UDavid Paul Fernandez, I-Eugene YJ Tee & Elaine Frances Fernandez
Ukulutha Kwezocansi Nokuphoqeleka
Ijenali Yokwelashwa Nokuvimbela, Umqulu 24, 2017 - Issue 3
abstract
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe amaphuzu ku-Cyber Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory-9 (CPUI-9) akhombisa ukuphoqeleka kwangempela. Sihlolisise ukuthi ngabe izikolo ze-CPUI-9 zibikezelwe ngemizamo yokuhluleka ukuzithiba kanye nemizamo yokuhluleka ukuzithiba × yokuzithiba (okucatshangwa njengokucindezelwa kwangempela), ukulawula ukungavunyelwa kokuziphatha. Iqembu labasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile be-Inthanethi abangama-76 lithole imiyalo yokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi izinsuku eziyi-14 nokuqapha imizamo yabo yokuhluleka ukuziyeka. Izikolo ze-Greater Perceived Compulsivity izikolo (kepha hhayi izikolo Zokukhathazeka Ngokomzwelo) zabikezelwa ngomzamo wokuyeka, futhi zahluleka ukuzama ukuzithiba lapho umzamo wokuziyeka wawuphezulu. Ukwenqatshwa kokuziphatha kwabikezela izikolo Zokukhathazeka Ngokomzwelo, kepha hhayi izikolo eziphoqelelwe zokucindezela. Kuxoxwa ngemiphumela yokutholakele.
INGXENYE YESIGABA
Ucwaningo lwamanje luwumzamo wokuhlola ukuthi ngabe ama-CPUI-9 amangalelwa yini ngokucindezelwa kwangempela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-IP. Umklamo we-quasi-experimental waqashwa, ngokusungulwa kwemizamo yokuziqeda njengendlela eguquguqukayo eguquguqukayo. Sifuna ukuphenya imibuzo emibili yocwaningo
- I-RQ1: Ingabe kuzohluleka ukuzama ukuzigwema ukubikezela izikolo ze-CPUI-9, ukulawula ukuzikhandla nokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha?
- I-RQ2: Ingabe kuzohluleka ukuzama ukuzivimbela ukuhlanganyela nokuzama ukuzigwema ukubikezela izikolo ze-CPUI-9, ukulawula ukungavumelani nokuziphatha?
Umzamo wokuqala wokuziqeda, ukuvama okuyisisekelo kokusetshenziswa kwe-IP, iziqephu zokuqala ze-CPUI-9, ukungavumi kokuziphatha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokunye okwenziwa ngokocansi okulawulwa kulolu cwaningo lwamanje. Imizamo yokufinyelela ye-CPUI-9 ishiyiwe kusukela ekuhlaziyweni ngenxa yokungahambisani kahle kwangaphakathi.
Ngokufingqa, lapho i-CPUI-9 ithathwa njengonke, ukungafuni ukuziphatha kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuwukuphela kokuhlelwa okuphawulekayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho ihlehlisiwe ibe yi-subcomponents yayo, ukungavumelani kokuziphatha kutholakala ukubikezela izikolo zokucindezeleka kwemizwelo, kodwa hhayi izikolo eziziwayo zokuphoqeleka. Amaphuzu okucabangela ukuphoqeleka ayebikezelwe ngokuzama ukuzivimbela, futhi ngokuzama ukuzivimbela ukuzithiba X ukuzikhandla, okuyinto esiyicabangayo njengesibopho sangempela esifundweni samanje.
I-H1: Yehlulekile ukuzama ukuzigwema kuma-CPUI-9 izikolo
I-hypothesis yethu yokuqala yokuthi imizamo yokuziyeka yokuhluleka ayengaphinde ibikezele izikolo eziphakeme ze-CPUI-9, ukulawula ukuzikhinga nokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha, ayisekelwe. Asizange sithole ubuhlobo obuphawulekayo phakathi kokuzama ukugwema ukuzithiba kanye nanoma yiziphi izikali ze-CPUI-9. Sithemba ukuthi ukuzama ukuhlukumeza ukuhlukumezeka kwakuzobikezela izikolo ze-CPUI-9 ngisho nalapho zilawula ukuzama ukuzikhandla ngenxa yokuthi sitshengisa ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu ngokwawo (okusho ukuthi, ukuhluleka ukugwema ukuhlukumezeka) kungabonwa njengobufakazi bokukhonjelwa lapho kunikezwa imiyalo ecacile yokugwema ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile isikhathi se-14. Kunalokho, ukufundwa kwalolu cwaningo kubonisa ukuthi imizamo yokuziyeka yokuhlukumezeka yayingumqondo ophawulekayo wezilinganiso ezithintekayo zokuzibophezela ngokuya ngesilinganiso sokuzama ukuzikhandla, okwakungokwesimo sethu sesibili kulolu cwaningo.
I-H2: Imizamo yokuziqeda yehlulekile X ukuzikhandla kokuzikhandla kuma-CPUI-9 izikolo
Sithole ukwesekwa okuyingxenye yesipiliyoni sethu sesibili, ukuzama ukuhlukumeza ukuhlukumezeka kungaxhunyanisana nokuzama ukuzigwema ukubikezela izikolo eziphakeme ze-CPUI-9, ukulawula ukungavumelani nokuziphatha. Noma kunjalo, lobudlelwane bubekwe kumaphuzu okuCatshangelwa okuCatshangelwe, hhayi izikolo zokucindezeleka ezingokomzwelo nama-SCUI-9 egcwele izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe. Ngokucacile, uma imizamo yokuziyeka yokuhluleka ehlulekile ukuzama ukuzikhandla nokuzigwema, izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuqhathaniswa kokuzibophezela komuntu okumele libonwe. Lokhu kutholakala kuhambisana nesiphakamiso sethu sokuthi akuyona nje imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okufaka emibonweni yokucindezela, kodwa lokhu kuzobuye kuxhomeke ekuguqukeni okubalulekile, ukuzama ukuzigwema. Ngaphambilini, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa ama-akhawunti ngokuhlukahluka ku-CPUI-9 (i-Grubbs et al., I-2015a; i-Grubbs et al., I-2015c), kepha imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziselwa yedwa ayanele ukwenza ukuba khona kokucindezela (Kor et al., 2014). Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi abanye abantu bangabheka i-IP kaningi, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi bangenzi umzamo omkhulu wokugwema i-IP. Njengalokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi babengakaze bazizwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwakuphoqelela nganoma iyiphi indlela, ngoba kwakungenhloso yokuziyeka. Ngakho-ke, isingeniso samanje sokwenza ukuzithiba njengendlela eguquguqukayo entsha kuyinhlangano ebalulekile. Njengoba kwabikezelwa, lapho abantu bezama kanzima ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, ukuzikhandla okukhulu) kodwa babhekene nokuhluleka okuningi (okungukuthi, ukuzama ukuvimbela ukuvimbela kakhulu), lokhu kuvumelana nezibalo eziningi ngokuzibophezela okuphoqelekile.
Umzamo wokuziqeda kuma-CPUI-9 izikolo
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuzama ukuzibamba njengomuntu ozimele ngabanye nakho kubonise ubuhlobo obuhle obuhle bokuqhathaniswa nokuxhaswa okukwenziwe ngokuzibophezela (kodwa hhayi ukuxhaswa kwe-Emotional Distress subscale kanye ne-CPUI-9 egcwele isikali), ukulawula ukuzama ukugwema ukuzithiba nokungahambisani nokuziphatha, nakuba lobudlelwane bekungenjalo ukuxubha umqondo wokuqala. Sabikezela esicwaningweni samanje ukuthi abantu kuphela abaye babhekana nokwehluleka ukuzama ukugwema ukuvimbela ukuzibophezela kungase kubangele ukucindezela ekuziphatheni kwabo, okuholela emibonweni yokuphoqeleka. Kodwa-ke, sithole ukuthi ukuzama ukuzikhandla okukhulu kunqume ukuthi izibalo eziphezulu zikhona ngokuzibophezela, futhi ukuthi lobu buhlobo bubonwe ngisho nokuzimela kokuzama ukuzigwema. Lokhu kuthola okubalulekile okuzama ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuqobo kuhlobene nemibono yokuphoqelela kwabanye abantu.
Sibheka izincazelo ezimbili ezingenzeka kule nhlekelele. Okokuqala, nakuba kungalinganiswanga esifundweni samanje, kungenzeka ukuthi ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokuzibandakanya nokuzibophezela okubonakalayo kungabhekene nobunzima obuthathwayo noma ukungazitholi ngokuqondile ukuthi abahlanganyeli bangase babe nomuzwa ngokuzama nje ukugwema izithombe ezingcolile, ngisho noma bengenalo empeleni ehluleka ukuyeka. Ukwakhiwa okungase kuchaze ubunzima obuthathwayo noma ukuhlukumezeka okuzithobayo okuzizwayo ngenkathi uzama ukuyeka kuzoba yisipiliyoni sokulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. U-Kraus no-Rosenberg (i-2014) bachaza ukulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengokuthi "isifiso esincane kodwa esiyinkimbinkimbi noma isifiso sokuthi ama-wax ahlasele isikhathi futhi njengokukhathazeka okuqinile noma ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile" (i-452). Ukufuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akudingeki ukuthi kuholele ekuqotheni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi uma abantu benamakhono aphikisana nokulwa nokuziqeda. Kodwa-ke, isipiliyoni esizithobayo sokufisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokubhekana nobunzima ekuzibophezelekeni ekuhlosweni kokugodla kungenzeka ukuthi kwakwanele ukuthi abahlanganyeli babone ukuphoqeleka ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kwe-IP. Kuphawulwe ukuthi ukulangazela noma ukugqugquzela kubonisa isici esiyinhloko samamodeli okulutha ngokweqile (Potenza, 2006), futhi ibe yingxenye yezinqubo ezihlongozwayo ze-Hypersexual Disorder ye-DSM-5 (Kafka, 2010), ephakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka khona umlutha. Ngakho-ke, ukulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (kanye nezakhiwo ezihlobene) kungase kube ukufakwa okubalulekile ezifundweni ezizayo ezihlola ukuzilahla ezithombeni ezingcolile.
Okwesibili, siphinde sabheka ukuthi "umzamo wokuziyeka" kungenzeka ube nomthelela kwabanye ababambiqhaza. Abanye ababambiqhaza, lapho bezama ukuzithiba, bebengasebenzisa amasu angasebenzi (isib. Ukucindezelwa komcabango; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987) emizamweni yabo yokuzibusa, okuholela emiphumeleni ebuyayo yemicabango ye-IP, Ngokwesibonelo. Ngemuva komzamo wokuhluleka ukuziyeka, kungenzeka ukuthi ababambiqhaza bangenele umjikelezo omubi wokuthi "bazame kakhulu" ukuzithiba, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amasu asebenza kangcono njengokucabanga nokwamukela ekubhekaneni nezikhalazo (iTimehig & Crosby, 2010) nokuzithethelela ngemuva kwesiliphu (Hook et al., 2015). Njengalokhu, noma yikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphakathi okufana nemicabango noma isifiso se-IP kungenzeka kukhuliswe ngokweqile, kwaholela ekuphoqelelweni okubonakalayo okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, izincazelo zethu zihlala ziqagela kuleli phuzu. Ucwaningo oluningi luyadingeka ukuqonda ukuzikhandla kokuziyeka maqondana nokuphoqeleka okubonakalayo.
Ukungamukeleki kokuziphatha kuma-CPUI-9 izikolo
Sithole ukuthi uma i-CPUI-9 ithathwa njengenhlangano yonke, ukungamukeleki kokuziphatha kwakuwukuphela kokuhlelwa okuphawulekayo. Kodwa-ke, uma kuphulwa phansi, ukungafuni ukuziphatha okubikezelayo kubikezela kuphela isizinda esithile se-CPUI-9, i-subscale ye-Emotional Distress (isib. "Ngizizwa nginamahloni ngemva kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi") futhi angenalo ithonya kwi-Compulsivity ebonakalayo. Lokhu kuhambisana nokucwaninga kwangaphambilini okubonisa ukungavumi kokuziphatha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze kuhlotshaniswe kuphela nokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo hhayi ukucindezeleka okuveziwe noma ukutholakala kwemizamo yokufinyelela (Wilt et al., 2016). Lokhu kuhlinzekela ukwesekwa kwabakwaWilt nabalingani ukuthi ama-akhawunti angamangalelwa ngokuziphatha okuyingxenye eyingqayizivele ye-CPUI-9, okuyinto engokomzwelo (ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo), kunokuba kube nesici sokucatshangelwa (Ukucatshangelwa Okucatshangelwe). Ngakho-ke, nakuba ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo kanye nokuzibophezela okuphoqelelwe ukuphoqeleka kuhlobene, ukutholakala kwethu kusikisela ukuthi badinga ukwelashwa ngokwehlukana njengoba kubonakala sengathi kwakhiwa ngezinqubo ezahlukene ezingokwengqondo ezisekelwe phansi.
Izincazelo zemfundiso
Izinto esizifunayo zinezimpendulo ezintathu ezibalulekile ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, isifundo samanje sichaza ubuhlobo obungakaze buhlolwe phakathi kokulutha okubonakalayo kwe-IP, njengoba kulinganiswa yi-CPUI-9, nokucindezelwa kwangempela. Esikhathini sesampula sethu, sithole ukuthi imibono yokucindezela yayibukeka ngempela ngokoqobo. Kubonakala sengathi iphethini yangempela yokucindezela (ukuhluleka ukuyeka ukuzama ukuzama ukuzikhandla), nokuzikhandla ngokwakho, ukubikezela ukuthi yikuphi ukucindezelwa okucatshangelwayo kwe-CPUI-9. Sithole ukuthi lobu buhlobo babanjwa ngisho nangemva kokugcina ukungavumi ukuziphatha njalo. Ngakho-ke, okutholakala kwethu kusikisela ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uyazivumelanisa nezithombe ezingcolile, ukuhlolwa koMuntu okuCatshangelwayo kungabonakalisa ukuphoqeleka kwangempela, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kobunzima ekubalekeni kwe-IP. Siphakamisa ukuthi nakuba ukucindezela kwangempela akusho ukulingana kwangempela, ukuphoqeleka kuyisici esiyinhloko sokulutha futhi ukutholakala kwayo kumsebenzisi we-IP kungase kube uphawu lokulutha okuyi-IP. Ngakho-ke, ukufundwa okwamanje kwamanje kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ucwaningo lwe-CPUI-9 kuze kube manje lungabhekwa ngokulutha ngokweqile, ngaphandle kokubona umlutha nje.
Okwesibili, ukutholakala kwethu kubeka ukungabaza ngokufaneleka kokufakwa kwe-Emotional Distress subscale njengengxenye ye-CPUI-9. Njengoba kutholakala njalo kwizifundo eziningi (isib. Grubbs et al., 2015a, c), ukutholakala kwethu kwabonisa nokuthi imvamisa yokusebenzisa i-IP yayingenabo ubudlelwane nezikolo zokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukuphoqeleka kwangempela njengoba kwakucatshangelwa esifundweni samanje (ukuhluleka ukuzama ukuzivimbela ukuzithiba) ukungazibandakanyi nobudlelwane nezimo zokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abantu abathola ukunyanzeliswa kwangempela ezithombeni zabo zobulili ezingcolile ababheki ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Esikhundleni salokho, izimo zokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo zazibikezelwa kakhulu ngokungahambisani nokuziphatha, ngokuhambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini ezazithola ukuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwalaba ababili (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Wilt et al., 2016). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo njengoba kulinganiswa yi-CPUI-9 kuthiwa ngokuyinhloko ukukhubazeka kubonakala ngenxa yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okungavumelani nokuziphatha, futhi akuhambisani nokucindezelwa kwangempela. Ngakho-ke, ukungena kwe-Emotional Distress subscale njengengxenye ye-CPUI-9 ingase ibambe imiphumela ngendlela efakazela inani eliphelele lokulutha kwezidakamizwa zabasebenzisi be-IP abangafuni ukuziphatha kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi bahlukumeza inani eliphelele lokulahla i-IP abasebenzisi abanezikolo eziphezulu ezizimele zokuzibophezela, kodwa ukungafuni ukuziphatha okungcolile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-subscale yokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo isekelwe esilinganisweni sokuqala sokuthi "Isibopho" esasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi nabantu abakholwayo (Grubbs et al., 2010), kanye nesevisi yayo nabangewona onkolo abahlala bengenakuqinisekiswa ngenxa yokuthola okulandelayo ehlobene nalesi sikali. "Ukucindezeleka okuphawulekayo emitholampilo" kuyisici esibalulekile ku-criteria yokuhlonza ehlongozwayo ye-Hypersexual Disorder ye-DSM-5, lapho umgudu wokuhlonza u-B uthi "kukhona ukucindezeleka komuntu siqu okuphawulekayo ... okuhlotshaniswa nokuvama nokuqina kwalezi zithombe zocansi, noma ukuziphatha "(Kafka 2010, iphe. 379). Akungabazeki ukuthi i-subscale ye-Emotional Distress igxuma kulolu hlobo oluthile lokucindezeleka okusemtholampilo. Indlela okushiwo ngayo izinto (okungukuthi, "Ngizizwa nginamahloni / ngicindezelekile / ngigula emva kokubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi") kusikisela ukuthi ukucindezeleka akudingeki kuhlotshaniswe nokuvama kanye nokuqina kwemicabango yokucansi, ukugqugquzela, noma ukuziphatha, kodwa kungalethwa nje ngokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni ngisho nangendlela engeyona yokuphoqa.
Okwesibili, lolu cwaningo lwaqala ukuzama ukuzibamba njengento eguqukayo ephathelene nokuqonda indlela ukucutshungulwa okungase kuthuthuke ngayo. Kuphawulwe ukuthi ezincwadini, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-IP kuphenywe ngaphandle kokubheka abahlanganyeli 'amazinga ahlukene wokuzikhandla. Ukufundwa kwamanje okufundwayo kubonisa ukuthi ukuzikhandla kokuziqhayisa, futhi lapho uxhumana nokuzama ukugwema ukuzithiba, ubikezela ukucindezelwa okukhulu okubonakalayo. Sixoxile ngokuhlangenwe nakho kobunzima ekugwemeni noma ekufiseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendlela ecacile yokuthi indlela yokuzidela ingase ibikezele ukucindezelwa okukhulu okubonakalayo, ngoba ubunzima obuhlangenwe nakho bungabonisa ukuthi kungase kube nokucindezelwa ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kocansi . Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, indlela ngqo yokuzikhandla ekubhekaneni nokuphoqeleka komuntu okuqhubekayo ihlala ingacacile futhi iyindlela yokucwaninga okuqhubekayo.
Izinkinga zomtholampilo
Ekugcineni, okutholakele kwethu kuhlinzeka ngemiphumela ebalulekile ekwelapheni kwabantu ababika ukuthi bangumlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi. Kube nobufakazi ezincwadini eziphakamisa ukuthi kube nesibalo esandayo sabantu ababika ukuthi bangumlutha wezithombe zocansi (Cavaglion, 2008, 2009; Kalman, 2008; Mitchell, Becker-Blease, & Finkelhor, 2005; Mitchell & Wells, 2007 ). Odokotela abasebenza nabantu ababika ukuthi banomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kudingeka bazithathe ngokungathi sína le mibono, esikhundleni sokungabaza ngokunemba kwale mibono yabo. Okutholakele kwethu kuphakamisa ukuthi uma umuntu ebona ukuphoqeleka ekusebenziseni kwakhe i-IP, kungenzeka ukuthi le mibono ingabonakalisa iqiniso ngokoqobo. Ngendlela efanayo, odokotela kufanele babone ukuthi "ukuphoqelelwa okubonakalayo" kungabonakala njengombono owusizo okufanele ube nawo, uma umbono ubonakalisa iqiniso. Abantu ababhekana nokuphoqeleka ekusebenziseni kwabo i-IP bangazuza ekutholeni ukuzazi ukuthi bayaphoqa, futhi bangasebenzisa lokhu kuqonda ngokuziphatha kwabo ukunquma ukuthi ngabe badinga ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuguqula indlela abaziphethe ngayo. Abantu abangaqiniseki ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-IP kuyimpoqo noma cha bangazibophezela ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha njengalowo oqashwe kulolu cwaningo, ngokuziyeka njengenhloso (isikhathi sezinsuku eziyi-14 noma okunye). Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kokuziphatha kunganikeza indlela ewusizo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono isekelwe empeleni, ngokufunda ngokuhlangenwe nakho.
Okubalulekile, ukutholakala kwethu kusikisela ukuthi ukuzihlola kokuzicabangela kokuzibophezela kungase kube okulungile ngisho noma umuntu ngokuziphatha engavumelani nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Abahlengikazi akufanele basheshe basheshe bahlukane nokuzihlola kwabantu abanokuziphatha okungavumelani nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengokuhumusha ngokweqile ngokwemvelo ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo zokuziphatha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, odokotela kumele bahlale bekhumbula ukuthi ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo okuhlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okusetshenziselwa amaklayenti, ikakhulukazi abaziphatha kabi ngezithombe ezingcolile, kubonakala sengathi bahlukile ekuzihloleni kokuzicabangela kokucindezela. Ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, okungenani ngendlela elinganiswa ngayo ne-CPUI-9, akuyona neze umphumela wokusebenzisa i-IP ngokuphoqelela, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi iphathwe njengenkinga ehlukile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, odokotela kumele baqaphele ukuthi umuntu angabhekana nokucindezelwa kwangempela ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kwe-IP ngaphandle kokuzwa imizwelo njengamahloni noma ukucindezeleka okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-IP.
Ukulinganiselwa kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela zokucwaninga esikhathini esizayo
Umkhawulo wesifundo samanje wukuthi ukuzama ukuzibamba njengento eguquguqukayo kuyinto emisha, futhi ngenxa yalokho kusengokuguquguquka okungaqondakali kahle. Into eyodwa kuphela esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa umzamo wokuzigwema, ukunciphisa ukwethembeka kwesilinganiso. Izindlela ezintsha zokubika ezizodingeka zakhiwe ukuze ziqonde kangcono izindlela zayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzamo wokuzigwema wawusungulwa ngokufaka umzamo wokuhlola, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungekho ukugqugquzelwa kwangaphakathi kwabathintekayo ukuba bayeke kwi-IP kuqala. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lucabangele ukugqugquzela ukugwema i-IP, okungenzeka ihlobene nokuzama ukuzikhandla njengokwakha kodwa ngokuqinisekile ihlukile. Kungenzeka ukuthi izisusa zokugwema i-IP, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izizathu, zingase zithinte indlela umsebenzi wokuzidela ozobanjwa ngabahlanganyeli.
Umkhawulo wesibili owakhiwe ekuklanyweni kwesifundo samanje wukuthi wanikezela inani lezinsuku ezingu-14. Isikhathi se-14 singathathwa njengesikhashana esifushane kakhulu ukuze sibonakalise ubunzima bokuthi ukucabangela kokucindezela kuthuthukiswe kanjani kubantu ngabanye esimweni sangempela sezwe. Isibonelo, kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abantu bahlukane ngokuphumelelayo nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinsukwini ze-14, kodwa bangase bakuthole kunzima ukukwenza isikhathi eside. Kungaba usizo ngezifundo zesikhathi esizayo ukuzama imisebenzi yokuziqeda yezinkathi ezihlukene, ukuthola ukuthi isikhathi sokuziqeda senza umehluko.
Umkhawulo wesithathu wukuthi isampula esetshenziselwa isifundo samanje ibeka umkhawulo wemiphumela ejwayelekile yokuthola. Ababambiqhaza babesilisa, iSoutheast Asia, futhi iningi lalinabanye abafundi be-psychograduate psychology. Futhi, isibalo esingekho emitholampilo sisetshenziswe esifundweni samanje, okusho ukuthi ukufundwa kwamanje okufundwayo akukwazi ukukhiqizwa emphakathini wemitholampilo.
Okokugcina, kwakungekho ukungabi khona kwezinga ngendlela indlela yokuqala yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa ngayo futhi kwahluleka ukuzama ukuzigwema ekuhloleni okwamanje, okwakungokwemvamisa, okungukuthi, "ubuke izikhathi ezingakanani i-IP ezinsukwini ze-14 ezedlule, "Ngenkathi ucwaningo lwangaphambili (Grubbs et al., 2015a, njll) lilinganisile ukusetshenziswa kocansi ngokobude besikhathi esichithwa (amahora). Nakuba ukulinganisa okuguquguqukayo ngamahora kungase kuhlinzekwe ngenhloso enkulu kakhulu yokulinganisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukwehla kwele ndlela ukuthi isikhathi esithile esichithwa ukubukela akusho ukuthi sihumushe kumvamisa wokusetshenziswa kocansi. Isibonelo, kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu uchitha amahora amathathu ebukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi akabukeli izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinye izinsuku ze-13, ezibonisa isikhathi esiningi esichitha, kodwa imvamisa ephansi. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi omunye umuntu ubukele imizuzu engu-10 yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili nsuku zonke yosuku lwe-14, ekhombisa imvamisa enkulu kepha isikhathi esincane esichithwa. Siphakamisa ukuthi indlela engcono yokulinganisa imizamo yokuzigwema ayiphumelelanga ingaba imvamisa hhayi amahora aphelele. Ukucabangela inani lezikhathi zokubheka iqhaza le-IP njengemicimbi ephikisayo ingase ibonakale ngendlela ababukeli be-IP abangase babheke ngayo imizamo ehlulekile yokuziqeda (okungukuthi, ngemva kokushiya "ukwehluleka" okukodwa, ukuzama ukuziphindisela kubuyiselwa emuva, kubonisa umzamo olandelayo, njalo njalo). Noma kunjalo, ukuphazamiseka kokulinganisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa ngale ndlela ukuthi "isikhathi" ngasinye esicacile sokubamba iqhaza ekubambeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuhambisani nesikhathi ngokweqile. Ukuze uthole isithombe esiphelele, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingacabangela kokubili izinyathelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-IP.
Isiphetho
Ucwaningo lwamanje luwumzamo wokuhlola ukuthi ngabe izikolo ze-CPUI-9 zibonisa ukuphoqeleka kwangempela. Ngokufingqa, sithole ukuthi uma i-CPUI- 9 ithathwa njengenhlangano yonke, ukuphikiswa kokuziphatha kwakuwukuphela kokuhlelwa okuphawulekayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ephukile, ukungavumelani kokuziphatha kwabikezela kuphela izikolo ezicindezelekile zemizwelo, futhi hhayi izikolo ezitholwa ukuphoqeleka. Ngokuphambene nokubikezela, imizamo yokuziqeda yehlulekile ayizange ibikezele noma yiziphi izikali ze-CPUI-9. Esikhundleni salokho, imizamo yokuzigwema ihlulekile ukubikezela izikole eziphoqelelwe ukuphoqeleka (kodwa hhayi izikolo zokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo), ngokuzikhandla kokuzikhandla. Ngokucacile, lapho ukuzama ukuzivimbela ukuzama ukuvimbela ukuzama ukuzibamba futhi ukuhluleka ukuzama ukuzigwema kwakuphakeme, izibalo zokuQinisekisa okuPhezulu zaziphakeme. Sithole ukuthi lobu buhlobo babanjwa ngisho nangemva kokulawula ukuziphatha okungavumelani nokuziphatha, okuphakamisa ukuthi izilinganiso ezithintekayo zokuzibophezela ngokwezinga elithile zibonisa ukuphoqeleka okungokoqobo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uyazivumelanisa yini nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Okutholakele kwethu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kosizi lwe-Emotional Distress subscale ukuba lufakwe njengengxenye ye-CPUI-9, ngoba i-subscale ye-Emotional Distress ayikho ubuhlobo nokucindezela kwangempela. Ngokubanzi, isifundo sethu sethula umzamo wokuzigwema njengento eguqukayo edingekayo ukuphenywa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuqondwe kangcono ukusetshenziselwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
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