NguRobert Langreth noDuane D. Stanford
Uma ukudla okunamafutha kanye nokudla okulula kanye neziphuzo ezinoshukela noshukela ophezulu wefreyidi kufakazelwa ukuthi kuyimilutha, iBig Food ingabhekana nempi yokuphepha yabathengi edonswa kakhulu selokhu inhlangano yokulwa nokubhema yathatha imboni kagwayi isizukulwane esedlule.
Umzimba okhulayo ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha emanyuvesi aholayo nasezindlini zokusebenzela zikahulumeni uphakamisa ukuthi ukudla okusetshenziswayo neziphuzo ezinoshukela kwenziwa ukuthandwa ngabakwaPepsiCo Inc. Ukudla Kraft I-Inc. (KFT) azinampilo nje. Bangahleba ubuchopho ngezindlela ezifana nezidakamizwa ze-cocaine, i-nicotine nezinye izidakamizwa.
"Le mininingwane idonsa kanzima insimu kufanele iyamukele," kusho uNora Volkow, umqondisi we Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezidakamizwa Ukuhlukumeza. "Sithola ukugcwala okukhulu phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezisengqondweni nokudla okufika engqondweni." Umqondo wokuthi ukudla kungenzeka umlutha wawungafinyeleleki kuma-radar ososayensi eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule. Manje insimu isifudumeza. Izifundo zeLab zithole iziphuzo ezinoshukela futhi ukudla okunamafutha kungakhiqiza isimilo somzimba ezilwaneni. Izikali zobuchopho zabantu abakhuluphele nabadli okuphoqayo, okwamanje, ziveza ukuphazamiseka kumasekethe wokubuyiselwa kobuchopho obufana nalokhu okwenzeka kwabasebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa.
Zingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili izifundo zesayensi kanye namaphepha okulutha lokudla ashicilelwe kulo nyaka, ngokusho kwe-a National Umtapo wolwazi weMedical Medicine . Njengoba ubufakazi banda, isayensi yokulutha ingaba ngumshintshi wemidlalo yezimboni zokudla neziphuzo ezingama- $ 1.
Uma ukudla okunamafutha kanye nokudla okulula okunempilo kanye neziphuzo ezinoshukela noshukela omkhulu wefreyimu kufakazelwa ukuthi kuyimilutha, izinkampani zokudla zingabhekana nempi yokuphepha yabathengi eyakhishwa kakhulu kusukela inhlangano yokulwa nokubhema yaqala embonini kagwayi esizukulwaneni esidlule.
'Kujabulisa wena'
"Lokhu kungashintsha isimo sezomthetho," kusho uKelly Brownell, umqondisi weRudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity yaseYale University kanye nomgqugquzeli womthetho wokulwa nokukhuluphala. "Abantu bebazi isikhathi eside ukuthi usikilidi ubulala abantu, kodwa kube kamuva lapho bezwa nge-nicotine nangokuyikhohlisa ngamabomu."
Abaphathi benkampani yokudla nabapheki abasheshayo bayakuphikisa ukuthi akukho okufakazelwe, ukuthi akukho okungahambi kahle ngalokho okwenziwa yiChief Executive Chief Executive Indra Nooyi kubiza ukudla “okujabulisayo” kuwe, uma kudliwe ngokulingana. Eqinisweni, izinkampani zithi zenza izinyathelo ezinkulu ekuhlinzekeni abathengi izinketho eziningi zokudla okulula zokunempilo. UNooyi, ngowokuqala, waziwa ngokuqakathekisa inqubekela phambili kaPepsiCo enikeza imali yokugibela njengoba naye ezokuthengisa ngokuthengisa.
ICoca-Cola Co (KO), I-PepsiCo, Northfield, i-Kraft-based Kraft ne-Kellogg Co ye Battle Creek, Michigan, unqabile ukunikeza inhlolokhono nososayensi babo.
Akekho umuntu ophikisa ukuthi ukukhuluphala kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke ekhula ngokushesha. E-US, ingxenye yesithathu yabantu abadala nephesenti le-17 lentsha nezingane zikhuluphele, futhi lezo zinamba ziyanda. Emhlabeni jikelele, kusuka i-Latin America, Kuya Europe ezizweni zePacific Island, amazinga okukhuluphala nawo ayenyuka.
Izindleko enhlanganweni
Izindleko emphakathini zikhulu. Ucwaningo lwe-2009 lwabantu be-900,000, olushicilelwe ngaphakathi I-Lancet, ithole ukuthi ukukhuluphala okulinganiselayo kuyanciphisa isikhathi sokuphila ngeminyaka emibili kuya kwemine, ngenkathi ukukhuluphala kakhulu kunciphisa isikhathi sokuphila iminyaka engaba ngu-10. Ukukhuluphala kukhonjisiwe ukukhulisa ubungozi be Isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, umdlavuza othile, i-osteoarthritis, ukuqwasha kokulala kanye nokushaywa unhlangothi, ngokusho kwe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Izindleko zokwelapha ukugula okuhambisana nokukhuluphala zilinganiselwa ku- $ 147 billion ku-2008, ngokusho kocwaningo lwe2009 kwezempilo.
Ama-ripars namafutha, vele, abelokhu ekhona ekudleni komuntu futhi imizimba yethu yenzelwe ukuyifisa. Okuguqukile ukucutshungulwa kwesimanje okwakha ukudla ngamazinga ashukela afakiwe, amafutha angenampilo nofulawa ocoliweyo, ngaphandle kokuhlenga amazinga we-fiber noma izakhi zomzimba, kusho ochwepheshe bokukhuluphala. Ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lalokho kudla okusetshenzisiwe kungahle kushintshe indlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo.
Isilo Esinjengomlutha
Lolo shintsho lubukeka lufana nomlutha wochwepheshe abathile. Ukuba umlutha “kuyigama elinemithwalo, kepha kunezici zokudla kwanamuhla okungaholela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo,” kusho uDavid Ludwig, umcwaningi weHarvard kanye nomqondisi weNew Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Wezingane Isibhedlela IBoston. Ukudla okwenziwe kakhulu kungahle kudale i-spikes ngokushesha futhi kwehle ushukela wegazi, kwandise izinkanuko, ucwaningo lwakhe lutholile.
Kwezemfundo, izidlo nezidakamizwa zokwelapha ukukhuluphala sekufakazele ukuthi akunampumelelo futhi isayensi entsha yokukhuluphala ingachaza ukuthi kungani, abasekeli bethi. Ukugqugquzelwa njalo ngokudla okumnandi nokudla okune- calorie kungaqeda amandla ukujikeleza kobuchopho, okuholele abantu ekudleni okuningana kokudla okungenamsoco ukuze bahlale benjabulo. Kokunye isifundo se-2010, ososayensi e-DRMps Research Institute eJupiter, Florida, ukudla kwamagundane uhlu lwemikhiqizo enamafutha noshukela kubandakanya IHormel Foods Corp. (HRL) i-Bacon, USara Lee Corp. (SLE) ikhekhe likaphawundi, I-Cheesecake Factory Inc. (CAKE) ushizi we-cheesecake nePillsbury Co Creamy Supreme ikhekhe leqhwa. Ucwaningo lwalinganisa umsebenzi ezifundeni zobuchopho ezibandakanyeka ekubhaliseni umvuzo nenjabulo ngama-electrodes afakwe kumagundane.
Amagundane Okudla Ukudla
Amagundane ayekwazi ukuthola lokhu kudla ihora elilodwa ngosuku aqala ukulunywa yilokho, noma ngabe ukudla okuningana okunomsoco kwakutholakala usuku lonke. Amanye amaqembu amagundane ayekwazi ukufinyelela kumaswidi nokudla okunamafutha kwama-18 kuya emahoreni we-23 ngosuku aphela, Paul Kenny, Usosayensi wama-scriptps ohola lolu cwaningo alubhale kulo magazini Imvelo Neuroscience. Imiphumela yakhiqiza iphethini efanayo yobuchopho eyenzeka ngokudla okwandayo kwe-cocaine, wabhala.
Ukubona ukudla kwenza into efanayo bekuxaka ingqondo, ”kusho uKenny engxoxweni abe nayo. Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi ukulimala ezikhungweni zemivuzo yobuchopho kungavela lapho abantu bedla ukudla okweqile.
Imivuzo Emnandi
Kokunye ukuhlola kwe2010 okwenziwe ngabacwaningi e-University of Texas e-Austin nase- Isikhungo Sokucwaninga sase-Oregon, iqembu elinga-nzuzo elifunda ukusebenza kwabantu, abesifazane abasebasha abangama-26 abakhuluphele banikezwe iskena semibono yama-magnetic resonance imaging njengoba bathola isigaxa esenziwe ngobisi obenziwe nge-Haagen-Dazs ice cream kanye IHershey Co (HSY)isiraphu kashokoleti.
Abesifazane laba bathola ukuphindaphindwa kwe-MRI ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva. Labo abathole isisindo bakhombisa ukusebenza okwehlisiwe ku-striatum, indawo yobuchopho ebhalisa umvuzo, lapho behlikihla ubisi lobisi okwesibili, ngokusho kwemiphumela yocwaningo, eyakhishwa ngonyaka owedlule kwi-Journal of Neuroscience.
"Umsebenzi wokudla ngokweqile udala ukutholwa kwemivuzo, futhi yilokho okubonayo uma usebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa," kusho u-Eric Stice, umcwaningi e-Oregon Research Institute.
Ososayensi abafunda umlutha wokudla kuye kwadingeka banqobe ukungabaza, ngisho nontanga yabo. Kuma-1990 asedlulile, i-NIDA's Volkow, ke umcwaningi wezidakamizwa IBrookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, ufake isicelo se-a Izikhungo ZikaZwelonke ze Impilo nikeza ukuskena abantu abakhuluphele ukuze ubone ukuthi ngabe izikhungo zabo zemivuzo yobuchopho zithintekile yini. Isiphakamiso sakhe saliwe.
Ukuthola Ubufakazi
"Angikwazanga ukuxhaswa," kusho yena kwinhlolokhono. "Impendulo ibikhona, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukudla kukhiqiza isimilo esinjengomlutha ebuchosheni." UVolkow, osebenza nomcwaningi waseBrookhaven uGene-Jack Wang, wahlanganisa ndawonye imali evela kwenye inhlangano kahulumeni ukwenza isifundo esebenzisa ithuluzi lokuthwebula ubuchopho elikwazi ukulinganisa umsebenzi wamakhemikhali ngaphakathi emzimbeni usebenzisa ama-radioac tracers.
Abaphenyi bakwazile ukwazisa ngamazinga we-dopamine receptor kubuchopho bokuzithandela kwama-10. I-Dopamine ikhemikhali elikhiqizwa ebuchosheni elibonisa umvuzo. Ama-dopamine wemvelo ama-dopamine afaka umsebenzi wokuzivocavoca nokwenza ucansi, kepha izidakamizwa ezifana ne-cocaine ne-heroin zivusa namakhemikhali ngobuningi.
Kwabahlukumezi bezidakamizwa, ama-receptors obuchopho athola isibonakaliso se-dopamine kungenzeka angaphenduli ngokusetshenziswa okuthe xaxa kwezidakamizwa, okwenza abahlukumezayo bezidakamizwa benyuse ngokunensa isilinganiso sabo ekufuneni okuphezulu okufanayo. Ucwaningo lwaseBrookhaven luthole ukuthi abantu abakhuluphele nabo babekade behlise amazinga e-dopamine receptors uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo.
Umlutha kashukela
Ngawo lowo nyaka, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo at I-Princeton University waqala ukufunda ukuthi amagundwane elebhu angaba umlutha wesisombululo se-10 samaphesenti wamanzi kashukela, cishe ngamaphesenti efanayo kashukela aqukethe eziphuzweni ezithambile kakhulu.
Ukuphuza ngezikhathi ezithile akuzange kube nazinkinga ezinkingeni zezilwane ezilebhu. Kodwa-ke abaphenyi bathola imiphumela emangalisayo lapho amagundane evunyelwa ukuphuza amanzi anoshukela nsuku zonke. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphuza “ngokwanda nangaphezulu” ngenkathi bedla okuncane kokudla kwabo okujwayelekile, kusho uNicole Avena, oqale lo msebenzi njengomfundi othweswe iziqu ePrinceton futhi manje usengudokotela oyi-neuroscientist eYunivesithi yaseFlorida.
Izilwane zikhombise nezimpawu zokuhoxa, kufaka phakathi ukukhathazeka, ukuthuthumela kanye nokuqhaqhazela, lapho umphumela kashukela uvinjelwe nomuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi, bakwazi ukubona izinguquko emazingeni e-dopamine ebuchosheni, afana nalawo abonwa ezilwaneni ezidakamizweni eziluthayo
Ukuziphatha Okufanayo
"Besihlala sithola ukuthi izinguquko ebesizibona emagundwini athukela ushukela zifana naleso ebesizobona uma izilwane ziba izidakamizwa," kusho u-Avena, osebenze iminyaka nosondelene nodokotela oyiPrinceton ongasekho. UBartley Hoebel, oshone kulo nyaka.
Ngenkathi izilwane zingakhuluphanga ngamanzi anoshukela kuphela, zikhuluphele lapho u-Avena nozakwabo bebanika amanzi enziwe ngesiraphu yommbila wefreyimu ephezulu.
Ucwaningo lwaseFrance lwango-2007 lwabamangaza abacwaningi lapho kukhombisa ukuthi amagundane akhetha amanzi anongwe nge-saccharine noma ushukela kunama-hits e-cocaine - okuphambene nalokho obekungaphakanyiswa yimfundiso ekhona.
U-Yale's Brownell usize ukuhlela enye yezingqungquthela zokuqala zokulutha kokudla e-2007. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umphathi, u-Ashley Gearhardt, wenza ucwaningo lwemibuzo lwe-25 ukusiza abacwaningi ukubona abantu abanemikhuba yokudla efana nokuziphatha okuluthayo.
Izithombe zeMilkshakes
Yena nozakwabo basebenzise umcabango we-magnetic resonance ukuhlola umsebenzi wobuchopho wabesifazane abathola amaphuzu aphezulu kwinhlolokhono. Izithombe zemishanguzo zikhanyise lezo zindawo zobuchopho eziba yi-hyperactive kuma-alcohol abhekela isiphuzo, ngokusho kwemiphumela eshicilelwe ku-Archives of General Psychiatry inApril.
Ucwaningo lokuluthwa kokudla lungavuselela ukusesha kwemithi esebenzayo yokukhuluphala, kusho UMark Gold, ongusihlalo womnyango wezengqondo e-University of Florida eGainesville. UGold uthe izindlela zokwelapha azisebenzelayo zifuna ukuguqula izinto ezikhethiwe ngaphandle kokucindezela isifiso sokudla.
Ukuthuthukisa Izindlela zokwelapha
“Sizama ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha eziphazamisa ukuthandwa kokudla okungahambelani nemvelo,” kusho yena. "Masithi udedelwe ku-ayisikhilimu, ungahle uhlangane nokwelashwa okuvimba inzalo yakho ku-ayisikhilimu, kodwa kungathinti isifiso sakho enyameni."
Emsebenzini ohlobene, IShire Plc (SHP), umthengisi wezidakamizwa osuselwa eDublin, uvivinya umuthi wawo we-Vyvanse hyperacaction ezigulini ezinezinkinga zokudla kakhulu.
Akuwona wonke umuntu oqinisekile. Isazi sezengqondo saseSwansea University UDavid Benton usanda kushicilela ukuphindaphindwa kwekhasi le-16 kushukela izifundo zokulutha. Iphepha, elixhaswe ngokwengxenye ngu Ushukela Womhlaba Inhlangano Yokucwaninga , okubandakanya i-Coca-Cola esekwe e-Atlanta, umenzi wesiphuzo esikhulu ezithambile emhlabeni, uthi ukudla akuvezi uhlobo olufanayo lokukhishwa kwe-dopamine olubonakalayo nezidakamizwa nokuthi ukuvimba ama-receptors athile obuchopho akuvezi zimpawu zokuhoxa ekuzungeni- abadliwayo njengoba kwenza kubahlukumezayo bezidakamizwa.
Ukuphendula Kwemboni
Okungaziwa namanje ukuthi ngabe isayensi yokwengeza ukudla isiqalile yini ukuguqula ukucabanga phakathi kwezinkampani zokudla neziphuzo, okuthi, ikakhulukazi, kubhizinisi lokuthengisa iDoritos, Twinkies nabanye abantu abahamba imali bayazifisa.
Cishe amaphesenti we-80 we-Purchase, isabelomali sokukhangisa se-New York-based PepsiCo, ngokwesibonelo, siqondiswe ekuqhubekiseni ukudla okulula nosawoti. Yize izinkampani zishesha ukukhombisa ukunikela kwazo okunempilo, abaphathi bazo abaphezulu bavame ukucelwa ukuthi baqinisekise abatshalizimali ukuthi lokho kuthengiswa kokudla okungenamsoco kanye namasodiya kukhombisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo.
"Sifuna ukubona ukukhula kwemali inzuzo nokukhula kwemali," kusho uTim Hoyle, umqondisi wokucwaninga eHaverford Trust Co eRadnor, Pennsylvania, umtshali zimali kuPepsiCo, umenzi wokudla ongwedlula zonke emhlabeni. "Ukudla okunempilo kulungele amakhanda kepha uma kwehla kuwo, abashayeli abakhula ngukudla okunethezekile, iTostitos nePepsi-Cola."
Akumangalisi ukuthi imboni yokudla kugcizelela kakhulu emcabangweni wokuthi indlela engcono yokuthola isibambo ngokukhuluphala ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuzithandela nangokunikeza ukukhetha okunempilo. Icebo elifanayo lasebenza isikhashana, kumashumi eminyaka edlule, embonini kagwayi, ebikhipha ukunakwa ezingozini zezempilo kanye nemvelo yomlutha kagwayi ngentengiso “ephansi ne-nicotine”.
Ama-lobbyists embonini yokudla awayithengi leyo mpikiswano - noma ngisho nomqondo wokuthi kungaba khona ukulutha kokudla. Kusho uRichard Adamson, isazi samakhemisi nomxhumanisi we-American Beverage Association: “Angikaze ngizwe ngomuntu ophanga ibhange ukuze athole imali yokuthenga uswidi noma u-ayisikhilimu noma i-pop.”
Ukuxhumana nezintatheli ngale ndaba: URobert Langreth eNew York e [i-imeyili ivikelwe]; UDuane D. Stanford e-Atlanta at [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
Ukuxhumana nomhleli ophethe le ndaba: Reg Gale at [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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