IZIMPENDULO: Lolu cwaningo luchaza ukutholakala kwe lolu cwaningo lwe-2014 Cambridge University ukuthi kuqhathanisa ukukhathazeka kokuziqhenya kwezingcingo ezingcolile kuya ekulawuleni okunempilo. Ucwaningo olusha luhluke kwiCambridge eyodwa, noma kunjalo. Esikhundleni sokuqhathanisa izidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili, izifundo ezintsha ezihlotshaniswa ezihlotsheni zemibuzo yokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi emiphumeleni yomsebenzi ohlolisisa ukukhathazeka okubalulekile (incazelo yokukhathalela). Ucwaningo luchaza imiphumela emithathu eyinhloko:
- Izinga eliphezulu lokuzibophezela ngokobulili lihambisana nokuphazanyiswa okukhulu (ukuphazamiseka okwenyukayo) ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokuqaphela. Lokhu kuvumelana nezifundo zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa kanye Ucwaningo lweCambridge University. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni okufanayo kotshwala, amagama anjengokuthi “inkantini” nelithi “utshwala” aphazamisa ikhono lesifundo lokucwaninga umsebenzi owenziwayo.
- Nakhu okusha: Ucwaningo luhlobanise “iminyaka yokusebenza kocansi” ne-1) izikolo zokulutha ngokocansi kanye ne-2) imiphumela yomsebenzi wokubhekela ukunakekelwa. Phakathi kwalabo ababheka kakhulu ukulutha kocansi, bambalwa iminyaka yokuzibandakanya ngokobulili yayihlobene okukhulu ukuchema ngokunaka. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kakhulu kwezocansi + iminyaka embalwa yesipiliyoni sobulili = izimpawu ezinkulu zokulutha (ukubhekela okukhulu, noma ukuphazamiseka). Kepha ukubhekela ukunaka kwehla kakhulu kubasebenzisi abaphoqayo, futhi kuyanyamalala kunani eliphakeme kakhulu leminyaka lokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi. Ababhali baphethe ngokuthi lo mphumela ungakhombisa ukuthi iminyaka eminingi "yezenzo zocansi eziphoqayo" iholela ekujwayeleni okukhulu noma ekunciphiseni okujwayelekile kwempendulo yenjabulo (ukungafuneki). Ingcaphuno yesigaba sokuphetha:
“Enye incazelo engaba khona yale miphumela ukuthi njengoba umuntu ocindezelwa ngokocansi ezibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuphoqelela ngokwengeziwe, ithempulethi evusa inkanuko iyaqala ibe ngu- [36-38] nokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimilo esidlulele ngokwengeziwe siyadingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe kulelo zinga lokuvuka. Kuphikiswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi njengoba umuntu ehileleka ekuziphatheni okuphoqelela ngokwengeziwe, izindlela ze-neuropathways ziyahluleka ukwenza okuthe xaxa ngezenzo zocansi 'ezijwayelekile' noma izithombe nabantu ngabanye baphendukela kuzisusa eziningi 'ezeqisayo' ukuze bathole ukuvuswa okufunwayo. Lokhu kuhambisana nomsebenzi okhombisa ukuthi abesilisa 'abaphilile' bajwayele ukujwayela okusobala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi le ndlela yokujwayela ibonakala ngokuncipha kwezimpendulo zokuvusa kanye nezokudla [39]. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza abasebenza ngokweqile, abaya ocansini sebephenduke 'ababandayo' noma abanandaba kakhulu namagama 'ajwayelekile' ahlobene nocansi asetshenziswe esifundweni samanje futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuboniswa kwehlise ukubheka ukunakwa, kuyilapho labo abanokuphoqeleka okwandayo nokuhlangenwe nakho okuncane besakhombisa ukuphazamiseka ngoba izinto ezishukumisayo zikhombisa ukuqonda okuzwakala kangcono. ”
I-3. Phakathi kwababambiqhaza abanamaphuzu aphansi ekuhlaselweni kwezinkinga zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo kuqhubeka cishe njalo naphezu kokuthuthukiswa kocansi.
I-Eur Addict Res. 2016 Oct 1;23(1):1-6.
I-Albery IP1, I-Lowry J, I-Frings D, Johnson HL, I-Hogan C, I-Moss AC.
abstract
UMLANDO / IZIMPENDULO:
Uma ukuphoqeleka ngokocansi nezinye izimo zokulutha kuhlanganyela ngokulingana okuvamile, iziphakamiso zesikhashana mayelana nendima yokuqapha ekuqondiseni ukuziphatha okuluthayo ziyasebenza.
IZINDLELA:
Ukuhlolisisa amagama ahlobene nocansi phakathi kwabantu abasebenza ngokocansi kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kokucindezela ngokocansi nokubandakanya ngokocansi nokuziqhenya, abantu abakhubazekile ngo-55 baqedile umsebenzi we-Stroop oshintshiwe kanye nesilinganiso sokuphoqeleka ngokocansi.
IZIPHUMA:
Okutholakele kubonise ukukhathazeka okubhekiswe ekuthandaneni kocansi phakathi kwabathintekayo ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwalabo abanamazinga aphansi okuphoqeleka ngokocansi, amazinga okukhathalela ayefana nawo wonke amazinga olwazocansi. Phakathi kwalabo abanamazinga aphezulu okuphoqeleka ngokobulili, ukukhathalela okukhulu okuhloswe ngakho kwahlanganiswa namazinga aphansi okuhlangenwe nakho kobulili.
ISIPHUMELELO:
Ukuzikhethela ukukhathazeka okuhambisana nokukhathazeka kuyahluka njengokusebenza kokuxhumana phakathi komuntu isikhathi eside kangakanani esebenzayo ngokobulili nokuthi ukucindezela ukuziphatha kwabo ngokobulili kungakanani.
I-PMID: 27694756
I-DOI: 10.1159/000448732
KUSUKELA KU-DISCUSSION
Leli phepha lihlole ukusebenza kokunaka eqenjini labantu abenza ucansi. Uma samukela ubufakazi bokuthi izindlela zokulutha neziphoqelelayo zivamile kangangoba babelana ngezinguquko ezihlelekile nezisebenzayo emikhondweni yomvuzo nakulezo zifunda ezihlotshaniswa nokulawulwa kwethonya kanye nomthethonqubo wokuvimbela [6], kufanele futhi kube njalo nokuziphatha okuluthayo kufanele Futhi yabelana ngephethini ejwayelekile yokuphendula kuma-indices wokuqonda ahlobene nezinqubo ezinjalo. Ngokwethiyori, kwaphikiswa ukuthi izindlela eziningi zokuqonda ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokugcinwa kokuziphatha okuluthayo ziyavumelana nalesi sizathu. Isibonelo, umbono wokuzwela ongenamqondo uphakamisa ukuthi impendulo ye-dopaminergic ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa okuphindaphindwayo inyuka kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi ikhuthazwe, ibe namandla ngokwengeziwe, futhi ivuselele isimilo ngesifiso umuntu ahlangabezana naso ekuphenduleni imikhondo ehlobene nezidakamizwa [18 Ngokufanayo, uFranken [ I-17] iphikise ukuthi ngemuva kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe ngento ethile, izinkomba ezihlobene ziyaba namandla futhi maningi amathuba okuthi zithathe ukunakwa ngenxa yokukhishwa kwe-dopamine esifundeni se-corticostriatal esihlobene nombono walezi zinkomba. Lokhu kucabanga kuphakamisa ukuthi abantu kufanele babonise umehluko wokunaka ezinkomba ezihlobene nokuziphatha okugcizelelwe. Sivivinye ukuthi ngabe abantu bayayibonisa yini le ndlela yokuphendula emsebenzini we-Stroop oguquliwe, osetshenziswe kakhulu ukuhlola ukuchezukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza ezibhekele izisusa ezihlobene nokukhathazeka. Okutholakele kukhombisile ukuthi abantu abathandana ngokocansi empeleni babonisa ukuphazamiseka okukhulu embala wokuqanjwa kwamagama ahlobene nocansi ahlobene nezimo ezingathathi hlangothi, futhi ubukhulu balokhu kukhetha kwakuhluke kakhulu kunamaphuzu ayisisekelo (okukhombisa ukuthi akukho kuphazamiseka). Lobu bufakazi buqinisekisa iphethini efanayo yemiphumela kulabo ababikwe ngokuhlobene nezidakamizwa [21] nokuziphatha okungahlobene nezidakamizwa kubandakanya nokuziphatha kocansi [30-32, 35].
Nakuba lobu bufakazi buhlinzeka ngokubonisa ukukhathazeka kwabantu abaningi, sasibe nesithakazelo ekuhloleni ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokuphila kokuzibandakanya nokuzibophezela okuhlobene nokusebenza kokuziqhenya. Ngokuvumelana nalezi zimiso ezichazwe ekufundiseni ukukhuthazwa kokukhuthaza (18] kanye nendlela ye-neuropsychopharmacological [17], ukucabangela okukhulu okumele kuqhathaniswe kufanele kuhlotshaniswe nokumiswa kokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe kanye nezinyathelo ezihambisana nokudla ngokweqile noma ukulutha ngokweqile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha [15]. Yini engacacile kule ndlela, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ukukhathazeka okukhathazayo mayelana nokukhathazeka okuhlobene nokukhathazeka kunikezwe kanjani ubuhlobo phakathi kokuphila isikhathi eside kokuzibandakanya kokuziphatha nokucindezela
Ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi ohlobene wangaphambili kwezinye izimo zokulutha, kwakuyisibikezelo sokuqala sokuthi kuzoba nobuhlobo obuhle phakathi kokuzibandakanya kokuziphatha kanye nokuphoqeleka ngokobulili ekubikezelweni kokubheka okungacabangi. Ngokuvumelana nezinto esizifunayo, umsebenzi wokuhlola ubuhlobo phakathi kokucindezela ngokocansi nokukhathalela okubonakale ngaphambili kubonise ukulungiswa okuhle [11, 32]. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya kwethu kwengeze kulo mzimba womsebenzi ngokukhomba ukubaluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwesikhathi sokubandakanyeka ngokocansi nokuzibophezela kocansi ukubikezela izikolo ezithandayo. Kwaqaphela ukuthi phakathi kwalabo abanamazinga aphansi okuphoqeleka ngokocansi, amazinga okukhathalela ayefana nawo wonke amazinga okuhlangenwe nakho kocansi. Phakathi kwalabo abanamazinga aphezulu okucindezelwa ngokocansi, ukukhushulwa kokunakekelwa kokunakekelwa kwahlanganiswa namazinga aphansi okuhlangenwe nakho kocansi nokunciphisa ukukhathazeka okuhloswe okuhambisana namazinga aphezulu okuhlangenwe nakho kocansi. Empeleni, lezi zithole ziqokomisa ukuthi ukukhathalela okukhathazayo okuhambisana nokukhathazeka kuyahluka njengokusebenza kokusebenzisana phakathi komuntu isikhathi eside kangakanani esebenzayo ngokocansi nokuthi ukucindezela ukuziphatha kwabo ngokocansi kuyini.
Enye incazelo engaba yile miphumela yukuthi njengoba umuntu ocindezelekile ngokocansi enza isenzo sokucindezela ngaphezulu, ithempulethi yokuvusa ehambisanayo iqala [36-38] nokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuziphatha okuphambene kakhulu kuyadingeka ukuze kube nesimo esifanayo sokuvusa. Kuphinde kuthiwa ukuthi njengoba umuntu eqhuba ngokuziphatha okucindezelayo, ama-neuropathways ahlaziywa eminye imicikilisho ethi 'evamile' yesithombe socansi noma izithombe nabantu ngabanye baphendukela eminye imiqondo ethi 'eyedlulele' ukuze baqaphele ukuvusa okufisayo. Lokhu kuhambelana nomsebenzi obonisa ukuthi abesilisa 'abanempilo' bajwayele ukushicilelwa isikhathi esithile futhi ukuthi lo mkhuba ubonakala ngokunciphisa izimpendulo zokuvusa kanye nokuziphendulela [39]. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abanye abaqashile ngokocansi, abahlanganyeli ngokocansi sebebe 'bangenalutho' noma abangenandaba namazwi 'ajwayelekile' ahlobene nocansi asetshenziselwa isifundo samanje futhi ukubonisa lokho kunciphise ukungabi nandaba, kuyilapho labo abanomthwalo wokunyuka nokuzivocavoca okwenyuka kancane babonisa ukuphazamiseka ngoba le nkinga ibonisa ukuqonda okuqinisekisiwe kakhudlwana. Kudingeka umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ukuze uhlole lokhu okuqaphele ngokuqhathanisa amaqembu abantu abenza ucansi, aphezulu futhi aphansi ekucindezelweni ngokocansi, emaciniswaneni acashunwe futhi ahlehlisiwe.
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