 2004). Ho na le thuto e bonts'ang hore keketseho ea li-receptor tsa AVP dessyecik livaerase tsa vaerase ho tloha ho mosali a le mong ho isa ho monna ea nang le sethepu se seholo, li ka eketsa bokhoni ba tsona ba ho theha litlamo tse peli (Lim et al., 2004).

Ka lebaka la likamano tse hlophisehileng lipakeng tsa DA le li-peptide tse ling tse kang OT le AVP, re lekile phello ea mofuta oa D2-receptor receptor + OT nts'etsopele ea khetho ea balekane ba ratanang le likhoto tsa basali. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, phello ea agonist ea D2 e ​​le mong (quinpirole) nakong ea ho lula 'moho, e nolofalletsa khethollo ea bosodoma lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa banna empa eseng lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa basali. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha re fumane hamorao, kalafo ea quinpirole, e lateloang 10 min hamorao ke OT, e thusitse nts'etsopele ea likhetho tsa bosodoma lipakeng tsa basali litekong tse tharo feela (Cibrian-Llanderal et al., E rometsoe). Khetho e ile ea bonoa ka boits'oaro bo hlakileng haholoanyane (ke hore, ho kopa le hop le motsu) le ho qeta nako e ngata le mosali ea tloahelehileng. Phello ea quinpirole + OT e bonts'a likhoto tsa basali ha li hloke feela tšebetso ea mofuta oa D2 empa hape le litlamorao tsa peptide ho tiisa khetho ea molekane. Ebile, kopano eo e kanna ea hlokahala ho fumana moputso oa thobalano nakong ea ho nyalana mme e kanna ea bonts'a kopanyo ea lik'hemik'hale tsena tse peli tsa methapo nakong ea tšebelisano e khotsofatsang eo basali ba fumanang li-intromissions (Becker, Rudick, & Jenkins, 2001; Coria-Avila et al., 2005, 2006) (Lethathamo 1).

Lethathamo 1 

Tse ling tse susumetsang ntle le tšusumetso (UCS) tse sebetsang e le lintho tse khothatsang le tse ratoang ke balekane ba thusang maemong a litoeba. Li-UCS tse ling li etsa thobalano ka ho hlakileng, empa tse ling ha li joalo. Molekane ea nang le maemo a susumetsang (CS) ea bolelang esale pele UCS o tla khethoa. ...

Litlamorao tse ling tsa likhetho tsa molekane ea ithutileng

Ho nyalisa le ho tsoa naheng

Ho ka phetoa khang ea hore khetho ea kamehla bakeng sa likarolo tsa lelapa ho molekane ha ea lokela ho ba tse lakatsehang, kaha e tla thusa ho nyalisoa. Ho tsoella ka nako eohle ho ka baka tlhahiso ea phenotypic ea tlhahisoleseling e sa batleheng, e fetisoang e le liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong ntle le ho hlahisoa, ho fihlela batsoali ba babeli ba nang le genotypes e tšoanang ba tsoala. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho ts'oaroa ka thobalano ha ea lokela ho ba leano le letle la ho ikatisa mme liphoofolo li lokela ho batla balekane ba fapaneng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa ho qoba ho tsoala.

Ho shebella leano la ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo litoeba tsa ka tlung ho bontša hore ba qoba ho ts'oaroa le batho ba nang le phetoho e kholo ea histocompatibility (MHC). Mefuta ea MHC e hlahisa limolek'hule tse thusang sesole sa 'mele ho khetholla likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng le tse ka bakang maloetse. MHC e meholo ka ho fetesisa e tla ba le sebaka se pharaletseng sa ho lemoha se tloahelehileng kapa se fapaneng. Ka lebaka leo, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fapaneng haholo le tsa batsoali ke tsona tse matlafatsang MHC ea bana, e hlahisang sesole sa mmele se nang le bokhoni. Ho phehisanoe ka hore liphoofolo li tlameha ho ba le litsamaiso tse iphetotseng ho lemoha le ho khetha balekane ba nang le MHC e fapaneng. Ka mantsoe a mang, khetho ea molekane e lokela ho lebisoa ho batho bao e seng ba amanang, ho fapana le ho balekane ba tšoanang ba ka bang bajari ba genotype e sa batleheng. Ho na le bopaki bo supang hore tloaelo ea litoeba ea ho tloaela ho nyalana le balekane ba mofuta o mong o fapaneng ha e nke e le ntho ea tlhaho, hobane litakatso tsa thobalano li ka khutlisetsoa ho molekane oa mofuta o tšoanang ka ho ts'oaroa. Ka mohlala, phuputsong e 'ngoe, litoeba tsa banna tse ileng tsa holisoa ke' m'e ea mo holofetseng oa mofuta o fapaneng oa liphatsa tsa lefutso li bontšitse hore li rata basali ba mofuta oa bona (Yamazaki et al., 1988), e ka fanang ka maikutlo a hore beng ka bona ba ne ba sa nkoe e le ba lelapa 'me, ka hona, ba ne ba khethoa e le balekane.

Ho ithuta ho amohela monko oa lelapa ho ka supa phoofolo boitsebahatso ba eona ba lelapa, ka hona, ho ka thusa ho qoba ho kopana le tsona (tse ka bang le liphatsa tse tšoanang tsa lefutso). Phuputsong e le 'ngoe, ho bonts'itsoe hore litoeba li ka amohela MHC ea batho ba bang ka lipontšo tse matla le hore kananelo e joalo e ithutoang ka ho hatisoa linakong tsa pele tsa bophelo. Thutong, ba ile ba matlafatsa malinyane a basali ba litoeba le bo-mme ba nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa MHC. Ha malinyane a se a holile, khetho ea balekane e ile ea lekoa ho batho ba nang le MHC e tšoanang kapa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa MHC tsa lelapa la baholehi (Penn & Potts, 1998). E tšoana le liphetho tsa Yamazaki et al. (1988), Penn le Potts ba bonts'itse hore basali ba qoba ho nyaloa le ba batona ba nkileng liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa MHC tse ts'oanang le lelapa la ho se holofe, le ts'ehetsang maikutlo a hore polelo ea ho ts'ehetsoa ke lelapa la MHC e fana ka mokhoa oa ho qoba ho kenella liphoofolong.

Bateson (1978) o khothalelitse hore ho ts'oaroa ka thobalano ho thusa ho hola ntle le ho thibela liphoofolo hore li se ke tsa hlaha. Polelo ea hae e ne e ipapisitse le letoto la liteko tsa khetho ea balekane le likoekoe tsa Majapane. O bontšitse hore ba batona ba bonts'a maemo a holimo haholo a ho atamela le ho ikopanya le basali bao mebala ea bona e neng e fapane hanyane le ea 'mè ea se nang molekane, setho sa basali le' mala o hlakileng (Batenson, 1978). Sena se lebisitse mohopolong oa hore, ka lebaka la ho kenella, khetho ea molekane e lebisoa ho molekane ea nang le li-cices tse sa tsebeng letho, tse hlahlojoang ho ipapisitse le mehopolo e tloahelehileng e kopaneng nakong ea pele le linako tse mahlonoko tsa bophelo. Ka hona, ho beha mantsoe ho ka nolofalletsa motho ho fapana le ho fapana haholo ho netefatsa ho tsoakoa, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang, o tiisa ho tsoala le motho ea mo tloaetseng mme mohlomong a ikamahanya le maemo a tikoloho.

Mabapi le thatohatsi ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang

Liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore likhoto li ka nts'etsa khetho ea molekane oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo. Bakeng sa sena ho etsahala, ba batona ba hloka ho kopanya mesebetsing ea mofuta oa D2 e ntlafalitsoeng, athe basali ba hloka tšebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea D2 + OT. Ha ho tsejoe hore na ketsahalo ena e fetela ho batho hakae mme e lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko. Lithethefatsi tse ling tse kang cocaine kapa amphetamine li ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea DA ho batho, empa ha e sebetse ka kotloloho ho li-receptors tsa mofuta oa D2 empa ho fapana le li-receptors tsohle tsa DA. Sena se kenyelletsa mofuta oa D1, e leng ts'ebetso e thibelang nts'etsopele ea li-bond tse ncha li-voles. Ebile, ho bontšitsoe hore li-voles tsa banna tse fumanang amphetamine e sa foleng li sitoa ho theha litlamo tsa balekane, mohlomong hobane molao o khothalletsoang ke lithethefatsi tsa li-receptors tsa mofuta oa D1 (Liu et al., 2010).

Nts'etsopele ea likhetho tsa balekane ba tloaetseng ba bosodoma tse tataisoang ke li-agonists tsa DA le OT e kanna ea se ke ea etsahalla tlhaho. Ebile, e ka etsahala feela tlasa maemo a laboratori. Leha ho le joalo, liphumano tse joalo li fana ka maikutlo a hore li-neurocircuit tsa batho ba baholo ba ratoang ke balekane ba bona ha li sa tšoarelle kapa li thata empa li fetoha habonolo ebile li fetoha maemo maemong a macha a setho.

Nahanisisa

Stimuli tse bolelang esale pele meputso e matla e tla susumetsa likarabo tse lokiselitseng phoofolo hore e li fumane. Khetho ea li-Partner e etsahalang ho motho e mong e ka ba sephetho se se nang meeli sa mokhatlo oa UCS-UCR kapa hape e ka emela sephetho sa ho ithuta le mokhatlo oa CS-CR. Meputso e amanang le libeke tsa pelehi kamora ho beleha, ho holisa, nako ea bongoana kapa liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano li ka nolofalletsa ho thehwa ha khetho ea molekane oa bong bo fapaneng mefuta e fapaneng ea litoeba mme mohlomong le ho batho. Motheong oa data ea litentent, ho a khonahala hore likamano tse ling tse nang le moputso le batho ba bong bo le bong li nolofalletsa khetho ea balekane ba bong bo le bong, empa sena ha se so ka se bontšoa bathong. Mabapi le hona, ho fumana libaka tse tloaelehileng tsa boko le lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo kapa li-endocrine tse entsoeng ka har'a mefuta e nyalanang le sethepu mme ho ba ikhethileng balekane ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ba bong bo fapaneng li lokela ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo kutloisisong ea rona ea phapang likhethong tsa likhetho tsa balekane le balekane. Litsebi tsa thuto ea tlhaho ea ho iphetola ha lintho le litsebi tsa kelello li tlameha ho nka mohopolo oa hore boiphihlelo ba motho ka moputso (ke hore, thobalano le pharmacological) bo ka fetisa likhetho tsa molekane (mohlala: assortativeness) kapa maano a molekane (mohlala, monogamy kapa sethepu) ka marang-rang a Pavlovian le ts'ebetso ea moferefere. . Ebile, e boetse ke kahare ho rona (mme mohlomong ebile e le sa bohlokoa haholo) ho ithuta ka tikoloho ka litsela tse eketsang moputso le ho nyenyefatsa liphetho, ho etsa hore seo ho thoeng ke 'li-proximate' (mohlala, nyakallo) ho feta matla a bolepi ba boitšoaro ba setjhaba le khetho ho feta seo ho thoeng ke 'lisosa tsa ho qetela' (mohlala: liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa boikoetliso ba ho tsoala).

Liteboho

Sengoli se rata ho leboha Dr. Jim Pfaus, le Dr. Larry J. Young ka lipuisano tse molemo le ho liithuti tsa hae tse tsoang sekolong Tamara Cibrian-Llanderal, Pedro Paredes-Ramos, Rodrigo Triana-Del Rio, le Felix Montero-Dominguez ka thata ea bona sebetsa le boitlamo mesebetsing ea bona ea lipatlisiso.

Khohlano ea phaello le lithuso tsa lichelete

Sengoli ha sea fumana chelete kapa melemo ho tsoa indastering kapa kae kapa kae ho etsa thuto ena.

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