Ho imeloa kelellong ho ipapisa le ho kula-Tlhahlobo ea ho Sebelisa Matla: Tlhahlobo ea Phetolelo (2014)

Front Psychiatry. 2014 Jul 17; 5: 83. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2014.00083. eCollection 2014.

Lijffijt M1, Hu K2, Swann AC3.

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Ho sithabela ha bongoana le khatello ea maikutlo ea bongoana / khatello e sa feleng ea ngoana e ka eketsa kotsi ea bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka ho ama methati e mehlano ea thuto ea bokhoba ba taolo: (a) liteko tsa pele ka lintho; (b) ho tlohela ho sebelisa liteko khafetsa; (c) ho phahama ha tšebeliso ea khafetsa ho tlhekefetso kapa ho lemalla; (d) khothatso ea ho tlohela; le (e) kotsi ea (ho re) tahlehelo. Re shebile lingoliloeng tsa batho ka likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le lefu la ho lemalla. Re fuputse mohato ka mong oa ho kula: (i) hore na ho sithabetsoa ke bongoana le khatello ea maikutlo ea bongoana / ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa li na le litlamorao tse tšoanang le (ii) hore na litla-morao tsa lintho tse hlekefetsang li bakoa ke eng. Re tsoela pele ho tšohla mekhoa e ka re bakelang khatello ea maikutlo e ka amang maemo a ho kula ao re ileng ra ts'epa bopaki ba lithuto tsa liphoofolo le batho. Matšoenyeho le lintho tse sebelisang tlhekefetso ka bobeli li kenya ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo le ts'usumetso ea dopaminergic, le maemo a sithabetsang a bongoana le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bongoaneng kamora nako ea bongoana li etsahala hangata ho batho ba sebelisang lintho. Khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo e eketsa kotsi ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e sa le pele ka ho ama lintlha tse kang mokhoa oa ho nka likotsi, ho etsa liqeto le taolo ea boitšoaro. Stressors e boetse e potlakisa phetoho ho ts'ebeliso ea kamehla ka mokhoa o ka bang ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa ts'usumetso ea dopaminergic, ho tsitsisa maikutlo ka lintho tsa tlhekefetso, haholoholo bathong ba nang le tšusumetso e phahameng ba nang le tšekamelo ea maikutlo. Kamora nako, likhatello li eketsa kotsi ea tlhekefetso le ho its'etleha, ho fumana tšusumetso ea ho tlohela, le ho eketsa kotsi e ka 'nang ea hlaha ka ts'usumetso e matla ea litsamaiso tse susumetsang, ka ho fetoha ho tloha tšebetsong e mpe ho ea matlafatsoa ka lebaka la sensitization ea amygdala ka corticotropin tokollo, le ka ho phahamisa maikutlo ea lits'ebetso tsa noradrenergic. Matšoenyeho ka kakaretso a ama bokuli ba bokhoba ba ho lemalla mefuta eohle ea khatello ea maikutlo le mefuta eohle ea lintho tse sebelisoang tlhekefetso.

Keywords: ho sithabela maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, bokhoba, norepinephrine, HPA axis, ho se tsotelle, ho nka kotsi

Selelekela

Tlatsetso e tšoauoa ka takatso e tsoelang pele ea ho e sebelisa kapa ho e sebelisa ea ho feto-fetoha ha lintho le maikutlo ntle le litlamorao tse mpe kapa litakatso tsa ho fetola mekhoa. Ho 2014-2015, batho ba baholo ba ka bang limilione tse 31 ba US ba tla lemalla nicotine [Ref. (1); ho hakanyetsoa baahi ba baholo ba 2014 ba US], mme 18 le baahi ba limilione tse 7.5 ba Amerika pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 12 le 50 ba tla lemalla, ka ho latellana, joala le lintho tse seng molaong [Ref. (2), leq. 76]. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bangata ba qalang ho leka lintho tse ling ba ke ke ba lemalla, 'me potso e sala e le hore na batho ba bang, empa eseng ba bang, batho ba ba le tšebeliso ea mathata. Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang haholo nakong ea bongoana kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang / tse pheta-phetang nakong ea bocha le ho ba motho e moholo li ka eketsa tlokotsi ena.

Ho ba haufi le ho sithabela ha ngoana bongoaneng (ho se tsotelle; tlhekefetso ea thobalano, 'mele, kapa maikutlo) le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa kamorao ho bongoana li phahamisoa bathong ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi maemong ohle a tlhekefetso, le ho sithabela maikutlo ha bongoana kapa khatello ea kamora ho ba ngoana e eketsa kotsi ea ho holofala sebelisa kapa ho sebelisa litsietsi (3-23). Bohloko kapa khatello ea maikutlo li ka etella pele tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tlhekefetso, kapa ho ts'epa (24), ho fana ka maikutlo a kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, leha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka boela ea rera esale pele liketsahalo tse ling tse bohloko (25).

Batho ba baholo ba se nang mathata a kelello ba na le liketsahalo tse ngata tse sithabetsang selemo le selemo ha ho bapisoa le ba bararo kapa ho feta moo.26, 27), e nang le kholo ea kholo ea boemo ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e le ts'ebetso ea palo ea likotsi kapa khatello ea maikutlo eo batho ba bileng le eona (28). Matšoenyeho a ka morao ho bongoana ho batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ne e le haholo lichelete, molao, maemo a bophelo kapa mosebetsi (26, 27), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka ba a sa foleng mme a amana ka karolo le litlamorao tsa ho lemalla.

Leha litlamorao tse mpe tsa khatello ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le lits'ebeliso tsa ts'ebeliso li ngotsoe hantle, tsebong ea rona tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi mefuta eohle ea khatello ea maikutlo, maemo a tlhekefetso, kapa mehato ea bokhoba ba taolo ea lithethefatsi e ntse e fokola. ITlhatlhobo ena, re qala ka ho bua ka litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo e matla le e sa foleng ho lits'ebetso tse peli tse kholo tsa khatello ea maikutlo, le litlamorao tse latelang tsa ts'ebetso ea maiketsetso le boitšoaro kapa maikutlo. Litholoana tsena li tšoana le litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi khafetsa.

Ka mor'a moo, re hlahloba lingoliloeng tsa batho likamanong tse pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka mefuta eohle ea khatello ea maikutlo (ho sithabela ha ngoana le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bongoana) le lihlopha tsohle tsa lintho (nicotine, joala, matekoane, koae, tse ling tse matlafatsang, opiates, sedative le tranquilizer, le hallucinogens) molemong ka mong oa mehato e mehlano ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla: (a) ts'ebetso, kapa tšebeliso ea pele, le teko ea ntho; (b) phetoho ho tloha teko ho sebelisoa hangata; (c) ho phahama ha tšebeliso ea khafetsa ho tlhekefetso kapa ho lemalla; (d) khothatso ea ho tlohela; le (e) ho oela hape.

Kamano le baetsisi ba ka bang teng kapa babuelli (khatello ea maikutlo, ho lakatsa, kapa ho ama hampe) le tsona lia totobatsoa. Re phethela mohato o mong le o mong ho hlahisa mekhoa e ka re amang khatello ea bokuli eo re tšepileng lithuto tse etsoang ho batho le liphoofolo, 'me re fane ka litlhahiso mabapi le hore na ke mang ea ka bang kotsing ea ho eketseha. Mehato le lihlooho ka sethala ka seng li hlahisoa ka Setšoantšo Figure11.

Setšoantšo sa 1   

Makala a amanang le nako ea bokuli ea ho lemalla, litlhaloso kapa sethala ka seng, le lihlooho tse tšohliloeng tekong ena ho ea sehlopheng sa bokuli..

Khatello ea Kelello le Lithethefatsi: Mechanisms e fetang

Khatello ea kelello le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi

Khatello ea kelello e bua ka ketsahalo efe kapa efe e sa lebelloang kapa e sa laoleheng e "fetang tekanyetso ea setho" (29), mme hoo ho sokela kapa ho ka sokelang botshepehi ba mmele kapa kelello (30). Ho imeloa kelellong ka nakoana ho etsa hore hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) e sebetse le li-axes tsa kutloelo-bohloko tsa adrenal-medullary (SAM), ka ho latellana e eketsa li-glucocorticoids (cortisol bathong le corticosterone ho litoeba le litoeba) le norepinephrine (31), ka mor'a moo e butse kapa e thibele mekhoa e meng e le hore mmele o khone ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo (32).

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) ea hypothalamus o bokella leseli ka li-stressor ka li-neuronal tse hlahang ho tsoa ho brainstem nuclei, sensory cortices, amygdala, le preortal ea cortex, e tsosa axis ea HPA ka ho eketsa ho lokolloa ha corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) le arginine vasopressin (AVP) (33-36). CRF, e hlahisoang ke AVP, e baka ho lokolloa ha hormone ea adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) ke anterior pituitary, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e bonts'ang cortex ea adrenal ho eketsa ho fumaneha ha glucocorticoid; glucocorticoids e laola karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ka ho tšoaea boko ho thibela ts'ebetso ea axero ea HPA (33, 37-39).

Karabelo ea HPA e laoloa karolo e itseng hape ke hippocampus (40-42), "cortex" ea medial prefrontal (43, 44), le amygdala (45). Ho koala kapa ho fokotseha ts'ebetso ea kotloloho ea cortisol, hippocampus, kapa anterior cingrate cortex le ts'ebetso e eketsehang ea amygdala e amana le ho senyeha ha mohopolo oa axis ea HPA ha ho tluoa ka khatello ea khatello (41, 46). Maemo a tlhekefetso a na le litlamorao tse tšoanang ts'ebetsong ea axero ea HPA joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo (47), e fana ka tlhahiso ea mekhoa e arolelanoang.

Mechine ea dopaminergic, ho kenyelletsa le sebaka sa ventral tegmental (VTA) le li-nucleus accumbens (NAc), ho nahanoa hore li kopanya likarolo tse khotsofatsang le tse lemalloang tsa lithethefatsi ho litlelase tsohle kapa lintho tse hlekefetsang. Tlhatlhobo e felletseng, Leyton (48) e bonts'itse hore lintho tsohle tsa tlhekefetso, tse laoloang ka botlalo, li eketsa dopamine ea driamine, le hore keketseho ea dopamine e hokahane le thabo e eketsehileng kapa litlamorao tsa sepheo / khothatso, ho eketseha ha maikutlo mabapi le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi, le takatso e khothalletsang ea ho sebelisa lintho (48). Litlamorao tse peli tsa morao li hlaha mehatong ea morao-rao ea bokuli bo lemalloang 'me e ka amana le liphetoho tse amanang le methapo ea methapo ka lebaka la tšusumetso e pheta-phetoang ea dopamine receptors, e lebisang tlhokomelong ea litsamaiso tsa meputso ho lithethefatsi le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi (sensitization sensitization) e ka tsoelang pele ka lilemo (49). Sensitization e ka lekanngoa ka likarabo tse fetelletseng tsa koloi kapa sepheo se matla sa litekanyetso tsa lintho tse pele ho (ts'ebeliso ea) ts'ebeliso ha lia ka tsa tsosa maikutlo ana. Sensitization e ka eketsa kotsi ea ho khutla le kamora lilemo ka mor'a ts'ebeliso ea ntho, 'me e ka potlakisa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ho lemalla litlhare tse ling ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea maikutlo (48).

Khatello ea maikutlo e na le litlamorao tse tšoanang le tsa sistamine dopamine e le lintho tsa tlhekefetso. CRF e eketsa tokollo ea dopamine libakeng tse nang le striatal ka ho tlama ho li-receptor tsa CRF-2 liseleng tsa glutamatergic ho VTA, e ntan'o kenya ts'ebetsong li-neuron tse nang le dopamine (50, 51). Ho batho, khatello ea maikutlo e matla e sa laoleheng ea kelello e fokotsehile [11C] raclopride e tlamang e ka khonahang ho "ventral striatum", ho kenyelletsa le putamen ea ventral le NAc (52), e bonts'ang dopamine ea driamine e eketsehang ka tlas'a khatello ea maikutlo. Sena se lumella khatello ea maikutlo ho nolofatsa lits'ebetso tsa moputso, tse lebisang ho maikutlo a lipakeng tsa khatello le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang (53). Reortmente e eketsehileng ea cortisol ho bahatelli ba amanang le phokotso e boletsoeng haholoanyane ho [11C] tlamiso ea lebala la marang-rang, ho fana ka maikutlo a phello e boletsoeng haholoanyane mekhoeng ea moputso ho batho ba nang le khatello e phahameng ea ho etsa lintho hape (52).

Stressors e boetse e kenya tshebetsong mokokotlo oa SAM, karolo e 'ngoe ka ho tšoaea CRF, e ntseng e eketseha tokollo ea norepinephrine ho tsoa locus coeruleus (54-56). Ho imeloa kelellong ke khatello ea maikutlo ea norepinephrine ho phahamisa ho fumaneha ha norepinephrine karolong e ka pele ea cortex (57, 58), e sitisa ts'ebetso ea mantlha pele ka likhohola cy1-adrenergic receptors (54), le ho arabela ka mokhoa o sa tsitsitseng ho batho ba nang le norepinephrine e phahameng e reaction (59). Ho imolloa ha khatello ea maikutlo le norepinephrine e ka sithabetsang ho ka ama maikutlo, ts'usumetso le mesebetsi ea taolo (54, 59, 60), susumetsa tloaelo ho e-na le liketso tse lebisitsoeng ho sepheo (61), le ho sebetsana le leeme la tlhaiso-leseling e susumetsang (62-64).

Bokhachane, khatello ea kelello e sa feleng kapa e phetoang, le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi

Matšoenyeho le lintho tse sebelisang tlhekefetso ka bobeli li kenya ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo (47). Ts'ebetso ea axis e phetoang kapa e sa foleng ea HPA ka khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka lebisa ho likarabo tse sithabetsang tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho kenyelletsoa le ts'ebetso e sa tsitsang ea (ts'ebetso ea axis ea ts'ebetso ea HPA) kapa karabelo ea nako e telele (ho sitisoa ha axis inhibition ea HPA), le ho se be le sebaka sa bolulo sa axel sa HPA ho pheta-pheta khatello ea khatello e tšoanang (32). Ho pheta khatello ea khatello e tšoanang ho bonts'a tokollo ea ACTH le cortisol, athe norepinephrine le epinephrine ha li lule ka ho pheta-pheta (31). Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang kapa tse sithabetsang maikutlo li ka eketsa ho ts'oaroa ha molato oa HPA ho batho, haholoholo ho ba nang le matšoao a ho tepella maikutlo (65).

Ho sithabela maikutlo ho sa feleng ka likhoto ho fokotse molumo oa pele oa lobe (66), mohlomong ka ho fokotsa letsoalo la mokokotlo oa dendritic ("dendritic spine" "le" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "phypex"67), sebaka se amehang ho laola karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ea HPA (33) le taolo ea maikutlo a batho, tlhalohanyo le boitšoaro68, 69). Litlamorao tse tšoanang ho cortex ea pele li fumanoe bakeng sa ho sithabela maikutlong bongoaneng, ho sitisa ts'ebetso ea pele (70).

Ho feta moo, ho sithabela maikutlong pele ho nako, khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng, le tšebeliso e telele ea lithethefatsi ho ka matlafatsa le ho feta matlafatso ea litefiso tsa moputso oa dopaminergic ka ho matlafatsa matla a ho lumellana ha methapo ea kutlo e liseleng tsa VTA le NAc dopamine. (71). Ts'ebetso ea Amygdala e ka eketseha hape ka khatello ea maikutlo e phetoang, e ka tsamaeang le matšoenyeho a eketsehileng le boits'oaro bo tšosang (32), mme ka phetoho e susumetsoang ke CRF maemong a kamorao ho ho lemalla ho tloha ho matlafatso e nepahetseng ho ea ho matlafatso e mpe moo ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e tsamaisoa ke litlamorao tse matla methating ea pele ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, empa e le ka litlamorao tse amanang le ho khaola maemong a kamora ho kula. (45, 72). Phetoho ena e tsamaisana le ts'ebetso ea axero ea HPA e susumetsoang ke litheko mekhatlong ea pele e lateloang ke ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea axero ea HPA e tlatselletsang mehatong e latelang ea ho lemalla bokuli (45, 72, 73). Kamora nako, karabelo ea noradrenergic e kanna ea hlasimoloha kapa ea ts'oaroa ke ts'usumetso e phetoang kapa e sa fetoheng ea locus coeruleus ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa lintho tse hlekefetsang (37, 74, 75), e ka eketsang phello e mpe ea khatello ea maikutlo e hlahisoang ke khatello ea maikutlo ea norepinephrine mabapi le ts'ebetso ea pele (55).

Kahoo, ho sithabela maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo li hlahile pejana, li atile haholo, 'me li ka ba kotsi bathong ba sebelisang lintho. Ts'ebetso ea pele, e sa foleng kapa e pheta-phetoang ea HPA kapa SAM ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa lintho e ka etsa hore batho ba lemale ka ho fetola mekhoa ea boits'oaro, ea maikutlo le ea boits'oaro. Ka mor'a moo re lekola lingoliloeng tsa batho mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi molemong o mong le o mong oa mekhahlelo e mehlano ea ho lemalla ho kula: (b) ho tlohela tšebeliso ea liteko le tšebeliso ea kamehla; (c) ho phahama ha tšebeliso ea khafetsa ho tlhekefetso kapa ho lemalla; (d) khothatso ea ho tlohela; le (e) ho oela hape. Re boetse re buisana ka bao e ka ba baokameli kapa babuelli, mekhoa e teng moo khatello e ka amang phetoho ea maemo a ho kula, le ho fana ka litlhahiso tse ka bang kotsing ea ho eketseha.

Litlamorao tsa ho sithabela maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo methating ea khatello ea maikutlo

Monyetla, ho qala, le liteko

Bakeng sa batho ba bang, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo qala hang hang monyetla oa ho sebelisa (kapa ho leka) ntho, eo hangata e bang bongoaneng kapa bohlankaneng (76, 77). Letsatsi le letsatsi United States, batho ba ka bang 6400 ba sebelisang koae ka lekhetlo la pele, batho ba 12,600 ba qala tšebeliso ea joala, 'me batho ba 7900 ba qala ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse seng molaong; halofo ea batho bana e pakeng tsa 12 le 18le lilemo li (2).

Bohloko ba bongoana

Bohloko ba bongoana bo amahanngoa le menyetla e eketsehileng ea ho leka lintho (78) hape e amana le kotsi e phahameng ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea koae, joala, matekoane, koae le tse ling tse matlafatsang, li-opiates le ho hlohlelletsa nakong ea bongoana, bohlankana le ho ba motho e moholo.28, 78-86), le ho isa lilemong tsa pele tsa ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang, li-stimulants, opiates, kapa lintho tse hlekefetsang ho feta batho ba sa kang ba ba le (13, 87-90) kapa ea ileng a ba le khatello e mpe ea maikutlo ea bongoana (91). Likotsi tsena li ile tsa lula li phahamiselitsoe ho ba motho e moholo.82), ntle le thobalano (87), ka karolo e 'ngoe ka lebaka la monyetla o moholo oa ho phela libakeng tse sotlehileng joalo ka batho ba baholo (92). Ha ho bapisoa, lithuto tse ling ha li a ka tsa ba le kamano lipakeng tsa ho sithabela maikutlong bongoaneng le tšebeliso ea tšohanyetso ea matekoane kapa joala ho bacha (93), tšebeliso ea matekoane ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba lilemong tsa bocha.94), kapa qaleho ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi linthong tse fapaneng tse fapaneng (25). Phuputso ena ea morao-rao e tlalehile hore, ho e-na le hoo, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka etsa hore batho ba kotsing ea ho ts'oenyeha ka lebaka la ho ipeha kotsing e kholo (25), leha sena se kanna sa tšoarella lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba lilemong tsa bocha le ba baholo.

Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang

Matšoenyeho a ka morao ho bongoana kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang le tsona li amana le (pejana) ho qalisoa ha mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea lintho. Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang li ka kenyelletsa lefu kapa bokuli bo tebileng ba setho sa lelapa kapa motsoalle ea haufi, ho fallisoa, ho lelekoa kapa ho qheleloa ka thipa, mathata a lichelete, mathata a mookameli kapa mosebetsi-'moho, karohano, tlhalo kapa karohano, mathata a tebileng a ho ikamahanya le motsoalle. moahisani kapa mong ka uena, ho ikopanya le ba qobello ea molao, kapa ho ba mohlaseluoa oa pefo (95). Lithuto tse ling li boetse li bua ka mathata a sa laoleheng a letsatsi le letsatsi, kapa mathata lapeng, sekolong kapa mosebetsing. Re tla hlahisa likamano bakeng sa lihlopha tse ikhethileng tsa lihlahisoa moo ho khonahalang. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto li kopantse lithuto khafetsa tlas'a lihlooho tse "(tse seng molaong)."

Matšoenyeho a amanang le sekolo kapa a lelapa a amahanngoa le sepheo se phahameng sa ho qala ho tsuba har'a bacha ba sa tsubeng (5), mme hara bana ba lilemong tsa bocha ho tsuba ho ile ha boleloa esale pele, ka karolo e 'ngoe, ke ho lahleheloa ke mosebetsi ke motsoali (96), mathata a eketsehile sekolong (97), boemo bo tlase ba boemo ba moruo ba batsoali (98), le khatello e phahameng ea kelello e lemohileng (7, 99). Matšoenyeho a phahamisitsoeng a boetse a amana le ho qaleha ha ho tsuba ho banana ba lilemong tsa bocha (16).

Ho qala joala ho ne ho boletsoe esale pele, ka karolo e 'ngoe, ka ho fetoha nakong ea bohlankana ho tloha lelapeng la motsoali a le mong ho ea ntlong e nang le motsoali e mocha (100), le ho tsuba le tšebeliso ea joala li eketsehile ka bongata ka mor'a likoluoa ​​tse kholo tsa naha kapa tsa lehae [tse hlahliloeng ho Ref. (101)], ho fana ka tlhahiso ea ho qala ho qala kapa ho khutlela morao. Ntle le moo, nalane ea liketsahalo tse sithabetsang haholo bophelong e ka amana le ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea joala ba pele (102), leha sena se sa fumanehe bakeng sa liketsahalo tsa bophelo tsa haufinyane (6-khoeli) tsa bophelo (103). Phapang ena e ka bakoa ke karolo ea phetolo ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ka phallo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa li-receptors tsa CRF (102); ho kopanya li-polymorphisms ho ka hlakola litlamorao.

Pejana ho ts'ebeliso ea matekoane ho ne ho boletsoe esale pele ka mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi a liketsahalo tse sithabetsang bophelong ba 14-24barupeluoa ba lilemo li94), le ho nooa ha beke le beke ha motho a taoa ho taoa (tlaleho ea motsoali) ha barupeluoa ba ne ba tsofetse 11-12 (104).

Phuputso e mabapi le ho qalisoa ha lithethefatsi tse "seng molaong" e tlalehile kotsi e kholo hara 10-16barupeluoa ba lilemo li pele ha barupeluoa ba ntse ba hola tikolohong e sa thabiseng, e khethiloeng e le khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng (105), le liketsahalo tsa khatello tsa morao-rao (6-khoeli) tse tlalehiloeng ke 12-14lilemong tsa bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha, empa eseng liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tse tlalehiloeng ke batsoali ba bona kapa tse its'oereng hampe tse amang bophelo ba bona, e boletseng esale pele ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea matekoane, koae, koae, heroin, kapa amphetamines (e lekantsoeng e le sehlopha se le seng sa lefats'e) (103), athe ho fallisoa pele ho lilemo tsa 16 ho amana le ts'ebetso ea pele ea ho tsuba matekoane, ho qhekella, koae, hallucinogens, kapa lithethefatsi tse fanoang ke ngaka (hangata tse ka bang teng) hara 18-35batho ba baholo ba lilemo li106). Qetellong, ho hloka bolulo, nalane ea ho koalloa, matlo a sa tsitsang, kapa ho rekisa thobalano bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse amanang le kotsi e kholo ea ho qala ho enta lithethefatsi life kapa life (83, 84), methamphetamine (82), kapa koae (107) ho basebelisi ba baholo ba lithethefatsi ba baholo ba ne ba tloaetse ho enta lintho tse lumellanang, 'me ba ka bang kotara ea batšoaruoa ba baholo ba tlaetse ts'ebeliso ea heroine ea pele teronkong ea UK (108).

Kahoo, likhatello tse fapaneng tse sa foleng kapa tse phetoang khafetsa li qholotsa bacha le batho ba baholo ho qala ho etsa liteko tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa, le ho qala tšebeliso ba sa le banyenyane. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta ea liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tse amanang le ho qaleha e bonahala e sa lumellane hohle lithutong le litlelaseng tsa lintho.

Bamoleli kapa babuelli ba litaba

Khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo e eketsehileng, kapa liphallelo tse lebelletsoeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le mabaka a mantlha a ho qala ho tsuba hara bacha ba batona le ba batšehali (109, 110), le bohale bo phahameng, ho tšoha, ho tšoenyeha, ho tepella maikutlo, ho soaba kapa ho se khotsofale ka bophelo bo eketsehileng ho beha kotsing ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea nicotine, joala kapa matekoane har'a bacha ba lilemo li 9-15 (111, 112). Leha ho le joalo, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo ho 12bana ba selemo ba ne ba sa amanngoe le ho qaleha ha joala kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (103). Ka hona, khatello ea maikutlo kapa e nang le khatello ea maikutlo e akaretsang e ka etsa hore bacha ba qale ho sebelisa nikotine, joala kapa matekoane, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho imoloha ho sithabetsang ha maikutlo a sithabetsang kapa ho ama hampe, empa ha ea ka ea fetohela ts'ebelong ea pele.

Summary

Ho sithabela ha bongoana le liketsahalo tsa khatello ea bongoana kapa tsa kamora ho ba ngoana li eketsa menyetla ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lintho, le ho qala tšebeliso ea pele li sa le lilemong tsa pele ho lihlopha tsohle tsa lithethefatsi. Matšoenyeho a maikutlo kapa tšusumetso e mpe e ne e amana le kotsi e phahameng ea ho qalisoa, empa eseng lilemo tsa pele.

Mekhoa e ka sebetsang ea motheo

Matšoenyeho a ka se ame ho qala ka ho susumetsa litsamaiso tse susumetsang. Ho fapana le moo, khatello ea maikutlo e ka ama lintlha tse kang tšebeliso ea kotsi, ho nka liqeto, taolo ea boitšoaro, kapa tumelo ea hore lintho li ka imolla khatello ea maikutlo (109, 110).

Ho nka likotsi ho phahamisoa bongoaneng ba bongoaneng ha bo bapisoa le bongoana le bohlankana ba morao (113). Ho ipeha kotsing e phahameng le maikutlo a ho batla lilemong tsa bocha ho matlafalitse kotsi ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea joala pele (114). Ketso tsa kotsi li amana le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea cortex ea ventromedial pele, athe liketso tse bolokehileng li amana le ts'ebetso ea "cortex" ea pele.115). Keletso ea setsebi, mohlala, ke motsoali kapa mosuoe hore a se sebelise lithethefatsi, e ka fokotsa ts'ebetso e amanang le kotsi ea cortex ea ventromedial prefrontal preortal kapa ea eketsa ts'ebetso e amanang le ts'ireletso ea "cortex" e amanang le ts'ireletso pele.116). Leha ho le joalo, khatello ea maikutlo e ka eketsa liketso tse kotsi (117), haholo bathong ba nang le khatello e phahameng ea kelello ea ho ts'oaroa hoa selekane sa HPA kapa noradrenergic (118). Sena se ka bakoa ke karolo ea ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo le taolo ea boits'oaro e amanang le thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea pele (55) ka khatello ea maikutlo e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho lula ha dopamine D1 le li-receptor tsa qonogyl tsa α1-adrenergic libakeng tse ka pele (59). Norepinephrine e ka lula e phahame nako eohle ea khatello ea maikutlo (119), ka ho phahama ho hoholo kamora ho fela ha khatello ea maikutlo bathong ba nang le nalane ea ho sithabela maikutlong bongoaneng (75), ho fana ka tlhahiso ea kotsi e eketsang ea ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng. Qetellong, ba bang ba ka ba le khethollo ea hore lintho li ka imolla khatello ea maikutlo (109, 110).

Monyetla oa liqeto tse mpe kapa tse kotsi li ka eketsoa nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa e latelang, ho kenyelletsa linako tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba nang le nalane ea ho sithabela maikutlong a bongoana ba hlaseleha habonolo ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha maqhubu a HPA le SAM (74, 75) le ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo (dorsolateral and ventromedial preortalal cortices (70), e laolang taolo ea kelello, maikutlo le boitšoaro (68, 69).

Figure Figure22 e hlahisa kamano lipakeng tsa ho sithabela maikutlong kapa khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tse ka amanang le litlamorao tse bakiloeng ke khatello lithahasellong tse kang ho nka kotsi, ho etsa liqeto le taolo ea boits'oaro kapa ho tsitsipana. Batho ba nang le tšebeliso e tšoanang le khatello ea maikutlo bo phahameng bo ts'oanang le ts'usumetso ea khatello ea maikutlo, likotsi tse mpe le tumelo ea hore lintho li ka ntlafatsa khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo, ts'ebetso e kotsi ea likotsi, bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto, kapa taolo e mpe ea boits'oaro le ho ts'oaroa ho hoholo ho ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho qaleha ha khatello ea kelello.

Setšoantšo sa 2   

Mohlala oa hore na khatello ea maikutlo e ka ama ho qalisoa ha lintho kapa liteko tsa pele. Matšoenyeho a kelello a ama li-axes tsa HPA le SAM, tse ka eketsang kotsi, le ho sitisa ho nka liqeto le taolo ea boitšoaro. Ka ho ipeha kotsing ke batho ba nang le tšobotsi e kang e phahameng ...

Shift ho sebelisoa khafetsa

Bohloko ba bongoana

Nelson et al. (120) o ithutile ka litlamorao tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho bana ho batho ba baholo ka tšebeliso efe kapa efe, tšebeliso e tloaelehileng, kapa ho hlekefetsoa / ho ts'eha ha nicotine, joala, matekoane, koae, li-stimulants, sedative, kapa opioids, mme a fumana hore ts'ebeliso ea kamehla ea nikotine, empa eseng joala, leha e le efe tšebeliso ea matekoane a koae, koae, lintho tse khothatsang, lithethefatsi kapa li-opioids (tšebeliso e tloaelehileng e ne e sa hlahlojoe lithethefatsi tse seng molaong) li boletsoe esale pele ke nalane ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea bana. Ho feta moo, menyetla ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa lengolo lefe kapa la litlolo tse seng molaong e eketsehile ka kotloloho ka ho sithabela ha bana4).

Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang

Ho sithabetsoa ke sekolo kapa ho amanang le lelapa kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang ho beha motho kotsing ea ho tsuba, tšebeliso e mpe ea joala kapa tšebeliso ea lintho tse seng molaong har'a bacha.7, 8, 10, 11). Linoko tse mashome a supileng a metso e 'meli tsa bacha le batho ba baholo ba tsubang ba boletse hore ba hatetse pele ho tloha teko ho ea ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng hobane ba ikutloa ba sithabetse (28). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, khatello ea kelello e lemohileng (121), mathata a mangata sekolong (97,, le bofutsana ba lelapa bo phahameng (122) kotsi e eketsehang ea ho tlohela ho tloha teko le ho tsuba khafetsa ho bacha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho its'oara ho na le mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi a ho tlaleha khatello ea maikutlo (khatello ea maikutlo le ho eketseha ha cortisol) ho khatello ea kelello e sa laoleheng e ne e sa amane le boitšoaro ba ho tsuba ka nako ea liteko kapa ho latela lilemo tsa 1 ho batho ba baholo ba neng ba tsuba koae ka tlase ho koae ea koae ea 20 ka beke (123).

Phuputso e 'ngoe e shebile likamano tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho tsuba kapa ho se noe ka ho ithuta litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho liithuti tse ka tlasa sekolo tse sebelisang nicotine, joala le koae (124). Boithuto bona ha boa ka ba hlahloba matšoao a tlhekefetso kapa ho its'epa, empa bo ipapisitse le koae ea koae ea letsatsi le letsatsi e bitsitsoeng (lisakerete tse 'ne), le beke le beke (ka likarolo tse nne) le ts'ebeliso ea joala (likarolo tse' ne ho isa ho tse tšeletseng), lithuto li bonahala li sa its'epahalle haholo basebelisi ba kamehla ba kopantsoeng le batho ba kopanelang litekong tsa nicotine kapa bokhoba ba joala (lino tse tahang). Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ile ea hlahlojoa 1khoeli pele le nakong ea tlhahlobo; tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi sehlopheng sa taolo e ile ea hlahlojoa habeli ka linako tse seng tsa tlhatlhobo ka ho lieha lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tse peli tse tsamaeang le ho lieha lipakeng tsa liteko sehlopheng sa tlhatlhobo. Ha ho bapisoa le motheo oa tlhahlobo eo e seng ea tlhahlobo, nako ea tlhahlobo e ne e amahanngoa le khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng le tšusumetso e mpe, hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea ho tsuba (hoo e ka bang ka 12 ka karolelano), ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea beke ea caffeine (e ka bang 11 ka kakaretso), empa che phetoho ea joala. Ha ho phetoho e fumanoeng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi sehlopheng sa taolo (124). Keketseho ea tšebeliso ea koae ka sehlopha sa khatello ea maikutlo e ka hlalosoa ka ts'ebeliso ea eona e susumetsang, athe ts'ebeliso e ngata ea ho tsuba (3 × basement) e kanna ea hlalosoa ka karolo e 'ngoe ka khatello e kholo ea baithuti ba tlasa lihlahisoa tse sebelisang lintho khafetsa empa ba sa hloke ho fihlella litekanyetso tsa tlhekefetso kapa ho itshetleha. Phuputso e 'ngoe e fuputse likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi sebakeng sa laboratori, ho bonts'a hore, ha ho bapisoa le taolo e sa jeleng paate, khatello ea kelello e sa laoleheng e matlafalitse tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang kamora ho se noe joala, empa ba sa noe joala ka tsela e sa tsejoeng. nalane ea bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala (125).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bakeng sa matekoane a sebelisa khatello e kholo ea bophelo, ho kenyelletsa le lefu la motsoali pele barupeluoa ba ne ba le 15ea lilemo li, le mathata a lithethefatsi a motsoali, sireletsoa Khahlano le tšebeliso ea khafetsa hara 14-24barupeluoa ba lilemong tsa khale ba neng ba qalile ho sebelisa matekoane, athe mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi a ne a se na phello (94), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea mantlha e ka sireletsa khahlanong le, kapa ha e na phello, phetohong ho tloha tekong ho ea ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea matekoane.

Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng kapa e phetoang e ka phahamisa batho ho qala ho sebelisa lintho khafetsa kamora nako ea tlhahlobo, le ho eketsa ho ja har'a basebelisi ba tloaelehileng.

Bamoleli kapa babuelli ba litaba

Matšoenyeho a bakiloeng ke khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba tsubang ba sa tsubang kapa ba sa ts'epahale haholo ho nicotine ho ne ho sa amane le phetoho mokhoeng oa ho tsuba nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho latela selemo sa 1 (123). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phetoho ho tloha ho liteko ho ea ho tsubeng ea kamehla e ne e boletsoe ke boitšepo bo tlase (8, 126, 127) le likotsi tse mpe tse mpe (10, 128).

Summary

Ho sithabela ha bongoana ho bonahala ho eketsa kotsi ea ho fetoha ho tloha teko ho ea ho ts'ebeliso ea kamehla ea nicotine, matekoane, koae, tse ling tse matlafatsang, li-opiates, kapa tse silafatsang. Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang li ka nolofalletsa phetoho ho tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea nicotine le joala, empa li sireletsa khahlanong le phetoho ena ea matekoane. Ha ho na leseli le fokolang mabapi le likamano tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa khatello ea bongoana kapa khatello e pheta-phetoang le tsoelo-pele ho tloha tlhahlobong ho ea ho tšebeliso ea koae, tse ling tse khothatsang, tse silafatsang, opiates (ho kenyeletsa le heroin), le hallucinogens.

Mekhoa e ka sebetsang ea motheo

Ho fapana le litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho pelehi, litlamorao tsa khatello ea phetisetso ea ts'ebeliso ea mehla le ts'ebeliso e mpe / ts'oaetso e ka amana le litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo le lintho mochineng oa ts'usumetso, o ka kopantsoeng hammoho le litlamorao tsa khatello mekhoeng e joalo ea tšebeliso e tšohliloeng nakong e fetileng. karolo. Tsoelo-pele ho tloha tekong ho ea ts'ebelisong e tloaelehileng e kanna ea amana le keketseho e tlisoang ke khatello ea moputso oa litekanyetso tse theohileng tsa lintho, ho phahama ka potlako ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng, le tekanyetso e eketsehileng le khafetsa ea ho ja. Litlamorao tsena li ka amana le maikutlo a phapang pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le lintho tse sebelisoang tlhekefetso, ho potlakisa kholo ea boleng ba lintho. Batho ka bomong ba nang le tšusumetso e phahameng ea boitšoaro ba ka ba kotsing e itseng.

Khatello ea maikutlo e ka potlakisa tsoelo-pele ho (haholo-holo) ts'ebeliso ea kamehla. Likhoto tsa batho ba baholo ba lithethefatsi-naïve li ile tsa pepesetsoa lekhoakhoa le bohale kapa 4-7matsatsi pele a pepesetsoa koae ka lekhetlo la pele129-132) kapa methamphetamine (133). Ha ho bapisoa le liphoofolo tse sa hatelloang tsa taolo, tse neng li bile le khatello ea maikutlo li bonts'itse kofuta ea cocaine kapa methamphetamine boits'oaro 3-7Matsatsi kamora ho sebelisoa ha khetlo la pele leha liphoofolo tse hatelitsoeng le ho laola li ne li le maemong a tšoanang a ts'ebeliso (129-132). Keketseho ena ea boitaolo e ka bonts'a tloaelo ea liphoofolo tse hatelletsoeng tsa ho itlopa lijo (129). Ho khahlisang, boikoetliso ba koae le bona bo ile ba eketseha ka likhoto tse matlafatsang tse ileng tsa tlameha ho paka leoto le leng hape le sisinya maoto (e leng khatello ea maikutlo), athe tse amohelang litšoso ha li a bonts'a keketseho ea boits'oaro nakoana kamora nako ea pele. sebelisa (134), ho fana ka maikutlo a khatello ea maikutlo a na le tšusumetso e matla ho feta khatello ea maikutlo ho susumetsa tšebeliso ea basebelisi ba liteko hore e sebelisoe khafetsa.

Tšebeliso e matla ea ntho, ho etsa mohlala ka mafelo-beke, e kanna ea tšoaea tšebeliso ea litheko sethaleng kamora teko, 'me e bonahala e le tsela e sebetsang haholo ea ho qala ts'usumetso ea litsamaiso tse susumetsang (49, 135). Liphoofolong, tlhokomeliso ea maikutlo e bonts'oa ke ts'ebetso e eketsehang ea makoloi e kentsoeng ke tekanyetso e nyane ea ntho kamora hore liphoofolo li khaotse ho e ja hangata, ho bapisoa le ts'ebetso ea makoloi qalong, le khetho e eketsehileng bakeng sa karolo ea kheji e bonts'a ho fumaneha hoa ntho (sebaka se boemo preference) kamora ho pheta-pheta litheko tsa ho itaola. Sensitization e itšetleha ka likarolo tsa dopaminergic striatal49, 135). Khatello ea maikutlo (le lithethefatsi tsohle tsa tlhekefetso) li ama moputso oa dopaminergic le litsamaiso tsa khothatso (48, 50, 51), mme e eketsa sensitization le sensitization sefapano ho dintho le khatello e eketsehileng (53). Kamora ho qala, ho pheta-pheta, empa ho fosahetse, tšebeliso ea lintho tse fumanehang habonolo e lumella sistimi ena ho hohela maikutlo a lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo, hape, ka ho ithuta ka Pavlovian ka mekhahlelo ea morao-rao ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho litheko tse ka hare kapa kantle tse bonts'ang bokhoni tšebeliso ea ntho (mohlala, letshwao la neon) (49, 135).

Bakeng sa banna ba phetseng hantle, ba lithethefatsi-naïve, sensitization ea dopamine system, e lekantsoeng ke likarabo tsa makoloi le striatal dopamine receptor ho lula, e ka ts'oaroa kamora litsamaiso tse tharo feela tsa amphetamine, mme e phehella bonyane 1selemo kamora taolo ea ho qetela (136). Ntle le moo, banna ba nang le litšobotsi tse phahameng, ba tšoaeang batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ntle le mofuta oa ntho e ratoang (137), ba ne ba tloaetse ho hohela ho feta banna ba nang le tšusumetso e tlase ea boitšoaro (136).

Khatello ea maikutlo le eona e ka phahamisa boleng ba lintho tse khothatsang ho baetsi ba liteko kapa basebelisi ba kamehla ba sa its'epahalleng. Har'a banna ba baholo ba phetseng hantle, taolo e matla ea d-amphetamine kamora ho imeloa kelellong e ile ea nkuoa e le e khahlisang haholo ho ba tlalehileng khatello e bakiloeng ke khatello ea maikutlo ho feta har'a ba tlalehileng khatello e fokolang (138). Kameho ena ea khatello ea maikutlo ho khothaletso e boetse e bontšitsoe ho liphoofolo. Likhoto tsa Nikotine-naïve li hatelletse 24h pele ho moo o ile a khetha ho khethoa ka litekanyetso tse tlase tsa nikotine ho feta likhoto tse sa hatelloang (139); litlamorao tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo ka sepheo sa ho susumetsa, empa eseng ho iphumanele khetho ea sebaka ka boeona, li ile tsa fokotsoa kamora kalafo ea pele le mohanyetsi oa CRF-1 receptor antagonist. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, khatello ea maikutlo pele e nyoloha ho ts'ebeliso ea litoeba tsa morphine tse qalileng e ile ea fella ka ho ikatisa khafetsa tsa litekanyetso tse tlase ho sa tsotelehe hore na litoeba li rata litheko tse tlase kapa tse phahameng pele ho tlamiso ea khatello. Phello ena e ile ea bontšoa litoeba tse neng li hatisoa ke ho bona panya e 'ngoe e tšoeroe ke ho sisinngoa maikutlong (eseng khatello ea maikutlo), empa eseng bakeng sa litoeba tse nyarosoang ke maoto (140). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a eketsehang a kutloelo-bohloko ea litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi kamora ho sithabetsoa ke bongoana kapa khatello e sa foleng ea kelello / khafetsa, ho fokotsa tekanyetso e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho boloka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tse ka arohanngoang le CRF.

Figure Figure33 e hlahisa litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea lintho tse sebelisang tlhekefetso ho tloha ho liteko ho isa ho ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng, tse ka bakoang ke tšusumetso ea maikutlo le ts'usumetso ea lits'ebetso tse susumetsang, haholoholo bathong ba nang le tšusumetso e kholo ea boitšoaro. kapa ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo e mpe. Sena se ka lebisa ho bohlokoa bo susumetsang ba litekanyetso tse tlase, ho nyoloha ka lebelo le phahameng, le khotsofalo e phahameng, thabo, kapa moputso oa ntho ka mor'a khatello ea maikutlo (138, 141, 142), ka hona e ka matlafatsa khothatso e ntle. Tšebelisano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo e ka ba teng ho tlatselletsa litlamorao tsa lintlha tse joalo ka tšobotsi tse hlalositsoeng karolong e fetileng.

Setšoantšo sa 3   

Mohlala oa hore na khatello ea maikutlo, hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse seng molaong, e ka ama tsoelo-pele ho tloha tekong ho ea tšebelisong e tloaelehileng.. Khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa e ka fokolisa lits'ebetso tse susumetsang ho litlamorao tse susumetsang tsa lintho tsa tlhekefetso, tse ka ...

Phokotso ea ts'ebeliso e boima ea tlhekefetso, tlhekefetso le boits'epo

Bohloko ba bongoana

Ho sithabela ha bongoana ho eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le bokuli ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (12-15, 17-20, 23, 78, 86, 93, 143, 144), ho kenyelletsa nicotine, joala, matekoane, lintho tse khothatsang, tse tsoekere, le opioids, empa eseng cocaine (120). Ntle le moo, nalane ea tlhekefetso ea bana ka thobalano, 'mele, kapa maikutlo e ne e amana le boima kapa ts'ebeliso e ngata ea joala kapa lithethefatsi ho batho ba baholo ka mathata ohle a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (22, 88, 93), leha lithuto tse ling li sa fumane sena (89). Kotsi ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi life kapa life tse seng molaong (4) le botebo ba ho nooa haholo (143) le ts'ehetso ea nicotine (93) e eketsehile ka ho teba ha koluoa ​​ea bongoana. Ho khahlisang, likamano lipakeng tsa koluoa ​​ea bongoana le bokuli ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ka tsamaisoa ka ho eketseha hoa tšusumetso ea boitšoaro (22) kapa liketsahalo tse morao tse sithabetsang botsofaling kapa botsofaling (145, 146), ho fana ka tlhahiso ea hore kotsi ea ho ba le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi hara batho ba nang le nalane ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea bana kapa tsietsi e ngoe e kholo ho ba nang le khatello e matla kapa ba nang le liketsahalo tse ling tse sithabetsang.

Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang

Ho batho ba baholo ba tsubang, ho sebetsa lihora tse ngata, mekhoa ea ho sebetsa ka thata, ho lemoha ho se na tšusumetso, khatello e eketsehileng ea maikutlo le khotsofalo e fokolang ea mosebetsi e amanang le ho tsuba ho eketsehileng (147-149), le ho kopana le mats'oao a mang ho latela ts'epahalo ea nicotine (150). Kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le takatso ea nicotine le eona e ithutile maemong a laboratori. Ho batho ba baholo ba tsubang, ho tsamaisoa ha khatello ea maikutlo le kelello ho felletse ka hore karolo ea karolo ea bona e be karolo ea hore ba nkang karolo ba tsube koae e ngata (151) kapa ho hula tse ling hape (152) ho latela ka kotloloho boqhekanyetsi bo bapisoang le taolo e sa nkeng lehlakore kapa ho bapisoa le sehlopha se laolang. Liphetho tsena li amana le boits'oaro bo fokolisang khatello ea maikutlo ho hanela litakatso tsa ho tsuba nakong ea ho khaotsa ho matla (153), ho fana ka maikutlo a kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho lakatsa, le taolo e mpe ea boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba tlaetse hore mananeo a khatello ea maikutlo ka laboratoring a fella ka tloaelo e seng ea bohlokoa ea ho tsuba kamora ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo ha a bapisoa le ho qhekella ho seng joalo (154), le hore liketsahalo tse hlileng li sithabetsang ha lia ka tsa bolela tšebeliso ea koae (155).

Bakeng sa joala, ho lula tikolohong e sa thabiseng nakong ea bocha ho boletse esale pele hore ho na le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang (156), le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo tse ngata tse boletsoeng esale pele li beha kotsing e kholo ea ho itlopa joala le ho noa ho feta tekano, ho fana ka tlhahiso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, ho 15barupeluoa ba lilemo li157). Kamano e tšoanang e tlalehiloe le har'a batho ba baholo. Matšoenyeho a phahameng a itlalehang a kelello le tlhabollo ea kelello a eketsang kotsi ea ho itlopa joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kamehla158), le likhatello tse ling tsa selemo se fetileng tse amanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala ea selemo le selemo, le lino tse ka bang tse tšeletseng tsa joala tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ho ba tlalehileng hore ba bile le khatello ea maikutlo e fetileng ea selemo se fetileng (159). Kamano ena e ne e le matla ho batho ba noang tšebeliso ea joala pele ho lilemo tsa 14 ho feta ho batho ba neng ba qala ho sebelisa (159). Phello ena ea morao e kanna ea fetoloa ke polymorphism ea mofuta o kentsoeng bakeng sa corticotropin e lokollang li-receptor tsa li-hormone (157).

Matšoenyeho a phahamisitsoeng har'a litho tsa ts'ebeletso e sebetsang a ne a amana le ho nwa haholo, ho tsuba le ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse seng molaong (6). Ho feta moo, litho tsa pokello kapa National Guard, empa e se basebetsi ba mafolofolo, ba romeloang libakeng tsa ntoa tse nkileng karolo ntoeng e sebetsang ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho nts'etsapele tšebeliso e mpe ea joala le mathata a amanang le joala ha a bapisoa le litho tse sa sebetsanang le ntoa e sebetsang. (160). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, menyetla ea ho itlopa joala haholo ka mor'a ho fallisoa e ile ea eketseha ho litho tse sebetsang tse sa tsotelleng ntle le ntoa e sebetsang.160). Ho nts'etsapele ho nooa haholo le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala ka mora nako e telele ho ne ho le matla ho ba neng ba le kotsing ea ho lemala kapa ho bolaoa nakong ea ntoa e sebetsang (161). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka eketsa kotsi ea ho jella joala bo bongata har'a basebelisi ba kamehla ba kamehla bo lumellanang le litlhahlobo tsa phello ea khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang (162). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tse ling li tlalehiloe hore ha ho likamano lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang le mekhoa ea ho noha: khatello ea bophelo ea morao-rao ha e ea ka ea bolela mekhoa ea ho nooa ha e boetse e ikarabella bakeng sa ho sithabela ha bana (143) kapa thobalano (146); Phuputso ena ea morao-rao e bile le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tse amanang le ho nwa ho hoholo ho banna, athe ho basali ho noella haholo ho amanang le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang ho ba nang le nalane ea ho sithabela maikutlong bongoaneng.

Bakeng sa matekoane, liketsahalo tse kholo tse sithabetsang, haholo mathata a maholo a lichelete, o boletse phetoho ho tloha ho e sa ts'epahale ho ts'ebeliso e ts'episitsoeng har'a basebelisi ba bacha ba 199163), ho pheta liphuputso tse ling tse bonts'ang kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ho ts'epahalla matekoane le mathata a maholo a lichelete (94, 164). Kotsi e eketsehileng ea phetoho ena e boetse e boletsoe esale pele ke lefu la motsoali pele ho lilemo 15 (94) kapa tlhalo / karohano ea motsoali165), leha ho fumaneha hona ho sa tlaleheloa ke lithuto tse ling (166).

Sampole e kholo ea 12-17lilemong tsa bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha, kotsi ea lithethefatsi (ho feta litlelase) ho itšepa ho ile ha boleloa esale pele ke ho phela tikolohong e sotlehileng kapa ka chelete e tlase ea lelapa (156). Ka bomalimabe, ha ho liteko tsa litheko tse khethehileng ntle le joala tse ileng tsa hlahlojoa. Baahi ba libaka tse mpe, ba nka khatello ea maikutlo (105), e ka fana ka monyetla o eketsehileng oa ho qala (77) le ho boloka ts'ebeliso. Qetellong, nalane ea ho koalloa teronkong, ho ba le matlo a sa tsitsang, le ho etsa khoebo ka thobalano e amanang le lithethefatsi e amana le ho entoa hangata ha batho ba baholo ba entang koae (107).

Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng kapa e phetoang e ka holisa batho ba sebelisang lintho khafetsa ho nts'etsapele litheko tsa litheko, haholoholo ho ba qalileng ho sebelisa bongoaneng kapa ho ba nang le boits'oaro bo bobe ba boitšoaro.

Bamoleli kapa babuelli ba litaba

Khatello ea kelello maemong a laboratori kapa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi e eketsa ho lakatsa le / kapa khatello ea maikutlo ho batho bao, ka nako ea tlhahlobo, ba ileng ba kopana le litekanyetso tsa bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi 'me ba ne ba sebelisa nicotine ka mafolofolo.153, 154, 167-176), joala (177), matekoane (39, 178), koae kapa tse ling tse khothalletsang (179-183), kapa opiates (184, 185). Matšoenyeho ana a bakiloeng ke keketseho ea ho lakatsa le ho sithabela maikutlong ho tlalehiloe khafetsa, leha lithuto tse ling li sa tlalehe hore ho na le phello ea khatello ea maikutlo molemong oa ho lakatsa, mohlomong hobane li-stress li ne li le bonolo haholo (mosebetsi o thata oa lipalo) (184) kapa hobane ho fapana ka thobalano (183). Phuputso ena ea morao-rao e bonts'a litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho banna le basali, leha liphuputso li sa lumellane: litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo li ka ba matla ho basali ho feta ho banna ba lemaletseng nicotine (171) kapa koae (183), leha progesterone e phahameng e ka sireletsa ka mokhoa o itseng khahlano le litlamorao tsa ho lakatsa (186). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho phapang e fumanoeng bakeng sa phello ea khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa ho lakatsa kapa khatello ea maikutlo ho banna le basali ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea koae ba neng ba hana, athe karabelo ea neuroendocrine ho khatello ea maikutlo e ile ea ntlafatsoa ho banna ba amanang le basali (187). Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo, ea ama hampe kapa ea lakatsa.

Matšoenyeho a maikutlo, tšusumetso e mpe, le ho lakatsa lintho li ka lebisa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Tšebeliso ea koae e boletsoe esale pele ke maikutlo a eketsehang a ho sithabetsoa ke maikutlo, likotsi tse mpe, le khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng (155). Sena se tsamaisana le liphumano tsa hore phetoho ea ho tloha ho leka ho tsuba bohlankaneng ho isa ho itšetleheng ha nicotine ho ba motho e moholo ea amanang le matšoao a ho tepella maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha (128). Matšoenyeho a amanang le ona, ho kenyeletsa le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo, ho bacha le bona ba boletse esale pele tšebeliso ea matekoane hangata (165, 188) le phetoho ea ho itšetleha ka matekoane (189), leha phello ea phetoho e sa ka ea fumanoa ke ba bang (165). Qetellong, ho basali bohle ba se nang mahae ba baholo, matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a amanang le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (190).

Ho lakatsa khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo e matlafatsang khatello ea maikutlo ho ka baka tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lithethefatsi ka lebaka la tumelo ea hore lintho li ka thusa ho laola maikutlo ana. Ho joalo, batho ba baholo ba tsubang ba tlaleha ho imoloha khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le sepheo sa bohlokoa sa ho tsoela pele ho tsuba (155, 191, 192), hape tse mpe tse mpe li ne li amana le ho tsuba koae e ngata (193). Kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea nicotine, joala, kapa matekoane ho laola khatello ea maikutlo kapa tšusumetso e mpe li ne li matlafala ho ba nang le maikutlo a eketsehang a ho tšoenyeha (194) kapa bathong ba nang le nalane ea lelapa ea mathata a joala (195). Kamora nako, ke mohlala oa batho ba sebelisang matekoane a 2-7matsatsi ka beke, ho fana ka maikutlo a tlhekefetso kapa ho its'etleha, mamello e tlase e tlalehiloeng ea khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le lintlha tse phahameng lebokoseng la lipotso tseo matekoane a neng a sebelisoa ho imolla maikutlo a khatello kapa a ho ama hampe (196).

Summary

Ho sithabela ha bongoana le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bongoaneng kamorao ho bongoana li ka holisa boithabiso, eseng mathata, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sebelisang litekanyetso tsa tlhekefetso ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse tšoailoeng ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa motho le tsa sechaba. Hona ho ka emela phello e tobileng ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa khatello ea maikutlo ka ho lakatsa kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Ntle le moo, nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo tse bang teng ho tloheng ho matla haholo li ka fokotsa tšebeliso e ncha (45, 197, 198). Ho khaotsa ho matla ho bontšitsoe ho eketsa ho lakatsa, maikutlo a khatello ea maikutlo, ho teneha kapa ho halefa, ho hloka phomolo le ho sitisa khatello ea maikutlo ho ba tsubang ka nako ea 24-h ea ho tlohela mosebetsi (170, 197, 199); matšoao ana a bonoa hape ho batho ba sa thibeleng batho ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo (198). Potoloho ena e thatafalletsa ho khaotsa ho e sebelisa, esita le ho motho ea batlang ho khaotsa. Ho na le leseli le fokolang feela ka phello ea koluoa ​​ea bongoana ho teba ha bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa mefuta e meng ea lintho. Bakeng sa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang, tlhaiso-leseling e na le litlamorao tse ka bang kotsing le / kapa ho teba ha matekoane, tšusumetso, ts'ebetso, kapa khatello ea maikutlo a sebelisa hallucinogen, athe kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello e matla ea ho lemalla ha nikotine e sa lumellane lithutong tsohle.

Lits'ebetso tse ka bang teng tlasa khatello ea maikutlo tse tlisoang ke khatello ea maikutlo tse tsoang ho ts'ebeliso e sa tsitsitseng ea ho ts'epa ho ts'epahalla li ka tšoana le lits'ebetso tse ka tlase tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo tse bakiloeng ke khatello ea maikutlo hape. Ka hona, mekhoa ena e tla tšohloa ka tlase, kamora kakaretso ea likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le bocha. Mekhoa e ka kenyelletsa (a) ho hlasimolla mekhoa ea moputso ka khatello ea maikutlo le lintho, ka (b) phetoho ho tloha ho matlafatso e nepahetseng nakong ea ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ho ts'ebeliso e mpe nakong ea ts'ehetso le ho khutla hape, le (c) phetoho e kopaneng ho ts'ebetsong ea axis ea HPA.

Ho tlohela le ho u susumetsa hore u khaotse

Batho ba bangata ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba tlohela kapa ba fokotsa nako ka nako e itseng (200-203). Leha ho le joalo, khatello ea maikutlo e fokotsa monyetla oa ho khaotsa, mohlomong ka ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea ho khaotsa ho amana le tšusumetso ea ho tsoela pele ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Mosebetsi o phahamisitsoeng kapa khatello ea lichelete e amana le monyetla oa ho khaotsa ho tsuba (149, 204-206), mme batho ba baholo ba banyenyane ba ne ba le monyetleng oa ho khaotsa ho sebelisa matekoane ha ba ne ba na le nalane ea ho hloka mosebetsi ka nako e telele (207). Bacha ba baholo ba nang le nalane ea ho enta lithethefatsi, ho hloka bolulo (208), kapa nalane ea ho koalloa chankaneng (209) e boletse esale pele tšusumetso e tlase ea ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Patlisiso ho batho ba tsubang e fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso ea ho tlohela e ka fokotseha ho basebelisi ba bang ka lebaka la ho se khone ho laola khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo ntle le thuso ea lintho tse fetolang kelello.155, 191, 192).

Le ha ho na le moo e fokolang, lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo e fokotsa menyetla le tšusumetso ea ho khaotsa, haholo ho batho ba sebelisang lintho ho fumana phomolo khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho ikhula ka matla. Ho hlokahala patlisiso e eketsehileng ho fumana hore na khatello ea maikutlo e ka ama tšusumetso ea ho tlohela, le mefuta efe ea khatello ea maikutlo e khothalletsoang, hore na sepheo sa ho tlohela se amana joang le tlhekefetso ea thobalano le ngoana kapa tsietsi e ngoe hape le hore na likamano tsa khatello ea maikutlo li ka e tšoane le mekhahlelong ea lintho le lihlopha tsa lilemo.

Ho oa kapa ho oela hape

Bohloko ba bongoana

Batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba batlang ho khaotsa ho o sebelisa hangata kapa hang hape (210-216). Kotsi ea (re) lahleheloang e ka eketsoa kapa ea ba hangata ho basali, empa eseng ho banna, ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo le bongoana (cocaine)217) kapa bothata bo sa khetholloang ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (218, 219). Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tse amanang haufi-ufi le kotsi e kholo ea ho oela hape ka mor'a kalafo (213), mohlomong ka lebaka la ntlafatso e tlase nakong ea kalafo liphellong tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho pepesehela liketsahalo tse ncha tse utloisang bohloko ho batho ba nang le nalane ea ho sithabela maikutlong bongoaneng (218). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bathong ba ileng ba phekoloa ka lebaka la bokuli ba tšebeliso ea joala, keketseho e tlalehiloeng ea kotsi ea ho khutlela morao le ho sithabela ha bana e ile ea nyamela kamora ho laola liphapang tsa batho ba bangata le ba kelello (220). Ho fumana sena hoa morao-rao ho tsamaisana le lithuto tse ling tse sa kang tsa ba le kamano ea bohlokoa mahareng a bongoaneng le ho khutlela morao kalafong ea kalafo ho batho ba baholo (221, 222).

Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang

Har'a batho ba tsubang, khatello ea kelello le kelello tse amanang le ho sitoa ho khaotsa ho tsuba (223), mme kotsi ea ho oela hape e ne e phahame ho batho ba neng ba sa tsoa fetoha bocha kapa ba nang le mathata a maholo a lichelete (206). Likamano tsena li ka kenyelletsa sepheo se ikhethang sa ho tsuba, le ho fetoloa ka ho mamella khatello ea maikutlo: batho ba tsubang ba neng ba tsuba ho laola khatello ea maikutlo ba khutlela khafetsa ho feta batho ba tsubang ka mabaka a mang (224), le mamello ea khatello ea maikutlo e ile ea fokotseha har'a ba tsubang ba mafolofolo ba nang le nalane ea ho oela hape ka hare ho 24h kamora ho qala teko ea ho khaotsa ho bapisoa le batho ba tsubang ba nang le nalane ea ho tela e ileng ea nka bonyane 3likhoeli (225). Mamello ea khatello ea maikutlo e ile ea lekoa ka ho lumella lithuto ho emisa liteko tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo, tseo e neng e ka ba liteko tse thata tsa lipalo tse nang le likarolo tsa mosebetsi oa ho hopola kapa ho tsamaisa moea o nang le carbon dioxide e eketsehileng (225). Liphumano tsena ha lia ka tsa qopitsoa ka mehlala e fapaneng ea batho ba tsubang ba sebetsang (211), leha kamano e kholo e fumanoe pakeng tsa mamello e tlase ea khatello ea maikutlo le liphapang tsa pele ha batho ba botsoa kamora ho etsa liteko ho khaotsa ho tsuba bakeng sa 28matsatsi (211).

Tlhahlobo e sa tsoa phetoa ea lithuto tsa 18 tse phatlalalitsoeng pakeng tsa 1988 le 2010 li kenyelelitse lithuto tsa 10 ka khatello ea maikutlo le ho khutlela hape ho batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala (226). Khatello ea kelello e ile ea hlalosoa e le liketsahalo tse kholo tse sithabetsang kapa mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi. Liketsahalo tse mpe tse mpe tsa bophelo tse amanang le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho khutla hape, leha liphumano li sa lumellane lithutong tsohle, li ka bakoa ke phapang ea mokhoa (226). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tse sa kenyelelitsoeng tlhahlobisong li fumane hore liketsahalo tse sithabetsang haholo li eketsa kotsi ea ho khutla ho batho ba baholo ho 3-khoeli le ho lateloa ha 1-selemo (227), mme patlisiso e sa tsoa etsoa sampoleng ea boemeli ba naha ea batho ba baholo ba US bao e seng litsi tsa thuto ea sechaba sa naha e fumane hore kotsi ea ho oela hape ts'ebelisanong ea selemo sa 3 hara batho ba nang le nalane ea bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala ba neng ba tšoaretsoe ka botlalo litlhahlobo tsa mantlha tlhalo kapa karohano selemo pele ho litekanyetso tsa motheo228).

Phuputsong e 'ngoe sampole e ts'oanang ea boemeli ba naha ea batho ba baholo ba US ba sa kenang sekolo, kotsi ea ho khutlisetsoa morao ha batho ba baholo ba nang le nalane ea bothata ba tšebeliso ea matekoane e neng e sa sebetse ka botlalo lithutong tsa mantlha e ile ea eketseha ka khatello ea maikutlo eo ho tlalehiloeng ka eona Liketsahalo tse hlahang ho 3-likhoeli pele ho teko ea mantlha (229). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liketsahalo tse totobatsang khatello e kholo nakong ea ho latela ha 3-likhoeli tse fetileng li boletse esale pele ho khutlela hape har'a batho ba 304 ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea koae haholo ba neng ba sa phetse bonyane 3libeke (230). Tlhahlobo e phetoang e boletsoeng serapeng sa ho qetela (226) e kenyelletsang thuto ea morao-rao, e boetse e tlaleha kotsi e khutlisetsang ea ho khutla le liketsahalo tse nyahamisang ho feta bathong ba tlohelang opiates, cocaine, kapa nikotine, leha lithuto tse ling tse peli (e le 'ngoe e na le mehlala e ts'oanang ea batho ba sebelisang opiates, cocaine, kapa nikotine le tse ling ka batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea opiate ba neng ba le kalafong ea methadone) ha baa ka ba re kamano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa ho oela hape le khatello ea maikutlo.

Kamora nako, lithutong tse kopanyang litlelase tsa lithethefatsi, khatello e eketsehang ea boits'oaro ho bacha e amohetse kliniking ea kalafo ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e boletsoeng esale pele ho khaotsa kalafo (231) le batho ba baholo ba kalafong e sebetsang ba nang le nalane ea pefo ea lelapa ba hlahileng ba le liphatlalatsong tsa lithethefatsi khafetsa ho feta ba se nang nalane ea pefo ea lelapa (232). Har'a basali ba baholo ba Maindia a Amerika, khutlela bothateng ba 6 le 12Likhoeli ka mor'a hore kalafo e boletsoe esale pele ka tse ling ke lintoa tsa lelapa li jang233), le kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho latela tlhahlobo ea 1 e ile ea boleloa esale pele ke khatello ea kelello e fumanoeng ke batho ba ahlotsoeng lekhotleng la lithethefatsi (234), le ka nalane ea ho koalloa kapa ho hloka bolulo bathong ba entang lithethefatsi (235). Hoa tšoana le ho khutlela mokhoeng oa ho tsuba, bakeng sa batho ba sebelisang lintho tse ling ho mamella khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka kopo ea ho emisa liteko tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo tse amanang le nako e khuts'oane ea ho khutlisa teko ea morao-rao ea ho tlohela (212). Qetellong, khatello ea bophelo bo eketsehileng e ile ea lekola kamora kalafo ea kalafo pakeng tsa bacha lilemong tsa khatello pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo e mpe le ho eketsa kotsi ea ho khutla nakong ea 3 le 6khoeli ea latela (236).

Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng kapa e phetoang e ka baka ho khutla hape, haholo bathong ba nang le maikutlo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo kapa taolo e mpe ea boitšoaro.

Bamoleli kapa babuelli ba litaba

Matšoenyeho a maemong a laboratori kapa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi bo amana le ho lakatsa ho phahameng le / kapa khatello ea maikutlo bathong ba nang le nalane ea bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba neng ba qalile ho tlohela ho sebelisa nicotine kapele kapa nako e telele.237-239) joala (240-244), matekoane (245), koae kapa tse ling tse khothalletsang (210, 246-250), le opiates (249, 251) [leha ho le joalo, bona Ref. (184) hobane ha e na thuso ho batho ba nang le nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea opiate ea sa sebeliseng opiate]. Takatso e matlafalitsoeng [mohlala, Ref. (210, 237, 242, 252, 253)] le khatello ea maikutlo kapa maikutlo a fosahetseng a amang [mohlala, Ref. (179, 237)] bolela ho khutla hape, leha litsela tse ikhethang li ka fapana lipakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo (215). Bacha, ho khutlela morao ho ka amana le ho sebelisa ntho ho ntlafatsa mmuso o nepahetseng o kopantsoeng le khatello ea tikoloho (tsela 1, e bonts'a ntlafatso e ntle) kapa (ka karolo) ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo a amang hampe le a sithabetsang (tsela ea 2, ntlafatso e mpe). Ho batho ba baholo, ho oela hape ho ka amana le ho sebelisa ntho ho sebetsana le ts'ebetso e mpe e kopaneng le ho sitoa ho laola litakatso (tsela ea 1, matlafatso a fosahetseng le boitšoaro bo bobe) kapa likhatellong tsa kahisano kapa tsa tikoloho (tsela ea 2) (215).

Summary

Ho sithabela ha bongoana le liketsahalo tsa morao-rao tsa bongoana kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tse khutšoane li ka eketsa kotsi ea ho boela bothateng kapa kotsi ea ho oela hape bo matla, empa liphetho ha li lumellane lithutong tsohle mme li bonahala li lekantsoe haholo ho nicotine le joala. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ka litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea bongoana kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bongoaneng kamorao ho kotsi ea ngoana le ho teba ha morusu kapa ho oela hape ho sehlopha ka seng sa lintho tse hlekefetsang. Kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho khutlela bothateng e ka boela ea lekanngoa ke ho lakatsa khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo.

Mekhoa e ka sebetsang ea motheo

Keketseho ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang le ho ba kotsing ea ho khutla ho ka ama karolo e itseng ea (a) ho eketsoa hoa ts'usumetso ea lits'ebetso tsa moputso tse bakang matla a eketsehileng a litlamorao tsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi (le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi) (49, 135), (b) ho itšetleha haholo ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho qoba matšoao a mabe a ho tlohela kapele (45, 72); le ho eketsa sensitization kapa reactivity ea norepinephrine, ts'ebetso ea taolo e senyehileng (54, 59, 60), le ho fifala ha litšobotsi tsa ts'usumetso (62-64). Mechine ena e ka hlalosa ts'ebeliso e matla ea ts'ebeliso ea lintho leha batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba bonts'a ho rata ha lintho.

Matšoenyeho a nakong e fetileng kapa a tsoelang pele le tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lintho li tlatsetsa ho matlafatseng mekhoa ea moputso oa dopaminergic, e sa hlakiseng lithethefatsi ho tsoa ho lithethefatsi tse batlang (49, 135). Keketseho ena ea maikutlo e ka matlafatsa le ho feta khokahano e ithutileng pakeng tsa lintho kapa litlamorao tsa lintho tse ling le (pele e sa ruiseng) sepheo sa tikoloho, e susumetsa ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea (tlhokomelo ea leeme), le tšebeliso ea semelo sa tšebeliso ho, thepa kapa litheko tsa lintho ho fapana le ho susumetsa ka tlhaho (bap., ho ja kapa ho atamelana). Sena se bontšitsoe ka bokhabane ke Verace et al., Ea ileng a bontša, a sebelisa bokhoni ba ho tsuba (254) kapa monahano o sebetsang (255), hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea boko ba nicotine ba phahamisitse ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ho susumetsa ho supa ho tsuba kapa ho tsuba, ho bonts'a kabo e eketsehileng ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo ho tlhaiso-leseling e susumetsang. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba ka kopantsoe ho latela karolelano e ts'oanang ea ho tsuba le ho susumetsa ka tlhaho, ho fokotseha ts'ebetso ho khothaletsa moputso oa tlhaho ha o bapisoa le tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le ho tsuba. Sehlopha sa morao-rao se ne se e-na le mekhoa e khuts'oane ea ho se ts'oenyehe ho feta sa sehlopha sa pele. Tšusumetso ena e ka ba matla ho batho ba nang le tšusumetso e phahameng ea tšekamelo ea ho tsotella litlamorao tse khahlisang tsa lintho (136) le mohlomong le khatello ea maikutlo. Hypothesis ena e tsamaisana le litakatso tse phahameng tsa litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse holimo tse nang le batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba phahamisitseng tšusumetso ea tšosumetso (256); takatso e phahameng ea mohopolo o phahamiselitsoeng molemong oa ho lakatsa, ho fapana le ho ts'oaroa ke tšusumetso e phahameng, hamorao e rerile ho khutla hape (257).

Ntle le moo, phetoho ho tloha ts'ebetsong e tloaelehileng ho isa ho ts'ehelong le ho khutla hape e ka tšoaetsoa ke liphetoho maemong a khatello le a ho tiisa (45, 72, 73, 258). Koob e hlahisa mohlala oa moo khatello ea maikutlo le lintho li hlahisang matla a HPA le ho susumetsa ho tsoa ha extrahypothalamic CRF e ka tsosang amygdala ho batho ba sebelisang lintho ka boikhathollo. Sena se ka tšoaea mekhahlelo ea liteko le tšebeliso e sa ts'epahaletseng kamehla, 'me karolo e' ngoe e matlafatsoa lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi.. Ho fapana le hoo, ka ts'ebeliso e telele le e pharaletseng ea lintho, axis ea HPA e fetoha e sa sebetse ka lintho, mme ho e-na le hoo e qala ho sebetsa ha batho ba le boemong ba ho tlohela ka thata kapa nako e telele. Sena se tsamaisana le ts'ebetso ea amygdala ke extrahypothalamic CRF, e theha boemo ba ho lakatsa le ho ba le takatso e matla ea ntho ea ho theola boemo bo tsamaeang le maikutlo a fosahetseng (ho matlafatsa hampe). Sistimi ea bongo e kenang mmusong ona oa ho qetela e ka emela phetoho ho tloha ho e seng ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso, 'me e kanna ea bakoa ke khatello ea maikutlo, moo khatello ea maikutlo e matla e ka phahamisang CRF le ho kenya amygdala, ka ho etsa joalo e potlakise phetoho ho tlhokeho e qobelloang ea ntho.45, 72, 73, 258).

Kamora nako, lits'ebetso tsa noradrenergic li ka natefeloa haholo, tsa eketsa tšusumetso e mpe ea khatello ea maikutlo e bakiloeng ke norepinephrine mabapi le karabelo e sa tsitsang. (59), maikutlo, tšusumetso le mesebetsi ea taolo (54, 59, 60), le liketso tse lebisitsoeng ho sepheo (61), le ho eketsa leeme le matla la tlhaiso-leseling (62-64), e fana ka maikutlo a ts'ebelisano le lits'ebetso tse susumetsang tse susumetsoang. Litlamorao tsena li amana le litlamorao tse nyahamisang tsa norepinephrine mabapi le ts'ebetso ea pele ho likhohola ka li-receptor tsa cy1-adrenergic receptors (54, 55). Keketseho ena ea kutlo ea lits'ebetso tsa noradrenergic e ile ea senoloa ka ho tsamaisa yohimbine, e etsisang karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hanyetsa li-receptors tsa í2-adrenergic, ho batho ba nang le cocaine (259), opioid (260, 261), kapa bokuli ba tšebeliso ea joala (262, 263). Yohimbine e ile ea eketsa MHPG, metabolite ea mantlha ea norepinephrine, le tlhaselo e tšosang ea batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea koae e nang le 1-2matsatsi a thibelo, empa eseng ho batho ba ts'oanang ha ba ne ba na le 2libeke tsa ho itima lijo (259). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a eketsehang a kutloisiso ea lits'ebetso tsa noradrenergic li ka fokotseha ho 2libeke tsa ho ila. Leha ho le joalo, le ha hona ho ka fokotsa litlamorao ho lits'ebetso tsa maikutlo, norepinephrine e bonahala e lula e khothalelitsoe mme e ama lits'ebetso tse ling tse khothaletsoang ke yohimbine-induction e eketsehang ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea opioid tlhokomelong ea methadone ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (260, 261), le ho makatsa ho eketsehileng ha batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala ba neng ba e-na le 2-4libeke tsa ho itima lijo tse bileng le liteko tse ngata tsa ho tlohela (263).

Figure Figure44 e hlahisa kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, le kholo ea ho its'etleha le kotsi ea ho oela hape. Mechini e meraro e ka fokotsa khatello ea kelello le e bakiloeng ke ts'ebeliso ea lintho le ho khutla hape nakong ea ts'ehetso: maikutlo a matla a lits'ebetso tsa moputso, tse ka lulang li khothalelitsoe lilemo tse ngata kamora ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (136), mme e ka hlahang haholo kapa kapele haholo bathong ba nang le khatello e matla ba kopaneng le khatello e kholo ea maikutlo kapa khatello e sa foleng kapa e phetoang hangata; allostasis ea mekhoa ea khatello ea maikutlo, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ke e seng ntle le ts'usumetso e ntle; le kutloisiso e phahameng ea methapo ea noradrenergic, e amang litsamaiso tsa taolo. Batho ba shebelletseng haholo ha maikutlo kapa ho nchafala hoa lits'ebetso tsa khatello ea maikutlo ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea phetoho ea ho its'etleha mme ba ba le boiearo bo tlasa khatello ea maikutlo.

Setšoantšo sa 4   

Mohlala oa hore na khatello ea maikutlo, hammoho le tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi khafetsa, e ka ama tsoelo-pele ho tloha tšebeliso e tloaelehileng kapa tlhekefetso kapa ho ikemela. Ts'ebetso e phetoang khafetsa ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa lits'oants'o tsa khatello ka khatello ea maikutlo le lintho tsa tlhekefetso li ka (lehlakoreng le letona la setšoantšo) ...

fihlela qeto e

Khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba tai

Tokomaneng ena, re bonts'itse hore ho sithabela ha bongoana le liketsahalo tsa khatello ea maikutlo tsa bongoana kapa tsa khafetsa li etsahala khafetsa kapa li sa foleng ho batho ba sebelisang lintho, le hore ho sithabela maikutlo le liketsahalong tse sithabetsang ho eketsa kotsi (1) ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ha e fanoa ka monyetla oa ho etsa joalo, le ho qala tšebeliso lilemong tsa pele; (2) ho eketsa ts'ebeliso, le ho eketsa tšebeliso ea ts'ebetso ka potlako e kholo; (3) ho hatela pele molemong oa tšebeliso e qobelloang haholo; (4) ho ba le tšusumetso e tlase ea ho tlohela; (5) ho felloa ke nako kapele kapa ho feta. Litlamorao tsena li ne li fumaneha hohle maemong a tlhekefetso.

Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e akaretsa likamano lipakeng tsa nalane ea koluoa ​​ea bongoana le methati e amanang le lefu la tahi. Ho ba le tlhekefetso ea thobalano bongoaneng kapa tsietsing e 'ngoe e kholo e eketsa kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea pele, e nolofalletsa phetoho ho ts'ebeliso ea kamehla, ho eketsa menyetla ea ho holisa ho its'epahalla,' me e phahamise kotsi ea ho oela kapa ho oela hape. Litlamorao tsa ho sithabela ha ngoana ha li felle feela lilemong tsa bocha, empa tsoela pele ho eketsa tšusumetso ea bona hore e be motho e moholo. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse ling ha li lumellane, 'me tlhaiso-leseling e lahlehile likamano lipakeng tsa ho sithabela ha ngoana le ho teba ha mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tšusumetso kapa monyetla oa ho tlohela, le kotsi kapa ho teba ha ho oela hape. Leha lithuto tse ling li ile tsa sheba tse ling tsa tseo, datha tsa mefuta e itseng ea tlhekefetso li lekantsoe.

Lethathamo 1   

Kamano lipakeng tsa ho sithabela maikutlong a bongoana le methati ea lithethefatsi tse arotsoeng ke sehlopha sa lintho.

Lethathamo Lethathamo22 e akaretsa likamano lipakeng tsa kamora ho ba ngoana nakong e sa feleng ea bongoana / liketsahalo tse sithabetsang khafetsa, ho kenyelletsa liketsahalo tse kholo tsa khatello ea bophelo kapa mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi, le methati e amanang le bokuli ba ho lemalla. Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang kapa tse tšoenyang khafetsa li amana le kotsi e kholo ea ho qala ho sebelisoa, phetoho ho ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng, ho phahama ho itšetleha, ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho tlohela, le ho oela kapa ho oela hape. Litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo mehatong eo li ka tsamaisoa ke ho ama hampe kapa ho eketsoa ke khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho lakatsa. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahisoleseling mabapi le phetoho ea tšebeliso ea kamehla le ho khutla hape, haholo-holo nako ea ho khutlela bothateng kapa bokhobeng, e lekanyelitsoe ho nicotine, joala, matekoane le koae. Setšoantšo Figure55 e hlahisa kamano e hlahisitsoeng pakeng tsa kotsi ea ho eketseha ha lefu la ho lemalla le bokhoba ba ho eketseha ho batho ntle le ho sithabela maikutlo ha bongoana kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa kamorao ho bongoana. Batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e ngata khafetsa ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho qala ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapele le ho potlakela ho potlakela ho lemalla, haholo-holo ka khatello ea maikutlo ea ho ba motho e moholo. Kotsi ea ho nyoloha ho bonahala e latela lits'oants'o tsa litsamaiso tse susumetsang, athe latency ho eketseha e ka latela lilemo.

Lethathamo 2   

Kamano lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang le mekhahlelo ea lits'ila tse arotsoeng ke mofuta oa ntho.
Setšoantšo sa 5   

Kamano ea Hypothesized lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo (mohala o mosoeu), khatello e tlase (mohala o moputsoa), le khatello e kholo (mola o khubelu) kotsing le ho latellana ha lefu. Matšoenyeho a phahameng a amana le ho qala ho sa le pele le kotsi e kholo ea ho nyoloha ka potlako ho lefu la tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (qalong ...

Mekhoa e ka sebetsang ea motheo

Khatello ea kelello le ntho e sebelisang tlhekefetso li arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng, e sebetsang ea khatello ea maikutlo le meputso e mengata. Khatello ea kelello e beha batho kotsing ea ho sebelisa lintho le ho hlaolela bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, 'me tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e beha batho kotsing ea ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang haholo.

Re hlahisa mekhoa e ka amanang le phello ea khatello ea ho ba kotsing ea ho sebelisa lintho le tsoelo-pele mohato o latelang oa ho lemalla joala. Mekgwa ena e ka fokotsa ho sithabela ha lesea le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa kamora ho ba ngoana, le likarolo tsohle tsa tlhekefetso. Moetso o felletseng o hlahisoa ka Setšoantšo Figure66.

Setšoantšo sa 6   

Mohlala o felletseng oa kamoo khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ka amang tsoelo-pele ho tloha tekong ho ea ho boits'oaro le ho oela hape. (A) Ho sithabela ha bongoana kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bongoana / tsa liketsahalo tsa kamora tsa bongoana (le lintho tse ling) lia kenya letsoho, le phetoho ea lits'ebetso ...

Matla a khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi a ka amana le khatello ea maikutlo e matlafalitsoeng ea ho beha likotsi, ho etsa liqeto tse sa sitisoang, le taolo e mpe ea boitšoaro. Kotsi e kanna ea ba batho ba nang le tšekamelo e kang ea ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho nka likotsi tse eketsehileng, ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng, taolo ea boitšoaro bo bobebe kapa ho ba le ts'usumetso e phahameng, le ntlafatso ea khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea tumelo eo lintho li ka fokotsang ts'usumetso e mpe.

Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa e kanna ea amana le khatello ea maikutlo ea tšusumetso ea lits'enyehelo tsa meputso ho litlamorao tsa lintho tse sebelisoang tlhekefetso, ho eketsa boleng ba litheko tse tlase tsa lintho, ho susumetsa phetoho ea pejana ho ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng, le ho nyolla tekanyetso le lebelo la jella. Mochine ona o ka sebetsa hammoho le lintlha tse kang tšobotsi e hlalositsoeng ka holimo. Sensitization e ka fetoloa haholoanyane ka tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea lithethefatsi. Kotsi e khethehileng e kanna ea ba batho ba nang le tšusumetso e phahameng ea tloaelo ea ho susumetsa maikutlo.

Kamora nako, phetoho ea ts'ebeliso e matla, ts'ehetso, le kotsi ea ho khutla e ka amana le khatello ea maikutlo le litheko tse matlafatsoang ke ts'ebeliso ea meputso, liphetoho tse matla tsa ts'ebetso ea khatello le kamano ea tsona le amygdala-Mediated kgothatšo e mpe, le ho eketseha ha kutloelo-bohloko kapa ho sebetsa ka boona hape litsamaiso tsa noradrenergic. Mechine ena e ka sebetsa hammoho le lintlha tse kang tšobotsi e hlalositsoeng ka holimo. Hape mona, ka ho ba kotsing e itseng e kanna ea ba batho ba nang le tšusumetso e phahameng ba tloahelang ho hohela batho maikutlo.

sheba mefokolo ea

Liphetho lithutong tsohle ha li lumellane mabapi le hore na khatello ea maikutlo e ka beha motho kotsing e kholo ea ho eketseha ha bokuli, leha khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng e kang mathata a lichelete e bonahala e na le litlamorao tse ngata. Taba ea bobeli, lingoliloeng li reretsoe haholo joala, ho tsuba, matekoane le koae, le tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang bakeng sa mefuta e meng ea lintho. Taba ea boraro, tlhahisoleseling ha e sebelisoe feela ho feta mehato e meng ea potoloho ea lithethefatsi, haholo-holo mohato o amanang le ho nka qeto kapa ho leka ho tlohela. Kamora nako, ka linako tse ling ho ba thata ho etsa qeto ea hore na ho ithutoa ka mehato efe ka lebaka la tlhaiso-leseling ea matšoao a tebileng bathong ba sebelisang lintho molemong oa boithabiso.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Marijn Lijffijt o hlahisitse mohopolo oa pampiri ena, a etsa lipatlisiso a bile a ngola moralo oa pele. Kesong Hu le Alan C. Swann ba kentse letsoho haholo ho toloka lingoliloeng mme ba bala ka hloko le ho ntlafatsa lenaneong la pejana.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

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